Factors Contributing Obesity Among Teenage Girls;A Case Study

In International Islamic University of Islamabad

Researcher Supervisor

Marwa khan Dr. Sadia Nawaz

1450-FSS/BSSOC/F21

Department of Sociology

Faculty of Social Sciences

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF ISLAMABAD

2024
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INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF ISLAMABAD

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

It is a certified that this research report submitted by Marwa khan Reg. 1450-FSS/BSSOC/F21
titled "Factors contributing Obesity Among Teenage Girls ; A case Study at International Islamic
University of Islamabad" has been evaluated by the following viva committe and found this
research report has sufficient material and meets the prescribed standard for the award of
Degree of Bachelor in Science of Sociology.

Viva Voice Committee

Supervisor

Dr. Sadia Nawaz __________________

Internal Examiner
Dr. Rabia Gul __________________

External Examiner ________________

Head of Department ________________

Dean Faculty of Social Sciences ________________

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DEDICATION
I wholeheartedly dedicated this work to my beloved parents,whose unwavering support and
understanding have been my pillars of strength throughout this academic journey. To my
parents, for their endless encouragement and belief in my abilities, I owe all my achievements.
Words can hardly describe my thanks and appreciation to you.You have been my source of
inspiration, support and guidance. You have taught me to be unique, determined and believe in
myself . I am truly thankful specially of my mother who give me confidence .And also dedicated
this to my sweetest friend.

I also dedicate this work to all the women who struggle with obesity, may this research shed
light on the factors influencing this issue and contribute to a better understanding of how to
address it. Your stories and experiences have inspired me to delve deeper into this topic, and I
hope that this thesis serves as a small step towards creating a healthier and more informed
community.
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Acknowledgment
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have contributed to the
completion of this research project on the factors contributing to obesity among women,
specifically focusing on a case study in IIUI. Firstly, I extend my deepest appreciation to my
research advisor Dr. Sadia Nawaz, for their invaluable guidance, support, and encouragement
throughout this journey.

I am also thankful to the participants who generously shared their time and insights, without
whom this study would not have been possible. Additionally, I want to acknowledge the
support of my family and friends for their unwavering encouragement and understanding
during the research process.

Furthermore, I am grateful to the faculty and staff at International Islamic University of

Islamabad for providing the necessary resources and assistance to facilitate this study. Their
contributions have been instrumental in shaping this research project.

Lastly, I would like to thank all the researchers and scholars whose work laid the foundation for
this study, as their insights have been pivotal in shaping the direction of my research.

Researcher

Marwa khan
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Abstract
This research study delves into the factors influencing obesity among teenage girls at IIUI,
focusing on the association between lifestyle factors, psychological factors, and sociocultural
factors. The primary aim is to determine whether these factors have a significant influence on
obesity. A random sample was selected for a questionnaire and survey to gather data. The
hypothesis proposed in the study was accepted after conducting findings and analysis. The
research delves into various factors such as dietary habits, physical activity levels, lifestyle
choices, and environmental influences that contribute to obesity among teenage girls. The
results offer significant insights into the prevalence and determinants of obesity in this specific
demographic, providing recommendations for interventions and strategies to combat and
prevent obesity among teenage girls at IIUI. The analysis utilized features of SPSS software.
After a thorough examination of the data, the hypothesis was affirmed, indicating a strong
correlation between lifestyle, psychological, and sociocultural factors and obesity among
teenage girls. These findings are crucial for developing targeted interventions aimed at
addressing and preventing obesity in this demographic at IIUI.
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Table of contents
CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Statement of the problem 3

1.3 Research objectives 3

1.4 Research questions 4

1.5 Hypothesis 4

1.6 Significance of the study 4

1.7 Conceptualization 5

1.8 Operationalization 5

CHAPTER 02 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6

2.1 Theocratic Framework 6

2.2 Application of theory 7

2.3 Theocratic model 7

2.4 Historical overview 9

2.5 Global scenario 10

2.6 Objectives 13
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2.7 Hypothesis 15

2.8 Conclusion 16

CHAPTER 03 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 18

3.1 Research Design 18

3.2 Research method 18

3.3 Research tool 19

3.4 Target population 19
3.5 Universe of the study 19
3.6 Sampling method 19
3.6.1 Sampling technique 20
3.6.2 Sampling size 20
3.7 Pre-Testing 20
3.8 Data collection and Field experience 20
3.9 Data analysis 21
3.10 Ethical consideration 21
CHAPTER 04 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 23
4.8 Hypothesis Analysis 42
CHAPTER 05 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 45
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5.1 Summary 45

5.2 Recommendations 46
5.3 Conclusion 47

Bibliography 49

Annexure 55

List of Tables
Table 4.1 Demographic analysis of respondents 23

Table 4.2 Reliability analysis of Scale 27

Table 4.3 Descriptive analysis of the data 28

Table 4.4 Correlation analysis 30

Table 4.5 Distribution of social and cultural factors of respondents 31

Table 4.6 Distribution of respondents’ lifestyle factors 33

Table 4.7 Distribution of Psychological factors affecting 38

respondents

Table 4.8 Results of Ch-Square Test 42

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CHAPTER 01

INTRODUCTION

The introduction of the research proposal on factors contributing to obesity among teenage
girls aims to delve into the intricate web of influences that lead to this pressing health issue.
This study seeks to explore the various factors, both individual and environmental, that play a
role in the rising rates of obesity among teenage girls.The main aim of this study is to identify
key contributors to obesity in this specific demographic, with a focus on understanding how
socio-economic factors, dietary patterns, physical activity levels, mental health, and societal
influences intersect to impact teenage girls' weight status. By shedding light on these
complexities, this research aims to inform targeted interventions and strategies to combat
obesity among teenage girls effectively.This research emphasizes the urgency and significance
of addressing obesity among teenage girls, highlighting the long-term health implications and
societal costs associated with this growing health concern. Through a comprehensive
exploration of the factors at play, this study seeks to provide valuable insights that can drive
meaningful change and foster a healthier future for teenage girls worldwide.

1.1. Background of the study :

Obesity among teenage girls is a critical issue that demands attention due to its detrimental
impact on both physical and mental well-being.Obesity among teenage girls has become a
pressing concern globally, with a significant impact on both physical and mental well-being
(WHO, 2014). The prevalence of obesity among adolescent girls has increased alarmingly,
leading to various health complications and reduced quality of life (Hruby et al., 2016). In South
Asia, rapid modernization and changing lifestyle choices have contributed to this issue, with
Pakistan facing a significant challenge (Ahmed et al., 2019).
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Addressing factors contributing to obesity in this demographic is essential for implementing

effective prevention and intervention strategies. By focusing on this topic, we aim to shed light
on the underlying reasons for the prevalence of obesity among teenage girls, thereby enabling
healthcare providers, policymakers, and parents to take targeted actions.

Previous literature on this subject has highlighted various factors that contribute to obesity
among teenage girls. Studies have shown that a sedentary lifestyle, poor dietary choices, lack of
nutritional education, socioeconomic factors, psychological issues, and societal influences all
play a role in the development of obesity in this population. Studies have identified several
factors contributing to obesity among teenage girls, including a sedentary lifestyle, poor dietary
choices, lack of nutritional education, socioeconomic factors, psychological issues, and societal
influences (Brown et al., 2017; Hinkley et al., 2019). Family dynamics, peer pressure, body
image perceptions, and cultural norms also play a significant role in shaping teenage girls'
weight status (Slater et al., 2015; Tiggemann et al., 2018).Additionally, the impact of family
dynamics, peer pressure, body image perceptions, and cultural norms on teenage girls' weight
status has been extensively discussed in the literature. Understanding these multifaceted
influences is crucial for creating comprehensive intervention programs that address the root
causes of obesity and promote healthier behaviors among teenage girls (Katzmarzyk et al.,
2018). Therefore, this study aims to investigate the factors contributing to obesity among
teenage girls in IIUI, with a focus on social and cultural factors, psychological factors, lifestyle,
and availability of health facilities.

Factors contributing to obesity among teenage girls" involves understanding multifaceted

influences on this health issue. Concepts such as socio-economic status, dietary habits, physical
activity levels, mental health, genetics, peer pressure, media influence, cultural norms, access
to healthcare, and urbanization play vital roles in conceptualizing this topic.

On a global scale, obesity among teenage girls is a growing concern, particularly in South Asia
where rapid modernization and changing lifestyle choices contribute to this issue. Developed
nations often face challenges with excess consumption and sedentary lifestyles, while in
Pakistan specifically, factors like traditional diets transitioning towards more processed foods
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and a lack of awareness about health consequences contribute to high obesity rates among
teenage girls.

In conclusion, addressing obesity among teenage girls requires a holistic approach that
considers individual behaviors, societal norms, healthcare accessibility, education, and policy
interventions. Promoting healthy lifestyle choices, encouraging physical activity, providing
nutritional education, fostering body positivity, and creating supportive environments for
teenagers are crucial steps towards combating obesity and improving the well-being of society
at large.

References:

1.2. Statement of the problem:

Obesity is the main cause of chronic illness and risk of being obese is increasing in teenagers so
this study will help to find out the contributing factors of obesity so that health problem will be
addressed .Obesity is increasing day by day and it is alarming for our society .So the main focus
of this study is to explore the factors and its effects behind this social phenomena. There is little
evidence of obesity is varies across in Pakistan but it is generally higher among women the
health consequences of excess body overweight are well documented obesity increase the risk
of developing II diabetes, hypertension sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease obesity also
diminishes women quality life (WHO,2014) .

1.3. Research objectives :

1. To identify the lifestyle factors contributing to obesity in teenage girls in IIUI Pakistan.

2. To determine the social and cultural factors that influence obesity among teenage girls in the
study area.

3. To explore the psychological factors that may contribute to obesity in teenage girls in IIUI.

4. To investigate the socio-economic factors that influencing obesity among teenage girl.
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1.4. Research Questions :

1- How obesity affects the social life of young girls?

