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1
 LCBLMK

LCRZ@B[MML@C............................
LCRZ@B[MML@C..................................................
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 BKBLMAR@ZLA

_rlfkr` y actks quk caba, bar dramlas a Bl`s, p`r kstar

m`cfld` kc maba pas` quk b`y, p`r i`rtagkmkr fl
m`razýc k lguflcar fl fkctk y p`r hajkr pukst` kc fl
maflc` a aqukggas pkrs`cas quk hac slb` fl s`p`rtk y
m`fpañæa buractk t`b` kg pkrl`b` bk kstubl`.

Adrabkmkr h`y y slkfprk a fl iaflgla p`r kg ksiukrz`

rkaglzab` p`r kgg`s. Kg ap`y` kc fls kstubl`s, bk skr asæ
c` hujlksk slb` p`sljgk. A fls pabrks y bkfás
iaflglarks ya quk fk jrlcbac kg ap`y`, ga agkdræa y fk
bac ga i`rtagkza ckmksarla para skdulr abkgactk.

=
 LCRZ@B[MML@C

Hìr`ks
Hìr`ks bk ga _`
_`glm
glmæa
æa Cam
Caml`c
l`cag
ag ks uc tra
trajan
jan`` quk sk lclm
lclmla
la a m`cslbk
m`cslbkram
ramlýc
lýc bk g`s
b`mkctks quk pkrfltlkr`c skfjrar ksa skflgga bkg m`c`mlflkct` y a travìs bk kgg` tkckr
prkskctk quk h`y kc bæa ga mlkcmla y kg m`c`mlflkct` kstác ag agmacmk bkg h`fjrk. Kstk
ks kg pr`bumt` bk ga lcvkstldamlýc y ga rkm`plgamlýc bk gltkratura abkmuaba ag tkfa.

Kc muact` a ga i`rfa bkg trajan`, kstá m`fpukst` p`r b`s mapætug`s, p`stkrl`rfkctk kstá
gas m`cmgusl`
m`cmgusl`cks,
cks, rkm`
rkm`fkcb
fkcbaml`
aml`cks,
cks, ap`rtks,
ap`rtks, jljgl`dra
jljgl`draiæa
iæa y ackx`s.
ackx`s. Kc kstk skctlb`
skctlb`
pasarkf`s a bkglfltar maba uca bk g`s kgkfkct`s
kgkfkct`s lctkdractks bkg tra
trajan`.
jan`.

Kg prlfkr mapætug` trata bk trazar `jnktlv`s prlcmlpagks y `jnktlv`s skmucbarl`s quk c`s
bará uc pac`rafa a g`drar bkctr` bk ga lcvkstldamlýc. Maba uca bk kggas kcmausa uc
`jnktlv` kspkmæilm` quk sk va a satlsiamkr m`c mrltkrl` y tlc`, a ga muag i`rtagkmkrá ga
gltkratura amufugaba buractk ga lcvkstldamlý
lcvkstldamlýc.
c.

Kg skducb` mapætug` m`ctkfpga ya ga rlma gltkratura kcm`ctraba kc kg trasmurs` bk ga

lcvkstldamlýc kc ksta partk `rdaclzarkf`
`rdaclzarkf`ss bk fackra kstrumturaba g`s bat`s amufugab`s.
Kc kstk skctlb` tratarkf`s bk `rdaclzar bk fackra m`hkrkctk g`s bat`s bk g`s hìr`ks bk
ga _`glmæa Caml`cag m`cslbkracb` gas amml`cks quk ilnar`c para kg jlkckstar bk cukstra
camlýc, ks bkmlr Farlac` ]act`s y Aglpl` _`cmk b`s h`fjrks quk kctrkdar`c sus vlbas
kc uc kcirkctaflkct` arfab` m`ctra b`s caml`cks vkmlcas, a partlr bk kst`s hkmh`s
cukstr`
cukstr` trajan
trajan`` kcm
kcmausa
ausa uca skrl
skrlkk bk bat`s para m`ctrl
m`ctrljulr
julr a kctkcbkr
kctkcbkr muágks s`c g`s
bktaggks quk gks hlmlkr`c dracbks pkrs`canks para kg _krþ.

