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Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 954

Hajji Bekkay · Adel Mellit ·

Antonio Gagliano · Abdelhamid Rabhi ·
Mohammed Amine Koulali Editors

Proceedings of the
3rd International
Conference on Electronic
Engineering and
Renewable Energy
Systems
ICEERE 2022, 20–22 May 2022, Saidia,
Morocco
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

Volume 954

Series Editors

Leopoldo Angrisani, Department of Electrical and Information Technologies Engineering, University of Napoli
Federico II, Naples, Italy
Marco Arteaga, Departament de Control y Robótica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán,
Mexico
Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi, Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Samarjit Chakraborty, Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, TU München, Munich, Germany
Jiming Chen, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Shanben Chen, Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Tan Kay Chen, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore,
Singapore, Singapore
Rüdiger Dillmann, Humanoids and Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology,
Karlsruhe, Germany
Haibin Duan, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, China
Gianluigi Ferrari, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
Manuel Ferre, Centre for Automation and Robotics CAR (UPM-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,
Madrid, Spain
Sandra Hirche, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Science, Technische Universität
München, Munich, Germany
Faryar Jabbari, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA,
USA
Limin Jia, State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Alaa Khamis, German University in Egypt El Tagamoa El Khames, New Cairo City, Egypt
Torsten Kroeger, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Yong Li, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Qilian Liang, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
Ferran Martín, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra,
Barcelona, Spain
Tan Cher Ming, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Wolfgang Minker, Institute of Information Technology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
Pradeep Misra, Department of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
Sebastian Möller, Quality and Usability Laboratory, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Subhas Mukhopadhyay, School of Engineering & Advanced Technology, Massey University,
Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
Cun-Zheng Ning, Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Toyoaki Nishida, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Luca Oneto, Department of Informatics, BioEngineering, Robotics, University of Genova, Genova, Genova,
Italy
Federica Pascucci, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy
Yong Qin, State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
Gan Woon Seng, School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore, Singapore
Joachim Speidel, Institute of Telecommunications, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
Germano Veiga, Campus da FEUP, INESC Porto, Porto, Portugal
Haitao Wu, Academy of Opto-electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Walter Zamboni, DIEM - Università degli studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
Junjie James Zhang, Charlotte, NC, USA
The book series Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering (LNEE) publishes the latest
developments in Electrical Engineering—quickly, informally and in high quality.
While original research reported in proceedings and monographs has traditionally
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Hajji Bekkay · Adel Mellit · Antonio Gagliano ·
Abdelhamid Rabhi · Mohammed Amine Koulali
Editors

Proceedings of the 3rd

International Conference
on Electronic Engineering
and Renewable Energy
Systems
ICEERE 2022, 20–22 May 2022, Saidia,
Morocco
Editors
Hajji Bekkay Adel Mellit
National School of Applied Sciences Faculty of Sciences and Technology
Mohamed Premier University Jijel University
Oujda, Morocco Jijel, Algeria

Antonio Gagliano Abdelhamid Rabhi

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Picardie Jules Verne
Electronics and Computer Engineering Amiens, France
University of Catania
Catania, Italy

Mohammed Amine Koulali

National School of Applied Sciences
Mohammed Premier University
Oujda, Morocco

ISSN 1876-1100 ISSN 1876-1119 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering
ISBN 978-981-19-6222-6 ISBN 978-981-19-6223-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6223-3

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
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Singapore
Organization

Honorary Committee

Mohamed Ali Habouha, Governor of Berkane Province, Morocco

Yassine Zarloul, President of Mohammed First University, Morocco
Mohamed Ibrahimi, President of Berkane Urban Commune, Morocco
Hassan Ettahiri, Director of Colaimo, Oujda, Morocco

General Chairs

Hajji Bekkay, ENSA-Oujda, Mohammed First University, Morocco

Abdelhamid Rabhi, University of Picardy Jules Verne, France
Adel Mellit, Jijel University, Algeria

General Co-chairs

Mohamed Amine Koulali, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco

Antonio Gagliano, University of Catania, Italy
Giuseppe Marcio Tina, University of Catania, Italy
Michele Calì, University of Catania, Italy

Steering Committee

Loubna Bouselham, ENSAOujda, Morocco

Mohammed Amine Koulali, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco

v
vi Organization

Mohammed Essoufi, ENSAOujda, Morocco

Mohamed Hajji, ENSAOujda, Morocco
Hanae Azzaoui, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco

Students Committee

Chaimae El Fouas, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco

Safae Margoum, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
Essoufi Mohamed, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
Ismail Mir, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
Mohammed Benzaouia, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
Oussama El Manssouri, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
Ayat Yassine, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
Nabil Ayadi, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco

Technical Program Committee

A. Massi Pavan, University of Trieste, Italy

S. Mekhilef, University of Malaysia
A. Elahi, Southern Connecticut State University, USA
E. Quaranta, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Italy
Adel Mellit, University of Jijel, Algeria
Zineb Bougroun, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
Abdellah Mechaqrane, FST-Fes-Morocco
J. Bosche, University of Picardie, France
S. Safak, University of Marmara, Turkey
M. Benghanem, University of Madinah, KSA
Şafak Sağlam, Marmara University, Turkey
A. Gagliano, Université de Catane, Italy
Y. Al Younes, United Arab Emirates
J. Launay, LAAS-CNRS, France
M. Ben Ammar, ENIS, Tunisia
F. Farmakis, University of Thrace, Greece
P. Temple-Boyer, LAAS-CNRS, France
N. Msirdi, LSIS-UMR France
F. Tadeo, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain
A. Migan-dubois, SUPELEC, France
A. Lakhssassi, University of Quebec, Canada
K. Khodja, University of Sciences and Technology, Algeria
Abdelhamid Rabhi, University of Picardie, France
A. Boualit, URAER, Algeria
Organization vii

M. Heyouni, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco

G. M. Tina, University of Catania, Italy
I. Abdi Hadi, Université, Djibouti
A. Mpanda, ESIEE, Amiens, France
A. Aissat, Blida University, Algeria
Omar Moussaoui, EST-Oujda, Morocco
L. Bouselham, ENA-Oujda, Morocco
Vicenc Puig, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain
E. Ogliari, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
D. Benhaddou, University of Houston, USA
M. Belkheiri, Université Amar Telidji de Laghouat, Algeria
C. Jean-Yves, University of Laval Canada
A. Boutayeb, FSO-UMP, Morocco
D. M. Grasso, University of Catania, Italy
M. Alami Marktani, ENSA-FES, Morocco
Naamane Abdelaziz, Université d’Aix Marseille, France
M. Zekriti, Euromed University-FES, Morocco
Augustin Mpanda, ESIEE-Amiens, France
Francesco Nocera, University of Catania, Italy
T. Jarou, Ibn Tofail University, Morocco
Nasiruddin Muhammad, Universiti Sains, Malaysia
D. Ishak, Universiti Sains, Malaysia
Mohamed Khafallah, ENSEM, Morocco
Boualit Hamid, CDER, Algeria
F. Chekired, UDES, EPST-CDER, Algeria
Laili Djaafer, Jijel University, Algeria
A. Mbarki, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
Y. Reggad, Med First University, Morocco
M. Hajji, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
A. El Moussaouy, The Regional Center for the Professions of Education and Training,
Oujda, Morocco
O. Mommadi, FSO-UMP, Morocco
El-Kaber Hachem Faculté des Sciences, Université Moulay Ismail, Meknès, Morocco
M. Saber, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
Boukenoui Rachid, Blida University, Algeria
M. G. Belkasmi, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
A. El Moussati, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
Y. G. Dessouky, AASTMT, Egypt
B. Oral, Marmara University, Turkey
A. Drighil, Université Hassan II, Morocco
Haddad Sofiane, Jijel University Algeria
Daoudi Salah, FSO-Oujda, Morocco
A. Alami, USMBA, FES, Morocco
M. Belkheiri, Université Amar Telidji de Laghouat, Algeria
A. Aissat, University of Blida, Algeria
viii Organization

A. Messaoudi, EST-Oujda, Morocco

H. Aitabbas, UATL, Algeria
Ilhame El Farissi, ENSA-UMP, Morocco
Ouadoudi Zytoune, University Ibn Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco
M. Emharraf, ENSA-UMP, Morocco
Driss Bria, Med First University, Morocco
A. El Ougli, ENSA-Oujda, University Med First, Morocco
Zyane Abdellah, ENSA-Safi, University Med First, Morocco
H. Zahboune, EST-Oujda, Morocco
Senhorinha Teixeira, University of Minho, Portugal
Kerkour-El Miad, EST-Oujda, Morocco Stefano Aneli University of Catania, Italy
Amraqui Samir, EST-Oujda, Morocco
Imad El Mahi, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
Benslimane Anas, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
M. Heyouni, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
El Houssaine El Boudouti, FSO-Oujda, University Med First, Morocco
Abdelali Ed-Dahhak, Moulay Ismail University, Morocco
A. Mbarki, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
Mohammed Amine Koulali, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
Ait Madi Abdessalam, Ibn Tofail University, Morocco
Kassmi Kamal, EST-Oujda, University Med First, Morocco
Falyouni Farid, Med First University, Morocco
A. Benami, FST-Errachidia, Morocco
Guillaume Caron, University of Picardy Jules Verne, France
Y. Khlifi, ENSA, Oujda, Morocco
T. Jarou, ENSA-Kenitra, Morocco
R. El Ghouri, ENSA-Kenitra, Morocco
D. Lara, Tecnologico Nacional de México
S. Naimi, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
A. Azizi, EST-Oujda, Morocco
M. El Arbi, El Hafyani, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
J. Ezzahar, ENSA-Safi, Morocco
A. Galadi, ENSA-Safi, Morocco
A. Mansouri, ENSA-FES, Morocco
S. D. Bennani, ENSA-FES, Morocco
D. Yousfi, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
Elmiloud Chaabelasri, FSO-UMP, Morocco
A. A. Merrouni, FSO-UMP, Morocco
Hanae Azzaoui, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
H. Qjidaa, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, FES, Morocco
A. El Mehdi, ENSA-Oujda, Morocco
Michele Calì, University of Catania, Italy
T. Sgheir, University of Laghouat
R. El Bouayadi, ENSAK, Morocco
Fatima-zahra El Amri, FSO-UMP, Morocco
Organization ix