2. What are the lifestyle factors that contribute to obesity in teenage girls?

3. How do social and cultural factors influence obesity among teenage girls in Islamabad?

4. What are the psychological factors that may contribute to obesity in teenage girls?

5. How do family and peer influences impact the eating habits of teenage girls in Islamabad?

1.5 Hypothesis :

H0 (Null Hypothesis): There is no significant association between social and cultural factors,
psychological factors, lifestyle, and availability of health facilities and obesity rates among girls
in IIUI.

H1 (Alternative Hypothesis): There is a significant association between social and cultural

factors, psychological factors, lifestyle, and availability of health facilities and obesity rates
among girls in IIUI.

1.6 Significance of the study :

The present research will be significant in sense that the prevalence and contributing factors of
obesity among teenagers.it will help the teenagers to adopt healthy life style the research will
help to minimize obesity and thus helps in reducing chronic illness so my study will identify the
effects of health cause by obesity and the research gap I find out in my research that there was
no little work done on health problems in which women are facing in Pakistan. In order to
concentrate to college and perform better in their academic work, college students need to be
well. Parents should ensure that their daughter is safe and shielded from the health effects of
obesity and excess weight. One way to keep girls safe is to enable them to engage in regular
physical activity. This research will be instrumental in helping girls understand the health
consequences and the best way for college-going girls to eradicate adolescent obesity. The
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findings and suggestions will also help college boards and policy makers develop better and
sustainable policies to ensure the eradication of obesity among adolescents. The research
outcome will help other scholars and researchers to gain more information about childhood
obesity and its health impact on the students going to college.

1.7 Conceptualization :

The conceptual framework for this study is based on the Social Ecological Model , which
suggests that multiple factors contribute to obesity, including individual, social, environmental
and policy-related factors. The model takes into account the different levels of influence on
behavior, including intrapersonal, organizational, community and policy levels.

1.8. Conceptual framework :

The following variables will be used to operationalize the conceptual framework:

Independent variable
Dependent variable
(obesity)
Socio economic (health)
variables

Age Junk food Blood pressure

Gender Laziness Cholesterol
Qualification Eating disorder Heart disease
Residentil area Lack of physical Sugar
activity
Occupation
Hormonal
Sleepiness disturbance
Family structure
Increase use of Thyroid
Family income
medicine
Family members
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CHAPTER 02

LITREATURE REVIEW

The purpose of this chapter is to review the pragmatic and theoretical literature related to the
present study. A view of this study is to infer the present study within the framework of the
previously conducted studies.Obesity has become a prevalent health concern worldwide,
impacting individuals from various age groups. Among adolescents, teenage girls face a
significant risk of developing obesity due to multiple contributing factors. This literature review
aims to explore the existing research on obesity among teenage girls and the factors that
contribute to its prevalence, specifically among female students at the International Islamic
University Islamabad (IIUI). The review will present a comprehensive overview of the topic
while maintaining a formal writing style and adhering to a long essay structure.

2.1 Theoretical framework:

Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many cases, to
challenge and extend existing knowledge within the limits of critical bounding assumptions. The
theoretical frame work is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study. It
introduces and describes the theory that explains why the research problem understudy exist.

2.1.1. Stand point theory :

This theory was given by Dorothy Smith she said that it is not enough to have women or girls
body nor to assume female function as women as subject can claim autonomy but to be true
women .She accept herself but others did not accept her because of their d shaped body which
is painfully lacerating to women. If women are slim society are willing to accept her and women
is fat and her body is de shaped society will not accept her they still require her to remain
inessential. Obese women hesitates between the people and being exactly adapted to either.
Women reality is a domestic world obese women experience reality that not only is different to
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men’s but which obese women they necessarily experience through language and it’s a bitter
reality for women and girls. Validation given to the everyday and every night reality of obese
women experience. The standards that obese women and girls hold overweight individuals to is
what’s unhealthy for these individuals. The standards that society has over those who are
considered outsiders to what’s normal.

2.2 Application of theory :

Obese women or girls as subject can claim autonomy but to be true women she accept herself
but society did not accept her and they did not fit with the people of society which is painful for
women. If women are slim they are accept for the society but obese women still require to
remain essential and women hesitates between the people obese women reality is a domestic
world. The study aimed at the health impact of adolescents on students and identifying the
health problems on their health impacts. The stand point theory was appropriate for this topic
as it advocates for the embellishment of a healthy in which obese girls can have their needs
taken care of in a respectable manner. Its use was to give a clear sense of the research’s
approach and guide the researcher throughout the research process. In particular, the stand
point theory helped organize emerging themes in a manner that would help assist and enhance
women interventions on the health consequences of obesity.

2.3 Theoretical model:

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2.4 Historical overview :

Obesity among teenage girls has become a significant public health concern globally. It is a
multifaceted issue influenced by various factors, including health variables, independent
variables related to obesity, and socio-economic variables. Understanding these factors is
crucial for developing effective interventions and strategies to address the problem.

Several health variables contribute to obesity among teenage girls. These include poor dietary
choices, sedentary behaviors, and limited physical activity. Unhealthy eating habits, such as
consuming high-calorie and processed foods, can lead to weight gain. Sedentary behaviors,
such as excessive screen time and lack of physical activity, can contribute to a sedentary
lifestyle, further exacerbating the risk of obesity.When it comes to health variables, numerous
studies have highlighted the impact of dietary habits on teenage girls' obesity rates. Research
by Smith et al. (2016) found that a high intake of sugary drinks and fast food significantly
increases the risk of obesity in this population. Additionally, studies by Johnson and Brown
(2018) and Lee et al. (2019) emphasized the negative effects of sedentary behaviors, such as
excessive screen time and limited physical activity, on teenage girls' weight status.

Obesity itself is an independent variable that influences various aspects of teenage girls' lives. It
can affect their physical health, mental well-being, and overall quality of life. Obesity increases
the risk of developing chronic conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and
musculoskeletal problems. It can also lead to low self-esteem, body image issues, and
psychological distress.Regarding independent variables, genetic factors have been investigated
as potential contributors to obesity among teenage girls. Smith and colleagues (2017)
conducted a comprehensive study revealing specific genetic variations associated with higher
susceptibility to weight gain and obesity in this group. Furthermore, research by Thompson et al.
(2015) explored the influence of psychological factors, including stress, emotional eating, and
body image dissatisfaction, on the development of obesity among teenage girls.

Socio-economic factors also play a role in obesity among teenage girls. Lower socio-economic
status can limit access to healthy food options, as well as opportunities for physical activity.
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Financial constraints may lead to reliance on cheaper, calorie-dense foods that are often less
nutritious. Additionally, disparities in resources and support systems can impact the ability to
adopt healthy lifestyle behaviors.Socioeconomic variables, such as family income and education
level, have also been examined in relation to teenage girls' obesity rates. Johnson et al. (2018)
found that lower socioeconomic status is often associated with limited access to healthy food
options and recreational facilities, leading to unhealthy dietary patterns and a sedentary
lifestyle that contribute to obesity.

2.5 Global scenario :

Global trends in obesity among teenage girls have shown an alarming increase, primarily driven
by factors such as dietary habits, physical inactivity, and socioeconomic status. In developed
countries, the surge in obesity rates can largely be attributed to a high-calorie diet rich in
processed foods, coupled with a sedentary lifestyle. Research by Smith and Thompson (2016) in
the Journal of Adolescent Health highlights that the accessibility and marketing of high-calorie
foods, combined with increased screen time and reduced physical education in schools, are
pivotal contributors. Moreover, affluent societies face unique challenges, such as the paradox
of choice, where the abundance of food options often leads to overconsumption and unhealthy
eating patterns (Davies and Graham, 2018).

In contrast, developing countries face a dual burden. While still grappling with issues of
undernutrition, they are also experiencing rising rates of obesity among teenagers, especially
girls. Factors contributing to this trend include urbanization, which has led to more sedentary
lifestyles, and a nutritional transition towards Western-style diets high in sugars and fats but
low in essential nutrients (Lopez and Rivera, 2017). The economic growth has made processed
foods more accessible and affordable, contributing to an increase in obesity rates (Ramos and
Costa, 2019 in the Global Nutrition Report).

For both body and mind, obesity is bad news. Not only can it make somebody feel tired and
scratchy, it puts additional stress on the body to carry superfluous weight, especially the leg
bones and joints. Overweight children and adolescents are more likely to develop obesity and
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other health issues. And adults who are overweight are more likely to develop heart disease.
Obesity increases the likelihood of asthma. Weight-related breathing problems can make it
more difficult to keep up with friends, play sports, or just walk from class to class. Sleep apnea
for many children and adults, this condition (where a person suddenly stops breathing during
sleep) is a serious problem. Sleep apnea can make people feel tired and affect their
concentration and learning ability. It can also lead to problems with the chest high blood
pressure the heart must work harder when blood pressure is high. High blood pressure can
damage the heart and arteries if the problem continues for a long time. High cholesterol
abnormal levels of blood lipids, including high cholesterol, low cholesterol HDL ("good") and
high levels of triglycerides, increase the chances of having a heart attack or stroke when a
person gets older. Gallstones A buildup of bile forming gallstones that hardens in the
gallbladder. These may be painful and require liver surgery. Fatty. It can cause inflammation,
scarring, and permanent damage to the liver. Joint and muscle discomfort as fat builds up in the
liver. Wear and tear from carrying extra weight on the joints can lead to adult arthritis. Slipped
femoral epiphysis (SCFE) of the capital. It's a SCFE. Pseudo tumor cerebra for overweight teens
and adults, this is an uncommon cause of severe headaches. Polycystic ovary syndrome Even
though some testosterone (the male hormone) is natural for women, girls with PCOS have
higher blood testosterone levels. They may also have periods of irregularity, too much hair
growth, and bad acne people who are obese are more likely to suffer from anxiety and lower
self-esteem (Mary, 2018).

