Sci

enceNot
es
St
andar
d5Ter
m3
FORCE
Af
orcei
sapul
lorpush.

Ki
ndsoff
orces
a)Muscul
arf
orce

Thesear
efor
cesexer
tedbypeopl
eorani
mal
swhent
heyusemuscl
est
opushorpul
l
.

b)Mechani
cal
For
ce

Thesear
eforcesexer
tedbymachi
nesandsomeki
ndofmot
ororengi
nei
susedt
o
pushorpul
l
.

c)El
ect
ri
cfor
ce

Rubbi
ngcausescer
tai
nthingst
obecomeel
ect
ri
cal
l
ychar
ged.Thesechar
gesexer
ta
for
cewecallanel
ectr
icf
orce.

d)Magnet
icf
orce

Theforcebet
weenthepol
esofdi
ff
erentmagnetsi
scal
ledamagnet
icfor
ce.TheNorth
poleandSouthpol
eofanot
hermagnetat
tractwhi
l
etheNort
hpol
eoftheonewill
repel
theNorthpol
eoftheot
her.

e)El
ast
icf
orce.

Whencer
tai
nthi
ngsar
est
ret
chedorsqueezedt
heypul
lorpushback.

f
)Gr
avi
tat
ional
for
ce

1
Theear
thatt
ractsever
ythi
ngandmakesi
thar
dtol
i
ftt
hingsup.Thi
siscausedbya
for
cecal
ledgrav
ity
.

Theef
fect
soff
orce
Af
orcecancauset
womai
nchangest
oanobj
ect
:

 I
tcanchanget
heshapeofanobj
ect

 I
tcanchanget
hemot
ionofanobj
ect

Measur
ingf
orce
For
cecanbemeasur edbysomethi
ngthatst
ret
cheswheni
tispul
l
edlikeaspr
ingscal
e
orr
rubberband.Thel
argert
hef
orce,t
hemor et
hespri
ngort
herubberbandst
ret
ches.

ELECTRI
CITY

St
ati
cel
ect
ri
ci
tyi
sel
ect
ri
cit
ythatdoesnotmov
eitst
aysi ace.
nonepl

Pr
oduci
ngst
ati
cel
ect
ri
cit
y
 Al
lst
ati
cel
ect
ri
ci
tyi
spr
oducedbyr
ubbi
ngsomet
hing.

 Li
ke(same)char
gesr
epel
oneanot
herandunl
i
ke(
dif
fer
ent
)char
gesat
tr
actone
anot
her.

Cur
rentel
ect
ri
cit
y
Anel
ect
ri
ccur
renti
saf
lowofel
ect
ri
cit
yfr
om onepl
acet
oanot
heral
ongaconduct
or.

t
heel
ect
ri
ccur
renti
spr
oducedbyacel
lorbat
ter
y

 el
ect
ri
cit
yfl
owsf
rom posi
ti
vet
onegat
ivet
hisi
scal
l
eddi
rectcur
rentdi
rect
cur
rentbecausetf
lowst
oonedi
rect
ion

t
heel
ect
ri
cit
yusedi
nhomesandshopsi
sdi
ff
erent

i
thasnoposi
ti
veornegat
ivet
ermi
nal

 Thi
siscal
l
edal
ter
nat
ingcur
rentbecause(
AC)becausei
tchangesdi
rect
ion
manyt
imeseachsecond.

2
El
ect
ri
cci
rcui
ts
 anel
ect
ri
cci
rcui
tmusthav
easour
ceofel
ect
ri
cit
y

 t
hatcanbeoneormor
ebat
ter
ies

Conduct
orsandI
nsul
ator
s
 aconduct
ori
smat
eri
alt
hatcancar
ryel
ect
ri
cit
yfr
om onepl
acet
otheot
her

 ani
nsul
atori
samat
eri
alt
hatwi
l
lnotconductel
ect
ri
cit
ybutwi
l
lkeepi
nonepl
ac

 Met
alsar
egoodconduct
orsofel
ect
ri
cit
y.