M. Benhaddou, ENA-Oujda, Morocco

A. Touhami, University of Sidi Bel-Abbes, Algeria
Abdelmalik Zorig, Université Mohamed Boudiaf M’sila, Algeria
Derouich Aziz, EST-FES, Morocco
Ghita Zaz, USMBA-FES, Morocco
Chouki Sentouh, UMR CNRS, UPHF, France
Houcine Chafouk, University of Rouen Normandy, France
Preface

Brief Synopsis About ICEERE 22 Book

The book ICEERE 22 deals with the broad discussion regarding recent advances
and research issues related to the fields of electronic engineering, control and instru-
mentation, embedded systems, communication and renewable energy. The content
of this book is focused on the new concepts and latest results on the application of
machine learning methods and Internet of Things to address problems in renewable
energy systems. The advance of renewable energy applications would not have been
possible without the advance of electronic and information technologies.
With the successful experience of the first and second editions (in Saidia, Morocco,
2018–2020), we truly believe that the third edition of ICEERE 2022 will achieve
greater success and provide a better platform for all the participants to have fruitful
discussions and to share ideas of researches.
We expect that the published papers in the conference will be a trigger for further
related research and technology improvements in this importance subject.
ICEERE 22 will also include presentations of contributed papers and state-
of-the-art lectures by invited keynote speakers. The book has a special focus on
Internet of Things for smart agriculture powered by renewable power energy systems.
Special interest will also be given to the energy challenges for developing the Euro-
Mediterranean regions through new renewable energy technologies in the agricultural
and rural areas.

xi
xii Preface

We would like to thank the program chairs, organization staff and the members of
the program committees for their hard work. Special thanks go to Springer publisher.
We hope that ICEERE 2022 will be successful rand enjoyable to all participants. We
look forward to seeing all of you in two years at ICEERE 2024.

Oujda, Morocco Hajji Bekkay

Jijel, Algeria Adel Mellit
Catania, Italy Antonio Gagliano
Amiens, France Abdelhamid Rabhi
Oujda, Morocco Mohammed Amine Koulali
Invited Speakers: Biography and Abstract

Smart Renewable Energy Systems and Decarbonisation

Dr. Henrik Lund

Editor-in-Chief of Journal Energy, Denmark

Biography
Henrik Lund (born July 2, 1960) is Danish Engineer (M.Sc. Eng. 1985) and Professor
in Energy Planning at Aalborg University in Denmark. He holds a Ph.D. in Imple-
mentation of Sustainable Energy Systems (1990) and Dr.Techn. in Choice Awareness
and Renewable Energy Systems (2009).
He is a highly ranked world-leading researcher. He is listed among ISI Highly
Cited researchers ranking him among the top 1% researchers in the world within
engineering.
He has many years of management experience as head of the department for
approximately 200 staff persons (1996–2002), head of the section for approxi-
mately 50 persons (2014–2016) and head of the research group of 20–30 persons

xiii
xiv Invited Speakers: Biography and Abstract

(2002–present). During his time, the Sustainable Energy Planning Research Group
at Aalborg University has now grown to approximately 30 staff members including
4 professors.
He is Editor-in-Chief of Elsevier’s high-impact journal Energy with annual
10,000+ submissions.
He is Author of more than 400 books and articles including the book Renewable
Energy Systems. He is the architect behind the advanced energy system analysis
software EnergyPLAN, which is a freeware used worldwide that have form the basis
of more than 200 peer-reviewed journal papers around the world.

Abstract: Smart Renewable Energy Systems and Decarbonisation

This presentation focuses on how societies can design and implement renewable
energy and decarbonization strategies. The presentation presents and discusses a set
of methods and criteria to design smart energy systems, while taking into account
the context of 100% renewable energy on a national level. Countries should handle
locally what concerns local demands, but acknowledge the international context
when discussing resources and industrial and transport demands. To illustrate the
method, it is applied to the case of Denmark within the context of a European and a
global energy system.
Recently, the Danish Government supported by the Danish Parliament decided
for the target of a 70% decrease in greenhouse gasses by 2030. This presentation
includes a list of theoretical and methodological considerations as well as a concrete
proposal on how such targets can be implemented. It is highlighted that already now
one have to think beyond 2030 in order to prepare for the next step to achieve a
fully decarbonization by 2040 or 2050. It is also highlighted that a country such
as Denmark have to consider how to include its share of international shipping and
aviation as well as how to design a solution with Denmark’s share of sustainable
biomass resources.
Invited Speakers: Biography and Abstract xv

Book Publishing with Springer

Dr. Ramesh Nath Premnath

Editor Applied Sciences
Engineering, Materials Science, Energy, Water, Climate
Senior publishing editor for academic books
Springer Singapore

Biography
Ramesh Nath Premnath is Senior Publishing Editor for academic books covering
the region of South East Asia and Australasia region. His academic background
includes B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering with 4 years as
Postdoctoral Researcher working in the field of ferroelectric/piezoelectric materials.
During his time at Springer, he has launched/takeover several scientific journals and
has developed a substantial book program from the region has published more than
400 academic books.

Abstract: Book Publishing with Springer

In this talk, he will briefly introduce Springer Nature publishing program and high-
light the different academic book products and online learning platforms that Springer
Nature offers for our users. In turn, he will also reach out to prospective authors who
are interested to publish their next book or online resources with Springer Nature by
providing the step-by-step process in their route to publication.
xvi Invited Speakers: Biography and Abstract

Internet of Things: Applications, Enablers, Security

Dr. Manu Malek

Editor-in-Chief of Elsevier’s
International Journal of Computers and Electrical Engineering, USA

Biography
Manu Malek is Editor-in-Chief of Elsevier’s International Journal of Computers and
Electrical Engineering. He was Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at Lucent
Bell Labs until 2001; then, he joined Stevens Institute of Technology as Professor
of Computer Science and Telecom Management, from which he retired a few years
ago.
He has held various academic positions in the USA and overseas, as well as tech-
nical leadership positions at Telcordia Technologies and AT&T/Lucent Bell Labs. He
is the author, co-author or editor of seven books and author or co-author of numerous
publications in the areas of communication networks, computer communications and
network management.
An alumnus of University of California, Berkeley, he is Life Fellow of the IEEE,
and an IEEE Third Millennium medalist for his contributions. He was Editor for
Network Management of the IEEE Transactions on Communications (1989–92) and
IEEE ComSoc Distinguished Lecturer (1999–2007). He founded and was Editor-in-
Chief of Springer’s Journal of Network and Systems Management (1993–2010).
He is a frequent invitee as keynote speaker at international conferences. His
favorite topic is information security with the subtopics IoT, security forensics and
defense and autonomous vehicles.

Abstract: Internet of Things: Applications, Enablers, Security

The Internet is used daily for many online services: for communicating, finding infor-
mation, doing transactions and for entertainment; and this is possible independent of
location due to its openness and distributed nature. However, this very openness has
Invited Speakers: Biography and Abstract xvii

posed vulnerabilities, allowing attacks such as ID theft, denial of service, industrial

espionage and extortion. The Internet of Things (IoT) anticipates connecting billions
of objects to the Internet in the next few years, thus potentially creating additional
challenging security and privacy issues.
The objective of this talk is to describe current trends affecting Internet security,
and point out the sources of security problems, as well as provide an overview of
IoT and its related security issues. IoT enablers and typical IoT applications will be
presented. Also, some potential security solutions, safeguards and defenses will be
offered.

One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals: Fundamentals

and Applications

Dr. El Houssaine El Boudouti

Mohammed First University, Morocco

Biography
Dr. El Houssaine El Boudouti is Professor at the Department of Physics, Faculty of
Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda (Morocco). He is M.Sc. (1992), Ph.D.
(1994) and Habilitation (2007) from the University of Lille (France). His research
interest concerns elementary excitations (phonons, photons, electrons, plasmons
and magnons) in composite materials such as phononic, photonic, electronic and
magnonic crystals. He published 114 articles, 3 books, 1 chapter book and 2 review
papers. He presented his research work in 100 national and international conferences.
He is awarded the “Research Prize of excellence in Physics” from Mohammed First
University in 2018.
xviii Invited Speakers: Biography and Abstract

Abstract: One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals: Fundamentals

and Applications
Photonics is the physical science and application of electromagnetic waves such
as generation, detection and manipulation through emission, transmission, modu-
lation, switching and sensing. This science is equivalent to what electrons do in
semi-conductors in terms of band gaps, transmission spectra, etc. In this talk, I will
present the main results of our book entitled Photonics published in Elsevier (L.
Dobrzynski et al. 2020) which describes the science of photonic transmission prop-
erties of the interfaces of composite materials systems and devices. I will review the
general analysis methods of interface transmission and give many examples applying
these methods to one-dimensional photonic systems. Applications discussed include
photonic circuits, layered materials and devices.

