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    Handout - 1 (Basics) Environment Marathon 2024 Prelims

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    s.shesh730

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    Handout - 1 (Basics) Environment Marathon 2024 Prelims

    Uploaded by

    s.shesh730
    9 views9 pages

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    Handout - 1 (Basics) Environment Marathon 2024 Prelims

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    9 views9 pages

    Handout - 1 (Basics) Environment Marathon 2024 Prelims

    Uploaded by

    s.shesh730

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    Environment Marathon by GS GILL SIR - HANDOUT 1 (ENV.

    BASICS)
    ● Environment - anything Surrounding individual

    ● Ecosystem - Community of living & non living + their interaction


    ○ Structural part - Physical part
    ○ Functional part - Eg Energy flow, Nutrient cycles
    ○ It's also structural and functional unit of ecology

    ● Ecology - Study of interaction


    ● Levels of organization in ecosystem - IPCEB
    ○ Individual - Population (common species) - community (different species ) -
    Ecosystem (Biotic with env) - Biome (functional features affected by common
    climate) - Biosphere

    ● Habitat - where Actually organism lives


    ● Home Range - where org migrates or travels

    ● Niche - Habitat & functional role (resources one uses) of animals in the ecosystem.
    ○ 1 ecosys - 2 species can’t have similar niche
    ○ Gauss Law - Competition Exclusion principle vs Darwin (Adaptation principle) vs
    Doyle’s law (Evolution is irreversible)
    ○ 2 Niche
    ■ Fundamental - Resources that can be ideally used
    ■ Realized - Actually used
    ○ Ecological Equivalent - 2 Species having similar niche at 2 different location

    ● Ecotone - Boundary of 2 ecosystems


    ○ Eg Mangroove, Swamp, Marsh, Himalayan foothill, Coral Reef, (Desert -
    Grassland - Forest)
    ○ Edge Effect

    ● Ecological System
    ○ Norbert Wiener
    ○ Feedback Loop
    ■ Negative - Production kam krdo tan ki stability ajaye
    ■ Hence -ve feedback loop brings stability

    ● Ecosystem Services - PRC’SC


    ○ Provisioning - Jo saman deta hai (food medicine etc)
    ○ Regulating - Hone deta hai but apne hisab se control krke - eg Climate control,
    Air & Water Purification
    ○ Controlling - Hone hi nai deta - Soil erosion, Floods, drought, pest control
    ○ Supporting - Space Provide krta hai - eg Habitat to organism , Nutrient Cycling
    ○ Cultural - Sacred forest, Festival
    Energy Flow in Ecosystem
    ● Basic = Sun - Producer - Consumer - Decomposer

    ● Food Chain
    ○ Always “Unidirectional” + “Liner”energy flow
    ○ Eg Grass - Deer - Tiger
    ○ Types
    ■ Grazing
    ● Terrestrial
    ● Aquatic

    ● Aquatic can be upto 6-7 stages


    ● PP - ZP - Diatoms - Crustaceans (Spider) - Fish (Small - Medium -
    Big)
    ● Diatom - Algae (only org whose cells are transparent, made of
    silica)
    ■ Detritus
    ● Eg Dead Tree - Mushroom - Deer - Tiger
    ● Detritivore - eat & break organic matter into smaller eg Earthworm
    & insects
    ● Decomposer - Break Down further into inorganic subs eg Bacteria
    & Fungi
    ● Saprophyte - extra cellular digestion (Breakdown and then
    consume) eg Fungi & Mushroom
    ● Scavenger - Direct eat (Hyna, Crow, Vulture)
    ■ Steps for decomposition
    ● Fragmentation
    ● Leaching
    ● Catabolism - Fungi & Bacteria Breakdown
    ● Humification - Dissolution in soil
    ● Mineralisation
    ■ More the sugar & Nitrogen more is the decompo
    ■ Less the Chitin & Lignin (inorganic matter) more the decompo
    ● Food Web
    ○ Non-Linear + Multi Directional
    ○ More complex - More Stable
    ○ Both Chain & Web are Qualitative
    ○ For Quantitative Analysis we have - Pyramids
    ● Ecological Pyramids
    ○ Representation of Trophic levels of different organisms based on their ecological
    position.
    ○ Type - Energy, Number & Biomass
    ○ Features
    ■ Energy - Always Upright, never inverted - why? lindmen’s law
    ● Trophic efficiency - energy transferred from one to another
    trophic level = 10% (rest used in Respiration & Metabolism)
    ■ Number
    ● Upright (ocean vala)
    ● Inverted (Tree vala) - Tree - Bird - Lice - Supra Parasite
    ■ Biomass
    ● Upright (Terrestrial - Producer - herbivore - carnivore)
    ● Inverted (Ocean - Algae - Small Fish - big fish)

    Ecological Productivity
    ● Amount of Biomass generated or Energy stored (per unit area per unit time)
    ○ Biomass (wt/m2) = production / generated in a year = Productivity.
    ● Who produces?
    ○ Primary = Autotroph
    ■ Photo-Trophs - eg Plants
    ■ Chemotroph - ThioBacillus (Sulphur Bacteria)
    ○ Secondary = Heterotroph