 Car
bonconduct
sel
ect
ri
cit
y(i
tist
heonl
ymet
alt
hatdoesconductel
ect
ri
cit
y)

 Nonmet
alssuchaswood,
plast
ics,
paper
,gl
ass,
rubberdonotconductel
ect
ri
cit
y.

Cur
renti
naci
rcui
t
Thecur
renti
naci
rcui
tcanbeaf
fect
edbynumberofcel
l
s,

 Thenumberofl
amps(
globes/
li
ghtbul
bs)

 Thest
rengt
hofanel
ect
ri
ccur
rentdependsont
henumberofcel
l
sinaci
rcui
t

3
  I
fwei
ncr
easet
henumberofcel
l
sinaci
rcui
tthebul
bshi
nesbr
ight
er

 Whent
her
ear
emor
eli
ghtbul
bsi
naci
rcui
tthel
i
ght
eri
sdi
mmer

 Thi
sisbecauseeachli
ghtbul
busescurr
entthemoret
heyar
ethel
esst
he
cur
rentwi
llf
lowandthedimmerthel
ightbul
bsare.

2.MAGNETSANDMAGNETI
SM
Magnet
ism

Cer
tai
nrockscont
aini
ronandar
ecal
l
edmagnet
it
e

Magnet
sar
emadei
ndi
ff
erentshapes

 Magnet
sar
emadei
ndi
ff
erentshapes

 Themostcommonar
ebarmagnet
s

Abarmagnet

 Hor
seshoemagnet
s

Ahor
seshoemagnet

4
  Theyar
ecal
l
edper
manentmagnet
s

 Becauset
heydonotl
oset
hei
rmagnet
ism

Pr
oper
ti
esofmagnet
s

 Someoftheobj
ect
sar
eat
tract
edt
othemagnet(
li
ket
hosemadeoutofi
ronand
st
eel
,orni
ckel
)

 Anymater
ial
thati
sat
tract
edtoamagnetismagnet
icandamat
eri
alt
hati
snot
at
tr
act
edbyamagnetiscallednon-
magnet
ic.

El
ect
romagnet
ism

 Near
ly200yearsagoascient
istdi
scoveredt
hatwhenel
ectri
cit
ycur
rentwas
f
lowi
nginawi r
e,ther
earemagneticfor
cesaroundt
hewire.Thi
swast henused
t
obuildel
ect
romagnets.

3.DI
SEASES
Whati
sadi
sease?

Acondi
ti
ont
hataf
fect
sthepr
operf
unct
ionoft
hebodyormi
nd.

 Adi
seasemakesaper
sonsi
ckorunwel
l
.

 Maycausepai
n,t
ir
ednessorweakness.

 Causesr
isei
nbodyt
emper
atur
e.

 Maycauset
hesi
ckper
sont
odi
e.

Causesofdi
seases

 Di
seasesar
ecausedbysmal
lor
gani
smscal
l
edger
ms.

5
  Ther
ecanonl
ybeseenunderami
croscope.

 Ger
mscangointoourbodi
esindi
ffer
entways,breat
hing,
swall
owingt
hrough
t
hefoodweeat
,gett
ingi
ntothebl
oodstream whenthereisacuti
ntheski
nor
t
hepersoni
sbi
tt
enbyamosqui t
oandt i
cks.

Communi
cabl
edi
seases

 Acommunicabl
ediseasei
sonewher et
heger
mscanpassf
rom t
hesickperson
t
oaheal
thyperson.Theheal
thyper
soncanbecomesi
ckwi
tht
hedisease.

 Tuber
cul
osi
sisacommuni
cabl
edi
sease.

 HI
V/AI
DSi
sver
ydanger
ouscommuni
cabl
edi
sease.

 Chi
l
drendi
seasel
i
kemeasl
es,
chi
ckenpox,
mumps,
dipht
her
ia,
whoopi
ngcough.

Non-
communi
cabl
edi
seases

Mal
ari
aisanon-
communi
cabl
edi
sease

 Theger
msar
ecar
ri
edf
rom t
hesi
ckper
sonbyamosqui
to.

