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Chapter 8: PRODUCTION AND COST IN THE SHORT RUN
Multiple Choice
8-1 Fill out the table and answer the question below.
Units of Total Average Marginal

Labor Product Product Product
1 ____ 20 ____
2 ____ ____ 30
3 66 ____ ____
4 ____ ____ 10
5 ____ 16 ____
6 78 ____ ____
7 ____ 10 ____
The average product of labor when 4 units of labor are employed is

a. 22.
b. 20.
c. 19.
d. 16.

1 ____ 20 ____
2 ____ ____ 30
3 66 ____ ____
4 ____ ____ 10
5 ____ 16 ____
6 78 ____ ____
7 ____ 10 ____
The marginal product of the fifth unit of labor is

a. 16.
b. 10.
c. 4.
d. −2.

1 ____ 20 ____
2 ____ ____ 30
3 66 ____ ____
4 ____ ____ 10
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
133
5 ____ 16 ____
6 78 ____ ____
7 ____ 10 ____
Diminishing returns begin with the

a. first unit of labor.
b. third unit of labor.
c. fourth unit of labor.
d. sixth unit of labor.

1 ____ 20 ____
2 ____ ____ 30
3 66 ____ ____
4 ____ ____ 10
5 ____ 16 ____
6 78 ____ ____
7 ____ 10 ____
Marginal product is negative when _____ units of labor are employed.

a. 5 units of labor are employed.
b. 6 units of labor are employed.
c. 7 units of labor are employed.
d. both b and c.
8-5 A production function measures the relation between

a. input prices and output prices.
b. the quantity of inputs and the quantity of output.
c. input prices and the quantity of output.
d. the quantity of inputs and input prices.
e. none of the above
8-6 A short-run production function assumes that

a. the level of output is fixed.
b. at least one input is a fixed input.
c. all inputs are fixed inputs.
d. both a and b
e. both b and c

134
8-7 Given the table below, if capital is fixed at two units, what is the marginal product of the fourth
unit of labor?
Units of Capital
1 2 3
1 80 100 120
Units 2 180 220 260
of 3 270 330 390
Labor 4 340 420 500
5 390 490 590
6 410 530 650
Amount of total output produced from various combinations of labor and capital.
a. 60
b. 80
c. 100
d. 420
8-8 Given the table below, if capital is fixed at one unit, diminishing returns begin with the
Units of Capital
1 2 3
1 80 100 120
Units 2 180 220 260
of 3 270 330 390
Labor 4 340 420 500
5 390 490 590
6 410 530 650

b. second unit of labor.
c. third unit of labor.
d. fourth unit of labor.
8-9 Given the table below, if labor is fixed at three units, how much does the third unit of capital add
to total output?
Units of Capital
1 2 3
1 80 100 120
Units 2 180 220 260
of 3 270 330 390
Labor 4 340 420 500
5 390 490 590
6 410 530 650

135
a. 60
b. 80
c. 110
d. 130
8-10 If labor is fixed at 5 units, how much does the second unit of capital add to total output?
Units of Capital
1 2 3
1 80 100 120
Units 2 180 220 260
of 3 270 330 390
Labor 4 340 420 500
5 390 490 590
6 410 530 650
a. 490
b. 390
c. 50
d. 100
8-11 If average product is increasing, then marginal product

a. must be greater than average product.
b. must be less than average product.
c. must be increasing.
d. cannot be decreasing.
e. both a and c
8-12 Which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. A firm plans in the long run and operates in the short run.
b. In the short run, a firm can change some but not all of its inputs.
c. In the long run all inputs are variable.
d. In the short run all inputs are fixed.
8-13 Suppose you run a pizza shop and currently have two employees. If you hire a third employee,
your output of pizzas per day rises from 55 to 65. If you hire a fourth employee, output rises to
80 per day. A fifth and sixth employee would cause output to rise to 90 and 95 per day,
respectively. Pick the correct statement:
a. Diminishing returns set in with the hiring of the fourth worker.
b. Diminishing returns set in with the hiring of the fifth worker.
c. Diminishing returns set in with the hiring of the sixth worker.
d. Diminishing returns set have not yet set in because output is still increases.
8-14 For a short-run production function in which output is determined by the number of workers
utilized (capital stock held constant), which of the following is FALSE?
a. In general, when there are few workers the marginal product of labor will be increasing.
b. When the marginal product of labor is negative, total product is falling.
c. To determine the marginal product of labor, the capital stock must be held constant.
136
d. When diminishing returns set in, adding one more worker decreases output.
8-15 Suppose that you run a house-painting company and currently have 2 workers painting a total of 4
houses per month. If you hire a third worker, 6 houses can be painted per month. If you hire a
fourth worker, 9 houses can be painted, and a fifth and sixth worker will increase the number of
houses painted to 13 and 15, respectively. Diminishing returns
a. set in when the fourth worker is hired.
b. set in when the fifth worker is hired.
c. set in when the sixth worker is hired.
d. have not yet set in because output is still increasing.
8-16
Units Total Average Marginal
of Labor Product Product Product
1 ____ ____ 100
2 ____ 125 ____
3 300 ____ ____
4 ____ ____ 20
5 290 ____ ____
In the table above, how much does the third unit of labor ADD to total output?
a. 100
b. 125
c. 150
d. 300
8-17
1 ____ ____ 100
2 ____ 125 ____
3 300 ____ ____
4 ____ ____ 20
5 290 ____ ____
In the table above, diminishing returns

a. begin with the first unit of labor.
b. begin with the third unit of labor.
c. begin with the fourth unit of labor.
d. begin with the fifth unit of labor.
e. do not occur because output is positive for all levels of labor usage.

137
8-18
1 ____ ____ 100
2 ____ 125 ____
3 300 ____ ____
4 ____ ____ 20
5 290 ____ ____
In the table above, what is the average product of four units of labor?
a. 20
b. 60
c. 80
d. 100
e. 350
8-19
1 ____ ____ 100
2 ____ 125 ____
3 300 ____ ____
4 ____ ____ 20
5 290 ____ ____
In the table above, what is the maximum amount of output that can be produced with two
workers?
a. 50
b. 125
c. 150
d. 250
e. 320
8-20
1 ____ ____ 100
2 ____ 125 ____
3 300 ____ ____
4 ____ ____ 20
5 290 ____ ____
In the table above, what is the marginal product of the fifth unit of labor?
a. 20
b. 50
c. 80
d. −10