    🌸
    ■ Consumers
    ○ There is no Tertiary/quaternary biomass production
    ○ Q?? What are insectivorous plants - They are both Auto & Hetero
    ■ Eg Venus Flytrap, Pitcher Plant (nitrogen deficient soil)
    ● What is the concept of Gross & Net?
    ○ Gross - Respiration = Net
    ○ GPP, NPP, GSP, NSP
    ● Where will it be more?
    ○ Lower Latitude > Higher Latitude (decrease from eq towards poles)
    ○ Lower Altitude > Higher Altitude
    ○ Continents > Oceans
    ■ Oceans - Decline towards international waters & Depth (Photic (200m) -
    twilight - aphotic)
    ○ Savanna (Tropical) > Steppe (Temperate)
    ○
    ● Primary & Secondary Succession
    ○ Soil hai ya nahi? Bsssss
    ○ Primary starts with full barren land (no living organism) - to full ecosystem (climax
    community)
    ■ Land - (Algae - Mosses - Ferns - Shrubs - Plants - Trees)
    ■ Each stage is called Sere
    ■ It is slow, because soil formation takes place here
    ○ Secondary - On already existing ecosystem eg Forest fire
    ■ It is fast
    ■ Burnt soil - Potash
    ○ Stages - NME - CRS
    ■ Nudation - bare/open sight to begin
    ■ Migration - spores/seeds
    ■ Ecesis - initial est of vegetation
    ■ Competition - for resource
    ■ Reaction - competition & thus displacement - till Seral (P-S-C)
    ■ Stabilization - Formation of climax

    Biodiversity
    ● Genetic (Tiger x RBT, Javan, Caspian) vs Species (Cat, Tiger Lion) vs Community
    (Rainforest & deciduous forest)
    ● Measurement
    ○ Simpson’s index
    ■ Species Richness - Kitne hai
    ■ Species Evenness - Uska Distribution
    ● Alpha (within community) vs Beta (Between 2 communities) vs Gama (Habitat w.r.t total
    geo area or Landscape)

    ● Bioaccumulation
    ● Bio-Concentration
    ● Biomagnification - DDT (pesticide) - water body - small fishes - big fish etc.
    Chemicals:-
    ○ long living
    ○ bio active
    ○ lipophilic

    ● Nutrient Cycling - SP C’NOW


    ○ Sedimentary - Lie in Earth crust; land & water - Sulphur & Phosphorus
    ○ Gaseous - Lie in Atmosphere & ocean) - Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Water
    ● Nitrogen
    ○ Only perfect cycle
    ○ N2 - Lightening + biological process of free living bacteria eg Clastrodium
    Azotobacter & Cyanobacteria Nostoc)
    ○ N2 ki Ammonification = NH3
    ○ NH3 se Bacteria Nitrosomonas = Nitrite
    ○ Nitrite se Bacteria Nitrobacter - Nitrate (Fertiliser for Plants)
    ○ Ab Nitrate ka denitrification by Bacteria Pseudomonas - Released in atmosphere
    ○ Colombo declaration
    ■ UNEP + Sri Lanka - Reduce Nitrogenous waste by 50% by 2030
    ● Phosphorus
    ○ Sedimentary
    ○ Increase by rains in mountainous regions
    ○ Last step - Geological upliftment
    ○ Use - Fertiliser, DNA&RNA, acts as catalyst, fire retardant, water softener, food
    addictive, metallurgy
    ○ White Phosphorus - Bomb in Gaza
    ○ Cadmium Free Phosphorus (only at 6 places)
    ■ 85% - Morocco then China & Russia

    ● Adaptations by Animals
    ○ Migration
    ■ Siberian Crane, Amur Falcon
    ○ Suspend Activity
    ○ Regulation
    ■ By warm blooded
    ■ Sweating, Fat burning, Goosebumps (muscle contraction)
    ○ Conform
    ■ When warm blooded adapt to their temp.
    ○ Adaptation
    ■ Long Term
    ■ Genetic Changes are involved
    ■ Types - Morphological, Physiological, Behavioural

    ● Animal Interactions
    ○ Symbiosis - dono ko faida hai + Dono dependent hai
    ○ Proto-Cooperative - dono ko faida hai + Dono Independent hai
    ○ Commensalism - Ek ko faida + dusra unaffected
    ○ Ammensalism - Ek ko nuksan + dusre unaffected
    ○ Predation - Ek ko faida + Dusre ko nuksan
    ○ Competition - dono ko Nuksan
    Biodiversity Hotspot - E +T
    Hottest Hotspot - T + E (p+v) & Plant/area ration + Vertebrate/area ratio
    Megadiverse - Endemism 5000 + Border sea/ocean
    ● By UNEP’s Specialized Agency - World Conservation Monitoring Center @ Kenya
    Nairobi + CI (conservational Internatiom
    LMMC

    ✔️
    ● @ CBD’s Cancun Summit
    ● Total 18 - India
    ● Endemism + Traditional Knowledge
    “India - Part of All”

    GIAHS
    ● Globally important agricultural Heritage system,
    ● FAO 2002
    ● ODISHA - KORAPUT (mixed farming of tribal population)
    ● Kashmiri - saffron cultivation in the karewa region of Pampore. Women are custodians of
    knowledge.
    ● Kuttanad - below sea farming (it’s rice bowl of Kerala)

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