Health Monitoring Systems for the Renewable Energy

Dr. Houcine Chafouk

ESIGELEC, University of Rouen Normandy, France

Biography
Houcine Chafouk, IEEE Member, is Professor at ESIGELEC and Researcher at
IRSEEM/University of Rouen Normandy, France; he obtained a doctorate in automa-
tion at the University of Nancy, Lorraine, France, in 1990, and then, he joined the
same year the engineering school ESIGELEC, Rouen. From 2000 to 2008, he held the
position of the director of research and head of the research team in automation and
systems. Since 2000, he has supervised around thirty doctoral, postdoctoral and HDR
students who have carried out their research within IRSEEM or with international
partners. He also participated in thesis juries as rapporteur (20 theses) and examiner
(10 theses). He is the author and co-author of more than 150 research articles (publi-
cations and communications) in the fields of advanced control systems, diagnostics
Invited Speakers: Biography and Abstract xix

and fault-tolerant control applied to the fields of renewable energy, automotive and
energy and aerospace.

Abstract: Health Monitoring Systems for the Renewable Energy

The latest developments about the monitoring, the diagnosis and the fault-tolerant
control of a windfarm are presented. A wireless sensor and actuator network are
issued for the supervisory control and data acquisition. As there is a large amount
of information, big data processing frameworks are needed and different computing
paradigms are investigated to store and process the information in real time, which
reduces cost and added security. The fault detection and identification must be done
with fast and precise algorithms to minimize the number of false alarms. Also, it
must consider the great multitude of defects that can appear in a wind turbine, from
internal component failures to outside influences. Fault-tolerant control needs to
consider not only the cases when a turbine fails completely, but also when some
of them are not working properly, or when the environmental conditions, e.g., the
wind, are not optimum. Perspectives on future developments, especially on how the
different components can be integrated together, in the case of a windfarm, are given.

Energy Performances of a Photovoltaic Thermal Plant Using

Different Coolant Nanofluid

Dr. Antonio Gagliano

University of Catania, Italy

Biography
He teaches at Engineering Faculty of University of Catania. He gives academic
courses on the following subjects: Environmental Applied Physics, Acoustic and
Environmental Control Techniques (since 2001). He has supervised more than 50
xx Invited Speakers: Biography and Abstract

thesis of master and tutor of five Ph.D. thesis. He is the scientific supervisor for
research contract, scholarship, research grant activated within research projects,
and he is Scientific Manager of the Laboratory of Applied and Building Physics
of the Department of Electric, Electronic and Computer engineering (DIEEI). He is
Member of the editorial board of the following journals: Energies; AIMS Energy;
Energy Sources; Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects; The Open
Civil Engineering Journal; African Journal of Environmental Science and Tech-
nology; TECNICA ITALIANA-Italian Journal of Engineering Science; Progress in
Energy and Fuels. He is an regular reviewer for the following international journals:
African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Automation in Construc-
tion, Building and Environment, Buildings, Energy and Building, Energy, Energy
Conversion and Management, Energy Efficiency, Engineering Science and Tech-
nology an International Journal, Energy and Environment, Environmental Science
and Pollution Research, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Interna-
tional Journal of Thermal Science, International Journal of Geoinformation, Inter-
national Journal of Sustainable Energy, Journal of Environmental and Public Health,
Journal of Computational Environmental Sciences, Journal of Building Engineering
Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics, Renewable Energy, Sustainable Cities
and Society, Sustainability, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,
Urban Forestry and Urban Greening.

Abstract: Energy Performances of a Photovoltaic Thermal Plant Using

Different Coolant Nanofluid
In the last four decades, greater attention has been paid to PV/T systems due to their
advantages compared with PV or solar thermal systems alone. Recently, nanofluids
have been implemented as heat transfer fluids in PV/T systems. The thermal prop-
erties of several investigated water nanofluids are derived from literature data. In
particular, Al2 O3 –water (1–4% particle volume fraction) and TiO2 –water (1–6%
particle volume fraction) water nanofluids, as well as ZnO-EG at different volume
fractions are investigated in this study.
The performance of the different nanofluid PVT plant is simulated through “TRN-
SYS” software. First, several limitations and constraints are needed to be resolved
to develop a trustworthy simulation environment within the TRNSYS framework.
In particular, the great sensitivity to particle volume fraction and temperature of the
thermal conductivity of the nanofluid has to be taken into account. Thermal and
electrical efficiency as well as the energy yields by changing the heat transfer fluid,
considering variable weather conditions, are calculated. The achieved results showed
the positive contribution of the implementation of nanofluid in PVT plant.
Invited Speakers: Biography and Abstract xxi

New Methods Developed for Precision Agriculture

Dr. Pierre Temple-Boyer

LAAS-CNRS, France

Biography
Pierre Temple-Boyer, born in 1966, received the Engineering degree in Electronics
and Microelectronics from the French “Ecole Supérieure d’Electricité” (SUPELEC,
France) in 1990 and his master degree in solid state physics from the University
“Paul Sabatier” of Toulouse (UPS, France) in 1992. He joined the French “Labora-
toire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes” (LAAS) from the French “Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique” (CNRS) in 1992 and received the Ph.D. degree
from the French “Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse” (INSAT,
France) in 1995. Since then, as a CNRS researcher at LAAS, he has been working on
the integration of materials for microtechnological applications as well as on the study
of physical, chemical and biological microsensors. He received the French “Habil-
itation à diriger des recherches” from the University “Paul Sabatier” of Toulouse
(UPS, France) in 2004 and became the CNRS research director in 2011. In 2016,
he became the deputy director of LAAS-CNRS, incharge of administrative affairs
as well as institutional interactions with the section 08 of CNRS dedicated to micro-
/nanotechnologies, micro-/nanosystems, photonics, electronics, electromagnetism
and power engineering. His expertise field involves the technological integration and
the study of bio-electro-chemical detection/transduction principles for the aqueous
phase analysis at the microscale, aiming to health, environment and agri-business
applications. His research interests concern the realization of bio-electro-chemical
microsensors, the integration of pH-metry techniques, the detection of bio-electro-
chemical species in real media, the monitoring of cell cultures and/or the analysis of
single cells.
xxii Invited Speakers: Biography and Abstract

Abstract: New Methods Developed for Precision Agriculture

In order to deal with environmental impacts of intensive agriculture, new farming
methods should be developed where fertilizers doses are determined over time at
small scale according to soil variability. In this frame, the proposed work is dedi-
cated to the development of a low-cost, robust and real-time analysis system based
on electrochemical microsensors for the in-situ monitoring of soil nitrogen. pH-
sensitive chemical field effect transistors (pH-ChemFET) were adapted to ion detec-
tion in liquid phase using polymer-based ion-sensitive membranes, focusing on the
analysis of ammonium NH4 + and nitrate NO3 – ions. The so-obtained ion-sensitive
field effect transistors (ISFET) were confronted with real soil analysis. Our study
showed, firstly, that pH-ChemFET microdevices are useable for soil measurement
for a six-month period, dealing with soil texture and humidity, and, secondly, that
ISFET microsensors are suitable for quick on-site analysis of nitrogen-based nutrients
measured directly in soil. Thus, a pH/pNH4/pNO3 multi-ISFET sensor was finally
fabricated and integrated in an autonomous, communicating device, including the
power supply and data transmission unit. Thus, the operation of this device was eval-
uated through the monitoring of soil in simulated on-site conditions and real wheat
fields. Overall, this work highlights the promising future of the ChemFET technology
for the nitrogen cycle monitoring associated to plant metabolism as well as for the
soil analysis in the frame of precision agriculture.

Image Blur Control Benefits to Visual Servo Control

in Robotics

Dr. Guillaume Caron

University of Picardie Jules Verne, France
Invited Speakers: Biography and Abstract xxiii

Biography
Guillaume Caron is Associate Professor since 2011 at Universite de Picardie Jules
Verne (UPJV), France. He received the Ph.D. degree in Robotics and the Habilitation
degree from the same university in 2010 and 2019. He was the leader of the Robotic
Perception Group of the MIS Laboratory (UPJV) from 2016 to 2020. He has been
CNRS (French National Scientific Research Center) delegate at the CNRS-AIST
Joint Robotics Laboratory, IRL, Tsukuba, Japan, since 2019. Before, he stayed at
Inria, Rennes, France (2010–2011), and at the University of Osaka, Japan (April–
May 2013). His research interests include artificial vision for robotics, real-time
visual tracking and servoing and digital heritage.
He has been Chair of the Technical Committee “Computer vision for cultural
heritage applications” of the International Association for Pattern Recognition
(IAPR) since 2018.

