Theory 2

TIU Erbil
Architecture Engineering
2022-2023 spring
Theory of architecture III
Lecture 2
Modern Architecture
Asst.lect Dalia Ali Rafeeq

E-mail: dalya.ali@tiu.edu.iq
Art Nouveau 1
Art Nouveau is a design movement and

international style that emerged in 1890s and
early 20th century in Europe, affecting the art,
architecture, furniture, fashion, graphic
design, etc.
Art Nouveau represent the biggening of

modernism in design (modern art and
architecture
It was the first style of commercial art, used

consistently to enhance the beauty of
industrial product.
Art Nouveau means (new art or new style),

derived from a shop in Paris Maison del’ Art
nouveau
Casa Batlló, Barcelona/Spain by Antonio Gaudi

Art Nouveau 22
Art Nouveau artists and architect followed the natural and organic forms in
their designed, inspired by the Asian art.
Characterized by :
• Asymmetrical shapes
• Extensive use of arches and Art Nouveau architecture can be divided into two main
themes:
curved organic forms
1. The Organic Art Nouveau
• Curved windows
2. The Rational Art Nouveau
• Carving plant like embellishments
• Mosaics
• Stained glass
• Organic motifs
1. The Organic Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau 33
Victor Horta
A Belgian architect and designer, he was one of the founders of Art Nouveau
movement.
Art Nouveau 44
Hôtel Tassel
Is a town house in Brussels, Belgium, designed by Victor

Horta for the scientist and professor Emile Tassel, and
built from 1892 to 1893. It is considered the first true Art
Nouveau building, because of its highly innovative plan
and the use of materials and decoration.
• The exterior is designed to be smooth and have a sense

of fluidity, fully stone.
• Horta also diverged from typical architectural
conventions by making the columns that dominate the
front portion out of iron, as opposed to stone.
Art Nouveau 5
Hôtel Tassel
Art Nouveau 6
Hôtel Tassel
• The decoration of the interior featured curling lines, modeled after vines and flowers,
which were repeated in the ironwork railings of the stairway, in the tiles of the floor,
in the glass of the doors and skylights, and painted on the walls
Art Nouveau 7
Antoni Gaudi
A Catalan architect and designer from Spain known as the greatest exponent
of Catalan Modernism.
Gaudi's work was influenced mainly by nature, and religion.
By considering every detail in his work and integrating it into his
architecture such crafts as ceramics, stained glass, wrought ironwork
forging and carpentry.
Gaudi introduced new techniques in the treatment of

materials, such as trencadís which used waste
ceramic pieces.
Art Nouveau 8
Sagrada Familia – Barcelona/Spain

• The most famous of all Gaudi’s works has been under
construction since 1882.
• Building material was mainly sandstone, volcanic rock and
granite.
• It is the largest unfinished Catholic church in the world
• Eighteen spires, representing in ascending order of height the

Twelve Apostles, the four Evangelists, the Virgin Mary and,
tallest of all, Jesus Christ. Eight spires have been built as of
2010, corresponding to four apostles at the Nativity facade and
four apostles at the Passion facade.
• belongs to Gothic Revival and art nouveau
• UNESCO made it a World Heritage Site

Art Nouveau 9

Art Nouveau 10

Art Nouveau 11

Art Nouveau 12

Art Nouveau 13
Other examples
Casa Mila Barcelona Spain
Art Nouveau 14
Other examples
Casa Batllo bacelona spain
Art Nouveau 15
Other examples
Parque Guell Barcelona Spain
Art Nouveau 16
Other examples
Parque Guell Barcelona Spain
2. The Rational Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau 17
Charles Rennie Mackintosh