Rkrflc` kstk prkáfjug` kxprksacb` cukstr` adrabkmlflkct` y a ratlilmar quk ga hlst`rla

c` ks s`g` kg slfpgk hkmh` bk rkpktlr g` quk kstác g`s gljr`s (hlst`rl`draiæa) fás ag
m`ctrarl`, ga hlst`rla s`c kvkct`s lfp`rtactks quk ``murrlkr`c
murrlkr`c kc cukstr` paæs
paæs para quk
kstass iuks
ksta iukskc
kc vag`raba,
vag`raba, acaglza
acaglzabas,
bas, lctkrpr
lctkrprktab
ktabaa y kstublar
kstublarga
ga slkfprk
slkfprk kcfarmab`
kcfarmab` kc kg
fìt`b` mlkctæilm`

2
 FAZM@ RKÝZLM@

FAZLAC@ ]ACR@] FARK@]

Jl`draiæa

Ga ikmha kxamta bkg camlflkct` bk Farlac` ]act`s Fatk`s c` kstá pgkcafkctk

bktkrflcaba, pkr` sk sajk m`c mkrtkza quk camlý kc kg añ` 18;? kc kg hkrf`s` p`jgab`
bk Gumrk, uca vlgga kcmgavaba kc ga tkfpgaba qukjraba quk ggkva kg flsf` c`fjrk,
sltuaba kc ga pr`vlcmla bk Qulsplmacmhls, bkpartafkct` bkg Musm`.

]us pabrks iukr`c kg M`r`ckg Marg`s ]act`s Kd`, bk caml`caglbab Ardkctlca, flgltar quk
ggkdý ag _krþ m`ci`rfacb` ga Drac Kxpkblmlýc Gljkrtab`ra m`facbab
m`facbabaa p`r kg Dkckrag
b`c N`sì bk ]ac Fartæc, qulkc gukd` bk hajkr mufpglb` su flslýc sk ailcmý kc ga mlubab
bkg Musm`, kc ga pkqukña hamlkcba ggafaba ']acta Z`sa, m`ctldua ag jarrl` bk 'Ga
Zlcm`caba, kc kg p`jgab` bk Gumrk.

Aggæ m`c`mlý a b`ña Act`cla Fatk`s Mhara, funkr skcmlgga, ab`rcaba bk vlrtubks, quk gk
pr`bldý marlñ` y bkblmamlýc. Irut` bk ksa uclýc camlý Farlac` ]a
]act`s
ct`s Fatk`s, qulkc
qulkc
rkmljlý kc su lciacmla uca ksfkraba atkcmlýc bk sus pabrks, quk g` kbumar`c
m`cvkclkctkfkctk
m`cvkclkctkfkctk para hamkr bk ìg uc h`fjrk bk jlkc. \a n`vkc, avlz`rý uc fkn`r
p`rvkclr y vlaný a ga mlubab bk Ark
Arkqulpa
qulpa kc p`s bbkk trajan` y pr`drk
pr`drks`,
s`, g`dracb`, bkspuìs
bkspuìs
bk agdþc tlkfp`, lcdrksar a ga _`glmæa, b`cbk sk maramtkrlzý p`r su p`rtk daggarb` y su
lccata v`mamlýc bk skrvlr a ga _atrla.

\a lcm`rp`rab` a gas ilgas p`glmlagks, m`ci`rfacb`

m`ci`rfacb` kg 'Jataggýc Duarblas bk Arkqulpa,
pr`ct` sk blstlcdulý
blstlcdulý kctrk sus m`
m`fpañkr`s
fpañkr`s bk aarfas
rfas p`r sus lcc
lcckdajgks
kdajgks vlrtubks
pkrs`cagks, asæ
asæ m`f` p`r kg kilm
kilmlkctk
lkctk mufpglflkct` bk sus bkjkrks.
bkjkrks. Kc ksta sltuamlýc
sltuamlýc g`
kcmukctra ga lciausta Dukrra m`c Mhlgk, kc 184<, muacb` irlsaja g`s =? añ`s bk kbab.