Abstract: Image Blur Control Benefits to Visual Servo Control in Robotics

Visual perception plays a key role toward the functional autonomy of robots. Among
the several paradigms of robot vision, visual servoing defines the robot positioning
by the automatic control of its degrees of freedom from visual information. The
visual information of lowest level is pixel brightness that is successfully exploited
by the direct visual servoing to control the robot maximizing the similarity between
an image, acquired or rendered at the desired pose, and the video stream currently
acquired by the camera onboard the robot.
This talk will show that considering blurred images and controlling the variation
of blur permit direct visual servoing to reach accurately a distant desired pose. Inves-
tigations on optical blur and blur as a result of image processing for conventional
and panoramic cameras demonstrate this assessment on robot arms, mobile robot
and drone.
xxiv Invited Speakers: Biography and Abstract

Lab-on-Disc for In-Situ Monitoring of Surface Water

Quality by Algae Biosensors and Physicochemical Sensors

Dr. Jérôme Launay

LAAS-CNRS, France

Biography
Jérôme Launay, 42 years old, received the engineering degree in electronics and
microelectronics from the French “Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de
Toulouse” (INSAT, France) in 1998 and his master degree in microelectronic from the
INSAT in 1998. He joined the French “Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des
Systèmes” (LAAS) from the French “Centre National de la RechercheScientifique”
(CNRS) in 1998 and received the Ph.D. degree from the INSAT in 2001. Since
2006, as a lecturer at LAAS, he has been working on the integration of materials for
microtechnological applications as well as on the study of physical, chemical and
biological microsensors. His expertise field involves the technological integration and
the study of bio-electro-chemical detection/transduction principles for the aqueous
phase analysis at the microscale, aiming to health, environment and agri-business
applications. His research interests concern the realization of bio-electro-chemical
microsensors, the integration of pH-metry techniques, the detection of bio-electro-
chemical species in real media, the monitoring of cells cultures and/or single cell
analysis.

Abstract: Lab-on-Disc for In-Situ Monitoring of Surface Water Quality

by Algae Biosensors and Physicochemical Sensors
To overcome the issue raised by the lack of available tools for monitoring water
quality, from the source to the consumers, the BELUGA project aims to develop an
easy-to-use dummy-proofed portable system allowing for a rapid in-situ diagnosis of
surface water pollution. This low-cost demonstrator will benefit from the microfluidic
technology in a "Lab-On-a-Disk" (LOD) format and will perform multi-parameter
Invited Speakers: Biography and Abstract xxv

analyses of complex matrices of pollutants. The LOD consists of several disks,

each integrating one or more functions for the control of fluids, the detection of
pollutants using microalgae-based biosensors as well as physico-chemical sensors
(e.g., dissolved O2 , fluorescence, pH, temperature, nitrates, etc.). The proposed multi-
sensors detection will improve the reliability of measurements in terms of qualitative
response and will allow for obtaining a selective and effective test for surface water
pollutants.

Fault Detection and Diagnosis Applied to Photovoltaic

Power Plants

Dr. Anne Migan Dubois

Paris-Saclay University, France

Biography
She is Researcher at GeePs and Professor at U-PSay. She is the leader of the activities
“Advanced characterizations in real conditions” and “soft integration of PV in smart-
grid” at GeePs. She has supervised 13 Ph.D. thesis and several master thesis. She is
an author/co-author of more than 100 papers and international communications and
co-owner of 3 patents in PV. She is an expert for ANR evaluations, regular reviewer
for IEEE journal (occasional for some other journals in the field of PV) and Editorial
Board Member of the MDPI journal Sustainability. She teaches at the University of
Paris-Saclay in energy conversion, electronics, optronics and instrumentation. She
was responsible for two professional undergraduate degrees in Energy Efficiency in
Buildings (creation) and in Maintenance.

Abstract: Fault Detection and Diagnosis Applied to Photovoltaic Power Plants

There is an increasing interest both in academic and in industry for health monitoring
of photovoltaic (PV) power plants. The main reasons are safety issues and the loss
xxvi Invited Speakers: Biography and Abstract

of income due to faults or failures. In a PV power plant, on the DC side, the fault can
affect a single cell, a module or a string. The fault effect or signature can be detectable
or not, depending on the available information, the fault severity and the fault diag-
nosis method. From the abundant literature, there is a diversity of approaches based
on different input data (array I-V characteristic, array or string maximum power
point, module-level power point, infrared images, etc.), different techniques (image
processing, neural network, etc.) depending on fault types (mismatch, short-circuit,
open-circuit, etc.). From the application point of view, it is not obvious to identify
what would be the most efficient method to implement a condition-based main-
tenance that is now recognized as the most cost-effective method. Therefore, we
propose in this work from the analysis of the publications in 2017 to classify the
fault detection and diagnosis methods through a framework defined in four steps:
modeling, pre-processing, features extraction and features analysis.
Contents

Communication, Networks and Information Technology

A Fuzzy Logic-Based Intrusion Detection System for WBAN
Against Jamming Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Asmae Bengag, Amina Bengag, Omar Moussaoui, and Blej Mohamed
An Enhanced Approach Based on PCA and ACO Methods
for Facial Features Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chaimaa Khoudda, El Miloud Smaili, Salma Azzouzi,
and Moulay El Hassan Charaf
The GPSR Routing Protocol in VANETs: Improvements
and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Amina Bengag, Asmae Bengag, and Mohamed Elboukhari
The Dynamics of a Population of Healthy Adults,
Overweight/Obese and Diabetics With and Without
Complications in Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
E. N. Mohamed Lamlili, Wiam Boutayeb, and Abdesslam Boutayeb
Dermatologist-Level Classification of Skin Cancer with Level
Set Method and Isolation Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Khalid Bellaj, Soumaya Boujena, and Mohammed Benmir
A Generalized Freeman Chain Code for Offline Arabic
Character Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Mohammed Kadi, Youssef Douzi, and M’barek Nasri
Performing Spectrum Sensing Using a Deep Learning Algorithm
for Cognitive Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Omar Serghini, Hayat Semlali, Asmaa Maali, Najib Boumaaz,
Abdallah Soulmani, and Abdelilah Ghammaz

xxvii
xxviii Contents

A Retrospective on OOADARE as an Automated Object-Based

Approach for Requirements Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Amal Khalil, Hajar Lamsellak, Zineb Bougroun, Mohammed Saber,
and Mohammed Ghaouth Belkasmi
Computational Analysis of Human Navigation Trajectories
in the VR Magic Carpet ™ Using K-Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Ihababdelbasset Annaki, Mohammed Rahmoune,
and Mohammed Bourhaleb
The Management of Approaches in the Decentralized
Architecture of the PBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Essaid Ammar
COVID-19 SEIAR Model with Sensitivity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Mohamed Derouich, E. N. Mohamed Lamlili,
and Abdesslam Boutayeb
Toward Multi-label Attribute Estimation on Multiple Faces
Using CNN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Mohammed Berrahal and Mostafa Azizi
New Design of an X-Band 2 × 2 Patch Array Antenna
with Circular Slots for Nanosatellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Nabil EL Hassainate, Ahmed Oulad Said, and Zouhair Guennoun

Materials and Devices Applications

Improvement of Silicon Nanowire-Based Photovoltaic Solar Cell
with the Integration of CIGS Quantum Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Meriem Safi, Abdelkader Aissat, Houcine Guesmi,
and Jean Pierre Vilcot
Intersubband Optical Properties of Strained InAsSb/AlGaAs
Quantum Well Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
L. Chenini, A. Aissat, and Jean Pierre Vilcot
Numerical Simulation: Toward High-Efficiency CIGS Solar
Cell Through Buffer Layer Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Abdallah Bendoumou, Abderrahim Raidou, Atika Fahmi,
Mohamed Lharch, and Mounir Fahoume
Influence of an Alternating Phase on the Electron Heating
in Capacitively Coupled Radio-Frequency Discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Abdelhak Missaoui, Morad El kaouini, and Hassan Chatei
Computational Simulation of High-Efficiency HTL-Free
Sb2 Se3 -Based Solar Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Abdellah Benami, Abdelmajid El Khalfi, Youssef Achenani,
lhoussayne Et-taya, and Lahoucine Elmaimouni
Contents xxix

Optimization of Cd-Free CZTSSe Kesterite Device with Different

BSF Layers by SCAPS-1D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Lhoussayne Et-taya and Abdellah Benami
Analysis of 2D Simulation of Hydrogenated Silicon Nitride
Plasma Discharge in CCP Reactor for Thin Film Solar Cell
Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Meryem Grari, Yassmina Guetbach, Sara Said, CifAllah Zoheir,
and Abdenacer Essalhi
Effect of Next-Nearest-Neighbors Intersite Coupling on the Band
Structure of a One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Mohamed El Ghafiani, Yamina Rezzouk, Soufyane Khattou,
Madiha Amrani, Mohammed Moutaouekkil,
and El Houssaine El Boudouti
Y-shaped Demultiplexer Based on Asymmetric Loop Photonic
Waveguides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Mimoun El-Aouni, Youssef Ben-Ali, Ilyass El Kadmiri, and Driss Bria
Narrow Localized Electronic States Induced by Defective
Electronic Comb-Like Quantum Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Siham Machichi, Fatima Zahra Elamri, Youssef Ben-Ali,
Farid Falyouni, and Driss Bria
Zak Phase and Topological Tamm States Between Two Photonic
Comb Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Soufyane Khattou, Yamina Rezzouk, Madiha Amrani,
Mohamed El Ghafiani, El Houssaine El Boudouti,
and Bahram Djafari-Rouhani
High- Q Resonant Modes in Periodic Stubbed Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Yamina Rezzouk, Mohamed El Ghafiani, Soufyane Khattou,
Madiha Amrani, El Houssaine El Boudouti, Abdelkrim Talbi,
and Bahram Djafari-Rouhani
Theoretical Study of the Sensitivity of the Localized Electronic
States Induced by the Presence of Defects in a ZnO/Zn1− x Mgx O
MQWs Under Hydrostatic Pressure and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Abdelkader Baidri, Fatima Zahra Elamri, Farid Falyouni,
Youssef Ben-Ali, and Driss Bria
Simultaneous Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure and Temperature
on the Transport of an Electron in AlGaAs Cylindrical Quantum
Wire Sandwiched Between Two GaAs Cylindrical Quantum
Well Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Mohammed Rida Qasem, Youssef Ben-Ali, Farid Falyouni,
and Driss Bria
xxx Contents