138
e. −30
8-21 Use the following table to answer the question below:
The amount of total output produced from various combinations of labor and capital.
Units of Capital
1 2 3 4
1 50 120 160 180
Units 2 110 260 360 390
of 3 150 360 510 560
Labor 4 170 430 630 690
5 160 480 710 790
If the capital stock is fixed at one unit, how much does the third unit of labor add to total output?
a. 20
b. 40
c. 60
d. 80
Units of Capital
1 2 3 4
1 50 120 160 180
Units 2 110 260 360 390
of 3 150 360 510 560
Labor 4 170 430 630 690
5 160 480 710 790
If the capital stock is fixed at one unit, diminishing returns begin with the
b. second unit of labor.
c. third unit of labor.
d. fourth unit of labor.
e. fifth unit of labor.
Units of Capital
1 2 3 4
1 50 120 160 180
Units 2 110 260 360 390
of 3 150 360 510 560
Labor 4 170 430 630 690

139
5 160 480 710 790
If the capital stock is fixed at four units and there are three units of labor, what is the average
product of labor?
a. 50
b. 140
c. 157.5
d. 170
Units of Capital
1 2 3 4
1 50 120 160 180
Units 2 110 260 360 390
of 3 150 360 510 560
Labor 4 170 430 630 690
5 160 480 710 790
If labor is fixed at three units, how much does the second unit of capital add to total output?
a. 100
b. 150
c. 210
d. 360
8-25 The marginal product of labor

a. measures how output changes as the wage rate changes.
b. is less than the average product of labor when the average product of labor is decreasing.
c. is negative when adding another unit of labor decreases output.
d. both a and b
e. both b and c
Units of Capital
1 2 3 4
1 20 36 48 53
Units 2 38 68 88 94
of 3 53 94 122 133
Labor 4 63 112 148 164
5 68 120 164 184

140
If capital is fixed at three units, how much does the fourth unit of labor add to total output?
a. 16
b. 28
c. 34
d. 36
Units of Capital
1 2 3 4
1 20 36 48 53
Units 2 38 68 88 94
of 3 53 94 122 133
Labor 4 63 112 148 164
5 68 120 164 184
If the amount of labor used increases from three to four units, the marginal product of the second
unit of capital
a. increases by 8 units.
b. increases by 49 units.
c. decreases by 14 units.
d. decreases by 49 units.
Units of Capital
1 2 3 4
1 20 36 48 53
Units 2 38 68 88 94
of 3 53 94 122 133
Labor 4 63 112 148 164
5 68 120 164 184
Which of the following input combinations can produce the same level of output?
a. 4K, 2L and 3K, 2L
b. 3K, 2L and 2K, 3L
c. 2K, 3L and 4K, 2L
d. all of the above

141
Units of Capital
1 2 3 4
1 20 36 48 53
Units 2 38 68 88 94
of 3 53 94 122 133
Labor 4 63 112 148 164
5 68 120 164 184
If the amount of capital increases from 3 to 4 units, the marginal product of the fourth unit of
labor
a. decreases by 3 units.
b. increases by 8 units.
c. increases by 5 units.
d. decreases by 12 units.
Units of Capital
1 2 3 4
1 20 36 48 53
Units 2 38 68 88 94
of 3 53 94 122 133
Labor 4 63 112 148 164
5 68 120 164 184
Diminishing marginal productivity

a. occurs when the marginal product curve begins to slope downward.
b. means that adding one more unit of the variable input will reduce total product.
c. occurs eventually because each additional unit of the variable unit has, on average, fewer
units of the fixed input with which to work.
d. both a and c
e. both b and c
8-31 If marginal product is decreasing, then it must be the case that

a. average product is decreasing.
b. average product is greater than marginal product.
c. average product is less than marginal product.
d. both a and c
e. none of the above.

142
8-32 If a firm is producing a given level of output in a technically efficient manner, then it must be the
case that
a. this is the lowest cost method of producing that output.
b. each input is producing its maximum marginal product.
c. this output level is the most that can be produced with the given levels of inputs.
d. both a and c
e. all of the above
8-33 If a firm is producing a given level of output in an economically efficient manner, then it must be
the case that
a. this is the lowest cost method of producing that output.
b. each input is producing its maximum marginal product.
c. this output level is the most that can be produced with the given level of inputs.
d. both a and c
8-34 A firm is using a single variable input, labor, with a given amount of a fixed input, capital. If the
level of capital is decreased,
a. the total product curve of labor curve shifts downward.
b. the average product curve of labor curve shifts downward.
c. the marginal product curve of labor shifts downward.
d. all of the above
8-35 Diminishing returns refers to the decrease in

a. profit that results from increases in output.
b. average total cost that results from decreases in input prices.
c. average product that results from increases in the variable input.
d. marginal product that results from increases in the variable input.
e. long-run average cost that results from increases in output.
8-36 Given the table below, as the number of workers increases from 10 to 15, output per worker
Number of Total Average Marginal

Workers Product Product Product
5 ______ 28 ______
10 ______ ______ 30
15 420 ______ ______
20 ______ ______ 22
a. increases from 290 to 420

b. increases from 28 to 29
c. decreases from 29 to 28
d. decreases from 30 to 26

143
8-37 Given the table below, how much does the 13th worker add to total output?

5 ______ 28 ______
10 ______ ______ 30
15 420 ______ ______
20 ______ ______ 22
a. 28 units
b. 29 units
c. 130 units
d. 420 units
8-38 Given the table below, diminishing returns begin with the

5 ______ 28 ______
10 ______ ______ 30
15 420 ______ ______
20 ______ ______ 22
a. 1st worker.
b. 5th worker.
c. 10th worker.
d. 11th worker.
e. 16th worker.
8-39 Given the table below, the maximum amount that can be produced using 20 workers is

5 ______ 28 ______
10 ______ ______ 30
15 420 ______ ______
20 ______ ______ 22
a. 442 units.
b. 530 units.
c. 22 units.
d. 420 units.
144
e. 26.5 units.
8-40 A firm's cost of production is affected by changes in

a. the available technology.
b. input prices.
c. profits.
d. both a and b
e. both b and c
8-41 A short-run cost function assumes that

a. the level of output is fixed.
b. at least one input is fixed in supply.
c. all inputs are fixed in supply.
d. both a and b
e. both b and c
8-42 A fixed cost is

a. the cost of any input with a fixed price per unit.
b. a cost which increases in a fixed proportion as output increases.
c. a cost the firm must pay even if output is zero.
d. both b and c
e. all of the above
8-43 Given the table below, what is the total fixed cost when 400 units of output are produced?
Total Total Average Average Average

Total Fixed Variable Fixed Variable Total Marginal
Output Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost
100 560 _____ 60 _____ _____ _____ _____
200 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 4.00
300 _____ _____ _____ _____ 4.00 _____ _____
400 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 7.00 _____
a. $500
b. $2000
c. $3500
d. $5000
8-44 Given the table below, what is average total cost when 200 units of output are produced?

100 560 _____ 60 _____ _____ _____ _____
200 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 4.00
300 _____ _____ _____ _____ 4.00 _____ _____
400 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 7.00 _____

145
a. $2.30
b. $2.50
c. $4.00
d. $4.80
8-45 Given the table below, what is average fixed cost when 300 units of output are produced?