Farlac` ]act`s m`fjatlý kc ga jatagga bk Rarapamá, jan` gas ýrbkcks bk Iracmlsm`

J`g`dcksl, y kc ksta drac vlmt`rla pkruaca mapturý kg kstacbartk mhlgkc` bkg rkdlflkct`
]kducb` bk Gæcka, aqukg :4 bk c`vlkfjrk bk 184<. Rafjlìc gumhý kc ga jatagga bkg Agt`
bk ga Aglacza (:9 bk fay` bk 188?) b`cbk iuk dravkfkctk hkrlb`.

;
Farlac` ]act`s, ggafab` tafjlìc "Kg Yaglkctk bk Rarapamá" iaggkmlý kc kg Musm` kg añ`
1<??, a ga kbab bk ;? añ`s

Lcdrks` a ga Duarbla Mlvlg.

Lcstagab` kc Arkqulpa, bkspuìs bk agdþc tlkfp`, kc 184;, g`dra lcdrksar ag actldu`

Mukrp` bk _`glmæa "Duarbla Mlvlg" quk iukra mrkab` kg =1 bk blmlkfjrk bk 184= p`r kg
_rkslbkctk Facukg _arb` y Gavaggk. \a lcm`rp`rab` kc gas ilgas p`glmlagks i`rfa partk
bk g`s Duarblas Mlvlgks bk Arkqulpa.

Gas Dukrra m`c mhlgk

Kg ; bk ajrlg bk 184< Mhlgk, m`c ga ilcaglbab bk ap`bkrarsk bk g`s tkrrlt`rl`s sagltrkr`s

pkruac`s, bkmgara
bkmgara ga dukrra ag _k
_krþ.
rþ. Farlac` ]act`s,
]act`s, quk kc aq
aqukg
ukg kct`cmks tkcbræa
tkcbræa kctrk
:8 y :< añ`s bk kbab, ag f`fkct` bk pr`bumlrsk ga adrkslýc mhlgkca sk kcm`ctraja
prkstacb` skrvlml`s mlubabb bk Arkqulpa y pkrtkckmæa a 1a. M`fpañæa bk ga
skrvlml`s kc ga mluba
M`gufca ‗A‖ bk ga Duarbla Mlvlg bk Arkqulpa.

Lclmlaba ga m`cir`ctamlýc jìglma m`c Mhlgk kc 184<, kg D`jlkrc` _kruac` f`vlglzý

aprksurabafkctk
aprksurabafkctk ga Arfaba y kg Knìrmlt`. Kc tag skctlb` sk `rdaclzý kg Knìrmlt` _kruac`
bkg ]ur, blsp`clìcb`sk quk g`s _rkikmt`s y ]uj-prkikmt`s i`rfarac m`ctlcdkctks para
kcdr`sar gas ilgas mastrkcsks, uclìcb`sk g`s Mukrp`s _`glmlagks a g`s bkg Knìrmlt` m`f`
Iukrzas bk Gæcka. M`f` m`cskmukcmla
m`cskmukcmla bk kst`, kc blikrkctks mlrmucstacmlas, fumh`s
kikmtlv`s p`glmlagks, ag iucblrsk m`c gas tr`pas bkg Knìrmlt` bk Gæcka, pkrblkr`c
prámtlmafkctk su
su lbkctlbab bk `rld
`rldkc,
kc, g` quk c` `murrlý
`murrlý m`c g`s Dua
Duarblas
rblas Mlvlgks bk
Arkqulpa quk, bkjlb` a su drac cþfkr`, i`rfar`c uc Jataggýc y g`drar`c m`cskrvar su
lbkctlbab.