Hydrostatic Pressure and Temperature Effects on Linear

and Nonlinear Optical Properties in 2D Ultra-Thin Quantum Dot . . . . . 251
Mohammed Hbibi, Omar Mommadi, Soufiane Chouef,
Reda Boussetta, Laaziz Belamkadem, Abdelaziz El Moussaouy,
Juan Alejandro Vinasco, Carlos Alberto Duque, and Farid Falyouni
Size Effect of Spindle Toroidal Quantum Dot on Electronic
Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Reda Boussetta, Omar Mommadi, Laaziz Belamkadem,
Soufiane Chouef, Mohammed Hbibi, Abdelaziz El Moussaouy,
Juan Alejandro Vinasco, Carlos Alberto Duque,
and Abdelhamid Kerkour El Miad
Impact of Electric Field Strength on the Binding Energy
of an Off-Center Donor in Quantum Ring: Quarter Cross
Section Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Soufiane Chouef, Omar Mommadi, Reda Boussetta,
Mohammed Hbibi, Laaziz Belamkadem, Abdelaziz El Moussaouy,
Juan Alejandro Vinasco, Carlos Alberto Duque, and Farid Falyouni
Numerical Analysis of Various Hole Transport Material (HTM)
for an Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Touria Ouslimane, Lhoussayne Et-taya, and Abdellah Benami
Photonic Flat Bands of Asymmetric Star Waveguides Structure . . . . . . . 289
Y. Errouas, Y. Ben-Ali, I. El Kadmiri, and Driss Bria
Binding Energy of an Off-Center Shallow Donor Impurity
in Wedge-Shaped Quantum Dot Under Electric Field Effect . . . . . . . . . . 299
Mohamed Chnafi, Omar Mommadi, Soufiane Chouef,
Reda Boussetta, Laaziz Belamkadem, Mohammed Hbibi,
Abdelaziz El Moussaouy, Juan Alejandro Vinasco,
Carlos Alberto Duque, and Farid Falyouni

Electronics and Biomedical Applications

Design and Optimization of a WPT System for Powering
Biomedical Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Brahim Ouacha, Hamid Bouyghf, Mohammed Nahid,
and Said Abenna
Prediction of Port A Cath Complications Using Machine
Learning Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Hanane El Oualy, Hajji Bekkay, Adel Mellit, Mouhsine Omari,
Kamal Ahsayan, and Hamid Madani
Contents xxxi

Fast and Accurate Color Image Classification Based

on Quaternion Tchebichef Moments and Quaternion
Convolutional Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Abdelmajid El Alami, Abderrahim Mesbah, Nadia Berrahou,
Aissam Berrahou, Mohammed Ouazzani Jamil, and Hassan Qjidaa
Slew-Rate Enhancement of a Full-On Chip CMOS LDO Based
on a Capacitorless Push–Pull Current Booster Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Kamal Zared, Hatim Ameziane, Aicha Alami Hassani,
Hicham Akhamal, Mohammed Jamil Ouazzani, and Hassan Qjidaa
Telemedicine in the Era of Covid-19: Teleconsultation
Architecture Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Ayat Yassine, El Moussati Ali, and Mir Ismail
SiNW-ISFET Sensor Modeling Using the k-Nearest Neighbor
Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Nabil Ayadi, Hajji Bekkay, Ahmet Lale, Jerome Launay,
and Pierre Temple-Boyer
Portable Device for Real-Time Monitoring of Blood Samples . . . . . . . . . 367
Ayat Yassine, El Moussati Ali, Choukri Mohammed, Mir Ismail,
and Benslimane Anas
The Use of GA and PSO Algorithms to Improve the Limitations
of a Readout Circuit of an pH-ISFET Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Abdelkhalak Harrak and Salah Eddine Naimi
Modeling of Electromagnetic Field Effects on Interconnections
Between High Frequency Deep Sub-micrometer CMOS
Integrated Circuits Using FDTD Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Youssef Nadir, Khaoula Ait Belaid, Hassan Belahrach,
Abdelilah Ghammaz, Aze-eddine Naamane,
and Radouani Mohammed
Design and Experimentation of an Automotive Diagnostic Tool
for Headlamp ECU Based on the UDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Meryam El Mahri, Tarik Jarou, Ihssane Sefrioui, Sofia El Idrissi,
and Jawad Abdouni
Design and Experimentation of an Automatic Communication
Tool for Automotive Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Ihssane Sefrioui, Tarik Jarou, Meryam El Mahri, Sofia El Idrissi,
and Jawad Abdouni
Portable Ultrasound Sensors System for Breast Cancer Early
Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
G. Zaz, M. Zekriti, and L. Fakri-Bouchet
xxxii Contents

Cough Detection for Prevention Against the COVID-19 Pandemic . . . . 421

Btissam Bouzammour, Ghita Zaz, Malika Alami Marktani,
Ali Ahaitouf, and Mohammed Jorio

Power Electronics and Control Systems

Impact of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System in the Power
Quality of a Transmission Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
M. Dib, A. Nejmi, and M. Ramzi
Nonlinear Control of a Three-Phase, Double-Stage Grid-Tied
Photovoltaic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Salwa Naddami, Najib Ababssi, and Mohcine Mokhlis
Experimental Test of a Three-Phase Inverter Using a Launchpad
TMS320F28379D Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Chaymaâ Boutahiri, Ayoub Nouaiti, Aziz Bouazi,
and Abdallah Marhraoui Hsaini
Efficient Fuzzy Logic MPPT Controls for Sudden Change in Load . . . . 461
Mohammed Boutaybi, Yamina Khlifi, and Hajji Bekkay
A Nonlinear Control of Energy Storage System-PV-Based
Stand-Alone DC-Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
B. K. Oubbati, Abdelhamid Rabhi, S. Benzaouia, M. Boutoubat,
M. Belkheiri, and Y. Oubbati
Real-Time Control for PMSG System Without Mechanical
Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Badreddine Lahfaoui
New Strategy for Unbalance Compensation Based on PWM
AC-Chopper for Railway Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Mir Ismail, Benslimane Anas, Bouchnaif Jamal,
Lahfaoui Badreddine, Ayat Yassine, and Yandouzi Mimoun
Evaluation of an MPPT DC–DC Boost Controller using a PV
Emulator-Based Test System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Mohammed Chaker, Driss Yousfi, Mohammed Essoufi,
and Amine El Houre
Introduction of a Correction Factor for Predicting Real Stirling
Engine Efficiency Based on Ideal Adiabatic Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Kaoutar Laazaar and Noureddine Boutammachte
Enhancement of Standalone PMSG Wind Turbine System
Utilizing Nonlinear Proportional-Integral Control Technique . . . . . . . . 527
Ahmed Omar Elgharib, Soufyane Benzaouia, and Aziz Naamane
Contents xxxiii

Electric Vehicle
NARX Black-Box Modeling of a Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Based
on Automotive Drive Cycles Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Jaouad Khalfi, Najib Boumaaz, Abdallah Soulmani, Sara Laafar,
Asmaa Maali, and El Mehdi Laadissi
Design and Demonstrate an Attack Strategy to Control
a Vehicle’s Computer by Targeting Its Electrical Network . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Mohammed Karrouchi, Abdelhafid Messaoudi, Kamal Kassmi,
Ismail Nasri, Ilias Atmane, and Jalal Blaacha
Real-Time Power Management Strategy
of Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage
System for Electric Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Mohammed Amine Mossadak, Ahmed Chebak, Nada Ouahabi,
and Abdelhafid AIT Elmahjoub
Controlling Powered Two-Wheeled Vehicles in Bends Using
Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Fakhreddine Jalti, Hajji Bekkay, and Abderrahim Mbarki
Modeling and Analysis of a Fuel Cell-Battery Hybrid Electric
Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
M. Essoufi, Hajji Bekkay, and Abdelhamid Rabhi
Interleaved Boost Converter Control Technique Improvements
for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Soufyane Benzaouia, Nacer M’Sirdi, Abdelhamid Rabhi,
Brahim Khalil Oubbati, and Smail Zouggar