 Bi
l
har
ziai
sanot
hernoncommuni
cabl
edi
sease.

 Cancer,di
abet
esandheartdi
seasesarenon-communi
cabl
edi
seasesbecause
theycannotbepassedf
rom onepersont
oanot her
.

4.SAFETY
Saf
etyr
ules

 Ourschool
sandhomesar
epl
aceswher
ewef
eel
saf
ebutpeopl
ecandi
e.

 Acci
dent
scanbepr
event
edi
fwel
ear
naboutdanger
swhi
char
ear
oundus.

 Saf
etyr
ulest
hatcanst
opacci
dent
shappeni
ng.

SAFETYRULES

 Makef
ir
einapr
otect
edpl
acewher
ether
eisnowi
nd.

 Donotl
etani
mal
sorchi
l
drenpl
aynextt
oaf
ir
e.

 Donotsi
torst
andcl
oset
oaf
ir
e.

 Nev
erl
etaf
ir
ebur
ninar
oom wi
thal
lwi
ndowsanddoor
scl
osedt
hebur
ningf
ir
e

6
 wi
l
luseal
ltheoxy
genandpeopl
ewi
l
leasi
l
ysuf
focat
e.

Put
ti
ngoutf
ir
e

Abur
ningf
ir
eneeds3t
hingst
okeepbur
ning;

 Heatt
omaket
hef
uel
hotenought
obur
n.

 Oxy
gen

 Fuel

a)Remov
ingt
heheat

 I
faf
ir
eiscool
eddowni
twi
l
ldi
eout
.

 Thi
scanbedonebyusi
ngwat
ert
ocool
itdown

 Ift
hereareelect
ri
ccabl
esoneshoul
dnotspr
aywat
eront
hef
ir
eitwi
l
lcausea
shortci
rcui
tthatwi
ll
makethefi
reworse.

 I
fit
spet
rol
bur
ningoneshoul
dnotspr
ayi
twi
thwat
erbutusesand.

b)Remov
eoxy
gen/
air

 Theeasi
estwayt
ocutof
ffi
rei
stocutai
rfr
om t
hef
lames.

 Onecanwr
apabl
anketar
oundt
heper
sonwhosecl
othesar
ebur
ning.

 Onecanpoursandordi
rtont
oaf
ir
e.

 Wher
epet
rol
oranel
ect
ri
cal
fir
eonecannotusewat
erbutuseaf
ir
eext
ingui
sher
.

 I
ftherei
saf i
rei
naroom oneshouldt
rykeepwi
ndowsanddoor
scl
osed.Thi
s
wi
llcutof
fthefl
owofai
rtothefir
e

c)Remov
eanyf
uel
thatmaybur
n

 I
fther
eisagast
urni
tof
f.

ROADSAFETY

7
Acci
dent
sar
ethesecondgr
eat
estcauseofdeat
hinBot
swana.Onl
yAI
DSki
l
lsmor
e
peopl
e.

BODYSYSTEMS
Humanbodysy
stems

 Al
ll
iv
ingt
hingsar
emadeupofbui
l
dingbl
ocksandcel
l
s.

 Ther
ear
esosmal
lthatonecanseet
hem t
hroughami
croscope.

 Cel
l
sinourbodi
eshav
edi
ff
erentshapes.

 Ther
earemanydi
ff
erentt
ypesofcel
l
sincl
udi
ngbodycel
l
s,l
i
vercel
l
s,bl
oodcel
l
s
andbonecel
l
s.

 Whent
hesamecel
l
sar
egr
oupedt
oget
hert
heyar
ecal
l
edt
issue.

 Thebodyhasmanyt
issuesi
ncl
udi
ngmuscl
eti
ssue,
ner
vet
issueandbl
ood
ti
ssue.

 Whendi
ffer
enttissuesareputtoget
hertheyf
orm anor
gane.
gthehear
tismade
upofmuscl
etissue,nerv
etissueandblood.