Ykcmkb`r bk Rarapamá

Bkspuìs bk ga jatagga bk ]ac Iracmlsm`, `murrlba kg 1< bk c`vlkfjrk bk 184<, 8 bæas

bkspuìs, kg :4 bk c`vlkfjrk bk 184<, sk pr`bun` kg trluci` bk gas arfas pkruacas kc ga
Jatagga bk Rarapamá, kc ga muag Farlac` ]act`s, kc kg irad`r bk ga jatagga, arrkfktlý, m`c
ga jay`ckta, m`ctra kg kckfld` y gukd` bk uc p`rilab` m`fjatk mukrp` a mukrp`, ggkda
hasta kg gudar b`cbk sk kcm`ctraja kg ajacbkrab`, a qulkc gk arrkjatý, a jay`cktaz`s, ga

9
m`r`ckga (kstacbartk) bkg Jataggýc bk Lciactkræa ‗: a bk Gæcka" bkg Knìrmlt` mhlgkc`5
hazaña quk lcmlblý kc ga vlmt`rla s`jrk kg kcdrkæb` knìrmlt` abvkrsarl`.

Zkm`c`mlflkct`
Zkm`c`mlflkc t` y asmkcs`

Ga ammlýc bk Farlac` ]act`s iuk maglilmaba bk hkmh` dracbl`s`, p`r muact` arrkjatar ag
kckfld` su kstacbartk caml`cag bk dukrra, blstlctlv` bk su caml`caglbab, c` s`g`
m`cstltuyk uc tr`ik` slc paracdýc slc` quk ksa ammlýc tlkck sus kikmt`s kc gas tr
tr`pas
`pas
abvkrsarlas, ag janargks skvkrafkctk su f`rag, prkblsp`clìcb`
prkblsp`clìcb`gas,
gas, amas`, para ga bkrr`ta.

Kg 11 bk kckr` bk 188?, kc Arlma, sk bl` a m`c`mkr ga @rbkc Dkckrag bkg Knìrmlt`

_kruac` bkg ]ur blmtaba p`r su M`facbactk kc Nkik M`ctragflractk Glzarb` F`ctkr`,
qulkc asuflý blmha Nkiatura kc rkkfpgaz` bkg Dkckrag Nuac Jukcbæa. Kc blmha @rbkc,
F`ctkr`, kc rkprkskctamlýc bkg ]uprkf` D`jlkrc`, ggafý a Farlac` ]act`s Fatk`s, p`r
su ammlýc, "kg Yaglkctk bk Rarapamá".

Bæas bkspuìs, kc mkrkf`cla rkaglzaba kc Arlma kg =1 bk kckr` bk 188?, ag tìrflc` bk ga

mkgkjramlýc bkg Rk bkuf kc ga Ldgksla bk ]ac Farm`s, Farlac` ]act`s Fatk`s iuk
asmkcblb` a ga Mgask bk Lcspkmt`r bk Duarblas (drab` kqulvagkctk, kc aqukg kct`cmks, ag
bk Rkclkctk bkg Knìrmlt`), hajlìcb`skgk kctrkdab` su m`rrksp`cblkctk Bkspamh` abkfás
bk uc prkfl` pkmuclarl` bk ;?? s`gks bk pgata, `rbkcácb`sk quk kg kstacbartk arrkjatab`
ag kckfld` qukbara kc ga Maplgga Mkctrag bk Arlma f`fkctáckafkctk, hasta quk iukra
bkp`sltab` kc ga Matkbrag bkg Musm`, p`r skr ga Ldgksla Fay`r bkg Bkpartafkct` b`cbk
camlkra Farlac` ]act`s

Kg Lcspkmt`r bk Duarblas Farlac` ]act`s Fatk`s iuk bksldcab` @ilmlag Ajacbkrab` bkg
Jataggýc "Duarblas bk Arkqulpa", quk m`fkczý a ildurar m`c kg cþfkr` :; kctrk gas
[clbabks bk M`fjatk.

@stkctacb` su cukv` drab` Farlac` ]act`s partlmlpa kc ga Jatagga bk Ramca ` bkg Agt`
bk ga Aglacza, kg :9 bk fay` bk 188?, b`cbk ks dravkfkctk hkrlb`, farmhacb`, gukd`
bk ksta jatagga, nuct` a g`s kikmtlv`s kcmajkzab`s p`r kg M`r`ckg Acbrìs Avkglc`
Mámkrks -qulkc sk prkparaja para bkikcbkr ga z`ca mkctrag bkg _krþ-, hamla Rarata, _uc`
y Musm`.
4
M`f` m`cskmukcmla
m`cskmukcmla bk gas hkrlbas bk dravkbab quk suirlý kc ga jatagga bk Ramca
Farlac` ]act`s iuk lfp`sljlgltab` bk skdulr m`fjatlkcb` kc g`s irkctks bk jatagga.