100 560 _____ 60 _____ _____ _____ _____
200 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 4.00
300 _____ _____ _____ _____ 4.00 _____ _____
400 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 7.00 _____
a. $0.60
b. $3.00
c. $160
d. $500
8-46 Given the table below, what is the marginal cost of the 250th unit of output?

100 560 _____ 60 _____ _____ _____ _____
200 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 4.00
300 _____ _____ _____ _____ 4.00 _____ _____
400 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 7.00 _____
a. $0.14
b. $2.40
c. $4.00
d. $7.40
8-47 Average fixed cost

a. increases as output increases.
b. decreases as output increases.
c. increases if marginal cost is increasing.
d. increases if marginal cost is greater than average fixed cost.
8-48 Marginal cost

a. measures how total cost changes when input prices change.
b. measures how total cost changes when one more unit of output is produced.
c. is less than average cost when average cost is decreasing.
d. both a and b
146
e. both b and c
8-49
Suppose that the firm's only variable input is labor. When 50 workers are used, the average
product of labor is 50 and the marginal product of labor is 75. The wage rate is $80 and the total
cost of the fixed input is $500.What is average variable cost?
a. $0.63
b. $1.60
c. $3.20
d. $10.00
8-50 Suppose that the firm's only variable input is labor. When 50 workers are used, the average
cost of the fixed input is $500.What is the marginal cost?
a. $0.63
b. $0.94
c. $1.60
d. $3.20
cost of the fixed input is $500. What is average total cost?
a. $0.825
b. $0.63
c. $1.80
d. $4.10
cost of the fixed input is $500. Which of the following is true?
a. Average variable cost is increasing.
b. Marginal cost is increasing.
c. Average variable cost is decreasing.
d. Cannot determine without more information.
cost of the fixed input is $500. Suppose that installation of a new assembly line increases the
output produced per worker. The cost per unit of output
a. will increase.
b. will decrease.
c. will be unchanged.
d. is at its maximum.
e. is at its minimum

147
8-54 Average total cost
a. increases as output increases.
b. decreases as output increases.
c. increases if marginal cost is increasing.
d. increases if marginal cost is greater than average total cost.
e. both c and d
8-55 A firm is currently producing 10 units of output; marginal cost is $24 and average total
cost is $6 at this level of output. The average total cost at 9 units of output is:
a. $4
b. $5
c. $6
d. $8
8-56
Above is a firm's average product of labor and marginal product of labor curves. The price of
labor is $60 per unit. Given this, diminishing returns set in with the
a. 3rd unit of labor.
b. 6th unit of labor.
c. 10th unit of labor.
d. 12th unit of labor.
e. 14th unit of labor.

148
8-57
labor is $60 per unit. When the firm uses 6 units of labor, what is marginal cost?
a. $0.25
b. $5
c. $6.67
d. $7.06
e. $10.25

149
8-58
labor is $60 per unit. When the firm uses 4 units of labor, what is AVERAGE variable cost?
a. $10
b. $24
c. $124
d. $240
8-59 Based on the following table, what is total variable cost when 100 units of output are produced?
Output Total Cost

0 $ 300
50 800
100 1050
150 1650
200 2400
a. $5
b. $10.50
c. $105
d. $1050

150
8-60 Based on the following table, what is average fixed cost when 150 units of output are produced?
Output Total Cost

0 $ 300
50 800
100 1050
150 1650
200 2400
a. $2
b. $9
c. $11
d. $16.50
8-61 Based on the following table, the additional cost of producing the 170th unit of output is:
Output Total Cost

0 $ 300
50 800
100 1050
150 1650
200 2400
a. $10.50
b. $11.50
c. $13
d. $15
8-62 Based on the following table, what is average variable cost when output is 200?
Output Total Cost

0 $ 300
50 800
100 1050
150 1650
200 2400
a. $2.00
b. $12.00
c. $10.50
d. $240
e. $210
8-63 Based on the following table, the additional cost of producing the 60th unit of output is:
Output Total Cost

0 $ 300
50 800
100 1050
150 1650
200 2400

151
a. $5
b. $250
c. $8
d. $120
e. $80
8-64 Based on the following table, what is average fixed cost when 200 units of output are produced?
Output Total Cost

0 $ 300
50 800
100 1050
150 1650
200 2400
a. $2.80
b. $80
c. $150
d. $1.50
8-65 Suppose a firm is hiring 20 workers at a wage rate of $60. The average product of labor is 30, the
last worker added 12 units of output, and total fixed cost is $3,600. What is marginal cost?
a. $.20
b. $5
c. $240
d. $720
8-66 Suppose a firm is hiring 20 workers at a wage rate of $60. The average product of labor is 30, the
last worker added 12 units of output, and total fixed cost is $3,600. What is average total cost?
a. $2
b. $8
c. $600
d. $1800
8-67 The capital stock is fixed at 5 units, the price of capital is $60 per unit, and the price of labor is
$20 per unit.
Units of Units of
Labor Output
2 10
4 26
6 46
8 60
10 72
12 80

152
Based on the above, if the firm produces 80 units of output, what is its total cost of production?
a. $540
b. $1,600
c. $1,900
d. $5,040
$20 per unit.
Units of Units of
Labor Output
2 10
4 26
6 46
8 60
10 72
12 80
Based on the above, if the firm produces 60 units of output, what is average variable cost?
a. $5
b. $7.67
c. $20
d. $57.50
e. $2.67
$20 per unit.
Units of Units of
Labor Output
2 10
4 26
6 46
8 60
10 72
12 80
Based on the above, how much does the 12th unit of output add to the firm's total variable cost?
a. $2.50
b. $4
c. $5
d. $20
e. $40

153
8-70
In the figure above, the wage rate is $600 and total fixed cost is $15,000. When there are 40
workers, what is average variable cost?
a. $0.23
b. $5.00
c. $4.10
d. $6.00
e. $12.00
8-71
In the figure above, the wage rate is $600 and total fixed cost is $15,000. How much output does
the firm produce when average variable cost is at its minimum?
a. 270
b. 375
c. 30
154
d. 1,600
e. 4,800
8-72
In the figure above, the wage rate is $600 and total fixed cost is $15,000. What is average
variable cost at its minimum?
a. $3.75
b. $30
c. $0.94
d. $28
e. $2.80
8-73 Short-run average cost is

a. always greater than long-run average cost.
b. always less than long-run average cost.
c. less than short-run marginal cost when short-run marginal cost is decreasing.
d. both a and c

155
8-74 In the table below, the capital stock is fixed at 40 units, the price of capital is $15 per unit, and the
price of labor is $80 per unit.
Units of Units of
Labor Output
5 40
10 100
15 180
20 220
If the firm produces 180 units of output, what is total variable cost?
a. $1,200
b. $1,800
c. $14,400
d. $17,100
Units of Units of
Labor Output
5 40
10 100
15 180
20 220
If the firm produces 40 units of output, what is average fixed cost?