A Scottish architect who adopted the Arts and Crafts movement and later the Art
Nouveau school in the United Kingdom.
He had a great influence on European design as his contributions showed new interpretations of
style by highlighting the importance of the functional side of the building.
He led the Glasgow Group known as the "Glasgow Four" which included four architects
(Mackintosh and his wife, Margaret MacDonald, Herbert MacNair and his wife).
Among his most prominent works:
• Glasgow School of Art (1897–1909)
• Scotland Street school in Glasgow 1899
• Glasgow Herald offices in Mitchell Street, now The Lighthouse
The design project for the Glasgow School of Art 1897-1909 is considered one of Mackintosh's most
important works of art, which reflects the stylistic developments of his architecture and sheds
light on the rules of a new language that differs from the European Art Nouveau trend.
Art Nouveau 18
Glasgow School of Art (1897–1909)

The Glasgow School of Art is an art school founded at Glasgow , Scotland. This is one of the first
schools promoted by the government and focused on creativity and design to support industry
country.
The project is characterized by:
• Balancing between the old and the new using

stone, brick, iron and wood materials.
• Adopting simple curved lines and avoiding
plant shapes
• The emergence of a new trend in the formative
relationships between the granite mantle in its
solid square shape and the materials of wood,
iron and glass.
• Employing stone in simple flexible curves.
• Extensive use of glass in the front façade,
which reflects the function of the drawing
studios towards the northern lighting.
Art Nouveau 19
Glasgow School of Art 1897–1909

Art Nouveau 20
Glasgow School of Art (1897–1909)

Art Nouveau 21
Scotland Street school in Glasgow)

Art Nouveau 22
Glasgow Herald offices in Mitchell Street.

Art Nouveau 23
Louis Henry Sullivan

An American architect, he was known as “The Father of Skyscraper” or “The father of
Modernism”.
He started in Art Nouveau, later he was influential architect of the Chicago school. He was
a mentor to Frank Lloyd wright.
The taller the building, the more strain this placed on the lower section of the building; since
there were clear engineering limits to the weight such “load bearing walls” could sustain.
large designs meant massively thick walls on the ground floors, and definite limits on the
building’s height.
• The development of cheap, versatile steel in the second half of

the 19th century changed those rules.
• A much more urbanized society was forming, and the society
called out for new, larger building.
• The mass production of steel was the main deriving force
behind the ability to build skyscrapers during the mid-1880s
• Sullivan coined the phase “ form ever follow function”, which,
shortened to “ Form follows Function”
Art Nouveau 24
Prudential Building / Guaranty Building

The Guaranty Building, formerly called the Prudential
Building, is an early skyscraper in Buffalo, New York. It was
designed by Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler and completed
in 1896.
Art Nouveau 25

Art Nouveau 26

Art Nouveau 27

Activity
Design an Art Nouveau elevation A
Elevation A

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TIU Erbil

Theory of architecture III

Asst.lect Dalia Ali Rafeeq

Art Nouveau is a design movement and

Art Nouveau represent the biggening of

It was the first style of commercial art, used

Art Nouveau means (new art or new style),

Casa Batlló, Barcelona/Spain by Antonio Gaudi

Is a town house in Brussels, Belgium, designed by Victor

• The exterior is designed to be smooth and have a sense

Gaudi introduced new techniques in the treatment of

Sagrada Familia – Barcelona/Spain

• Eighteen spires, representing in ascending order of height the

• belongs to Gothic Revival and art nouveau

• UNESCO made it a World Heritage Site

Sagrada Familia – Barcelona/Spain

Sagrada Familia – Barcelona/Spain

Sagrada Familia – Barcelona/Spain

Sagrada Familia – Barcelona/Spain

Charles Rennie Mackintosh

Glasgow School of Art (1897–1909)

The project is characterized by:

• Balancing between the old and the new using

Glasgow School of Art 1897–1909

Glasgow School of Art (1897–1909)

Scotland Street school in Glasgow)

Glasgow Herald offices in Mitchell Street.

Louis Henry Sullivan

• The development of cheap, versatile steel in the second half of

Prudential Building / Guaranty Building

Prudential Building / Guaranty Building

Prudential Building / Guaranty Building

Prudential Building / Guaranty Building

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