EDU101

Assignment of Foundation of Education.
Subject code:EDU101
Student ID: bc240215230
Submitted by : Mehjabeen
Topic: Postmodernism: Proponents.
Concept of Postmodernism :
Postmodernism is a broad movement that Developed in the mid 20th century across various
fields including art literaturearchitecture,philosophy.It is characterised by a questioning of
grand narratives rejection of universal truths and an emphasis on diversity of fragmentation
and irony.
Some key features of Postmodernism:
 Challenging traditional notions of reality and truth.

 Embracing complexity, ambiguity and uncertainty.
 Questioning authority and dominant discourses.
 Celebrating difference and pluralism.
 Bluring boundaries between high and low culture.
 Emphasizing the fragmented and provisional nature of knowledge and identity.
Influence of Postmodernism on many areas:
Art:
Appropriations pastiche, and hybridity.
Literature:
Metafiction , intertextuality and playfulness with narrative conventions.
Philosophy:
Critiques of modernity, enlightenment values and universalism.
Architecture:
Playful and irrelevant use of historical references, elective mix of styles.
Culture:
Emphasis on popular culture, consumerism, and commodication of identity.
Some notable figures associated with Postmodernism include.
 Jean Francois lyotard

 Jacques Derrida
 Frederic Jameson
 Robert Rauschenberg
 Thomas Pynchon
 Robert Venturi
Jean Francois lyotard:

He was French philosopher ,socialogist and literally theorist know n for his work on
Postmodernism. His contributions include
Metanarratives:
Lyotard argues that metanarratives or grand narratives are no longer relevant in the
postmodern era. Instead, smaller more localized narrative have taken their place.
Incredulity towards metanarratives:
Lyotard defines postmodernism as an incredulity towards metanarratives , which he believes
have lost their legitimacy and power to explain the world .
The postmodern condition:
Lyotard’s book ' The Post modern condition ' is a seminal work that explores the state of
knowledge in the postmodern era. He argues that k knowledge has become fragmented and
localized and that grand n ar narratives no longer have the power to unity and explain the
world .
Libidinal economy:
Lyotard introduces the concept of libidinal economy , which refers to the way in which
desire and pleasure are organized in society .He argues that Postmodernism is characterized
by a new form of libidinal economy , in which desire is no longer repressed but rather
encouraged and exploited.
The differend: Lyotard introduces the concept of differend , which refers to a conflict
between two parties that cannot be resolved through language or communication .He argues
that Postmodernism is characterized by proliferation of different , which cannot be resolved
through traditional means.
Postmdern art:
Lyotard argues that Postmodern art is characterized by a rejection of grand narratives and
a focus on the local and particular.He sees postmodern art as a way of challenging
traditional notions of beauty and taste.
The importance of the Avant Garde:
Lyotard argues that Avant Garde is essential to Postmodernism , as it challenges traditional
notions of art and culture and opens up new possibilities for create expression.
Jacques Derrida:
French philosopher, made significant contributions to postmodernism through his theory of
deconstruction . Here are some of his contribution.
- Deconstruction: Derrida's central contribution to post-structuralism and postmodernism is
deconstruction, which is a method of analyzing and interpreting texts.
Derrida's work on language and meaning has had a significant impact on postmodern
thought. He argues that language is unstable and that meaning is always in flux.
-Critique of Western Philosophy: Derrida critiques Western philosophy for its reliance on
binary oppositions and its attempts to fix meaning and truth.
- Deconstruction of Binary Oppositions: Derrida seeks to subvert binary oppositions that
undergird dominant ways of thinking, such as presence/absence, speech/writing, and so forth.
-Influence on Various Fields*: Derrida's ideas have influenced various fields, including
literary criticism, cultural studies, and postcolonial studies.
In summary, Derrida's contributions to postmodernism are significant, and his theory of

deconstruction has had a lasting impact on various fields. His critique of Western philosophy
and his ideas on language and meaning continue to influence contemporary thought.
Frederic Jameson:
Frederic Jameson is an American literary critic and philosopher known for his work on
postmodernism and Marxist theory. Some of his contributions include
Postmodernism: Jameson's work on postmodernism is characterized by his argument that
postmodern culture is the cultural logic of late capitalism.
-Marxist Theory: Jameson's work is influenced by Marxist theory, and he has written
extensively on the relationship between Marxism and postmodernism.
- Cultural Logic: Jameson's concept of cultural logic refers to the ways in which culture
reflects and shapes the economic and political structures of society.
Late Capitalism: is a product of the latest stage of capitalist development.
-The political Unconscious: Jameson's book "The Political Unconscious
lines between painting and sculpture by incorporating everyday objects as art materials.
-Neo-Dada: Rauschenberg was a key figure in the Neo-Dada movement, which expanded the
traditional boundaries of art and paved the way for future artists.
Influence on Pop Art: Rauschenberg's collages of appropriated media images and
experiments in silkscreen printing inspired artists like Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein,
who traced their inspiration for Pop art to Rauschenberg's work.
Conceptual Art: Rauschenberg's belief that the artist has the authority to determine the
definition of art laid the groundwork for Conceptual art.
Performance and Happenings: Rauschenberg's collaboration with John Cage at Black
Mountain College in the 1950s influenced the development of happenings and performance
art in the 1960s.
In summary, Robert Rauschenberg's contributions to postmodernism include his innovative