IoT and Machine Learning Methods

Synergy of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Satellites for Surface Soil
Moisture Retrieval Over Wheat Crops in Semi-arid Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Nadia Ouaadi, Jamal Ezzahar, Lionel Jarlan, Saïd Khabba,
and Pierre Luis Frison
Smart Greenhouse with Plant Diseases Classification Using
Transfer Learning and Deep CNNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Adel Mellit and Hajji Bekkay
IoT-Based Data Acquisition and Remote Monitoring System
for Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Muhammet Şamil Kalay, Beyhan Kılıç, Adel Mellit, Bülent Oral,
and Şafak Sağlam
xxxiv Contents

An Intrusion Detection System Using Machine Learning

for Internet of Medical Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Idriss Idrissi, Mohammed Boukabous, Mounir Grari, Mostafa Azizi,
and Omar Moussaoui
Predicting Intensive Care Unit Admission Using Machine
and Deep Learning: COVID-19 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Mohammed Boukabous, Idriss Idrissi, Mounir Grari, Mostafa Azizi,
and Omar Moussaoui
Neural Network-Based Precision Irrigation Scheduling
and Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Benzaouia Mohammed, Hajji Bekkay, Mokhtari Hassan,
and Chaabane Khalid
IoTScal-SC2: Two Cloud Computing Systems-Based
Collaboration Solution for Scalability Issue in IoT Networks . . . . . . . . . 671
Abdellah Zyane, Mohamed Nabil Bahiri, and Abdelilah Ghammaz
An Effective Ensemble Learning Method for Fault Diagnosis
of Photovoltaic Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Adel Mellit and Sahbi Boubaker
A Lightweight Deep Learning Model for Forest Fires Detection
and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Mimoun Yandouzi, Idriss Idrissi, Mohammed Boukabous,
Mounir Grari, Omar Moussaoui, Mostafa Azizi, Kamal Ghoumid,
and Aissa Kerkour Elmiad
A Review on Precision Irrigation Techniques and Controls
for Better Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Hassan Mokhtari, Mohammed Benzaouia, Hajji Bekkay,
and Khalid Chaabane

Renewable Energy
Assessing the Thermal Performance of Traditional and Modern
Building Materials for Hot and Arid Climate. Case Study:
Er-Rachidia, Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Ali Lamrani Alaoui, Abdel-illah Amrani, Ahmed Alami Merrouni,
Abdelkarim Daoudia, Youssef El Hassouani, Elmiloud Chaabelasri,
and Mohammed Halimi
Mathematical Modeling of the Serpentine Configuration
Evaporator for the Construction of Mini Solar Tower Project
in Oujda, Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Firyal Latrache, Zakia Hammouch, Benaissa Bellach,
and Mohammed Ghammouri
Contents xxxv

Energy Performances of a Photovoltaic Thermal Plant Using

Different Coolant Nanofluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
Stefano Aneli, Antonio Gagliano, Hajji Bekkay, Giovanni Mannino,
and Giuseppe M. Tina
Simulation and Comparative Study of the Effect of the Wet
and Dry Cooling Modes on the Performance of Parabolic
Trough Solar Thermal Power Plants in the Arid Zone of Morocco . . . . . 741
Hanane Ait Lahoussine Ouali, Mujeeb Iqbal Soomro, Samir Touili,
and Ahmed Alami Merrouni
CFD and Wake Analysis of the Wind Flow Through Two Wind
Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
Diogo Silva, João Silva, Paulo Pinto, Senhorinha Teixeira,
and José Teixeira
Simulation and Yield Analysis of a Solar Tower Plant Combined
with Seawater Desalination System in the Mediterranean Area . . . . . . . 761
Hanane Ait Lahoussine Ouali, Mujeeb Iqbal Soomro, Samir Touili,
and Ahmed Alami Merrouni
Evaluation of Photovoltaic, Wind and Hybrid Energy Systems
for the Power-to-Hydrogen (PtH) Concept in Eastern Morocco . . . . . . . 773
Samir Touili, Salaheddine Amrani, Hanane Ait Lahoussine Ouali,
Ahmed Alami Merouni, and Hassane Dekhissi
Improvement of the Mirror Cleanliness Control Methodology
in a Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Power Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
Fatima-Ezahra El Haddad, Yousra Jbari, and Souad Abderafi
Seasonal Variation of Atmospheric Absorptivity in Ouarzazate . . . . . . . 789
Ouassila Salhi, Mohammed Diouri,
Abdelmoula Ben-tayeb, Ibtissam Marsli, Sara El Hassani,
and Mohammed Ammine Moussaoui
Development of a New Monitoring Method for Rotating
Machines Based on Maintenance 4.0—A Case Study
of Unbalance and Misalignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
El Mahdi Bouyahrouzi and Bachir El Kihel
CSP Mirror Soiling Modeling from Measured Weather Factors
and Forecasting Using OpenWeatherMap Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
Ayoub Oufadel, Alae Azouzoute, Massaab El Ydrissi,
Hicham Ghennioui, El Ghali Bennouna, and Alami Hassani Aicha
Modeling a Real-Time Prediction System for Solar Collector
Reflectivity Using Fuzzy Petri Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
A. Serji, E. B. Mermri, and M. Blej
xxxvi Contents

Experimental Validation of a Photovoltaic/Electrolysis System

Dedicated to Supplying an Alternating Load and Producing
Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
S. Yahyaoui, A. Aziz, A. Messaoudi, J. Blaacha, S. Dahbi,
and I. Messaoudi
Numerical Modeling of a Two-Dimensional Multiphase Flow
Through a Porous Dam-Break . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Abderrahmane Kaouachi, Salah Daoudi, and Imad Elmahi
High Order Scheme for Numerical Simulation of an Oblique
Shock Overbreak a Ramp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Youssef Es-Sabry, Hind Talbi, Elmiloud Chaabelasri, and Najim Salhi
Modeling of the Magnetohydrodynamic Flow of the Nanofluid
Confined Between Two Parallel Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
Manar Ennaouri and El-Kaber Hachem
Autonomous Solar Photovoltaic/Battery System
for the Electrification of Wastewater Pumping Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
Mohammed Chennaif, Mohamed Maaouane,
Mohamed Larbi Elhafyani, Hassan Zahboune, Smail Zouggar,
Jalal Blaacha, Mohammed El Fahssi, Omar Mommadi,
and Jamal-Eddine Salhi
Comparison of Fixed-Tilt and Tracking PV Plants Coupled
to Reverse Osmosis Desalination System: Case of Agadir
and Ouarzazate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873
H. El Mouden, M. Touba, M. Akhsassi, F. Ait Nouh, R. Benbba,
M. Jabbour, L. Mandi, and A. Outzourhit
Evaluation of Energy Use Intensity and Energy Cost
of a Residential Building in Morocco Using BIM Approach . . . . . . . . . . . 885
Mohamed Maaouane, Mohammed Chennaif, Smail Zouggar,
Mohammed El Arabi, Jalal Blaacha, and Mohammed El Fahssi
Numerical Modeling of Partial Dam-Break Over Mobile Bed:
Very Fine Sand Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895
Sanae Jelti and Abdelhafid Serghini
Study Effect of Nanofluids on the Performance Enhancement
of PV/T Collector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905
Safae Margoum, Chaimae El Fouas, Hajji Bekkay, Stefano Aneli,
Antonio Gagliano, Giovanni Mannino, and Giuseppe M. Tina
Contents xxxvii

Thermal Comfort Assessment of a Small House in Portugal

Using EnergyPlus and Ansys Fluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917
Inês M. Teixeira, Diogo B. Esteves, Nelson J. Rodrigues,
Luís A. Martins, José C. Teixeira, Ana C. Ferreira,
and Senhorinha F. Teixeira
Influence of Typical Meteorological Years on the Optimization
of Incident Solar Radiation for PV Applications in Portugal . . . . . . . . . . 925
Ana C. Ferreira, Nuno Menezes, Inês M. Teixeira,
Senhorinha F. Teixeira, and Luís A. Martins
Time Series Forecasting of a Photovoltaic Panel Energy
Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933
Abdelaziz El Aouni and Salah Eddine Naimi
Study of the Hybrid Solar Energy Supply of a Mobile Service
Unit (MSU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943
Abdelkrim Laabid, A. Laamimi, A. Saad, and M. Mazouzi
Performances Comparison of PV/T Solar Plants with Roll-Bond
and Sheet-and-Tube Absorbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
Chaimae El Fouas, Mohamed Hajji, Oussama El Manssouri,
Hajji Bekkay, Antonio Gagliano, and Giuseppe Marco Tina
Simulation Numerical of a Bi-fluid Photovoltaic/Thermal Solar
Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971
Oussama El Manssouri, João Silva, Hajji Bekkay, José Teixeira,
Senhorinha Teixeira, and Mohamed Hajji
Numerical and Parametric Analysis of Nanofluid-Based PV/T
System for Hydrogen Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979
Safae Margoum, Chaimae El Fouas, Mohamed Hajji, Hajji Bekkay,
and Abdelhamid Rabhi
A Hybrid HGWO-PSO Approach for Combined Economic
Emission Dispatch Problem Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989
Naima Agouzoul, Faissal Elmariami, Aziz Oukennou, Ali Tarraq,
and Rabiaa Gadal
VSAS Models for Energy Processes and a Greenhouse
Simulation and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999
Nacer K. M’Sirdi and Fabrice Aubépart
Impact of Wind Power Integration on the Moroccan Electrical
Grid Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
M. El Fahssi, T. Ouchbel, S. Zouggar, M. Larbi Elhafyani,
M. Oukili, M. Maaouane, and M. Chennaif
xxxviii Contents