a. $7.50
b. $25
c. $120
d. $600
Units of Units of
Labor Output
5 40
10 100
15 180
20 220
How much does the 50th unit of output add to the firm's total cost?
a. $6.67
b. $10
c. $400
d. $600
8-77 A firm produces 4,000 units of output using 500 workers. Marginal cost is $10, the wage rate is
$160, and total fixed cost is $100,000. What is average variable cost?
a. $0.32
156
b. $16
c. $20
d. $1,280
$160, and total fixed cost is $100,000.What is the marginal product of labor?
a. $8 per worker
b. 8 units of output per worker
c. $16 per worker
d. 16 units of output per worker
$160, and total fixed cost is $100,000.When output is 4,000 units,
a. average variable cost is decreasing.
b. average variable cost is increasing.
c. average total cost is decreasing.
d. average total cost is increasing.
e. both a and c
8-80
In the above figure, what is the TOTAL cost of producing 5 units of output?
a. $10
b. $60
c. $100
d. $225
e. $2,000

157
8-81
In the above figure, what is the AVERAGE total cost of producing 10 units of output?
a. $4
b. $8
c. $12
d. $50
e. $360
8-82

158
In the above figure, what is the AVERAGE variable cost of producing 5 units of output?
a. $12
b. $20
c. $40
d. $60
e. $80
8-83 To answer, refer to the following:
"Ford built 18 vehicles per auto employee in North America last year, while GM could only
manage 12." (The Wall Street Journal)
In comparison with GM, Ford had a higher

a. average product of labor.
b. average product of capital.
c. marginal product of labor.
d. marginal product of capital.
"Ford built 18 vehicles per auto employee in North America last year, while GM could only
manage 12." (The Wall Street Journal)
In comparison with GM, Ford had

a. higher average variable cost.
b. lower average variable cost.
c. higher total variable cost.
d. both a and c
"At Huffy's ... bicycle factory, 1,700 employees turn out 15,000 bicycles a day (in 1987).
Five years ago, it required 2,200 workers to make 10,000 bikes daily." (The Wall Street
Journal).
In 1987,
a. total product was 15,000 bicycles per day.
b. the average product of labor was 0.11.
c. the marginal product of labor was 8.8.
d. both a and b
e. both a and c
"At Huffy's ... bicycle factory, 1,700 employees turn out 15,000 bicycles a day (in 1987).
Five years ago, it required 2,200 workers to make 10,000 bikes daily." (The Wall Street
Journal).
Holding all else equal, we can conclude that, over the past five years,
a. Huffy's average variable cost decreased.
159
b. Huffy's average variable cost increased.
c. Huffy's marginal cost decreased.
d. Huffy's marginal cost increased.
e. both a and c
$25 per unit.
Average
Output Variable Cost
10 $40
20 30
30 45
40 60
Given the above, if the firm produces 40 units of output, what is total variable cost?
a. $1.50
b. $60
c. $100
d. $2,400
$25 per unit.
Average
10 $40
20 30
30 45
40 60
Given the above, if the firm produces 20 units of output, what is average fixed cost?
a. $1.50
b. $50
c. $150
d. $600
$25 per unit.
Average
10 $40
20 30
30 45
40 60
Given the above, how much does the 23rd unit of output add to the firm's total cost?
a. $75
b. $135
c. $750
160
d. $1,350
$25 per unit.
Average
10 $40
20 30
30 45
40 60
Given the above, if the firm produces 30 units of output, how many units of labor does the firm
use?
a. 30
b. 45
c. 54
d. 60
8-91 The following graph shows the marginal and average product curves for labor, the firm's only
variable input. The monthly wage for labor is $2,800. Fixed cost is $160,000.
At what output does the firm reach minimum average variable cost?
a. 7,400
b. 8,000 units
c. 100 units
d. 6,000
e. 600

161
What is AVC at its minimum?

a. $80
b. $100
c. $8
d. $50
e. $35

162
When the firm uses 40 units of labor, how much output does it produce?
a. 1,600 units
b. 400 units
c. 4,000 units
d. 2,800 units
When the firm uses 40 units of labor, what is AVC at this level of output?
a. $120
b. $400
c. $40
d. $70
e. $86

163
When the firm uses 40 units of labor, what is marginal cost at this level of output?
a. $70
b. $35
c. $60
d. $280
e. $55

164
When the firm uses 40 units of labor, what is average total cost at this output?
a. $140
b. $40
c. $70
d. $170
When the firm uses 120 units of labor, how much output does it produce?
a. 7,000 units
b. 70 units
c. 8,400 units
d. 9,200 units
e. 7,500 units

165
When the firm uses 120 units of labor, what is its AVC at this output?
a. $40
b. $70
c. $60
d. $56

166
When the firm uses 120 units of labor, what is its marginal cost at this output?
a. $65
b. $70
c. $50
d. $56
e. $120
When the firm uses 120 units of labor, what is average total cost at this output?
a. $59
b. $40
c. $190
d. $84
e. $120

167
Fill-in-the-Blank
8-1F For each of the following decisions determine whether the manager is in a short-run or long-run
situation.
a. A grocery store manager decides to stay open 24 hours a day rather than 16.
b. A grocery store chain decides to open another store in the city.
c. An office manager decides to add 5 new PC’s.
d. An office manager decides to close the old office and move to a larger one.
e. A university president decides to build three new classroom buildings to cope with an
expected increase in students.
f. A university president decides to increase faculty teaching loads to cope with an
expected increase in students.
8-2F Firm A plans to produce 500 units per day of good X. The firm can choose either of the following
two input combination t produce 500 units per day.
Process 1 Process 2
Labor 8 12
Capital 14 7
To obtain the services of labor and capital for a day, firm A must pay wages of $100 per unit of
labor and $80 per unit of capital. For firm A, process ________ (1, 2) is economically efficient
because the efficient process costs $___________ compared with $__________ for the inefficient
process. Show your work here:
Use the following table, showing the total output produced with various levels labor and each of two
levels of capital to answer the next 4 questions.
Units of Capital
Units of
Labor K=2 K=4
1 20 40
2 50 100
3 70 140
4 80 160
8-3F When capital is fixed at 2 units

a. AP decreases after the ______ unit of labor. MP decreases after the ______ unit of labor.
b. At L = 2, AP = ______ and MP = ______.
c. At L = 3, AP = ______ and MP = ______.
d. At L = 4, AP = ______ and MP = ______.