Obesity is a condition associated with excessive body fat indulgence, characterized by genetic
and environmental factors that are difficult to control with diet. Among overweight and obesity
there is a distinction. Overweight denotes the excess body weight occurrence. Obesity refers to
the accumulation of high body fat content. All obese individuals are overweight, but all
overweight persists. This can lead to resistance to insulin, which can lead to type 2 diabetes.
Facts on overweight and obesity: some recent global figures of the WHO follow; in 2016, there
were overweight for more than 1.9 billion adults aged around 18 years. Over 650 million of
these adults were obese, nearly tripling the worldwide prevalence of obesity from 1975-2016
(WHO, 2016).
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According to the WHO review, about 26% of women in Pakistan suffer from obesity disorder
while only 19% of men are obese. The 2013 report showed that the rate was 28% for men and
38% for women that’s an enormous gap between the two sexes. In urban areas, obesity is
higher (56% for men and 67% for women) compared to rural areas. Also in young people,
obesity is growing at a rapid pace. It was 10 percent according to the 2013 statistics, which is a
massive figure. In 2010, about 3.4 million people died due to obesity Pakistan is a country in
which the general community's understanding of healthy diet is different. Pakistani diet is
usually energy-dense with a higher percentage of saturated fat, Tran's fatty acid and free sugar
leading to high intake of calories In Pakistan, the use of ghee, high meat intake, and judicious
use of sweets to celebrate imperative life events are common dietary practices. Because of the
increase of the prices of staple foods such as cereals, vegetables and fruits, many people favor
cheaper energy sources such as fats and sugar. In the younger generation, the use of industrial
food, fast food, junk food, and sugary fizzy drink is becoming very trendy. Rapid urbanization
and development .Modernization also results in a healthy high-fat diet, rather than a
conventional low-fat diet (Maria Siddique, 2018).

Lipid fat or lipid profiles are the third major class of macronutrients required for human
nutrition. The lipids are mainly found in meat and dairy foods, these are at least the most
visible sources, but there are a few fats in most foods. Fats are an integral part of our diet, and
a minimum intake is necessary at least. Many issues, however, are associated with excessive
dietary fat intake, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and certain forms of cancer. Fatty
acids are an important component of lipids fat consumption levels are strongly correlated with
weight. High dietary fat consumption is associated with increased body fat as well as obesity.
Fats are the most concentrated food source, supplying nine calories per gram, more than
doubles the protein and carbohydrate calorie content. In addition to becoming more
overweight, we are also having more metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, which is
caused by hormonal abnormalities in food processing and storage and is much more prevalent
in obese people than in lean individuals. Genetic factors also affect obesity and are associated
with the index of body mass (BMI). Eating behavior in humans was associated with the FTO
gene. FTO influences eating behavior and obesity (Muhammad, 2018).
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Focusing on Pakistan, the scenario mirrors the emerging challenges observed in many
developing countries. A study by Khan et al. (2020) in the Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
indicates a significant rise in obesity among teenage girls, attributed to poor dietary habits, lack
of physical activity, and socio-cultural factors limiting outdoor activities for girls. Moreover,
socioeconomic disparities play a critical role, where the upper-class shifts towards obesity due
to lifestyle choices, while the lower socioeconomic strata face malnutrition. The change in
lifestyle, influenced heavily by urbanization and cultural shifts towards Western dietary
preferences, has led to a spike in obesity rates among young females, undermining the future
health landscape of the country (Hassan et al., 2021).

These studies collectively point to a complex interplay of global, regional, and local factors
contributing to the obesity epidemic among teenage girls, necessitating multifaceted
interventions tailored to each context.

2.6 Objectives :

Obesity among teenage girls is a multifaceted health issue influenced by a myriad of factors,
including lifestyle choices, social and cultural norms, psychological factors, and familial and peer
influences. This literature review aims to provide insights into previous research relevant to the
objectives outlined in the research proposal, focusing on the context of Islamabad, Pakistan.

2.6.1. Objective 1: Socio Economic Factors Contributing to Obesity

To investigate the socio-economic factors influencing obesity among teenage girls, several
studies have been conducted. A study by Smith et al. (2017) emphasized the role of family
income and educational levels in the prevalence of obesity among teenage girls. Similarly, Jones
and Brown (2019) found a correlation between the availability of healthy food options in low-
income neighborhoods and the likelihood of teenage girls being obese. Additionally, the study
by Garcia et al. (2018) highlighted the impact of parental occupation and access to recreational
facilities on obesity rates among teenage girls.
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These studies collectively suggest that socio-economic factors play a significant role in
influencing obesity among teenage girls. Family income, educational levels, neighborhood
characteristics, and parental occupation are key determinants that need to be considered when
addressing the issue of teenage obesity.

2.6.2. Objective 2: Lifestyle Factors Contributing to Obesity in Teenage Girls

Numerous studies have identified sedentary lifestyles and poor dietary habits as significant
contributors to obesity among teenage girls. A study by Malik et al. (2018) in Pakistan
highlighted the prevalence of physical inactivity and consumption of high-calorie, low-nutrient
foods among adolescents, contributing to rising obesity rates. Additionally, lack of access to
recreational facilities and limited opportunities for physical activity in urban areas like
Islamabad exacerbate this issue (Ahmad et al., 2019).

2.6.3. Objective 3: Social and Cultural Factors Influencing Obesity

Social and cultural factors play a crucial role in shaping attitudes and behaviors related to food
consumption and physical activity. In Islamabad, societal norms often prioritize academic
achievement over physical health, leading to a culture of sedentarism among teenage girls
(Basharat et al., 2020). Moreover, cultural celebrations and family gatherings centered around
rich, calorie-dense foods contribute to unhealthy dietary patterns (Khan et al., 2017).
Understanding these social dynamics is essential for developing culturally sensitive
interventions.

2.6.4. Objective 4: Psychological Factors Contributing to Obesity

Psychological factors, such as stress, body image dissatisfaction, and emotional eating, can
contribute to obesity among teenage girls. Studies have found a correlation between higher
levels of stress and increased consumption of comfort foods high in sugar and fat (Khan et al.,
2019). Body image perceptions influenced by media portrayals of beauty ideals also contribute
to disordered eating behaviors and weight gain (Hassan et al., 2020). Addressing these
psychological factors is crucial for promoting healthier relationships with food and body image.
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2.7 Hypothesis :

The independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) are two key components in research
studies. In the context of literature review on the hypothesis related to the socioeconomic
status of teenage girls and obesity rates among teenage girls of lower and upper status, it is
important to consider how the IV (socioeconomic status) may influence the DV (obesity rates).
Several studies have explored the link between socioeconomic status and obesity, particularly
among adolescent populations.

One study by Jones-Smith et al. (2014) found that teenagers from lower socioeconomic
backgrounds were more likely to be obese compared to their higher socioeconomic status
counterparts. This study highlights the importance of considering socioeconomic factors when
examining obesity rates among teenage girls.

Another relevant study by Smith and Brown (2016) suggested that adolescents from higher
socioeconomic backgrounds tend to have better access to healthy food options and
opportunities for physical activity, which may contribute to lower obesity rates compared to
girls from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.

2.7.1 Socio-Economic Status (SES) and Obesity Prevalence :

Numerous studies have established a strong association between socio-economic status (SES)
and obesity prevalence among teenage girls. Adolescents from lower SES backgrounds are at a
higher risk of obesity due to various socio-economic constraints, including limited access to
healthy food options, reduced opportunities for physical activity, and inadequate healthcare
access (Dar et al., 2019; Basharat et al., 2020). In Islamabad, socio-economic disparities
contribute to variations in obesity prevalence, with adolescents from lower SES households
facing higher rates of obesity (Basharat et al., 2020).

The food environment plays a critical role in shaping dietary behaviors and obesity outcomes
among teenage girls. In socio-economically disadvantaged areas of Islamabad, access to
affordable, nutritious foods may be limited, with a prevalence of fast-food outlets and
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convenience stores offering calorie-dense, nutrient-poor options (Basharat et al., 2020).

Adolescents from lower SES backgrounds often lack access to fresh produce and healthier
alternatives, leading to reliance on processed foods and contributing to weight gain and obesity
(Basharat et al., 2020).

Parental education level significantly influences adolescent health outcomes, including obesity
prevalence. Adolescents with parents who have lower levels of education may have limited
health literacy and awareness of nutrition-related issues, impacting their dietary choices and
lifestyle behaviors (Dar et al., 2019). Moreover, parental education is associated with socio-
economic opportunities and access to healthcare services, which are essential for obesity
prevention and management (Dar et al., 2019).

Cultural and social norms surrounding food, body image, and physical activity intersect with
socio-economic factors to influence obesity outcomes among teenage girls. In Islamabad,
cultural preferences for larger body sizes or misconceptions about nutrition may perpetuate
unhealthy dietary behaviors among adolescents from lower SES backgrounds (Basharat et al.,
2020). Additionally, socio-economic disparities exacerbate the effects of societal pressures,
such as media portrayals of thinness and beauty ideals, leading to body dissatisfaction and
disordered eating behaviors (Dar et al., 2019).

Socio-economic factors significantly influence obesity prevalence among teenage girls in

Islamabad, Pakistan. Addressing socio-economic disparities and improving access to nutritious
foods, health education, and recreational opportunities are crucial for mitigating the burden of
obesity in this demographic. By understanding the complex interplay between socio-economic
status and obesity, policymakers, healthcare providers, and community stakeholders can
develop targeted interventions to promote health equity and improve the well-being of
teenage girls across socio-economic strata.

2.8 Conclusion :

In conclusion, the literature review on factors contributing to obesity among teenage girls, with
a focus on a case study at IIUI, sheds light on the multidimensional nature of this public health
 17

concern. The findings from the reviewed studies underscore the complex interplay of factors
such as socioeconomic status, access to healthy food options, opportunities for physical activity,
and environmental influences in shaping obesity rates among teenage girls. Understanding
these contributing factors is crucial for developing comprehensive interventions that target not
only individual behaviors but also structural and systemic determinants of obesity. The case
study at IIUI provides a unique perspective on how these factors manifest in a specific setting,
highlighting the importance of context-specific approaches to addressing obesity among
teenage girls. However, it is important to note that this case study is specific to IIUI, and further
research is needed to understand the unique factors contributing to obesity among teenage
girls in other cultural contexts.Moving forward, further research and evidence-based
interventions are needed to tackle this issue effectively and promote the health and well-being
of adolescent populations.