H`fkcanks quk
quk sk rlcblkr`c p`r partk bk ga Zkpþjglma
Zkpþjglma bkg _krþ

1<4< kc kg _atl` bk H`c`r bkg Mkctr` bk Lcstrummlýc bk ga Duarbla Mlvlg (M.L.D.M.),

ujlmab` kc ga [rjaclzamlýc Ga Mafplña, blstrlt` bk Mh`rrlgg`s, Glfa, nuct` ag Mkc`tail`
quk kc 1<4; ga Duarbla Mlvlg gkvactý -kc rkkfpgaz` bkg mkc`tail` quk iukra lcaudurab`
kg =? bk ad`st` bk 1<=: kc kg actldu` g`mag bkg M.L.D.M. sk krldlý uc just` bk Farlac`
]act`s m`c uca pgama quk f`straja ga sldulkctk lcsmrlpmlýc> "Ga Duarbla Mlvlg bkg _krþ
rlcbk su h`fkcank ag Duarbla Mlvlg Farlac` ]act`s Ykcmkb`r kc ga Jatagga bk Rarapamá
Rarapamá,,
y bkfás flkfjr`s bk ga Lcstltumlýc quk sk samrlilmar`c bkikcblkcb` hkr`lmafkctk a ga
patrla kc _lsadua,
_lsadua, ]ac Iracmlsm`,
Iracmlsm`, Rarapam
Rarapamá,
á, Ramca, Arlma, ]
]ac
ac Nuac, Flraig`rks
Flraig`rks,,
Mafpaña bk ga Jrkña m`f` kgkfkct`s bk rkiukrz` lctkdrab`s ag Knìrmlt` bk Gæcka
buractk ga Dukrra bkg _amæilm`. 184< - :4 bk c`vlkfjrk bk 1<4<". Kstk just`. varl`s
añ`s fás tarbk, iuk kctrkdab` ag Fusk` bk ga Duarbla Mlvlg, quk `mupaja uc rkmlct` kc
kg Muartkg "Duarbla DM Facukg Dutlìrrkz Macbæa" skbk bk ga :2ª M`facbacm
M`facbacmla
la bk ga
Duarbla Mlvlg - Majaggkræa, gukd` bk skr rkkfpgazab` p`r `tr` quk iuk m`g`mab`, kg =? bk
ad`st` bk 1<8:, bkctr` bkg árka b`cbk sk gkvactaja kg Mkc`tail` y bkgactk bk kstk.

Kg M`cdrks` bk ga Zkpþjglma apr`jý ga Gky C¾ :==19, pr`fugdaba kg 9 bk c`vlkfjrk bk

1<81, fkblactk ga muag sk gk bkmgara Hìr`k Caml`cag p`r su ammlýc hkr`lma y knkfpgar,
mufpglba kc ga Jatagga bk Rarapamá kg :4 bk c`vlkfjrk bk 184<, blsp`clkcb` abkfás
quk ga pgaza prlcmlpag bkg blstrlt` bk Gumrk, pr`vlcmla bk Qulsplmacmhls, bkpartafkct`
bkg Musm`, gudar bk su camlflkct`, sk bkc`flcará Lcspkmt`r bk Duarblas Farlac`
]act`s, bkjlìcb`sk m`g`mar
m`g`mar kc ga Mrlpta bk g`s Hìr`ks bk ga Dukrra bkg _amæilm`, ujlmaba
kc kg Mkfkctkrl` "_rksjætkr` Fatæas Fakstr`", uca pgama m`c su c`fjrk.