168
8-4F When capital is fixed at 4 units.
a. AP decreases after ______ units of labor. MP decreases after ______ units of labor.
b. At L = 2, AP = ______ and MP = ______.
c. At L = 3, AP = ______ and MP = ______.
d. At L = 4, AP = ______ and MP = ______.
8-5F Assume capital is fixed at 2 units and the wage rate of labor is $200.
a. As labor is increased from 1 to 2 units, AVC ______ (rises, falls) from $______ to
$______.
b. As labor is increased from 1 to 2 units, MC ______ (rises, falls) from $______ to
$______.
c. As labor is increased from 3 to 4 units, AVC ______ (rises, falls) from $______ to
$______.
d. As labor is increased from 3 to 4 units, MC ______ (rises, falls) from ______ to ______.
8-6F Assume capital is fixed at 4 units and the wage rate of labor is $600.
a. As labor is increased from 1 to 2 units, AVC ______ (rises, falls) from $______to
$______.
b. As labor is increased from 1 to 2 units, MC ______ (rises, falls) from $______ to
$______.
c. As labor is increased from 3 to 4 units, AVC ______ (rises, falls) from $______ to
$______.
d. As labor is increased from 3 to 4 units, MC ______ (rises, falls) from $______ to
$______.
8-7F In order to answer this question you should fill in the blanks in the following table.
Unit of Total Average Product Marginal

Labor Product (TP) (AP) Product (MP)
1 _____ 30 _____
2 _____ _____ 40
3 90 _____ _____
4 _____ _____ 10
a. At 2 units of labor, TP = ______ and AP = ______.

b. At 3 units of labor, AP = ______ and MP = ______.
c. At 4 units of labor, TP = ______ and AP = ______.
8-8F Fill in the blank.

a. The definition of the long run is _________________________________.
b. The definition of the short run is ________________________________.

169
8-9F The law of diminishing returns states that, as a variable input is increased, there comes a point at
which ____________________.
8-10F A firm is using a single variable input, labor, with a fixed input, capital. If the amount of capital
is increased,
a. the total product curve will ______.
b. the average product curve will ______.
c. the marginal product curve will ______.
8-11F
The graph above shows a firm’s marginal and product curves for labor, the only variable input.
The wage rate of labor is $200 and the fixed cost is $6,000. When average variable cost reaches
its minimum,
a. output is ________ units.
b. AVC is $________ and MC is $________ at this level of output.
c. ATC is $________.

170
8-12F
The wage rate of labor is $200 and the fixed cost is $6,000. When 15 workers are hired,
a. output is ______ units.
b. AVC is $______ and MC is $______ at this level of output.
c. AVC is ______ (increasing, decreasing) and MC is ______ (increasing, decreasing) at this
level of output.
8-13F
The wage rate of labor is $200 and the fixed cost is $6,000. When 40 workers are hired,
171
a. output is ______ units.
b. AVC is $______ and MC is $______ at this level of output.
c. AVC is ______ (increasing, decreasing) and MC is ______ (increasing, decreasing) at this
level of output.
8-14F According to production engineers, the firm’s production function gives the following outputs
that can be produced from various combinations of labor and capital. The firm can purchase
labor services (w) for $20 per unit and capital services (r) for $40 per unit.
Units of Capital
1 2 3 4
1 20 22 28 40
Units 2 42 45 58 87
of 3 62 69 87 137
Labor 4 77 87 110 197
5 87 100 130 250
a. If the firm wishes to produce 87 units of output, which input combination is technically
efficient: 5L and 1K, 4L and 2K, 3L and 3K, or 2L and 4K? Explain your answer.
b. If the firm wishes to produce 87 units of output, which input combination is economically
efficient: 5L and 1K, 4L and 2K, 3L and 3K, or 2L and 4K? Explain your answer.
c. If input prices change to $40 per unit of labor (w = 40) and $20 per unit of capital (r =
$20), what is the economically efficient input combination to produce 87 units? Explain.
d. Suppose the firm operates in the short run with 4 units of capital. Does the firm
experience diminishing returns? Explain using the production data in the preceding table.
e. What is the marginal product of the fifth unit of labor when K = 1? K = 2? K = 3? K =

4? Explain the pattern in labor productivity.

172
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voyage to Guinea, Brasil and the West
Indies
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Title: A voyage to Guinea, Brasil and the West Indies

in His Majesty's ships, the Swallow and Weymouth
Author: John Atkins
Release date: November 12, 2023 [eBook #72102]
Language: English
Original publication: London: printed for Caesar Ward and

Richard Chandler, 1735
Credits: Peter Becker, John Campbell and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A VOYAGE

TO GUINEA, BRASIL AND THE WEST INDIES ***
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
This book was printed in 1735 and this etext is a careful reproduction of that
original text. No spelling and very few punctuation corrections have been made
in order to preserve the historical value of the original work.
All dates are Julian calendar dates; a new year begins on March 25th. When a
year is given for a date between January 1st and March 24th it is shown in this
etext as 1720/1 or 1721/2 or 1722/3.
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A few minor changes to the text, mostly obvious compositor errors, are noted at
the end of the book.
Lately Publish’d,
In a neat Pocket Volume, Price 3s.

The Navy Surgeon: Or, A Practical System of Surgery. Illustrated
with Observations on such remarkable Cases as have occurred to
the Author’s Practice in the Royal Navy. To which is added, A
Treatise on the Venereal Disease, the Causes, Symptoms, and
Method of Cure by Mercury: An Enquiry into the Origin of that
Distemper; in which the Dispute between Dr. Dover, and Dr. Turner,
concerning Crude Mercury, is fully consider’d; with Useful Remarks
thereon. Also an Appendix, containing Physical Observations on the
Heat, Moisture, and Density of the Air on the Coast of Guinea, the
Colour of the Natives; the Sicknesses which they and the Europeans
trading thither are subject to; with a Method of Cure. By John
Atkins, Surgeon.
Printed for Ward and Chandler, at the Ship, between the Temple-Gates in Fleet-Street;
and Sold at their Shop in scarborough.
A
V O YA G E
TO
Guinea, Brasil, and the
West-Indies;
In His Majesty’s Ships, the S w a l l o w
and W e y m o u t h .
Describing the several Islands and Settlements, viz—Madeira, the Canaries, Cape
de Verd, Sierraleon, Sesthos, Cape Apollonia, Cabo Corso, and others on the
Guinea Coast; Barbadoes, Jamaica, &c. in the West-Indies.
The Colour, Diet, Languages, Habits, Manners, Customs, and Religions of the
respective Natives, and Inhabitants.
With Remarks on the Gold, Ivory, and Slave-Trade; and on the Winds, Tides
and Currents of the several Coasts.
By J O H N A T K I N S ,
Surgeon in the Royal Navy.
Illi Robur & Æs triplex

