1962. ¨ Ayub described it as “combining democracy with discipline”. ¨ In reality, it set up a presidential form of government. THE CONSTITUTION ¨ The new constitution was introduced without debate and Ayub brought ¨ Martial law to an end soon afterwards. ¨ The new National Assembly met for the first time on 8 June 1962. ¨ The first act was to remove the ban on political parties. ¨ Ayyub’s reforms increased the powers of the ruling elite. ¨ Major landlords dominated the elections. ¨ The constitution also further upset the people of East Pakistan. ¨ They felt that Pakistan’s government was in the hands of military and civil officials from West Pakistan. ELECTIONS OF 1965 q In Jan 1965 elections were held for the presidency. q A new party nominated Ayub khan, the Convention Muslim League q He believed that the opposition parties were too divided to put up a credible opponent in the elections. q He was however wrong, the opposition parties all agreed to support the sister and advisor of the Quaid, Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah. q In the election, Ayub Khan won 64 % of the votes, compared to Miss Jinnah’s 36 %. q Results were challenged by the opposition who claimed that the voting had been rigged. q Riots began in Karachi and East Pakistan in which 20 people were killed. q Ayub khan had been re-elected. A NEW CAPITAL
q Since partition, the capital had been Karachi.
q In 1959 the site of Islamabad was chosen to replace Karachi as the Capital of Pakistan. q In 1967 Islamabad was officially made the capital. q Work on the city’s principal buildings, streets, and facilities continued and was completed by the mid- 1970s. q It is a modern and carefully planned city. q The city is divided into 8 largely self-contained zones. AGRICULTURAL REFORMS
¨ The Green Revolution
¨ An experiment of small subsistence holdings had never been efficient. ¨ A law was passed saying that no farm could be smaller than 12.5 acres or larger than 500 acres (irrigated) or 1000 acres (unirrigated). ¨ This meant that many smaller farmers found their land was redistributed. ¨ However the resulting larger farms did produce a steady rise in food output. AGRICULTURAL REFORMS
¨ Big landlords were forced to find tenants for
parts of their land and this too raised ¨ productivity as the tenants and smaller farms were often more efficient than the larger, poorly run farms. ¨ Four dams were built to help irrigation. ¨ Loans were also given to farmers to build wells. ¨ Productivity was further increased due to mechanization. INDUSTRIAL REFORMS ¨ Industrial development was also considered. ¨ This was carried out with the help of loans from more industrialized Western countries. (USA, Germany, UK) ¨ In 1962 an oil refinery was established in Karachi and a Mineral development Corporation was set up for the exploration of mineral deposits. ¨ In 1964 an Economic union was formed with Iran and Turkey, the Regional Cooperation Development (RCD) (to develop ties in Trade, Commerce and industry). ¨ An Export Bonus Scheme was set up offering incentives to industrialists who increased exports. ¨ The average annual rate by which the economy grew in 1960 was 7%, three times that of India. INDUSTRIAL REFORMS
¨ However, the new wealth created, did little to benefit the
large numbers of Pakistanis living near the poverty line. ¨ It was revealed that just 22 families controlled 66 % of Pakistan’s industrial assets. ¨ The same families also controlled 80 % of Pakistan’s banking and insurance companies. ¨ A small elite group of wealthy Pakistanis had almost complete control of Pakistan’s wealth. ¨ All these families belong to West Pakistan. ¨ Industry was improving rapidly but Pakistan was increasingly dependent on foreign aid. SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL REFORMS
¨ The new curriculum for schools and new textbooks were
published. ¨ The government began an extensive literacy program, building new schools and colleges. ¨ Ayub khan appointed General Azam Khan as the Rehabilitation Minister to settle 75,000 refugees in newly built dwellings near Karachi. ¨ Laws were passed that factory owners had to provide accommodations for their workers at a reasonable rent. ¨ Family Planning Programmes were also launched (funded by America). ¨ Medical and Nursing schools were also set up to increase the number of doctors and nurses. FALL OF AYUB
¨ In 1965 Pakistan went to war with India over Kashmir.
¨ Neither side was able to win a decisive victory. ¨ Ayub told the people that Pakistan had won the war but the peace treaty at Tashkent contained no reference to how the Kashmir issue should be settled. ¨ It was to regain that disputed Kashmir territory that Pakistan had started the war. ¨ Ayub sacked the foreign Minister, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, who he blamed for the failings in the war. ¨ Bhutto now became a focal point for opposition to Ayub. FALL OF AYUB ¨ By 1968 many people were discontented with the government. ¨ It seemed to be undemocratic as there were numerous accusations of intimidation and vote rigging in the elections for the Electoral College and the presidential elections. ¨ The economy was improving yet only a few people were benefiting from this. ¨ Agricultural production was rising but so ere food prices. ¨ Ayub decided to celebrate the achievements of his ten years as head of state by declaring it FALL OF AYUB
¨ A Decade of Development, but this didn’t end the
growing opposition. ¨ In October 1968, there were student protests all over West Pakistan. ¨ On a visit to Peshawar Ayub was the target of a failed assassination attempt. ¨ When Ayub carried out widespread arrests, including Bhutto, there were more protests, which spread to East Pakistan. FALL OF AYUB
¨ Ayub Khan’s repressive policies succeeded in uniting the
various parries that opposed him. ¨ In Jan. 1969 eight of them formed the Democratic Action Committee. ¨ They wanted proper election, the lifting of emergency powers and autonomy for East Pakistan. ¨ On 17 Feb. 1969 Ayub Khan withdrew the emergency powers and released many political prisoners arrested in the previous Oct of 1968. ¨ He began negotiating with the opposition, but he had done too little too late. FALL OF AYUB
¨ The opposition rapidly gained support whilst he
and his party rapidly lost it. ¨ By March 1969 he realized that he didn’t have enough support to stay in power. ¨ On 25 March 1969, he resigned. But he didn’t call for new elections to choose another president. ¨ Instead, he handed over power to the army for the second time in its short history. ¨ Pakistan experienced martial law.