TUGAS TUTORIAL KE-2

PBIS4202/INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS/2 SKS

Nama Mahasiswa : AGAN MAULANA

1.Explain the differences between free and bound morpheme!

Answer :

In contrast to the division between lexical and grammatical morphemes,the distinction between free
and bound morphemes is straightforward. Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words.
They may be lexical (e.g., {serve}, {press}) or they may be grammatical (e.g., {ad}, {and}). Bound
morphemes, on the other hand,cannot stand alone as words.Likewise,they may be lexical (e.g., {elude}
as in exclude,include, and preclude) or they may be grammatical(e.g.,( P L U ) =plural as in boys,girls,and
cats).

2.Explain the differences between derivational and inflectional morpheme!

Answer :

A.Derivational morphemes

1) In many cases, derivational morphemes change the part of speech or the meaning of a word.For
example, the suffix {-ment} which is added a verb forms a noun. The verb judge + {-ment} becomes
judgment (noun).The word {re-} +activate means 'activate again.

2) Derivational morphemes are not required by syntax.They typically indicate semantic relations within a
word, but no syntactic relations outside the word. For example, un-kind relates un-'not' to kind but has
no particular syntactic connections outside the words.

3) Derivational morphemes are usually not very productive.They generally are selective about what they
will combine with. For instance, the suffix {-hood} occurs with just a few nouns such as brother,
neighbor, and child,but not with most others, such as friend, daughter, or candle.

4) Derivational morphemes typically occur before inflectional morphemes.For example, the underlined
parts in the words governments, actions,and teachers are examples of derivational morphemes.
5) Derivational morphemes do not need to close off the word. It means that we can still add one more
bound morpheme after a derivational morpheme.For example, the word act can become active, activity,
and activities.

B.Inflectional Morphemes

1) Inflectional morphemes do not change meaning or part of speech.For example, big, bigger and
biggest are all adjectives.

2) Inflectional morphemes are required by the syntax. They typically indicate syntactic or semantic
relations between different words in a sentence.Foe instance, in the sentence Maryloves apples, -s
marks the 3rd person singular present form of the verb, relating it to the 3rd singular subject Mary.

3) Inflectional morphemes are very productive. They typically occur with all members of some large class
of morphemes. For example, the plural morphemes {-s} occurs with almost all countable nouns.

4) Inflectional morphemes occur at the margin of a word, after any derivational morphemes.

3.Give one example each for the processes of Borrowing, Blending, and Clipping!

Answer :

A.Borrowing

One of the most common sources of new words in English is the process simply labeled borrowing. that
is, the taking over of words from other languages.Throughout its history,the English language has
adopted a vast number of loan-words from other languages,including alcohol(Arabic), boss (Dutch),
croissant (French), lilac(Persian),piano(Italian),pretzel(German),robot (Czech), tycoon (Japanese),
yogurt(Turkish)and zebra (Bantu). Other languages, of course, borrow terms from English,as can be
observed in the Japanese use of suupaamaaketto ('supermarket') and rajio ('radio'), or Hungarians
talking about sport, klub and futbal, or the French discussing problems of le parking, over a glass of le
whisky; during le weekend.

B.Blending

This combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term is also present in the process called
blending. However, blending is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and
joining it to the end of the other word. In some parts of te United States, there's a product which is used
like gasoline, but is made from alcohol, so the 'blended' term for referring to this product is gasohol. If
you wish to refer to the combined effects of smoke and fog, there's the term smog. Some other
commonly used examples of blending are brunch (breakfast/lunch),motel(motor/hotel)and
telecast(television/broadcast). The British have, for a number of years, considered the feasibility of
constructing a tunnel under the English Channel to France, and newspapers inevitably refer to this
project by using the blended expression Chunnel. A fairly recent invention, based on the blending
process, was President Reagan's version of economic policy, that is. Reaganomics.