Development of an Energy Management Approach

in a Residential Building Integrating Renewable Energies . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
Abdelouahid El Youssefi, Noudi Nsangou Mama, and Abdallah Saad
Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer in a Solar Collector
Submitted the Flow of Nanofluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035
Fatima-Zahra Barhdadi, Ikrame Jamal, Kamal Amghar,
and Salah Daoudi
Numerical Investigation on Ejector Optimization
and Performance Using the Refrigerant R134a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045
Ikrame Jamal, Fatima Zahra Barhdadi, Kamal Amghar,
and Salah Daoudi
Optimization of Industrial Energy Efficiency by Intelligent
Predictive Maintenance Tools, Case of Coupling Misalignment
and Unbalance for an Industrial System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055
Yousra El Kihel, Amar Bakdid, and Ali El Kihel
The Influence of Reynolds Number and Baffles
on the Thermos-Hydrodynamic Behavior of Circular
Pipe in Three Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
Jamal-Eddine Salhi, Nassreddine Hmidi, Tarik Zarrouk,
Abdel-illah Amrani, Ahmed Alami Merrouni,
Elmiloud Chaabelasri, Merzouki Salhi, and Najim Salhi
Photovoltaic Panels End-of-Life Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
Michele Calì and Alberto Acri
About the Editors

Hajji Bekkay is Professor and Director of the Renewable Energy, Embedded

Systems and Information Processing Laboratory in the National School of Applied
Sciences at the Mohammed First University. He received his DEA in microelec-
tronics from the “Institut National des Sciences Appliquées of Toulouse” (INSAT,
France) in 1996 and his Ph.D. from the Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of
Systems (LAAS-CNRS) Toulouse, France. He is author of two proceedings books
and one handbook. His research activities focus on the development of biochemical
micro-sensors and the application of artificial intelligence techniques in photovoltaic
systems.

Adel Mellit is Professor at the Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Jijel University,
Algeria. He received his MS and Ph.D. in electronics from the University of Sciences
Technologies (USTHB), Algiers, in 2002 and 2006, respectively. His research inter-
ests focus on the application of artificial intelligence techniques in photovoltaic
systems and micro-grids. Dr. Adel Mellit has authored or co-authored more than
170 papers in international peer-reviewed journals (mostly with Elsevier), papers in
conference proceedings (mostly with the IEEE) mainly on photovoltaic systems, six
book chapters, two proceedings books and one handbook. He is serving on the edito-
rial board of the Renewable Energy and is Editor of the IEEE Journal of Photovoltaic
and of Energy (Elsevier Ltd.).

Antonio Gagliano is Associate Professor of Building Physics at the University of

Catania, Italy, where he is the Scientific Manager of the Laboratory of Applied
and Building Physics of the Department of Electric, Electronic and Computer
Engineering (DIEEI). He received his MS in 1991 and Ph.D. degree in Environ-
mental Applied Physics in 1998. He participated in several national and international
research projects. He is the author of more than 130 articles published in reputed
international journals and conference proceedings and component of the editorial
board of several international journals.

xxxix
xl About the Editors

Abdelhamid Rabhi is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Sciences, University

of Picardie Jules Verne of Amiens, France. He completed his Masters in robotics
and control systems from the University of Versailles, and his Ph.D. in observation
and control for nonlinear and complex systems in December 2005. His research
deals with robust control, diagnosis and observation for complex systems with focus
on areas such as vehicles, autonomous robots applications and renewable energy
systems.

Mohammed Amine Koulali is Associate Professor at the National School of Applied

Sciences, Mohammed First University. He received his Engineering Degree in
Computer Science from Ecole Nationale des Sciences Appliquées d’Oujda in 2006
and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science from the Université Mohammed V Souissi,
Rabat. His research focuses on Computer Science and he is responsible of several
scientific projects.
 Communication, Networks
and Information Technology
A Fuzzy Logic-Based Intrusion Detection
System for WBAN Against Jamming
Attacks

Asmae Bengag, Amina Bengag, Omar Moussaoui, and Blej Mohamed

Abstract Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a set of special nodes called
medical sensors. These sensors are very useful and helpful for making the user able
to connect everywhere and every time. However, they suffer from many problems like
the low computing capacity, energy and memory space. In terms of security, WBAN
systems are threatened by various types of attacks due to the wireless communica-
tion. This technology must have a robust mechanism to detect attacks for making
medical applications more reliable and safety. In our work, we have focused on iden-
tifying jamming attacks from WBAN using the fuzzy logic system (FLS) that is
one of the powerful mechanisms of artificial intelligence (AI) to determine different
network cases. The proposed system used one of the fuzzy inference methods named
Mamdani model and based on three network parameters Packet delivery ratio (PDR),
received strength signal indicator (RSSI) and energy consumption amount (ECA).
Our intrusion detection system is simulated by using MATLAB 9.0 and Castalia for
analyzing the output result as jamming detection index (JDI).

Keywords WBAN · Security · Intrusion detection system · Jamming · Fuzzy

logic · Mamdani model · False alert

1 Introduction

Currently, WBAN becomes one of the important parts of our daily life that improves
the quality of the health care and studies, including emergency medical and remote
medical surveillance [1]. This technology is based on mini medical sensors that are
attached in the human body in order to communicate with the medical center using
wireless. In fact, the medical nodes transmit a sensitive data via wireless medium to
the coordinator node or the personnel device assistant (PDA) using ZigBee (802.15.4)

A. Bengag (B) · A. Bengag · O. Moussaoui · B. Mohamed

MATSI Research Laboratory, ESTO, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
e-mail: asmaebengag@gmail.com

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 3
H. Bekkay et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Electronic
Engineering and Renewable Energy Systems, Lecture Notes in Electrical
Engineering 954, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6223-3_1
4 A. Bengag et al.

or Bluetooth (802.15.1) [2]. After that, the data is transmitted to the medical center
using mobile networks or internet. However, this communication is not reliable
because it deployed in open radio frequencies and in various attacks [3, 4]. Jamming
attack is one of the attacks that threats the availability of the network as a secu-
rity aspect. This attack makes the legitimate nodes not able to send or receive any
information by transmitting a high-range signal. More specifically, it disrupts the
communication between the medical nodes and involves the collision between them,
and it causes the energy consumption of the sensors.
The intrusion detection system (IDS) has become an essential solution security,
for detecting an intrusion in a system. We can implement an IDS in two ways, the
first one on specific device as host intrusion detection system and the second way
as a controller for the network. Indeed, the IDS is one of the effective solutions to
detect and monitor an intrusion in the network as jamming attacks. Nevertheless,
there are various challenges used in detection techniques as the binary decision [5].
For instance, the IDS can classify normal activities as an intrusion that increases the
false alerts. Therefore, the FLS is used to solve diverse kinds of problems and makes
the IDS to take the good decisions with high detection attack and low false alert.
In this paper, we aim to develop a novel IDS based on the fuzzy logic using
Mamdani inference mechanism, to detect jamming attacks in WBAN. The proposed
solution uses three network parameters, namely PDR, RSSI and ECA that are imple-
mented as crisp inputs in FLS, to identify the network state and detect jamming
attacks. More specifically, the parameters values were valued by the fuzzy inference
system (FIS) to calculate the level of jamming, which is called jamming detection
index (JDI).
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Sect. 2 gives an overview of the
main components of the fuzzy logic system. In Sect. 3, we present briefly some
previous mechanisms based on FLS that detect jamming attacks. After that, we
describe the performance of our proposed technique by explaining why we used the
three parameters and how we calculated the level of jamming attack via FLS. Finally,
we conclude our paper and give some future works.

2 Related Work

There has been different mechanisms for studding the state of the network in the
literature to ameliorate the security issues in wireless sensor network (WSN), in
order to detect jamming attacks. In fact, various techniques have been proposed for
WSN that could be implemented in WBAN. In this section, we give a set of previous
techniques for jamming detection based on fuzzy logic.
In [6], fuzzy logic is applied for determining node’s malicious level in WSN, by
calculating two metrics packet delivery ratio (PDR) and packet loss ratio (PLR). The
simulation results are evaluated in MATLAB 7 and NS2. The authors in [7] proposed a
A Fuzzy Logic-Based Intrusion Detection System for WBAN Against … 5

system named fuzzy logic-based jamming detection algorithm (FLJDA) for detecting
jamming. This mechanism applied the Mamdani model using two input parameters
PDR and RSSI. Indeed, the cluster head is used to calculate these parameters to
identify if the cluster member is jammed or not.
Vijayakumar et al. [8] developed two methods for detecting the presence of
jamming attack in cluster-based WSN (CWSN), using two main parameters RSSI
and PDR. The first technique is named fuzzy inference system-based jamming detec-
tion system, which consists to optimize the detection by applying Takagi–Sugeno
fuzzy model. The second one uses learning ability named the adaptive neuro-fuzzy
inference system, basing on existing dataset for the prediction of the future values to
detect various types of jamming. Reyes et al. [9] proposed a mechanism to check a
link loss based on fuzzy logic technique, using the following inputs: PDR, RSS, bad
packet ratio (BPR) and clear channel assessment (CCA). This technique is used to
identify the level of jamming index (low, medium or high) in WSN.
Angrishi et al. [10] suggested the fuzzy-based detection and prediction system
mechanism that is implemented on IEEE 802.15.4 low-rate wireless personal area
network (LR-WPAN). This technique used two crisp inputs signal to noise ratio
(SNR) and packets dropped per terminal (PDPT), for predicting and detecting DoS
that affects the availability of the network.