Circa Pectus erat, qui fragilem truci
Commisit Pelago Ratem
Primus——
Horat.
L O N D O N;
Printed for C æ s a r W a r d and R i c h a r d C h a n d l e r , at the Ship,
between the Temple-Gates in Fleet-Street; And Sold at their Shop in
S c a r b o r o u g h . M.DCC.XXXV.
P R E FA C E
The Publishing of this Voyage, is from a Supposition that it contains
something useful to those following in the same Track, and that it will
be no unprofitable Amusement to others who do not. I shall therefore
wave all Apology, and instead, proceed to a Reflection or two, on the
Life and Element we occupy.
And first, The Man whose Means of Subsistence irreversibly
depends on the Sea, is unhappy because he forsakes his proper
Element, his Wife, Children, Country, and Friends, all that can be
called pleasant (and of Necessity, not Choice) to tempt unknown
Dangers, on that deceitful, trackless Path; Lee Shores, Tempests,
Wants of some kind or other, bad Winds, or the rougher Passions of
our selves, are continually molesting; and if common Danger under
one adopted Parent (Neptune) does not always unite us, yet we are
still cooped like Fowls, to the same Diet and Associates.
“Till chang’d at length and to the Place conform’d
In Temper and in Nature we receive
Familiar the fierce Heat.”
Milton. B. II.
Tophet[1] with Stink of Suffolk Vaporous

Obscures the Glim; that visive and olfactive Nerves
In us feel dreadful Change.
And to compleat our ill Luck, while we are thus contending with
sinister Fate, the Rogues at home perhaps are stealing away the
Hearts of our Mistresses and Wives. Are not these a hapless Race
thus doomed!
A Sea-Life absolutely considered, had so much of Hardship and
Danger, that in King John’s Time a national Synod ordained, no
married Persons should go beyond Sea without publishing their
mutual Consent; which, I apprehend, proceeded from this
Foundation: That it should not be in the power of one to thrust
himself on Difficulties and Hazard, that would make the other equally
unhappy. The Saxons before, made a Law, that if a Merchant
crossed the wide Sea three times, he should be honoured with the
Title of Thane, (Rapin, p. 15.) and the Monarchs of the East shew
their Approbation, by still leaving the rough Dominion of it to
Christians. There are Circumstances notwithstanding, which may
abate the Infelicity, and give real Pleasure: Such chiefly in the Navy,
are a Defence of one’s Country, a Livelihood, being better manned
and provided against Dangers than Trading Ships; Good-natur’d
Officers, a mutual good Treatment, seeing the Wonders of the Deep,
and at last, maimed or decrepid, a Retreat to Superannuation, or that
noble Foundation of Greenwich-Hospital; to which of late Years must
be added, the Satisfaction Officers receive from that generous
Contribution for supporting their Widows, and consequently the
Children they may leave behind them.
This charitable Project is governed by the following Articles,
established by His present Majesty.
I.
That Widows of Commission and Warrant Officers of the Royal
Navy, shall be reputed proper Objects of the Charity, whose Annual
Incomes arising from their Real and Personal Estates, or otherwise,
do not amount to the following Sums, viz.
l. s. d.
The Widow of a Captain or Commander, 45 0 0
The Widow of a Lieutenant or Master, 30 0 0
The Widow of a Boatswain, }
Gunner, Carpenter, }
Purser, Surgeon, }
Second Master of } 20 0 0
a Yacht, or Master of a }
Naval Vessel warranted }
by the Navy Board, }
And that where any such Widow is possessed of, or interested in any
Sum of Money, the Annual Income and Produce thereof, shall be
computed and deemed, as annually yielding Three Pounds per
Centum, and no more.
II.
That to avoid Partiality and Favour in the Distribution of the
Charity, Widows of Officers of the same Rank shall have an equal
Allowance, the Proportion of which shall be fixed Annually by the
Court of Assistants, according to their Discretion; and that in order
thereunto, the said Court may distribute Annually such Part of the
Monies, arising by the said Charity, among the Widows, as they think
proper; and to lay out such other Part thereof in South-Sea
Annuities, or other Government Securities, as to them shall seem
meet, for raising a Capital Stock for the general Benefit of the
Charity, where the Application is not particularly directed by the
Donors.
III.
That in the Distribution of Allowances to poor Widows, the same
be proportionate to one another, with respect to the Sum each is to
receive, according to the following Division, viz.
The Widow of a Captain or Commander shall receive a Sum One
Third more than the Widow of a Lieutenant or Master.
The Widow of a Lieutenant or Master shall receive a Sum One
Third more than the Widow of a Boatswain, Gunner, Carpenter,
Purser, Surgeon, Second Master of a Yacht, or Master of a Naval
Vessel Warranted by the Navy Board.
IV.
That Widows admitted to an Annual Allowance from the Charity,
shall begin to enjoy it from the First Day of the Month following the
Decease of their Husbands, provided they apply within Twelve
Months for the same; otherwise, from the Time of their Application.
V.
That if any Widow, admitted to the Charity, marries again, her
Allowance from thenceforth shall cease.
VI.
That in order to prevent Abuses, no Widow shall be admitted to
the Benefit of the Charity, who has not been married for the Space of
Twelve Months to the Officer by whose Right she claims the same,
unless the said Officer was killed or drowned in the Sea Service. And
if any Officer marries after the Age of Seventy Years, his Widow shall
be deemed unqualified to receive the Charity.
VII.
That if the Widow of an Officer lives in the Neighbourhood of any
of His Majesty’s Dock-Yards, the Commissioner of the Navy residing
there, and some of the Principal Officers of the Yard, or the said
Officers of the Yard, where there is no Commissioner, shall inform
themselves thoroughly of the Circumstances of the Deceased; and
being satisfied that the Widow comes within the Rules of the Charity,
shall sign and give her the following Certificate gratis, viz.
These are to certify the Court of Assistants for managing the
Charity for Relief of Poor Widows of Commission and Warrant
Officers of the Royal Navy, That A. B. died on the _________ and
has left the Bearer C. B. a Widow; and according to the best
Information we can get from others, and do really believe ourselves,
is not possessed of a clear annual Income to the Value of
___________ and therefore she appears to us to be entituled to the
Benefit of the said Charity under their Direction.
Besides which, the Widow is to make Affidavit, that her Annual
Income is not better than is expressed in the said Certificate, and
that she was legally married (naming the Time when, and the Place
where) to the Officer, in whose Right she claims the Benefit of the
Charity.
VIII.
That if the Widow resides in any other Part of his Majesty’s
Dominions, a Certificate of the like Nature is to be signed by the
Minister of the Parish, a Justice of the Peace, and two or more
Officers of the Navy, who are best acquainted with her
Circumstances; and she is to make such Affidavit as is before
mentioned.
IX.
That all Widows applying for the Benefit of the Charity, are to
make Affidavit, that they are unmarried.
X.
That Widows admitted to the Charity shall once in every Year, at
the Time that shall be appointed, bring to the Court of Assistants
their Affidavits, containing a particular State of their Circumstances,
and that they continue unmarried.
XI.
That Widows of Masters and Surgeons are to apply to the Navy
Office, and receive from thence a Certificate of the Quality of their
Husbands in the Navy, which shall be given them Gratis, before they
apply to the Court of Assistants, to be admitted to the Charity.
XII.
That no Officer or Servant employed in the Business or Service of
this Charity, shall receive any Salary, Reward, or other Gratuity, for
his Pains or Service in the Affairs of the said Charity, but that the
whole Business thereof shall be transacted Gratis.
Secondly, Of the different Seas we traverse.