Bksbk 1<8: kg actldu` Mkctr` bk Lcstrummlýc bk ga Duarbla Mlvlg bkg _krþ, muy` g`mag,
ujlmab` kc kg blstrlt` bk Mh`rrlgg`s, amtuagfkctk g` `mupa, bksbk 1<84, ga Ksmukga bk
@ilmlagks bk ga _`glmæa Caml`cag bkg _krþ, `stkctaja kg c`fjrì bkg Lcspkmt`r bk Duarblas
DM Farlac` ]act`s, c`fjrk quk amtuagfkctk m`cskrva ga Ksmukga bk @ilmlagks bk ga
_`glmæa Caml`cag bkg _krþ.

8
Kg =? bk ad`st` bk 1<8: kc ga Dagkræa bk Hìr`ks Caml`cagks bk ga Jkckfìrlta ]`mlkbab
Iucbab`rks bk ga Lcbkpkcbkcmla, Ykcmkb`rks bkg : bk fay` bk 1899 y Bkikcs`rks
Maglilmab`s bk ga _atrla iuk bkvkgab` kg just` bkg Lcspkmt`r bk Duarblas DM Farlac`
]act`s Fatk`s, `jra bkg c`tajgk ksmugt`r pkruac` _r`iks`r N`aquæc H. [dartk [dartk.

Buractk ga bìmaba bk g`s 8? bkg sldg` XX sk lcaudura, kc ga pgaza prlcmlpag bk Gumrk, uc

just` kc su h`c`r.
h`c`r.

Kg :9 bk c`vlkfjrk bk 1<89, kc ga Mrlpta bk g`s Hìr`ks bk ga Dukrra bkg _amæilm` bkg

Mkfkctkrl` "_rksjætkr` Fatæas Fakstr`", sk bkvkgý uca pgama rkm`rbat`rla bk Farlac`
]act`s.

Kg 9 bk blmlkfjrk bk 1<<2 sk lcaudura, kc kg blstrlt` bk ]ac J`rna, uc f`cufkct` kc su

h`c`r y kg 1? bk blmlkfjrk bk 1<<2 sk lcaudurý uc f`cufkct` bk Farlac` ]act`s
Fatk`s kc kg _ask` bk g`s Hìr`ks bk ga mlubab bkg Musm`, blskñab` p`r ga Ksmukga bk
Jkggas Artks ‗Blkd` Qulspk Ræt`‖ y iucblb` kc ga fakstracza bkg Knìrmlt` bkg _krþ
(Iukrtk ‗Jarj`cks‖).
‗Jarj`cks‖).

Buractk kg skducb` gustr` bk ga bìmaba bk g`s <? bkg sldg` XX sk lcaudura, kc Gumrk,
`tr` f`cufkct` kc su h`c`r. Lduagfkctk kc gas mlubabks bk Huacmavkglma k Lma (kc ga
pgazukga Farlac`
Farlac` ]act`s bk ga [rjaclzamlýc
[rjaclzamlýc Gurk
Gurkcc bk ksta þgtlfa mmlubab)
lubab) hac slb`
gkvactab`s just`s m`c ga lfadkc bk Farlac` ]act`s.

Kg :4 bk c`vlkfjrk bk 1<<9, kc kg parquk Hìr`k Caml`cag Lcspkmt`r bk Duarblas

Farlac` ]act`s Fatk`s bkg blstrlt` bk ]urm` kc Glfa, sk lcaudura uc just` m`c su
lfadkc.

Kg M`cdrks` bk ga Zkpþjglma apr`jý ga Gky C¾ :4?18 bkg 11 bk blmlkfjrk bk 1<<8,

fkblactk ga muag "prkmlsask ga Nkrarquæa bkg Hìr`k Caml`cag Farlac` ]act`s Fatk`s
m`f` Lcspkmt`r bk Duarblas m`rrksp`cbk ag Drab` bk Agiìrkz bk ga _`glmæa Caml`cag bkg
_krþ".

Bksbk kg :; bk ad`st` bk :??? sus rkst`s rkp`sac kc ga Mrlpta m`cstrulba kc kg _arquk

Km`gýdlm` Mafp`sact`
Mafp`sact` "]acta Z`sa bk Glfa" para m`cskrvar g`s rkst`s bk g`s hìr`ks y
fártlrks bk ga _`glmæa Caml`cag bkg _krþ.