In a broader concept ,the literature review reveals that the factors contributing to obesity
among teenage girls are multifaceted and vary across different regions. Similar factors such as
sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, lack of physical activity, and societal influences are
commonly observed. However, cultural, environmental, and socio-economic factors also play
significant roles. The global literature emphasizes the importance of comprehensive
approaches that address these factors holistically, including promoting healthy eating habits,
increasing physical activity, providing education and support, and creating environments that
facilitate healthier choices. By addressing these factors, we can work towards reducing obesity
rates among teenage girls on a global scale.
 18

CHAPTER NO 3

RESEARCH METHDOLOGY
This chapter deals with research procedures which studies the different aspects of research as
research method, research design, sample size, sampling techniques, pretesting and data
analysis are included in this chapter. Methodology is generally a guideline for solving problem,
with specific components such as phases, methods, techniques and tools. Methodology is the
complete framework of the whole research activity.Methodology guides the researcher how
and what steps need to be followed the data to collect the relevant data.

3.1 Research Design :

Research design refers to the overall strategy or plan that outlines how a researcher intends to
conduct a study to address their research questions or objectives. It encompasses various
components such as the selection of research methods, sampling procedures, data collection
techniques, and data analysis methods. A well-designed research plan ensures that the study is
rigorous, systematic, and capable of producing valid and reliable results.

In the context of a thesis on the topic of factors contributing to obesity among teenage girls,
The quantitative research design was implied in the current research ,further expain ;a case
study approach would be appropriate. A case study design involves an in-depth examination of
a single case or a small number of cases to explore complex phenomena within their real-life
context. This design allows researchers to gain a comprehensive understanding of the factors
influencing obesity among teenage girls in a specific setting, such as IIUI.

3.2 Research Method :

Research is a systematic exploration aimed at discovering new knowledge or validating existing

theories. For a thesis focusing on the factors contributing to obesity among teenage girls, a
quantitative method is ideal. This approach providing a holistic understanding of the
issue.Research methods encompass the techniques used to collect and analyze data.
Quantitative methods like surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis enable the
measurement and analysis of numerical data. Quantitative research in my thesis on obesity
among teenage girls is advantageous as it facilitates the measurement and analysis of factors
such as diet, exercise, and BMI. This approach provides statistical evidence to bolster your
findings and allows for comparisons across different variables. Consequently, quantitative
 19

research is well-suited for investigating the prevalence and significance of various factors
contributing to obesity among teenage girls.

3.3 Research Tool :

A research tool is a method or instrument used to collect, analyze, or interpret data for the
purpose of a research study. Research instrument was a survey, questionnaire, test scale, rating
or tool designed to measure the variable, characteristics, or information of interest often a
behavioral or psychological characteristics. The instrument used by the researcher in this
method were questionnaire method. The questionnaire was based on close ended questions
data was collected by means of survey.

3.4 Target population :

The target population refers to the specific group of individuals who are the focus of the
research. The department select for my research on factors contributing to obesity among
teenage girls at IIUI, departments related to health, nutrition, or social sciences. In the current
study, target population were the students of University located in Islambad.

3.5 Universe of the study:

Universe is defined as the area from where population is taken for the study. The area you are
going to study under your research problem is called universe of the study. The area of the
current research was Islamabad.International Islamic University of Islamabad was selected as
the study area for the current research as the data was conducted from the University of
Islamabad.

3.6 Sampling Method :

A sample is the representative part of the population. Sampling refers to the subset of
individuals from a population to the sample form researcher adopt probability sampling which
is a type of sampling in which each and every element of population has an equal and
independent chance of selection in study sample .In the current study, probability sampling was
used .A probability sampling is one in which every unit in population has equal chance of being
selected in sample, and this probability can be accurately demanded. There are various types of
probability sampling methods, including: random Sampling, stratified Sampling, cluster
Sampling, convenience Sampling, snowball Sampling.

For a quantitative research study on the factors contributing to obesity among teenage girls in
IIUI, random sampling would be the most suitable method. This method allows for the selection
of participants, ensuring that findings are more representative of the target population. This
 20

enhances the generalizability and validity of the research findings, making it the preferred
sampling method for this quantitative study.

3.6.1 Sampling Technique :

Sampling technique refers to the specific method used to select individuals or elements from a
population for inclusion in a research study. In quantitative research, sampling techniques are
crucial for ensuring the validity and generalizability of the study's findings.

One commonly used sampling technique in quantitative research is probability sampling.

Probability sampling methods ensure that every member of the population has a known and
equal chance of being selected for the sample. This enhances the representativeness of the
sample and allows for statistical inference to the larger population. Probability sampling
techniques commonly used in quantitative research include simple random sampling, stratified
sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling.

Sampling technique was procedure of choosing representative part of choosing representative

part of population. .simple random sampling consist of n individuals from population in chosen
in such a way that every set of an individual have same chance to be selected (mitcheel, 2016).
According to nature of current research simple random sampling was used by the researcher
for two department of International Islamic University of Islamabad.

3.6.2 Sampling size :

Sample size refers to the representation part of the target population. It is an important feature
of empirical study .The selected sample represents the entire population on which the result
has been generalized. It is represented with n. The individual in sample size reflects the
characteristics of whole population.

3.7 Pre-Testing :

Pretesting is the prior condition for data collection in this process after the construction of a
questionnaire 10 to 12 were distributed among respondents of university for data collection to
get those filled to check the reliability of questionnaire.

3.8 Data collection and Field experience :

Data collection involves gathering information or data relevant to the research study. Field
experience refers to the practical, hands-on work conducted in the natural environment or real-
world setting related to the research . To collect data and conduct fieldwork for a research
 21

study on factors contributing to obesity among teenage girls.I would exploring teenage girls'
perspectives through Questionnaires and Surveys at IIUI.

3.9 Data Analysis :

The term refers to wide range of technique to explore, understand, describe, prove and predict
based on simple databases from population, using some sample strategy. For the analysis of
quantitative data, statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) is used which facilitate the
researcher in more than one way such as time saving and reduction of large amount data to
basic pattern.

In quantitative research, particularly in random sampling, various software packages are

commonly used to facilitate the sampling process and subsequent data analysis. One widely
used software for random sampling in quantitative research is statistical software packages like
SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) or SAS (Statistical Analysis System). These
software packages offer features specifically designed for random sampling, such as generating
random numbers, selecting random samples from a dataset, and calculating sample statistics.

3.9.1 Uni- variate Analysis :

Univariate analysis is the simplest form of analysis. The analysis is carried out with the
description of a single variable in terms of the applicable unit of analysis. When data is collected,
it is in the raw form of raw data distribution which mean the distribution contain all different
values that were on a variable. Uni-variate analysis refers to analysis which involves that
involves the manipulation of single. Uni-variate tables which are commonly known as frequency
distribution show how frequently an item repeat the basic purpose of uni-variate analysis is to
describe the variable.

3.9.2 BiVariate Analysis :

Bivariate analysis refers to the analysis of two variables to determine relationships between
them bi variate analysis are often reported in quality of life research and demonstrates how the
result of bivariate analyses can be used inform further more complex analysis. Bi variate is one
of the simplest form of quantitative data analysis .It involves the analysis of two variables for
the purpose of determinate the empirical relationship between them through formula.

3.10 Ethical consideration :

Ethical considerations in research refer to the principles and guidelines that researchers must
follow to ensure the rights, well-being, and confidentiality of participants are protected. Ethical
considerations in research determine to the principles and guidelines that ensure the
 22

protection of participants' rights, welfare, and dignity throughout the research process. Ethical
considerations help researchers maintain integrity, trustworthiness, and accountability in their
studies.When conducting research on factors contributing to obesity among teenage girls at IIUI,
some ethical considerations to follow include obtaining informed consent from participants,
maintaining confidentiality of data, avoiding harm or discomfort to participants, and ensuring
data is used and reported accurately.

By adhering to these ethical principles and guidelines, researchers can conduct their thesis
research in a manner that upholds the rights, well-being, and dignity of the participants,
ultimately contributing to the advancement of knowledge in the field of obesity among teenage
girls.

Model of Research Design:

Sampling Tools for data

collection
Universe of the
study

Simple random
sampling Survey

International Islamic
University of
Islamabad

Conclusion and Questionnaire

Recommendations
 23

CHAPTER NO 04

DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, I delve into the quantitative data collected during my study on factors
contributing to obesity among women at IIUI. Through meticulous analysis and discussion, I aim
to unravel the complex interplay between different variables and their influence on obesity
prevalence. By scrutinizing the statistical findings and presenting them through tables and
rigorous quantitative analysis, I strive to reveal patterns, trends, and potential correlations that
illuminate the underlying causes of obesity within the specific context of IIUI. This section,
enhanced by tables and statistical analysis, serves as a pivotal phase where I transition from
raw numerical data to insightful interpretations, establishing connections between the
identified factors and their implications for combating this critical health issue.

Table 4.1 Demographic analysis of respondents

Gender Frequency Percentage (%)
Female 60 100
Total 60 100.0
Age Frequency Percentage (%)
Below 20 Years 12 20
21 - 25 Years 36 60
26 – 30 Years 8 13.3
Above 30 Years 4 6.7
Total 60 100.0
Department Frequency Percentage (%)
Department of Sociology 44 73.3
Department of Shariah and law 16 26.7
 24

Total 60 100.0
Qualification Frequency Percentage (%)
Less than high school 1 1.7
High school graduate 5 8.3
Some College 6 10
Bachelor’s degree or higher 48 80
Total 60 100.0
Your Residential Area Frequency Percentage (%)
Urban 40 66.7
Rural 20 33.3
Total 60 100.0
Your Father Occupation Frequency Percentage (%)
Doctor 1 1.7
Teacher 13 21.7
Businessman 43 71.7
Self employed 3 5
Total 60 100.0
Your Family Financial Stability Frequency Percentage (%)
Stable 43 71.7
Unstable 8 13.3
Neutral 9 15
Total 60 100.0
Your Family monthly Income Frequency Percentage (%)
5,000 – 15,000 1 1.7
16,000 – 25,000 2 3.3
26,000 – 35,000 3 5
Above 35,000 60 90
 25

Total 60 100.0

The demographic data presented in the table provides a detailed breakdown of the respondents
based on various demographic variables. This analysis critically evaluates each category and its
implications, supported by relevant research and statistics.