and provocative artworks, his expansion of traditional art boundaries, and his influence on
subsequent art movements like Pop art and Conceptual art.
Frederic Jameson:
Fredric Jameson’s contributions to postmodernism include .
Marxist perspective: Jameson’s work on postmodernism is characterized by his argument

that postmodern culture is the cultural logic of late capitalism.
Cultural logic: Jameson’s concept of cultural logic refers to the ways in which culture
reflects and shapes the economic and political structures of society.
Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism: Jameson’s book is an ambitious
account of how the postmodern has replaced modernism as the “cultural dominant” of late
capitalism.
The Political Unconscious: Jameson’s book is a seminal work that explores the relationship
between politics and literature.
-Cognitive Mapping: Jameson’s concept of cognitive mapping refers to the ways in which
individuals navigate and make sense of the complex social and cultural structures of
postmodern society.
National Allegory: Jameson’s concept of national allegory refers to the ways in which
literature reflects and shapes national identity and culture.
In summary, Jameson’s contributions to postmodernism are significant, and his work on the
cultural logic of late capitalism has had a lasting impact on various fields. His concepts, such
as cognitive mapping and national allegory, have been influential in a wide range of fields,
from literary criticism to cultural studies. and challenge traditional notions of art.
Thomas Pynchon:
Thomas Pynchon’s contributions to postmodernism include
Criticism of postmodernism: Pynchon’s work challenges prevalent notions of the self-
absorption and political irrelevance of postmodern fiction.
Ludic syncretism: Pynchon’s work is characterized by ludic syncretism, the playful
synthesis of myths from a variety of cultures.
Descent to the underworld: The descent to the underworld is the single most important
myth in Pynchon’s work, conferring shape and significance upon each of his novels.
Racialization of American culture: Pynchon’s novels address the racialization of American
culture in the postmodernist deconstruction of subjectivity and literary authority and in the
crisis in white liberal culture.
Use of Postmodern tropes: Pynchon’s work utilizes Postmodern tropes, which contributed
to the foundation of Postmodernism.
Pynchon’s work has been widely recognized as a significant contribution to postmodern

literature, and his novels continue to be widely read and studied .
Robert Venturi:
Robert Venturi’s contributions to postmodernism include
Challenging Modernism: Venturi challenged the austerity and formalism of modernist
architecture by embracing complexity, contradiction, and vernacular elements.
Historical Symbolism: Venturi’s interpretations of postmodernism included intense
historical symbolism from the particular region in which he intended to build.
Less is a Bore: Venturi’s maxim “Less is a bore” was a witty riposte to one of the central
tenets of modernism (Mies’s “less is more”).
- *Postmodern Contextualism*: Venturi’s work became known for its postmodern
contextualism, particularly in a series of campus buildings for American universities and
London’s National Gallery extension, the Sainsbury Wing.
Pritzker Prize: Venturi was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1991 for his
contributions to postmodern architecture.
Influence on Postmodernism: Venturi’s work and teachings had a significant influence on
the development of postmodernism, and he is considered one of the pioneers of the
movement.
Partnership with Denise Scott Brown: Venturi’s partnership with Denise Scott Brown was
a significant aspect of his contributions to postmodernism, and their firm, Venturi, Scott
Brown and Associates, was a leading force in the movement.
Seminal Texts: Venturi wrote seminal texts such as “Complexity and Contradiction in
Architecture” and “Learning from Las Vegas,” which outlined the principles of
postmodernism.
In summary, Robert Venturi’s contributions to postmodernism were significant, and his work
challenged the traditional notions of modernist architecture. His emphasis on historical
symbolism, contextualism, and complexity helped shape the postmodern movement, and his
influence can still be seen in contemporary architecture.

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Assignment of Foundation of Education.

 Challenging traditional notions of reality and truth.

 Jean Francois lyotard

Jean Francois lyotard:

In summary, Derrida's contributions to postmodernism are significant, and his theory of

In summary, Robert Rauschenberg's contributions to postmodernism include his innovative

Marxist perspective: Jameson’s work on postmodernism is characterized by his argument

Pynchon’s work has been widely recognized as a significant contribution to postmodern

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