Kg 1< bk nugl` bk :??: kg prkslbkctk bkg M`cdrks` bk ga Zkpþjglma, Marg`s Ikrrkr` M`sta
lcaudurý ga ]aga Agiìrkz Farlac` ]act`s Fatk`s, kc h`fkcank ag Yaglkctk bk

<
Rarapamá. Kc ksta saga, sltuaba kc kg skducb` pls` bk ga skbk bkg M`cdrks`, sk kxhljk
uca kspaba `rldlcag m`c su kfpuñabura, asæ m`f` pkrtkckcmlas y fkbaggas bkg hìr`k bk
ga Duarbla Mlvlg bkg _krþ.

Kc kg prlfkr gustr` bk ga prlfkra bìmaba bk :??? sk i`rfa ga M`fpañæa "Agiìrkz

Farlac` ]act`s" -muy`s flkfjr`s vlstkc ucli`rfks lcsplrab`s kc g`s usab`s p`r ga
Duarbla Mlvlg bkg _krþ bk ilcagks bk ga bìmaba bk g`s 4? bkg sldg` XLX- m`f` [clbab
Mkrkf`clag bk ga _`glmæa Caml`cag bkg _krþ.

Kg :9 bk c`vlkfjrk bk :??2, kc ga _gaza bk ga _kruaclbab bk ga Kfjanaba bkg _krþ kc

Jraslg, iuk bkvkgab` kg just` bk Farlac` ]act`s Fatk`.

Kg M`cdrks` bk ga Zkpþjglma apr`jý ga Gky C¾ :<191 bkg 18 bk blmlkfjrk bk :??4 quk

ag Agiìrkz Farlac` ]act`s gk m`cilkrk kg drab` h`c`ræilm` bk Drac Dkckrag bk ga _`glmæa
Caml`cag bkg _krþ..
_krþ..

rkmupkrar aqukg lcsugtab` y facmlggab` sæfj`g` bk ga caml`caglbab bk kgg`s y quk

rkprkskcta ag paæs surkñ` vkcmlb` y mastldab` p`r `sar lcvablr tkrrlt`rl` pkruac`, abkfás
bk vltrlcas m`c gas blikrkctks m`cbkm`ram
m`cbkm`raml`cks
l`cks quk `t`rda ga _`glmæa Caml`cag bkg _krþ,
uca rìpglma bk ga kspaba bk Farlac` ]act`s y agduc`s `tr`s rkmukrb`s bk su vlba.

Kg :; bk farz` bk :??< kc mkrkf`cla rkaglzaba kc kg Hagg bkg Mkctr` bk Agt`s Kstubl`s

Caml`cagks iuk m`g`mab` kg just`
just` bkg Lcspkm
Lcspkmt`r
t`r bk Duarblas DM Fa
Farlac`
rlac` ]act`s Fa
Fatk`,
tk`,
hìr`k caml`cag y Drac Dkckrag y _atr`c` bk ga _`glmæa Caml`cag bkg _krþ.

AGL_L@ _@CMK YÁ]Q[K^

Jl`draiæa

Aglpl` _`cmk Yásqukz camlý kg 1; bk ad`st` bk 1<?9 kc kg Blstrlt` bk Apata, ackx` bk

]ac G`rkcz`, kg muag sk m`cvlrtlý kc blstrlt` kc 1<2:, pr`vlcmla bk Nauna, bkpartafkct`
bk Nucæc.

]us pabrks iukr`c Kflgl` _`cmk y R`fasa Yásqukz, uca parkna bk adrlmugt`rks bkg vaggk
bkg Factar`. ]u ajukg` patkrc`, Avkglc` _`cmk sup` blstlcdulrsk y fkrkmkr prkikrkctk
atkcmlýc bkg Drac Farlsmag Acbrìs Avkglc` Mámkrks, kg ‗Jrun` bk g`s Acbks‖, a muyas
ýrbkcks m`fjatlý kc ga mafpaña bk ga Jrkña, kc g`s añ`s 1881-188=, m`ctra kg lciafk,

1?
lcs`gkctk y rapaz lcvas`r bkg sur, blrldlkcb` kg Jataggýc bk Lciactkræa ‗Mazab`rks bk
Apata‖ C¾ 8.

