Population Studies

Class :
Course: POPULATION STUDIES & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Examination Code :
MAXIMUM MARKS: 60 TIME: 3HOURS
1. Malthus in 1826 started to describe demographic, explain his position. Explain the
influence of Malthus to Darwin thinking.
Malthus believed that population growth tends to increase at a geometric rate while food
supply increases at an arithmetic rate, which means that the population will eventually
outgrow the food supply. Malthus suggested that this problem could be solved by
“positive checks” such as war, famine, and disease, or “preventive checks” such as moral
restraint and delayed marriage.
Charles Darwin was influenced by Malthus’s ideas about population growth and
competition for resources. In particular, Darwin was struck by Malthus’s observation that
populations tend to grow faster than their food supply. This idea helped Darwin to
develop his theory of natural selection, which states that individuals with advantageous
traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without such traits. In other
words, Darwin saw that competition for resources was a key driver of evolution, just as
Malthus had argued that it was a key driver of human history. Darwin’s theory of natural
selection was thus an extension of Malthus’s ideas about population growth and
competition for resources.
2. Identify the stage(s) in the life cycle that affects population growth.
The stage(s) in the life cycle that affects population growth are pre-transition, early
transition, late transition, and post-transition.
In pre-transition stage, both birth and death rates are high, and the growth rate of the
population is very low.
In the early transition stage, the difference between the birth and death rate curves
widens, and the birth rate is more than the death rate.
In the late transition stage, the birth rate starts to decline, while the death rate continues
to decline.
Finally, in the post-transition stage, both birth and death rates are low, and population
growth is negligible.
3. What are the techniques for demographic analysis?

 Conduct secondary research.
 Use demographic data on particular locations from government websites.
 Based on your secondary research, put together your findings into preliminary
customer segments.
 Use market research software to conduct primary research.
 Create surveys with screeners that require the demographics you’ve discovered from
your secondary research.
4. Describe the most important communicable and non-communicable health issues facing
contemporary societies in developed and less developed countries.
World Health Organization (WHO) identifies communicable and non-communicable
diseases as the most important health issues facing contemporary societies in both
developed and less developed countries.
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancers,
and chronic respiratory diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. They account
for 7 of the 10 main causes of death, equivalent to 74% of all deaths globally. More than
15 million people die prematurely every year from a major NCD between the ages of 30
and 69 years; 85% of these premature deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.
Communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, viral hepatitis,
sexually transmitted infections, and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are among the
leading causes of death and disability in low-income countries and marginalized
populations. HIV continues to be a major global public health issue, having claimed 36.3
million lives so far. TB is the world’s second top infectious killer after Covid-19, with 1.5
million people dying from it each year. Children aged under 5 years accounted for 77%
(487.000) of all malaria deaths worldwide in 2020. In the same year, more than 1 billion
people were treated for at least one of the five NTDs amenable to prevention, control, and
elimination.
5. The WHO provides leadership and an evidence base for international action on
surveillance, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care of communicable diseases, non-
communicable diseases, and mental health conditions. They help countries to reduce the
burden and threat of communicable and non-communicable diseases and mental health
conditions by developing innovative global frameworks of policy, legislative and
regulatory measures to encourage governments to establish ambitious national,
multisectoral responses against these diseases and conditions.
6. Explain the interpretation of demographic data.
Demographic data refers to information about groups of people based on certain
characteristics such as age, sex, place of residence, occupation, family status, income, and
more. It is used to gain insights into the target audience and create buyer
personas. Demographic data can also serve as the basis for business analysis and
performance reporting.
For instance, demographic data can be used to analyze the age distribution of a
population and identify the age groups that are most likely to buy a particular product or
service. Similarly, it can be used to determine the gender distribution of a population and
tailor offerings accordingly.
Demographic data is also useful in web analytics and online marketing. It can be
collected to gain a deeper insight into the target group of a web page or to create buyer
personas based on this information. Demographic data is primarily used for strategic
supply targeting and can also be used for business analysis and performance reporting.
7. Is overpopulation a problem only in areas where population density is high?explain!

Overpopulation is a condition where the number of people in a particular area exceeds the
carrying capacity of the environment. It is a problem that can occur in both high-density
and low-density areas. However, it is more common in areas with high population
density, where there is a limited amount of resources to support the population.
Overpopulation can lead to various problems such as food and water shortages,
environmental degradation, and social unrest.
In conclusion, overpopulation is not only a problem in areas with high population density
but can also occur in low-density areas. However, it is more prevalent in areas with high
population density due to limited resources
8. Explain the Types of community needs assessment.

A community needs assessment is a systematic process of identifying the needs or gaps in
service of a neighborhood, town, city, or state, as well as the resources and strengths available to
meet those needs.
There are different types of community needs assessments, including:
1. Asset-based community needs assessment: This type of assessment focuses on identifying the
strengths and assets of a community. It aims to identify the resources that can be leveraged to
address the community’s needs.
2. Community health needs assessment: This type of assessment focuses on identifying the health
needs of a community. It aims to identify the health issues that are prevalent in the community
and the resources that can be used to address them.
3. Community economic needs assessment: This type of assessment focuses on identifying the
economic needs of a community. It aims to identify the economic issues that are prevalent in the
community and the resources that can be used to address them.
4. Community environmental needs assessment: This type of assessment focuses on identifying
the environmental needs of a community. It aims to identify the environmental issues that are
prevalent in the community and the resources that can be used to address them.
5. Community social needs assessment: This type of assessment focuses on identifying the social
needs of a community. It aims to identify the social issues that are prevalent in the community
6. Community education needs assessment: This type of assessment focuses on identifying the
education needs of a community. It aims to identify the educational issues that are prevalent in
the community and the resources that can be used to address them.
7. Community safety needs assessment: This type of assessment focuses on identifying the safety
needs of a community. It aims to identify the safety issues that are prevalent in the community
8. How will the data from the community be used; to set a new agenda, support a new
program or support new changes in service delivery or policies?
In general, community data can be used to inform decision-making and support evidence-
based policies. Community data can help identify areas of need, track progress, and evaluate the
effectiveness of programs and policies.
For example, community data can be used to:
 Identify disparities in health outcomes or access to services across different populations.

 Inform resource allocation by identifying areas with the greatest need for services or programs.
 Track progress towards specific goals or objectives.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of programs or policies by measuring changes in outcomes over
time.
In summary, community data can be a powerful tool for improving decision-making and
promoting equity. By collecting and analyzing community data, policymakers and service
providers can better understand the needs of their communities and develop more effective
strategies for addressing those needs.
Good luck!!!!!!!!!

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Class :

Course: POPULATION STUDIES & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

MAXIMUM MARKS: 60 TIME: 3HOURS

3. What are the techniques for demographic analysis?

7. Is overpopulation a problem only in areas where population density is high?explain!

8. Explain the Types of community needs assessment.

 Identify disparities in health outcomes or access to services across different populations.

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