4.1.1 Gender Analysis :

All respondents in the survey are female. This could indicate a gender-specific study or a
sampling bias where male respondents were either not included or not available. It is important
to note that gender homogeneity might limit the generalizability of the findings to a broader
population. According to a study on gender bias in sampling (Cameron & Anderson, 2021), such
skewed samples can lead to biased outcomes and reduced external validity.

4.1.2 Age Analysis :

The majority of the respondents (60%) fall within the 21-25 years age group, indicating a young
demographic. This is typical in educational settings, especially in undergraduate programs.
However, the limited representation of older age groups could suggest a lack of diversity in life
experiences, which can impact perspectives and responses.

4.1.3 Department Analysis :

A significant majority of the respondents are from the Department of Sociology. This imbalance
could suggest a focus on sociological issues or a higher availability/accessibility of sociology
students. It may also imply that findings might be more reflective of sociological perspectives
rather than legal ones. High educational attainment (OECD, 2020) suggests better cognitive
resources and analytical skills, but may not represent the broader population's educational
diversity.

4.1.4 Qualification Analysis :

The data shows a highly educated group, with 80% holding at least a bachelor's degree. This high
level of education suggests that respondents are likely to have better cognitive resources and
 26

analytical skills. However, this might not represent the broader population's educational
diversity. According to the OECD (2020), higher educational attainment is often associated with
better health and economic outcomes, which might influence their perspectives on various issues.

4.1.5 Residential Area Analysis :

Two-thirds of the respondents live in urban areas. Urban residents often have different
experiences and perspectives compared to rural residents, particularly concerning access to
services, infrastructure, and socio-economic opportunities (United Nations, 2019). This urban
dominance might skew the results towards urban-centric views and issues.

4.1.6 Father's Occupation Analysis :

A large proportion of respondents' fathers are businessmen, suggesting that many respondents
might come from entrepreneurial backgrounds. This could impact their views on economic
issues, stability, and career aspirations. The socio-economic status of a family, often influenced
by the father's occupation, plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' values and opportunities.

4.1.7 Family Financial Stability Analysis :

A majority report financial stability, which could correlate with higher life satisfaction and lower
stress levels. High-income levels (Chetty et al., 2014) may influence lifestyle, opportunities, and
perspectives, but may not adequately represent lower-income populations. However, the minority
reporting instability should not be overlooked, as financial stress can significantly impact well-
being and responses.

4.1.8 Family Monthly Income Analysis :

Most respondents come from high-income families, with 90% reporting an income above
35,000. This high-income level can influence lifestyle, opportunities, and perspectives, often
associated with better access to resources and networks (Chetty et al., 2014). The income
distribution indicates a relatively affluent sample, which might not represent lower-income
populations adequately.

Table 4.2 Reliability analysis of Scale

 27

Variable No of Items Cronbach Alpha

Social and Cultural Factors 9 0.895
Lifestyle 8 .825
Psychological Factors 7 .802
Availability of Health Resources 4 .809

The reliability analysis of the scale provided in Table 2 examines the internal consistency of
different variables measured by their respective items using Cronbach's Alpha. Cronbach's Alpha
(Tavakol & Dennick, 2011) is a widely used measure of reliability, indicating how well a set of
items measures a single latent construct. Values closer to 1.0 indicate higher reliability.

The Lifestyle variable has a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.825, which also indicates strong internal
consistency. This suggests that the eight items used to measure lifestyle factors are reliable and
consistently reflect the respondents' lifestyle attributes. An Alpha value above 0.80 is considered
very good, indicating that the items used are dependable and produce stable results across
different samples (DeVellis, 2016).

The reliability analysis of the scale variables reveals excellent internal consistency for Social and
Cultural Factors (α = 0.895), strong internal consistency for Lifestyle (α = 0.825), good
reliability for Psychological Factors (α = 0.802), and good reliability for Availability of Health
Resources (α = 0.809).

The high reliability of Social and Cultural Factors suggests that the scale consistently measures
the influence of social and cultural factors on behavior, which is a crucial aspect of
understanding obesity (Hales et al., 2020). Lifestyle factors, such as physical activity and diet,
are also reliably measured, indicating that the scale accurately assesses these important
predictors of obesity (WHO, 2018).

Psychological Factors, including self-esteem and body image concerns, demonstrate good
reliability, highlighting the importance of addressing these issues in obesity research (Puhl et al.,
2015). The Availability of Health Resources variable shows good reliability, indicating that
access to healthcare and resources is a significant factor in obesity prevention and management
(Bleich et al., 2018).
 28

Obesity is a complex and multifaceted issue, influenced by various factors, including social and
cultural norms (Hales et al., 2020), lifestyle choices (WHO, 2018), psychological factors (Puhl et
al., 2015), and access to health resources (Bleich et al., 2018).

Social and cultural factors play a significant role in shaping behaviors and attitudes towards
food, physical activity, and body image (Hales et al., 2020). Lifestyle factors, such as regular
physical activity and healthy eating habits, are essential for maintaining a healthy weight (WHO,
2018).

Psychological factors, including self-esteem and body image concerns, can significantly impact
an individual's relationship with food and exercise (Puhl et al., 2015). Access to health resources,
including healthcare services and healthy food options, is critical for obesity prevention and
management (Bleich et al., 2018).

Table 4.3 Descriptive analysis of the data

Std.
Variable N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Variance
Deviation

SCF 60 2.78 2.22 5.00 3.8907 .77724 .604

LS 60 2.13 2.88 5.00 4.0188 .57297 .328

PF 60 2.57 2.43 5.00 4.0143 .62503 .391

HR 60 2.25 2.75 5.00 4.1292 .68657 .471

The descriptive analysis of the data, as presented in Table 3, provides a comprehensive overview
of the central tendencies and variability of the variables under study: Social and Cultural Factors
(SCF), Lifestyle (LS), Psychological Factors (PF), and Health Resources (HR). The sample size
(N) for all variables is consistent at 60, ensuring comparability across the different metrics.

For Social and Cultural Factors (SCF), the range is 2.78, with scores spanning from a minimum
of 2.22 to a maximum of 5.00. The mean value of 3.8907 indicates that, on average, respondents
rate their social and cultural influences moderately high. The standard deviation of 0.77724 and
variance of 0.604 suggest a moderate level of variability in responses, indicating some diversity
in how respondents perceive social and cultural factors.
 29

Lifestyle (LS) has a smaller range of 2.13, with values between 2.88 and 5.00. The mean score of
4.0188, which is slightly higher than that for SCF, suggests that respondents generally have a
positive perception of their lifestyle. The standard deviation of 0.57297 and variance of 0.328
indicate lower variability compared to SCF, suggesting that respondents' perceptions of their
lifestyle are more consistent.

Psychological Factors (PF) exhibit a range of 2.57, with scores from 2.43 to 5.00. The mean
value of 4.0143 is close to that of LS, indicating a generally positive psychological state among
respondents. The standard deviation of 0.62503 and variance of 0.391 reflect moderate
variability, showing some differences in psychological well-being among the participants.

Health Resources (HR) have a range of 2.25, with scores varying from 2.75 to 5.00. The mean
score of 4.1292 is the highest among all variables, suggesting that respondents generally perceive
their access to health resources very positively. The standard deviation of 0.68657 and variance
of 0.471 indicate moderate variability, implying some differences in how respondents assess their
health resource availability.

The descriptive analysis of the data reveals important insights into the central tendencies and
variability of the variables under study. The mean scores for Social and Cultural Factors (SCF),
Lifestyle (LS), Psychological Factors (PF), and Health Resources (HR) suggest that respondents
generally perceive these factors moderately to positively.

The moderate level of variability in SCF and PF suggests that respondents have diverse
perceptions of social and cultural influences and psychological well-being (Hales et al., 2020).
The lower variability in LS indicates that respondents have more consistent perceptions of their
lifestyle (WHO, 2018).

The high mean score for HR suggests that respondents generally have good access to health
resources, which is critical for obesity prevention and management (Bleich et al., 2018). The
moderate variability in HR indicates some differences in how respondents assess their health
resource availability.
 30

Table 4.4 Correlation analysis

SCF LS PF HR

SCF 1

LS .811** 1
Pearson Correlation
PF .566** .573** 1 .

HR .371** .294** .684** 1

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

The correlation analysis reveals significant relationships between Social and Cultural Factors
(SCF), Lifestyle (LS), Psychological Factors (PF), and Health Resources (HR). The strong
positive correlation between SCF and LS (r = 0.811, p < 0.01) suggests that favorable social and
cultural factors are associated with better lifestyle perceptions, consistent with research by Hale
et al. (2015).

The moderate positive correlations between SCF and PF (r = 0.566, p < 0.01) and SCF and HR (r
= 0.371, p < 0.01) indicate that favorable social and cultural factors are associated with better
psychological well-being and improved perceptions of health resource availability, respectively.
These findings align with research by Santonen et al. (2019) and Gilmour et al. (2018).

The significant correlations between LS and PF (r = 0.573, p < 0.01), LS and HR (r = 0.294, p <
0.01), and PF and HR (r = 0.684, p < 0.01) suggest that better lifestyle choices, psychological
well-being, and health resource availability are interconnected. These findings are consistent
with research by Liao et al. (2019), Zhang et al. (2020), and Chen et al. (2019).

The correlation between LS and HR is 0.294, which is lower but still significant (p < 0.01). This
suggests a weak to moderate positive relationship, indicating that those with better lifestyles
perceive better availability of health resources. This relationship can be contextualized by
understanding that individuals who engage in healthier lifestyles may also have better access to
and utilization of health resources (Moore et al., 2015).
 31

The correlation between PF and HR is 0.684, which is a strong positive correlation and
significant (p < 0.01). This indicates that better psychological well-being is associated with better
perceptions of health resources availability. This finding is consistent with research indicating
that psychological health can be both a determinant and an outcome of access to adequate health
resources (Mechanic, 2002).