 Whendi
ff
erentor
ganswor
ktoget
heri
tiscal
l
edasy
stem.

 Theheart
,ar
ter
iesandvei
nst
oget
herf
orm asy
stem cal
l
edt
heci
rcul
ator
y
syst
em orbl
oodsystem.

CELLS ↔ TI
SSUES ↔ ORGANS ↔ BODYSYSTEM

Therespi
rat
orysy
stem –t
hesear
eor
ganswi
thwhi
chwebr
eat
he,
thi
sbr
ingsoxy
gen
i
ntoourbodies

8
.

Theskel
etal
syst
em –t
hesear
ethebonest
hatkeept
hebodyf
ir
m andst
rong.

Thenervoussyst
em –thesearet
hebr
ainsandner
vest
heyl
etusf
eel
,seeandhear
thi
ngs.Thebrai
nletust
hink.

Theexcr
etor
ysy
stem –t
hesear
etheki
dney
s,bl
adderandot
heror
gans.

Thedigest
ivesy
stem –t
hissy
stem i
sjustl
i
keat
ubet
hatst
art
sfr
om t
hemout
htot
he
anus

9
Thecir
cul
ator
ysyst
em –thisist
hesyst
em t
hatci
rcul
atesbl
oodthroughoutthebody.I
t
i
smadeupoft hehear
tthatpumpsthebl
oodthr
oughthetubesorbloodvessel
softhe
body
.

Thebloodvessel
swhichcarrybl
oodawayfr
om t
hehear
tar
ecal
l
edt
hear
ter
ies.Those
thatcar
rybl
oodtotheheartarecal
l
edvei
ns.

Therepr
oduct
ivesy
stem –themainfunct
ionoft
herepr
oduct
ivesy
stem i
stopr
oducea
baby
.Manandf emaler
eproduct
iveor
gansaredi
ffer
ent
.

PHYSI
CALDEVELOPMENT
PUBERTY

Puber
tyi
stheperi
odwhenbodesofgir
lsandboyschangefr
om t
hatofachi
l
dtothatof
anadul
tandtheycanproduceachi
l
d.Wesaytheyhavebecomesexual
l
ymatur
ethe
bodyi
sprepar
ingformanhoodandmother
hood.

Si
gnsofpuber
tyi
ngi
rl
s

 Ski
nbecomesoi
l
y

 Br
east
sdev
elop

 Bodyhai
rbegi
nst
ogr
owi
nherar
mpi
tsandongeni
tal
s

 Thev
agi
nabecomesbi
gger

10
  Thehi
pswi
den

 Theov
ari
esst
artpr
oduci
ngeggs

 Thewombbecomesbi
ggerandmont
hlyper
iodsbegi
n

Si
gnsofpuber
tyi
nboy
s

 Theski
nbecomesoi
l
y

 Muscl
esdev
elopmor
ethani
ngi
rl
s

 Br
oadshoul
der
sdev
elop

 Ni
ppl
esmaybecomepai
nful

 Hai
rgr
owsi
nar
mpi
tsandont
hechest

 Thebear
dappear
s

 Pubi
chai
rgr
ows

 Thev
oicebr
eaks

 Thepeni
sgr
ows

 Thet
est
esbecomepai
nful
andst
artpr
oduci
ngsper
ms

Menst
ruat
ion
 Menstr
uati
onhappenswhenawomanr
eleasesbl
oodandt
issuef
rom t
hewomb.
I
thappensoncein28days.

 I
fthewomani
snotpr
egnantshewi
l
lcal
li
therper
iods.

 I
tusual
l
ylast
sfr
om 3t
o7day
s.

 Menstr
uat
ionstar
tsdur
ingpuber
ty.Menst
ruat
ionst
opsdur
ingpr
egnancyand
st
art
swhent hebabyi
sborn.

 Aft
ert
heageofappr
oxi
matel
y45y
ear
s,menst
ruat
ionusual
l
yst
opsper
manent
ly.
Thi
siscal
l
edmenopause

11