The Mediterranean, from the Climate, Fertility, and Beauty of the
Countries bordering on it, claims the Preference, I think, of all Seas;
and recompenses more largely the Fatigues of a Voyage. What is
peculiar, and makes them more than others pleasant, is, First, the
Temperature of their Air, neither too hot nor cold, but a pleasant
Mediocrity, that is, Spring or Summer all the Year. Secondly, Being of
a moderate Compass: A Man by a little conversing with Maps, fixes
an Idea of his Distances, his Stages from Place to Place, and may
measure them over in his Head with the same Facility he would a
Journey from London to York. Thirdly, Thus acquainted with the daily
Progress, our Approaches please in a Proportion to the Danger and
Wants we go from, and the Remedy and Port we go to. Leghorn,
Genoa, Naples, &c. have their different Beauties. Fourthly, The
confining Lands on the European and African Side being
mountainous, and the Sea interspersed with Islands, gives these
Priorities to main Oceans, viz. that you cannot be long out of sight of
some Land or other, and those flowing with Milk and Honey, no
ordinary Comfort, excepting when they are Lee Shores. Secondly, If
the Hills be to Windward, they take off the Force of strong Winds,
and make a smooth Sea. And thirdly, The same Hills to Leeward, do
by their Height give a Check to Storms; the Air stagnating by their
Interposition, I have observed frequently in shore, to become a
gentle Gale.
Lastly, The greatest Pleasure of those Seas, is visiting Towns and
Countrys that have been worthy History; the most famous do
somewhere or other border there, and have given birth to the
greatest Men and greatest Actions. Greece, that was the Mother of
Arts and Sciences, the Oracle of the World, that brought forth a
Homer, Socrates, Alexander, &c. and was one of the four great
Empires, stands to those Seas (though changed now to European
Turky, by a Progress as wonderful) so does Italy, the Seat of the last
universal Empire. That Rome, which subjected almost all the Kings
and Kingdoms of the known World, gave Britain Laws, and left every
where eternal Monuments of their Power and Magnificence: Here
lived Virgil, Horace, Cæsar——Hither some say St. Paul made his
Voyage, having coasted along Crete, and suffered Shipwreck at
Malta, Islands famous here, the one being the Birth-place of Jupiter,
the other for a renowned Order of Knights, the professed Defenders
of Christianity against the Turk.
Volcanos, Catacombs, Triumphal Arches, and Pillars, Baths,
Aqueducts, and Amphitheatres, are peculiar Curiosities of Italy.
There is scarcely a Spot in that delicious Country, but is recorded for
some remarkable Occurrence; is memorable for High-ways, Grottos,
Lakes, Statues, Monuments, some Victory gained, or Battle lost, the
Birth or Death of Cæsar or his Friends. On the African Side, stands
or did stand, Carthage, Troy, Tyre, Nice, Ephesus, Antioch, Smyrna;
and on that shore was once Christianity firmly planted (no less than
300 Bishops being expelled thence;) but alas how all things change!
neither Greatness nor Virtue can exempt from Mortality: Towns,
Countries, and Religions, have their Periods.
Thebes, Nineveh, &c. are now no more.
Oppida posse mori,
Si quæras Helicen & Burin, Achaidas Urbes,
Invenies sub Aquis.
They have a determined Time to flourish, decay, and die in. Corn
grows where Troy stood: Carthage is blotted out. Greece and her
Republicks (Athens, Sparta, Corinth,) with other fam’d Asian and
African Cities the Turkish Monarchy has overturned. Their
Magnificence, Wealth, Learning, and Worship, is changed into
Poverty and Ignorance; and Rome, the Mother of all, overrun with
Superstition. Who, on the one hand, but feels an inexpressible
Pleasure in treading over that Ground, he supposes such Men
inhabited, whose Learning and Virtues have been the Emulation of
all succeeding Ages? And who again but must mourn such a
melancholly Transposition of the Scene, and spend a few funeral
Reflections over such extraordinary Exequiæ: Perhaps the
Revolution of as many Ages, as has sunk their Glory, may raise it
again, or carry it to the Negroes and Hottentots, and the present
Possessors be debased.
The next pleasant Sailing to the Mediterranean, is that part of the
Atlantick, Southern, Pacifick, South, or Indian Seas, that are within
the Limits of a Trade-Wind; because such Winds are next to
invariable, of such moderate Strength as not to raise heavy Seas, or
strain a Ship; no Storms at Distance from Land; and equal Days and
Nights.
The Atlantick, and Southern Ocean, without the Limits of this
Trade-Wind, that is, from 30 to 60°° of Latitude, are far the worst for
Navigation; wide, rough, and boisterous Seas, more subject to
Clouds, Storm, and Tempest, variable Weather; long, dark, cold
Nights, and less delightful Countries and Climates out of Europe.
Lastly, Beyond 60 Degrees of Latitude we have little Commerce,
and the Seas less frequented; the Countries growing more and more
inhospitable, as Latitude and Cold increases towards the Pole;
however, Men who have used Greenland, tell me, those inclement
Skies contain no other Vapors, than Mist, Sleet, and Snow; the Sea
less ruffled with Winds, which blow for the most part Northerly,
towards the Sun, i. e. towards a more rarified Air, seen in those Drifts
of Ice from thence, that are found far to the Southward, both on the
European and American side. Another Advantage to cheer the
Winter’s Melancholy of Northern Regions, is the Moon’s shining a
Length proportioned to the Absence of the Sun; so that where he is
entirely lost, she[2] never sets, but with reflected and resplendent
Light on Ice and Snow, keeps up their Consolation.
In all Seas are met numerous Incidents and Appearances, worthy
our Reflection. I have therefore gone on to Observations more
instructive and amusing. If the Solutions are not every where
Standard, they may strike out Hints to better Capacities; among
those, I can perceive two more liable to Objection.
First, The Pythagorean Soliloquy I set out with (p. 18.) which may
be deemed too foreign for the Subject: To which I answer——A
Voyage to Sea is a Type of that dark and unknown one we are to
make in Death: Wherefore it is not unnatural with a Departure from
the Land’s End of England, shooting into an Abyss of Waters, to
consider a little on that Life, which lost is a Departure from the
World’s End, and to launch into a greater Abyss, Eternity;—The
Principle, in what is material of us, I think, highly consonant to
Reason, and continues still the Doctrine of the Eastern Sages.
Diversæ autem corpora formæ non sunt nisi diversæ modificationes
ejusdem materiæ, &c.
(Keil de legibus naturæ.)
E. G. Vapors condensed to Rain, we see descend on Earth; and
both enter and pass into the Seeds and Forms of all Plants. From
them, either taken alone, or amassed in animal Food, is what
constitutes and repairs by a daily Eating, our own Bodies; which if
there be any Trust to Sense or Reason, moulds, decays, and turns
again to Dust and Air, in order for Regeneration.
What only can destroy this Philosophy (as I observe at that place)
and maintain a Resurrection of the same Body, is Revelation, and
the Immortality of the Soul; for Sameness, or Identity then, will not
consist in the same individual Particles being united, that makes our
Bodies here, (which we are sure are continually fluctuating, and
changing while we live;) but on that Consciousness which the
immaterial Part will give, though joined to Matter, taken from the Top
of Olympus.
Secondly, The Denial of Canibals against the Authority of grave
Authors, has proceeded from a Persuasion, that the Charge carries
the highest Reproach on Humanity, and the Creator of it. My Aim,
therefore, was to shew in the best manner I could, that the
Accusation every where has probably proceeded from Fear in some,
to magnify the Miracle of escaping an inhospitable and strange
Country, and from Design in others, to justify Dispossession, and
arm Colonies with Union and Courage against the supposed
Enemies of Mankind. Conquest and Cruelty, by that means go on
with pleasure on the People’s side, who are persuaded they are only
subduing of brutish Nature, and exchanging, for their mutual Good,
Spiritual for Temporal Inheritances. By particular and private
Men, this may have been fixed on a People, to allay some base or
villainous Actions of their own, that could not any other way be
excused, or bear the Light: And for this, I appeal to the discerning
part of our Traders, acquainted with Guinea, whether they do not
think the Reports of Cape St. Mary’s Inhabitants, Cape Mont,
Montzerado, Drewin, and Callabar, down-right Falsities, and
impolitick ones; for the multiplying of Places, like Plots, in a great
measure destroys the Use of them.
At the Caribbees again, it is full as preposterous; for on small
Islands, had their Women bred like Rabbits, they must have been
desolated Ages before the Europeans Arrival; unless we can
suppose human Flesh was eat only on their Feast-Days; or that they
just commenced Monsters upon our Discovery.——La Hontan, or
some other French Translation I have read, talking of Canibals
bordering on Canada, flies into a strange Gallicism, and makes them
commend the Flesh of a Frenchman (sad Partiality) in Eating, as of
finer Taste than that of an Englishman.
These, with Europeans neglecting to charge the East-Indians thus,
who have more Power than simple Americans or Negroes to resent
the Indignity and Reproach, makes me disbelieve the whole of what I
have hitherto heard; and that the true Anthropophagi are only the
diverse Insects infesting us in diverse Countries; the Pediculose Kind
do not live in hot Climates; instead thereof, they are assaulted with a
ravenous Fly called Muskito; Legions that live wild in the Woods, and
seize with every Opportunity, human Flesh, like Lions.
As there is a strict Regard to Truth observed throughout the whole,