Table 4.5 Distribution of social and cultural factors of respondents

Socio-cultural Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Total Mean SD
factors Agree Disagree
Less involvement
in physical activity (30) (20) (10)
0 0 60 20 10.00
caused obesity in 50% 33.33% 16.67%
you
Eating of junk (30) (25) (5)
food increase 0 0 60 20 13.23
obesity in you 50% 41.67% 8.33%

Over sleeping (25) (5) (20) (5) (5)

60 12 9.75
increase obesity 41.67% 8.33% 33.33% 8.33% 8.33%

Increase use of (45) (10) (5)

medicine cause 0 0 60 20 21.79
obesity 75% 16.67% 8.33%

Taking soft drinks (35) (8) (15) (10)

2 60 14 12.63
cause obesity. 58.33% 13.33% 25% 16.67%

Eating habits cause (10) (20) (20) (10)

0 60 15 5.77
obesity in you 16.67% 33.33% 33.33% 16.67%

Are you exposed

to advertisements
or media content (30) (20) (10)
0 0 60 20 10.00
that promotes 50% 33.33% 16.67%
unhealthy eating
habits?

Does your cultural

background (30) (15) (10) (5)
0 60 15 10.80
influence your 50% 25% 16.67% 8.33%
food preferences?

Are traditional (10) (20) 0 (30) 0 60 20 10.00

 32

foods high in fat or 16.67% 33.33% 50%

sugar a part of
your regular diet?

The distribution of social and cultural factors of respondents, as detailed in Table 5, reveals
significant insights into the perceived causes of obesity among the sample population. The
analysis focuses on the frequency and intensity of agreement or disagreement with various socio-
cultural factors potentially contributing to obesity, supported by mean values and standard
deviations (SD) to indicate central tendencies and variability.

"Taking soft drinks cause obesity" has 58.33% strongly agreeing and 25% agreeing, totaling
83.33% who perceive soft drinks as a contributor to obesity. The mean is 14, with an SD of
12.63, showing strong agreement but varied responses. This aligns with evidence linking sugary
drinks to increased obesity risk (Malik et al., 2010).

The response to "Eating habits cause obesity in you" is more balanced, with 33.33% each for
agree and neutral, and 16.67% strongly agreeing. The mean of 15 and an SD of 5.77 suggest a
moderate agreement with lower variability. Eating habits are indeed critical in determining body
weight, as supported by numerous studies (Mann, 2015).

Regarding exposure to advertisements promoting unhealthy eating, 50% strongly agree and
33.33% agree, reflecting a total of 83.33% acknowledging this influence. The mean is 20 and the
SD is 10.00, indicating strong agreement with moderate variability. This aligns with research on
the impact of advertising on dietary habits (Boyland & Halford, 2013).

"Cultural background influencing food preferences" has 50% strongly agreeing and 25%
agreeing, suggesting 75% of respondents acknowledge cultural influences on their diet. The
mean is 15 with an SD of 10.80, showing moderate consensus and variability. Cultural factors
are well-documented influences on dietary patterns (Kittler et al., 2016).

"Traditional foods high in fat or sugar part of regular diet" shows mixed responses: 33.33%
neutral and 50% disagreeing. The mean of 20 and SD of 10.00 indicate moderate agreement with
substantial variability. Traditional diets can vary significantly in nutritional quality, impacting
obesity risk (Kittler et al., 2016).
 33

The distribution of social and cultural factors reveals significant insights into the perceived
causes of obesity among the sample population. The majority of respondents agree that physical
inactivity, junk food consumption, medication use, and exposure to unhealthy food
advertisements contribute to obesity.

The strong consensus on physical inactivity and junk food consumption aligns with research by
World Health Organization (2018) and Singh et al. (2019), respectively. The concern about
medication-induced weight gain is also supported by studies like Kumar et al. (2019). The
perception of soft drinks as a contributor to obesity is consistent with evidence from Luger et al.
(2017).

The influence of eating habits, cultural background, and exposure to advertisements on dietary
choices is also acknowledged by the respondents, which is in line with research by Vermeer et al.
(2019), Kameron et al. (2018), and Boyland and Halford (2013), respectively.

The variability in responses suggests diverse perceptions influenced by individual experiences

and socio-cultural contexts, highlighting the complexity of obesity. Overall, the analysis reveals
that respondents largely agree that physical inactivity, junk food consumption, medication use,
and exposure to unhealthy food advertisements significantly contribute to obesity. There is
moderate to high variability in responses, indicating diverse perceptions influenced by individual
experiences and socio-cultural contexts. These findings underscore the need for a comprehensive
approach addressing lifestyle, cultural, and environmental factors to effectively prevent and
manage obesity.

Table 4.6 Distribution of respondents’ lifestyle factors

On average, how many hours per week
does the participant engage in physical Frequency Percentage (%)
activity?
0-1 hours 0 0
2-3 hours 20 33.33%
4-5 hours 40 66.67%
5+ hours 0 0
Total 60 100%
 34

The distribution of respondents' lifestyle factors regarding their physical activity, as shown in
Table 9, indicates that all participants engage in some form of physical activity each week.
Notably, none of the respondents fall into the 0-1 hour category, suggesting a baseline level of
physical activity across the sample. The majority of respondents, 66.67%, engage in 4-5 hours of
physical activity per week, demonstrating a relatively high level of physical engagement. The
remaining 33.33% of respondents participate in 2-3 hours of physical activity weekly.
Interestingly, no respondents reported engaging in more than 5 hours of physical activity per
week. This distribution highlights a generally active population, with a substantial portion
meeting or exceeding the recommended amount of physical activity for maintaining health, as
per guidelines suggesting at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity weekly (World Health
Organization 2010).This pattern of physical activity is likely beneficial for the overall health and
well-being of the respondents, contributing to better physical fitness and potentially mitigating
obesity and other lifestyle-related health issues (Warburton & Bredin, 2017).

How often does the participant consume

fast food or sugary beverages in a typical Frequency Percentage (%)
week?
Rarely 10 16.67%
Occasionally 20 33.33%
Frequently 20 33.33%
Daily 10 16.67%
Total 60 100%

The distribution of respondents' consumption of fast food or sugary beverages, as detailed in the
table, illustrates varied dietary habits within the sample population. A total of 16.67% of
respondents consume these items rarely, indicating a low frequency of intake. An equal
percentage, 16.67%, consume fast food or sugary beverages daily, reflecting a high-frequency
intake that could potentially impact health negatively. The largest segments of respondents fall
into the 'occasionally' and 'frequently' categories, each constituting 33.33% of the sample. This
suggests that a significant portion of the population consumes fast food or sugary beverages
 35

regularly but not daily. These patterns indicate a considerable exposure to dietary risk factors
associated with obesity and other metabolic conditions. Frequent and daily consumption of fast
food and sugary beverages is linked to higher caloric intake and poorer nutritional quality, which
can contribute to weight gain and related health issues.The consumption frequency of fast food
or sugary beverages among the respondents reveals a mixed picture, with 16.67% consuming
these items rarely and an equal percentage consuming them daily. The majority, 66.67%, fall into
the 'occasionally' and 'frequently' categories, indicating regular consumption.

This pattern is concerning, as frequent and daily consumption of fast food and sugary beverages
is linked to higher caloric intake and poorer nutritional quality, contributing to weight gain and
related health issues (Malik et al., 2019). Research suggests that reducing sugary beverage
consumption can lead to significant weight loss and improved metabolic health (Schwartz et al.,
2019).

The findings highlight the need for targeted nutritional interventions and education to promote
healthier eating habits within this population. Encouraging balanced diets and reducing fast food
and sugary beverage consumption can help mitigate obesity and related health risks (World
Health Organization, 2015).

Rate the participant's screen time (TV,

Frequency Percentage (%)
phone, computer) on a typical day?
Less than 2 hours 0 0
2 to 4 hours 35 58.33%
5 to 6 hours 15 25%
More than 6 hours 10 16.67%
Total 60 100%

The distribution of respondents' daily screen time, as shown in the table, highlights significant
variations in the amount of time spent on activities involving screens, such as watching TV, using
a phone, or working on a computer. None of the participants reported less than 2 hours of screen
time per day, indicating a universally high engagement with digital devices. The majority,
58.33%, fall into the 2 to 4 hours category, suggesting moderate screen time usage that aligns
 36

with general recommendations for screen use to maintain a healthy balance between digital and
physical activities (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2016). A quarter of the respondents, 25%,
report spending 5 to 6 hours per day on screens, while 16.67% exceed 6 hours daily, reflecting
high levels of screen exposure.Research suggests that excessive screen time is associated with
decreased physical activity, contributing to weight gain and related health problems (Hinkley et
al., 2012). Moreover, high screen time is linked to increased risk of depression, anxiety, and
sleep disturbances (Carter et al., 2016).

The data highlights the need for interventions promoting balanced screen use and encouraging
physical activity to mitigate these risks. Encouraging responsible screen use and promoting
active lifestyles can help reduce sedentary behavior and related health issues (WHO, 2018).

Statement Yes No Total

Do your friends' eating (35) (25) (60)
habits influence your
own food choices? 58.33% 41.67% 100%

Are you exposed to

unhealthy foods at (40) (20) (60)
social gatherings with 66.67% 33.33% 100%
friends?
Do you feel pressured
to participate in (54) (6) (60)
unhealthy eating 90% 10% 100%
behaviors to fit in?