3 Overview of Fuzzy Logic System

In recent times, the FLS is used in different real-time applications such as intelligent
personnel, medical service, temperature monitoring and digital image processing,
in order to identify the superlative decision. This methodology is built by Lotfi A.
Zadeh professor in 1965 [11], to handle the uncertainty and ambiguity made from
human reasoning. Principally, the FLS involves four main elements as shown in
Fig. 2, namely fuzzification, fuzzy rules, fuzzy inference system and defuzzification.
The crisp inputs are collected from network traffic as real values in the first part
of the fuzzy system named “fuzzification”, in order to transform them into fuzzy
inputs set. Then, with help of fuzzy rules, the fuzzy inference consists to calculate
the crisp output set from the fuzzified input via fuzzy logic [5]. Basically, the FIS
involves several rules base in the form IF-THEN statement, to optimize the range
by using membership function (MF) [11]. Finally, the defuzzification translates the
output into crisp values. Indeed, the MF determines the membership value or the
degree of truth of each input and output between 0 and 1. The most shapes used for
the MF are as follow: bell curves, triangular and trapezoidal.
There are three models of FIS, namely Mamdani, Sugeno and Tsukamoto models.
The fundamental difference among these three models is how fuzzy input generates
the crisp output [11]. In general, Mamdani model is based on the Center of Gravity
mechanism used in the defuzzfication process, to get the fuzzy output [12]. On
other hand, the Sugeno and Tsukamto calculate the crisp output using the weighted
average [11]. Therefore, our proposed IDS employs the Mamdani because it is the
6 A. Bengag et al.

most appropriate for our system in detecting jamming attacks in WBAN. The fuzzy
inference rule of Mamdani model is written as in (A) [7], where x, y and z are fuzzy
sets linguistic variables defined by fuzzy sets. The linguistic values are presented in
A and B, whereas the output is defined in C.

Rule = If x is A and y is B, then z is C(A)

4 Proposed Fuzzy Logic Detection Jamming

4.1 Description

The proposed intrusion detection system used the FIS with three main network param-
eters: PDR, RSSI and ECA as illustrated in Fig. 3. These parameters are used as the
jamming attack metrics in order to evaluate the network state. The PDR is presented
as the ratio of the number of packets successfully sent by the node to the total number
of packets transmitted by the node [9]. The RSSI metric presents the power content
of the received radio signal at the receptor [4]. Besides, the ECA is the amount energy
consumed by the node in a specified time for a sensor node [13].
The main reason for choosing these parameters is they are changed depending
to the normal and abnormal conditions of the medical sensor. Furthermore, these
parameters are used to avoid as much as possible the cases resemble the jamming
cases, called the false positive alerts. For instance, these last could be the problems
related to the collision problem, low energy or imperfect connection. Therefore, The
FIS uses these parameters as crisps inputs, defined with three fuzzy sets: low (L),
medium (M) and high (H), whereas the MF for the output has four fuzzy sets as
follows: very low (VL), low (L), medium (M) and high (H). The output is a Jamming
Detection Index (JDI) that represents the probability of jamming level in the network.
The JDI value varies from 0 to 100, indicating “low jamming” to “high jamming”,
respectively.
Actually, to fuzzify the inputs and identify the fuzzy MF, we used the trapezoidal
membership functions with the Mamdani inference method for the rules base. Indeed,
the trapezoid shape is chosen because it can be mathematically manipulated to be
very close to the most natural function [11]. Figure 4 illustrates the combination of
three trapezoidal functions for the PDR parameter.
The generation of fuzzy rules and the values of each MF are based various tests
and on the instructions of expert knowledge [5]. Table 1 illustrates the values of each
membership function.
Another random document with
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 A PRAYER

O Lord, our Father, hear us now,

While on our bended knees we bow;
Look down, O Lord, in tender love,
Prepare us all to meet above.

O Lord, our Father, hear us pray,

Watch over us from day to day;
Hear us in our humble prayer,
O keep us safely in Thy care.

O help us, Lord, to pray aright,

And keep us holy in Thy sight;
Protect us with Thy mighty arm
And keep us from temptation’s harm.

Bless and make us pure within,

Wash us, cleanse us free from sin;
Protect us with Thy mighty hand,
Prepare us for the promised land.

O Lord, come down in mighty power,

Revive us all this very hour;
O lift us from this pit of mire,
And fill our souls with heavenly fire.

Come with love’s refreshing showers,

And kindle these cold hearts of ours;
O guide us in the narrow path,
Lord save us from Thy coming wrath.

And when we leave this world of strife

O give us all eternal life;
Arm us, Lord, with wings of love,
To leave this world and fly above.

Into Thy care, O Lord, we leave,

In peace, O Lord, our souls receive;
We ask it all, O Lord, we may,
Through Him Who taught us all to say:

Our Father, Who art in heaven, we pray,

Hallowed be Thy name this day;
Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done,
In earth and up in heaven as one.

Give us this day our daily bread,

’Tis from Thy bounties all are fed;
Our trespasses, O Lord, forgive,
As we our trespassers forgive.

Dear Lord, with tempters leave us not,

Deliver us from evil’s plot;
Thy name shall have the glory then,
Forever and for aye. Amen.
 IN MEMORIAM[2]

My bosom swells with fervent grief,

My heart aches to its core,
See him struggling, he is dying,
Our Walter is no more!

* * * * *

When we laid him ’neath the turf

In the cold, cold ground,
A cloud of darkness seemed to rise
Which covered all around.

But when I looked up at the stars,

Beyond the heavenly dome,
There with loving outstretched arms
Angels welcomed Walter home!

Farewell, Walter, farewell darling,

Life is but a barren strand,
Soon we’ll meet thee, happy child,
In that far-off happy land!

2. Verses written upon the death of J. Walter Kayhart, son of Lemuel and
Mary Kayhart, who died August 15th, 1875.
 IN MEMORIAM[3]

Now I lay me down to rest,

While the sun is in the west;
When the stars all brightly shine,
If it be the will of Thine,
Watch and guard me, Lord, I pray,
Through the night as through the day;
Guard me, Lord, Thou knowest best,
While I lay me down to rest.

Now I lay me down to rest,

Parting friends my lips have pressed;
Farewell, kindred here below,
Jesus calls me, I must go.
Not my will but Thine be done;
When my earthly race is run,
And life’s sun sinks in the west,
Calmly lay me down to rest.

Now I lay me down to rest,

Help me, Lord, to stand the test;
When I’m laid upon the bier,
In the grave there’ll be no fear.
When these throbbing pulses cease,
When with God I’ve made my peace,
Closely in the cold earth pressed,
Calmly lay me down to rest.

Now I lay me down to rest,

May my soul be doubly blest;
Though my flesh and bones decay,
’Neath the earth’s cold clods of clay,
My soul will rise on wings of love,
To dwell with Him in heaven above;
Sweetly there, on Jesus’ breast,
I will lay me down to rest.
 3. Written upon the death of Elijah Kayhart, father of Lemuel Kayhart, who
died January 16th, 1906.
 IN MEMORIAM[4]

Farewell, dear Willie, darling one—

Thy will, O Lord, Thy will be done;
’Tis Jesus calls thee to thy rest,
To live with Him among the blest.

While in the grave we lay him low,

The tears of grief unbidden flow;
Though sobbing hearts with grief may swell,
Our Father doeth all things well.

Though ’neath the ground we lay him low,

His spirit up to God will go,
On angels’ pinions borne away,
Our darling lives in endless day.

A few more years may fleet away,

When we no more on earth may stay;
We’ll bid this dreary world adieu,
And soar beyond bright heaven’s blue.

Beyond cold Jordan’s swelling tide,

Beyond grim death’s dark valley wide—
Safe in the tender Shepherd’s care,
We soon shall meet our darling there.

Beyond this world of woe and care,

In yonder city bright and fair,
Crowned with jewels rich and rare,
We’ll meet our little darling there.

See him as he beckoning stands,

Calling us with outstretched hands,
To guide us on our weary way,
To realms of bliss in endless day.

Safely there on Jesus’ breast,

 Forever he will be at rest;
In yon blue heaven, bright and fair,
We’ll meet our darling Willie there.

4. Written upon the death of William H. H., son of Winfield S. and Sarah A.
Kayhart.
 IN MEMORIAM[5]

How can we part, oh, dearest son,

Our treasure ever blest?
With tears of grief we lay thee down
In earth’s cold couch to rest.

Though we may travel this broad earth

And search it far and wide,
Thy presence here beside the hearth
Can never be supplied.

Dearest friends on earth must sever,

We only sojourn here;
Then let us live to live forever
And meet grim death with cheer!

Farewell, farewell, dear child at rest,

Thy troubles are all o’er,
God grant thee peace among the blest,
Beyond cold Jordan’s shore.

5. In memory of Edgar S. Class, son of John and Elizabeth Class.

THE ABBEY PRINTSHOP, EAST ORANGE, N. J.

 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and
variations in spelling.
2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings
as printed.
3. Re-indexed footnotes using numbers and collected
together at the end of each poem.
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