it is apprehended the following Sheets will be not only amusing, but
useful.
A
V O YA G E
TO
Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies;

In His Majesty’s Ships, the Swallow,
and Weymouth, &c.
We took in eight Months Provisions each, at Portsmouth; Stores,
Careening-Geer, and Necessaries requisite to continue us a double
Voyage down the Coast of Guinea, for meeting, if possible, with the
Pyrates; who did then very much infest those Parts, and destroy our
Trade and Factories. Accordingly the Company’s Governors for
Gambia and other Places, embark’d under our Convoy, and were to
have what Support we could give them, in restoring the Credit of the
Royal African Company; which begun now to take new life under the
Influence of the Duke of Chandois.
For this Purpose we set sail from Spithead February 5th, 1720/1.
It is a Pleasure we have beyond the Merchant-Service in sailing,
that we are forbid Commerce. When Men of War have no other
Lading than Provisions and Necessaries, the Duty of Sailors is
eased, and their Conveniencies better; whereas Cargoes, besides
dishonouring the Commission, and unfitting the King’s Ships for
Action, stifle and sicken a Ship’s Company in warm Climates,
impose hard Services, and spoil the Trade of the Merchant they are
designed to encourage, and expect a Gratuity from; because Labour
and Freight free, they can afford to undersel.

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Managerial Economics Foundations of

Business Analysis and Strategy 11th

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Managerial Economics Foundations of Business Analysis

Managerial Economics and Business Strategy 9th Edition

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Managerial Economics and Business Strategy 8th Edition

Managerial Economics and Business Strategy 9th Edition

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Units of Total Average Marginal

The average product of labor when 4 units of labor are employed is

Units of Total Average Marginal

The marginal product of the fifth unit of labor is

Units of Total Average Marginal

Diminishing returns begin with the

Units of Total Average Marginal

Marginal product is negative when _____ units of labor are employed.

8-5 A production function measures the relation between

8-6 A short-run production function assumes that

Chapter 8: PRODUCTION AND COST IN THE SHORT RUN

a. first unit of labor.

Chapter 8: PRODUCTION AND COST IN THE SHORT RUN

8-11 If average product is increasing, then marginal product

8-12 Which of the following statements is FALSE?

In the table above, diminishing returns

Chapter 8: PRODUCTION AND COST IN THE SHORT RUN

Chapter 8: PRODUCTION AND COST IN THE SHORT RUN

8-21 Use the following table to answer the question below:

8-22 Use the following table to answer the question below:

8-23 Use the following table to answer the question below:

Chapter 8: PRODUCTION AND COST IN THE SHORT RUN

8-24 Use the following table to answer the question below:

8-25 The marginal product of labor

8-26 Use the following table to answer the question below:

Chapter 8: PRODUCTION AND COST IN THE SHORT RUN

8-27 Use the following table to answer the question below:

8-28 Use the following table to answer the question below:

Chapter 8: PRODUCTION AND COST IN THE SHORT RUN

8-30 Use the following table to answer the question below:

Diminishing marginal productivity

8-31 If marginal product is decreasing, then it must be the case that

Chapter 8: PRODUCTION AND COST IN THE SHORT RUN

8-35 Diminishing returns refers to the decrease in

Number of Total Average Marginal

a. increases from 290 to 420

Chapter 8: PRODUCTION AND COST IN THE SHORT RUN

Number of Total Average Marginal

Number of Total Average Marginal

Number of Total Average Marginal

8-40 A firm's cost of production is affected by changes in

8-41 A short-run cost function assumes that

8-42 A fixed cost is

Total Total Average Average Average

Total Total Average Average Average

Chapter 8: PRODUCTION AND COST IN THE SHORT RUN

Total Total Average Average Average

Total Total Average Average Average

8-47 Average fixed cost

a. At 2 units of labor, TP = and AP = .