The presented data offers insights into the influence of social dynamics on respondents' dietary
habits. For the statement "Do your friends' eating habits influence your own food choices?", the
majority, 58.33%, affirm that their friends' eating habits indeed impact their own food choices,
underscoring the significance of social influence on dietary behaviors. Similarly, for "Are you
exposed to unhealthy foods at social gatherings with friends?", a significant proportion, 66.67%,
acknowledge exposure to unhealthy foods in such settings, highlighting the role of social
contexts in shaping dietary environments. The statement "Do you feel pressured to participate in
unhealthy eating behaviors to fit in?" elicits a notably high affirmative response, with 90% of
respondents indicating feeling pressured to engage in unhealthy eating behaviors to fit in
 37

socially. This underscores the pervasive influence of social norms and peer pressure on
individuals' dietary decisions, potentially contributing to the adoption of unhealthy eating
patterns (Salvy et al., 2012). Overall, the data underscores the importance of considering social
influences in interventions aimed at promoting healthier dietary behaviors, emphasizing the need
for strategies to navigate social pressures and create supportive environments conducive to
healthy eating habits.

Is true social media influence being on the

Frequency Percentage (%)
eating habits of youth?
Strongly Agree 55 91.67%
Agree 0 0
Neutral 5 8.33%
Disagree 0 0
Strongly Disagree 60 100%

The data provided suggests a strong consensus among respondents regarding the influence of
social media on the eating habits of youth. A striking 91.67% of respondents strongly agree that
social media significantly impacts the dietary behaviors of young individuals. This
overwhelming agreement underscores the pervasive influence of social media platforms in
shaping dietary choices and behaviors among youth populations. Research supports this notion,
highlighting the role of social media in promoting unhealthy eating patterns through exposure to
food-related content, peer influence, and targeted marketing strategies (Holland et al., 2020).

How would you assess the availability of

sports and recreational facilities for Frequency Percentage (%)
students of IIUI?
Very Satisfied 0 0
Satisfied 47 78.33%
Neutral 0 0
Dissatisfied 13 21.67%
Very Dissatisfied 60 100%
 38

Regarding the availability of sports and recreational facilities for students of IIUI, the data
presents a concerning picture, with 100% of respondents indicating dissatisfaction. A majority,
78.33%, express general dissatisfaction, while 21.67% report feeling very dissatisfied with the
availability of such facilities. This suggests a significant gap in access to sports and recreational
amenities within the university community. Adequate access to sports facilities is crucial for
promoting physical activity and overall well-being among students (Ling et al., 2015). The high
level of dissatisfaction underscores the need for improvements in infrastructure and resources to
support students' physical fitness and recreational needs within the university environment.

Table 4.7 Distribution of Psychological factors affecting respondents

Psychological Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Total Mean SD
factors Agree Disagree
Is Body
dissatisfaction (30) (20) (10)
0 0 60 20 10.00
affects your 50% 33.33% 16.67%
eating habits?
Do you feel
in control of (45) (5) (10)
0 0 60 20 21.79
your food 75% 8.33% 16.67%
choices?
Do you
believe
parents'
education (25) (15) (10) (10)
0 60 15 7.07
level affects 41.67% 25% 16.67% 16.67%
the lifestyle
choices of
girls/boys?
Are you agree
the impact of
body image (45) (10) (1) (4)
perceptions on 0 60 15 20.35
75% 16.67% 1.67$ 6.67%
the likelihood
of girls/boys
developing
 39

obesity?
Are you agree
the importance
of mental
health (20) (25) (5) (10)
0 60 15 9.13
awareness in 33.33% 41.67% 8.33% 16.67%
preventing
obesity among
youth?
Do you use
food as a
coping
mechanism for (20) (26) (4) (10)
0 60 15 9.87
emotions such 33.33% 43.33% 6.67 16.67%
as stress,
sadness, or
boredom?
Do you
experience (10) (27) (8) (15)
stress or 0 60 15 8.52
emotional 16.67% 45% 13.33% 25%
eating?

The distribution of psychological factors reveals significant insights into the psychosocial
aspects influencing eating habits and lifestyle choices. Body dissatisfaction is a significant
concern, with 50% of respondents strongly agreeing that it affects their eating habits, aligning
with research on negative body image and disordered eating patterns (Slater & Tiggemann,
2015).

Feelings of control over food choices are high, with 75% of respondents strongly agreeing,
suggesting self-efficacy in dietary decision-making (Lavelle et al., 2019). However, beliefs about
parental education level influencing lifestyle choices are mixed, reflecting differing perspectives
on familial influences (Sahoo et al., 2020).

Respondents recognize the interplay between body image perceptions and weight-related
outcomes, with 75% agreeing that body image affects the likelihood of developing obesity (Puhl
 40

et al., 2016). Similarly, 75% agree on the importance of mental health awareness in preventing
obesity among youth, emphasizing the need for holistic approaches (Viner et al., 2019).

Emotional eating behaviors are prevalent, with 33.33% using food as a coping mechanism for
emotions and 45% experiencing stress or emotional eating (Koval et al., 2019). This highlights
the need to address psychosocial stressors and emotional eating behaviors in obesity prevention
efforts (Pearl et al., 2020).

Overall, the data elucidates the complex interplay between psychological factors and eating
behaviors, emphasizing the need for comprehensive approaches to address psychosocial
influences on dietary habits and lifestyle choices.

Table 4.7.1 Respondents Availability of Health Resources

Statement Yes No Total
Are healthy food
options easily (35) (25) (60)
accessible in your 58.33% 41.67% 100%
community?
Do you have access to (30) (30) (60)
recreational facilities
for physical activity? 50% 50% 100%

Are nutrition education (15) (45) (60)

programs available at
your school? 25% 75% 100%

The data on respondents' availability of health resources sheds light on the accessibility of key
elements crucial for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. For the statement "Are healthy food options
easily accessible in your community?", 58.33% of respondents affirm the availability of healthy
food options, indicating a moderate level of accessibility. However, a significant portion,
41.67%, report limited access to healthy foods, suggesting potential disparities in food
environments within the community (Victor et al., 2023).

Regarding access to recreational facilities for physical activity, the data reveals an even split,
with 50% of respondents indicating access and 50% reporting a lack of access. This highlights a
 41

concerning divide in access to spaces that promote physical activity, which is essential for
maintaining overall health and well-being (World Health Organization, 2020).

In terms of nutrition education programs at school, the majority, 75%, report a lack of
availability. This indicates a significant gap in the provision of educational resources aimed at
promoting healthy dietary behaviors among students. Nutrition education plays a crucial role in
shaping lifelong habits and preventing diet-related health issues (Al Sharyah et al., 2023). The
absence of such programs underscores the need for comprehensive health promotion initiatives
that address dietary education within educational settings.

In your opinion, how effective are current obesity Percentage

Frequency
prevention programs targeting youth at IIUI? (%)
Awareness among parents & girls/boys through
35 58.33%
different means
Recreation Activities 10 16.67%
Self realization 0 0%
Good Health Facilities 15 25%
Total 60 100%

The data reveals insights into the perceived effectiveness of current obesity prevention
programs targeting youth at IIUI. The majority (58.33%) highlight awareness campaigns as
effective, suggesting that raising awareness among parents and youth is a valuable approach
(WHO, 2019). However, only 16.67% mention recreation activities, indicating a potential area
for improvement, as physical activity is crucial for maintaining healthy weight and overall well-
being among youth (WHO, 2018). Increasing the availability and accessibility of recreational
activities within the university community could enhance obesity prevention efforts.
None of the respondents mention self-realization as effective, suggesting that encouraging self-
reflection and personal responsibility for health behaviors could complement existing
prevention strategies (Lillis et al., 2019). Lastly, 25% cite good health facilities as effective,
highlighting the importance of access to healthcare services and facilities for early intervention
and management of obesity-related health issues (Hruby et al., 2019).
Overall, the data suggests that a comprehensive approach incorporating awareness campaigns,
physical activity, self-awareness, and access to health facilities is necessary for effective obesity
prevention among youth at IIUI.
 42

4.8 Hypothesis Analysis

Table 4.8 Results of Ch-Square Test

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 552.278a 255 .000

Likelihood Ratio 236.399 255 .792

Linear-by-Linear Association 38.786 1 .000

N of Valid Cases 60

a. 288 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is .02.
The chi-square analysis provided offers significant insights into the relationship between the
independent variables (social and cultural factors, psychological factors, lifestyle, and
availability of health facilities) and the dependent variable (obesity in girls). Here's a detailed
breakdown and interpretation of the table:

The Pearson Chi-Square value is 552.278 with a degree of freedom (df) of 255, and the
asymptotic significance (p-value) is .000. This indicates a highly significant relationship between
the independent variables and obesity in girls. In chi-square tests, a p-value less than 0.05
typically suggests that the observed frequencies differ significantly from the expected
frequencies, rejecting the null hypothesis that there is no association between the variables ( Duke
et al., 2020). Given the p-value of .000, we can confidently assert that there is a statistically

significant association between the independent variables and obesity in girls.

The likelihood ratio test yields a value of 236.399 with 255 degrees of freedom and a p-value of
.792. Unlike the Pearson Chi-Square, the likelihood ratio test is not significant in this context.
This discrepancy could arise from the distribution of the data and the sensitivity of the tests to
sample size and cell counts (Chow et al., 2017). While the Pearson Chi-Square indicates a
significant association, the likelihood ratio suggests otherwise, highlighting the importance of
considering multiple statistical measures when interpreting results.

The linear-by-linear association value is 38.786 with 1 degree of freedom and a p-value of .000.
This measure evaluates the trend between the independent and dependent variables, suggesting a
 43

strong linear relationship between them (Gambarota & Altoè, 2024). The significant p-value
reinforces the findings from the Pearson Chi-Square, indicating a meaningful linear association
between factors such as social and cultural influences, psychological aspects, lifestyle choices,
and the prevalence of obesity in girls.

It is noted that all 288 cells (100.0%) have expected counts less than 5, with the minimum
expected count being .02. This is a critical aspect because chi-square tests assume that expected
frequencies should generally be 5 or more to ensure validity (Nunez Anton et al., 2019). The
violation of this assumption might affect the reliability of the chi-square results, suggesting that
caution should be exercised in interpreting these findings. In such cases, alternative statistical
methods or larger sample sizes might be needed to validate the conclusions.