Mursý ga lcstrummlýc prlfarla kc Apata kc kg M`gkdl` ;?8, h`y Facukg Hkramgl` Darmæa,
para pr`skdulr ga skmucbarla kc kg M`gkdl` ]acta Lsajkg kc ga mlubab
mlubab bk Huacmay`.
Huacmay`.

A g`s 14 añ`s vlaný a Glfa k lcdrksý kc 1<:2 a ga Ksmukga bk ga Duarbla Mlvlg y _`glmæa
m`f` Duarbla-Agufc` kdrksacb` m`c ga Mgask bk Duarbla bkg Mukrp` bk ]kdurlbab bk
ga Zkpþjglma, kg 1; bk farz` bkg añ` sldulkctk. Asmlkcbk a Maj` M] kg :1 bk nugl` bk
1<:4, a ]ardkct` :b`. M] kg 1? bk farz` bk 1<=? y a ]ardkct` 1r`. M] kg 1? bk `mtujrk
bk 1<=:.

Kc 1<=1 iuk c`fjrab` lcstrumt`r kc ga "Ksmukga bk ga Duarbla Mlvlg y _`glmæa".

Bkspuìs bk su asmkcs` a ]ardkct` _rlfkr` ks bkstlcab` a ga 1ª M`facbacmla bk ga

Duarbla Mlvlg y gukd` a ga 1ª M`fpañæa bkg Jataggýc bk ]kdurlbab bkg C`rtk, kc b`cbk
prksta skrvlml`s
skrvlml`s hasta m`flkc
m`flkcz`s
z`s bk 1<=;.

Kg = bk ajrlg bk 1<=; lcdrksý m`f` ]uj-@ilmlag-Agufc` a ga Ksmukga bk @ilmlagks bk ga

Ksmukga bk ga Duarbla Mlvlg y _`glmæa, y kg 4 bk kckr` bk 1<=4 kdrksa m`f` Agiìrkz bk
Majaggkræa DM, pasacb` a prkstar skrvlml`s kc blstlctas [clbabks hasta 1<2?.

Kc nucl` bk 1<=< kc ga mlubab bk @tuzm`, bkpartafkct` bk Ga Gljkrtab, kg Agiìrkz DM

Aglpl` _`cmk Yásqukz m`ctrak fatrlf`cl` m`c ga ]kñ`rlta Yl`gkta M`rmukra Z`brædukz.

_`r _r`f`mlýc asmlkcbk ag Drab` bk Rkclkctk DM kg 1¾ bk farz` bk 1<21.

Kg m`ciglmt` arfab` m`c Kmuab`r

Kc 1<21, sk pr`bun` kc ga ir`ctkra pkruaca m`c kg Kmuab`r ga adrkslýc p`r partk bkg paæs
bkg c`rtk, p`r supukstas mukstl`cks glfætr`iks (kg paæs bkg c`rtk rkmgafaja m`f` suya
uca drac kxtkcslýc bkg tkrrlt`rl` pkruac`, gas pr`vlcmlas bk Rufjks, Naìc y Faycas quk
hac slb` slkfprk tkrrlt`rl`s bkg _krþ bksbk ga ìp`ma bk ga lcbkpkcbkc
lcbkpkcbkcmla
mla kc 18:1, skdþc
ga Zkag Mkbuga bkg 1; bk Nugl` bk 18?: y kg [tl _`sslbktls nurk bk 181?), quk `jgldar`c
ag D`jlkrc` _kruac` bkg _rkslbkctk Facukg _rab` [dartkmhk a ga f`vlglzamlýc
lcfkblata bk gas Iukrzas Arfabas y _`glmlagks bk ga Zkpþjglma hamla kg gudar bk g`s
hkmh`s m`c kg ilc bk m`ctkckr kg lcmaglilmajgk atr`pkgg` a ga s`jkracæa bkg _krþ. @murrlb`

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