C.Clipping
The element of reduction which is noticeable in blending is even more apparent in the process described
as clipping. This occurs when a word of more than one sylable is reduced to a shorter form, often in
casual speech. The term gasoline is still in use,but occurs much less frequently than gas,the clipped
form. Common examples are ad ('advertisement"),fan('fanatic'),bus, plane,prof,lab and flu.

4.Explain the differences between Semantic Features and Semantic Roles!

Answer :

A. semantic feature is a component of the concept associated with a lexical item ('female' + 'performer'
= 'actress'). More generally, it can also be a component of the concept associated with any grammatical
unit, whether composed or not ('female' + 'performer' = 'the female performer' or 'the actress'). [1] An
individual semantic feature constitutes one component of a word's intention, which is the inherent
sense or concept evoked.[2] Linguistic meaning of a word is proposed to arise from contrasts and
significant differences with other words. Semantic features enable linguistics to explain how words that
share certain features may be members of the same semantic domain.

B.Semantic roles (also known as thematic roles or theta roles) are a fundamental concept in linguistics.
As we all know, each sentence consists of different entities. Semantic roles are used to indicate the role
played by each entity in a sentence.Not only can words be treated as containers of meaning, or as
fulfilling roles in events, they can also have “relationships” with each other. You may access Essay No. 2
to know more about Lexical Relations.This essay will explore some semantic roles such as agents,
patients, themes, experiencers, and many others.

5.Give one example each for Synonymy, Hyponymy, Polysemy, and Homophone!

Answer :

A.Synonymy

Two or more forms, with very closely related meanings, which are example, the pairs broad and wide,
stubborn and obstinate, and almost and nearly seem set of features marked for the same values. It
should be noted that the idea of sameness of meaning used in discussing synonymy is not necessarily
total sameness.There are many occasion when one word is appropriate in a sentence, but its synonym
would be odd. For example, whereas the word 'answer'fits in this sentence: Firman had only one correct
answer on the test, its near-synonym reply, would be odd.The other example,even though big and large
are (near) synonyms, the phrases my big sister and my large sister certainly do not have the same
meaning.

B.Hyponymy

A hyponym is a word that contains the meaning of another word; the contained word is known as the
superordinate. For example, oak contains the meaning of tree;therefore,oak is a hyponym of the
superordinate tree. In other words, a hyponym some additional feature values. For instance, the
meaning of the word sow has exactly [+adult], [-male]). In general,there are a number of hyponyms for
each superordinate.For example,boar and piglet are also hyponyms of the superordinate pig, since the
meaning of each of the three words sow,boar,and piglet "contrin"the meaning of the word pig.Thus,it is
not surprising that hyponymy is sometimes referred to as inclusion.The superordinate is the included
word and the hyponym is the including one.

C.Polysemy

A polyseme the phenomenon of having or being open to several or many meanings.When a word has
several very closely related senses or meanings.Polysemous word is a word having two or more
meanings. For example, foot in : - He hurt his foot ; - She stood at the foot of the stairs.A well-known
problem in semantics is how to decide whether we are dealing with a single polysemous word or with
two or more homonyms.F.R.Palmer concluded saying that finally multiplicity of meaning is a very
general characteristic of language.Polysemy is used in semantics and lexical analysis to describe the
word with multiple meanings.Crystal and Dick Hebdige (1979) also defined polysemy.Lexical ambiguity
depends upon homonymy and polysemy.

D.Homophones

are two or more words that share the same pronunciation, but which have different spellings or
meanings. For example, the words ‘hear’ and ‘here’ are homophones because they mean completely
different things, even though they sound similar. In some cases, homophones have the same spelling.A
homophone is a word which is pronounced like another but has a different meaning, and in some cases
a different spelling. For example, the word 'bear' can mean the animal but it can also mean ‘tolerating
something’. Homophones can also differ quite a bit in spelling, such as carat and carrot, or there, their ,
and they're. However, when homophones share the same spelling we call them homonyms.

Reference: BMP INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS PBIS4202