The significant association indicated by the Pearson Chi-Square and the linear-by-linear
association emphasizes the multifaceted nature of obesity in girls, influenced by a combination
of social, cultural, psychological, and lifestyle factors. Interventions aimed at reducing obesity
rates among girls should therefore adopt a comprehensive approach, addressing these various
determinants. For instance, strategies could include educational programs to foster healthy eating
habits, psychological support to manage body image and self-esteem issues, and enhanced access
to recreational and health facilities (Tirlea et al., 2016).

4.8.2 Chi-square test between different factors :

4.8.2.1 Between Social cultural factors and psychological factors

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig.

Pearson Chi-Square 256.653a 272 .740

Likelihood Ratio 165.250 272 1.000
Linear-by-Linear 18.896 1 .000
Association
N of Valid Cases 60

a. 306 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is .02.
 44

4.8.2.2 Between Social cultural factors and lifestyle factors

Chi-Square Tests

Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 552.278a 255 .000

Likelihood Ratio 236.399 255 .792
Linear-by-Linear 38.786 1 .000
Association

N of Valid Cases 60

a. 288 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is .02.
4.8.2.3 Between Social cultural factors and Health resources Factors

Chi-Square Tests

Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 127.554a 119 .279

Likelihood Ratio 111.163 119 .683
Linear-by-Linear 4.342 1 .037
Association

N of Valid Cases 60

a. 144 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is .02.
 45

CHAPTER NO 05

SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

In Chapter 5, I will summarize my research report, provide recommendations, and draw

conclusions based on the study I conducted on factors contributing to obesity among women at
IIUI. This section will offer a comprehensive overview of the research findings, highlighting the
key insights and their implications for addressing the issue of obesity in this specific context.
Through a detailed summary of the research outcomes, I aim to provide a clear understanding
of the results obtained and their significance in relation to the research objectives. Furthermore,
I will present practical recommendations based on the study's findings to guide future actions
and interventions in combating obesity among women at IIUI. Lastly, I will conclude by
synthesizing the main points discussed throughout the report, underscoring the importance of
the research outcomes and their potential impact on addressing this critical health issue.

5.1 Summary :

The research study conducted at the International Islamic University Islamabad (IIUI) aimed to
delve into the numerous factors that play a role in influencing obesity among adolescent
females. The study meticulously examined a wide range of aspects including social and cultural
influences, psychological determinants, lifestyle behaviors, and the accessibility of healthcare
services within the unique context of IIUI. By employing a comprehensive data collection
approach utilizing questionnaires and surveys, and conducting statistical analysis using the
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the study uncovered a noteworthy correlation
between these factors and the high prevalence of obesity among adolescent females at IIUI.
The findings not only supported the initial hypothesis proposing a strong link between the
identified determinants and obesity rates, but also shed light on the intricate interplay among
these variables. The implications of the results emphasize the need for tailored interventions
that take into account the complex web of social, psychological, and sociocultural factors that
contribute to obesity within this particular demographic. This research serves as a solid
foundation for designing targeted strategies and interventions to encourage healthier lifestyles
 46

and effectively address the issue of obesity among adolescent females at IIUI. The study sets
the stage for the development of specific programs and initiatives aimed at helping teenage
girls at IIUI lead healthier lives and combat obesity effectively.

5.2 Recommendations:

Based on the above findings and discussion, the following recommendations are made to assist
or eliminate the factors behind obesity and its effects on health of teenagers.

5.2.1. Recommendations for teenage girls:

I- Take advantage of available resources such as gym memberships or sports clubs to engage in
regular physical activity.

II- Utilize free or low-cost community resources like public parks for exercise and outdoor
activities.

III- Girls should avoid to eat junk food.

IV- Opt for affordable yet nutritious food options such as seasonal fruits and vegetables.

V- Girls should limit their intake of added sugar.

VI- Girls should sleep 8 hours daily.

VII- Consider seeking the guidance of nutritionists or personal trainers for personalized health
advice.

VIII- Explore extracurricular activities or hobbies that promote physical and mental well-being.

IX- Girls should drink water daily.

X-Participate in school sports teams or clubs that offer physical activity opportunities.

XI- Practice mindfulness and stress-relief techniques that are accessible and free.

XII- Girls should drink green tea daily.

 47

XIII- Connect with local community centers or libraries for workshops on self-esteem and
mental health.

XVI- Emphasize the importance of balance, self-care, and positive body image regardless of
financial status.

5.2.2. Recommendations for girl's parents :

I-Support your daughter's participation in extracurricular activities that promote physical fitness
and mental well-being.

II- Provide access to healthy food options and involve your daughter in meal planning and
preparation.

III- Encourage a balanced lifestyle that includes time for relaxation, hobbies, and social activities.

IV- Foster a positive body image by emphasizing inner qualities and strengths.

V- Advocate for physical education programs in schools and encourage your daughter's
participation.

VI- Explore low-cost or free community programs that offer opportunities for physical activity
and skill development.

5.3 Conclusion :

The study was design to investigate the factors behind the obesity and its effects on health of
teenagers and to explore their health problem. The stand point theory of Dorothy smith was
applied to the study. According to this theory obese girls or women as subject can claim
autonomy but to be true women she accepts herself but society did not accept her and they did
not fit with the people of society which is painful for women. Quantitative research design was
used by the researcher and questionnaires were made with respondents.After a thorough
analysis of the data collected in the study, the hypothesis that there is a significant association
between social and cultural factors, psychological factors, lifestyle, and the availability of health
 48

facilities with obesity rates among girls at IIUI has been accepted. The research findings have
demonstrated a clear link between these factors and the prevalence of obesity among teenage
girls at IIUI. The finding show that less involvement in physical activity cause obesity there are
so many barriers to girls physical activity are lower than those of boys and cultural barriers to
participation by girls of ethnic minorities may include lack of knowledge of the importance of
the exercise in the value of physical work, health problem and acceptance of larger body sizes.
Girls cannot participate in physical activities in result they may face many psychological issues
like depression and anxiety .It is indeed crucial to take into account the various factors
influencing obesity among girls at IIUI, such as social, cultural, psychological, lifestyle, and
health facility aspects. Targeted interventions addressing these aspects will be instrumental in
combating and preventing obesity in this demographic. Encouraging girls to engage in regular
exercise, including daily walks and other physical activities, while also promoting a healthy diet
free of junk food, can help them maintain a healthy lifestyle. Additionally, regular visits to a
doctor for check-ups can also aid in monitoring and managing weight. Overall, adopting a
healthy lifestyle is key in managing obesity among girls at IIUI.
 49

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 55

ANNEXURE

Title:Factors Contributing to Obesity Among Teenage Girls;A Case Study in IIUI

I am student of department of BS Sociology from International Islamic University Islamabad
Doing research on Factors Contributing Obesity Among Teenage Girls .Kindly spare few
minutes from your precious time, for answering following question in order to help me out in
my research work. All your personal information will only be used for research.

Section A: Socio-economic characteristics of Respondents

• Department :

1- What is your age?

a) Below 20 b) 21-25 c) 26-30 d) Above 30

2- What is your qualification?

a) Less than high school

b) High school graduate

c) Some college

d) Bachelor's degree or higher

3- What is your Residential Area?

a) Urban b) Rural

4- What is your Father occupation?

a) Doctor b)Teacher c)Businessman d)Self employed

5- What is your family income?

a)5,000-15,000 b)16,000-25000

c)26,000-35,000 d)36,000-above

6- How would you rate the financial stability of the participant's family?

a) Stable b) Unstable c) Neutral

 56

Section B: Social and Cultural Factors

What factors contributing towards obesity in teenager ?

S.No Statement Strongly Agree Neutral Strongly Disagree

Agree Disagree

1 Less involvement in
physical activity
caused obesity in
you

2 Eating of junk food

increase obesity in
you

3 Over sleeping
increase obesity

4 Increase use of
medicine cause
obesity

5 Taking soft drinks

cause obesity.

6 Eating habits cause

obesity in you

7 Are you exposed to

advertisements or
media content that
promotes
unhealthy eating
habits?

8 Does your cultural

background
influence your food
preferences?
 57

9 Are traditional
foods high in fat or
sugar a part of your
regular diet?

Part C: Lifestyle Factors

1- On average, how many hours per week does the participant engage in physical activity?

a) 0-1 hours b) 1-3 hours

c) 3-5 hours d) 5+ hours

2- How often does the participant consume fast food or sugary beverages in a typical week?

a) Rarely b) Occasionally

c) Frequently d) Daily

3- Rate the participant's screen time (TV, phone, computer) on a typical day:

a) Less than 2 hours b) 2-4 hours

c) 4-6 hours d) More than 6 hours

4- Do your friends' eating habits influence your own food choices?

a) Yes b) No

5- Are you exposed to unhealthy foods at social gatherings with friends?

a) Yes b) No

6- Do you feel pressured to participate in unhealthy eating behaviors to fit in?

a) Yes b) No

7- Is true social media influence is on the eating habits of youth?

a)Agree b) Strongly Agree c) Neutral

d) Disagree e) Strongly disagree

6- How would you assess the availability of sports and recreational facilities for students of iiui?
 58

a) Very Satisfied b) Satisfied c) Neutral

d) Dissatisfied e)Very Dissatisfied

Section D: Psychological Factors

S.No Statement Agree Strongly Neutral Disagree Strongly

Agree disagree

1 Is Body
dissatisfaction
affects your eating
habits?

2 Do you feel in
control of your food
choices?

3 Do you believe
parents' education
level affects the
lifestyle choices of
girls ?

4 Are you agree the

impact of body
image perceptions
on the likelihood of
girls developing
obesity?

5 Are you agree the

importance of
mental health
awareness in
preventing obesity
among girls?

6 Do you use food as a

coping mechanism
for emotions such as
 59

stress, sadness, or
boredom?

7 Do you experience
stress or emotional
eating?

Section E: Availability of Health Resources

1- Are healthy food options easily accessible in your community?

a) Yes b) No

2- Do you have access to recreational facilities for physical activity?

a) Yes b) No

3- Are nutrition education programs available at your school?

a) Yes b) No

• In your opinion how effective are current obesity prevention programs targeting teenage
girls at IIUI?