Full Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience 9Th Edition Carlson Test Bank Online PDF All Chapter
Full Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience 9Th Edition Carlson Test Bank Online PDF All Chapter
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CHAPTER 7: AUDITION, THE BODY SENSES, AND THE CHEMICAL SENSES
True-False 1-10
Short-Answer 1-5
Essay
Essay 1,2
True-False 11-12
Short-Answer 11-12
Essay
Essay
Short-Answer 6,7
Essay
Essay 3,4
Gustation
Multiple 85,87,88,89,90 86
Choice
True-False 15-16
Short-Answer
Essay
Olfaction Essay 5
Multiple 91-94 95
Choice
True-False 17
Short-Answer 8.9
Essay
Essay
1) The case of Melissa in the chapter prologue makes the point that
A) mind and body interact to determine pain reactivity.
B) pain hurts.
C) beliefs about pain do not alter pain reactivity.
D) drugs that block brain opiate receptors decrease pain.
E) opiate drugs are addictive.
Answer: A
Rationale: The case of Melissa in the chapter prologue makes the point that mind and body interact to
determine pain reactivity.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 157 Objective: Applied
LO:7.1 APA:1.1
4) Humans can detect sound vibrations between ________ and ________ cycles per second.
A) 30; 700
B) 25; 4,000
C) 30; 20,000
D) 25; 9,000
E) 300; 45,000
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 158 Objective: Factual
LO:7.1 APA:1.1
13) The ________ is a hollow region just beyond the tympanic membrane that contains the ossicles.
A) outer ear
B) inner ear
C) organ of Corti
D) pinna
E) middle ear
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 158 Objective: Factual
LO:7.1 APA:1.1
17) ________ are hair-like appendages that protrude from the ends of the auditory receptors in the organ
of Corti.
A) Cilia
B) Rods
C) Intrafusal fibers
D) Extrafusal fibers
E) Hair cells
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 159 Objective: Factual
LO:7.1 APA:1.1
18) Sound waves induce movements of the hair cells of the organ of Corti via
A) movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial membrane.
B) movement of the scala tympani.
C) movement of the malleus against the round window.
D) movement of the stapes against the round window.
E) contraction of the muscle fibers within the middle ear.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 159 Objective: Factual
LO:7.1 APA:1.1
19) Deafness caused by blockage of the ________ can be treated using ________.
A) oval window; cochlear implants
B) round window; the fenestration surgical procedure
C) pinna; the fenestration surgical procedure
D) middle ear; high doses of penicillin
E) scala media; cochlear implants
Answer: B
Rationale: Deafness caused by blockage of the round window can be treated using the fenestration
surgical procedure.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 159 Objective: Applied
LO:7.1 APA:3.1
20) The ratio of inner hair cells to outer hair cells in the human cochlea is approximately
A) 1:1.
B) 4:1.
C) 1:3.
D) 8:2.
E) 2:7.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 160 Objective: Factual
LO:7.1 APA:1.1
21) The shearing force that bends the tips of the inner hair cells in response to movement of the basilar
membrane arises from the
A) linkage between the hair cells and the tectorial membrane.
B) mechanical linkage between the hair cells and the tympanic membrane.
C) movement of the round window.
D) movement of the hair cells through the tectorial membrane.
E) movement of fluid past the tips of the hair cells.
Answer: E
Rationale: The shearing force that bends the tips of the inner hair cells in response to movement of the
basilar membrane arises from the movement of fluid past the tips of the hair cells.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 160 Objective: Conceptual
LO:7.1 APA:1.1
23) The human cochlea contains approximately ________ inner hair cells and ________ outer hair cells.
A) 6,000; 1,000
B) 3,500; 12,000
C) 1,750; 6,000
D) 6,000; 16,000
E) 12,000; 3,500
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 160 Objective: Factual
LO:7.1 APA:1.1
24) The opening and closing of ion channels within the hair cell cilia
A) are a function of the voltage of the cilia membrane.
B) reflect the action of a second messenger within the cilia.
C) are controlled by ionotropic membrane receptors.
D) reflect tension exerted by the tip links on the insertional plaques.
E) are the result of chloride entry into the hair cell..
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 160 Objective: Factual
LO:7.1 APA:1.1
25) Which of the following is true of the neurons of the cochlear nerve?
A) Inner hair cells provide input to nearly 95 percent of the axons of the cochlear nerve.
B) The cell bodies of these neurons are located within the ventral medulla.
C) These neurons carry signals generated by the outer hair cells.
D) These nerve cells are hyperpolarized by release of transmitter from the hair cells.
E) The cochlear nerve projects directly to the primary auditory cortex..
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 160 Objective: Factual
LO:7.1 APA:1.1
26) Auditory signals are carried to the brain via the
A) trigeminal nerve.
B) organ of Corti.
C) auditory lemniscus.
D) somatoacoustic nerve.
E) cochlear nerve.
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 161 Objective: Factual
LO:7.1 APA:1.1
28) A mutation that resulted in the loss of inner hair cells within the organ of Corti would be expected to
result in
A) reduced ability to detect differences in sound intensity.
B) total impairment of hearing.
C) a difficulty in locating the source of a sound.
D) difficulty in detecting differences between different musical instruments.
E) changes in pain perception.
Answer: B
Rationale: A mutation that resulted in the loss of inner hair cells within the organ of Corti would be
expected to result in total impairment of hearing.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 161 Objective: Applied
LO:7.1 APA:1.1
29) Indicate which of the following is the correct pathway by which auditory information flows to the
brain.
A) auditory nerve -> superior olivary nuclei -> medial geniculate -> superior colliculus -> auditory cortex
B) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> medial geniculate -> auditory cortex
C) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> superior olivary nuclei -> inferior colliculus medial geniculate ->
auditory cortex
D) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> superior olivary nuclei -> medial geniculate -> auditory cortex
E) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> superior colliculus -> lateral geniculate -> auditory cortex
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 162 Objective: Factual
LO:7.1 APA:1.1
31) Adjacent regions of the basilar membrane and of the primary auditory cortex appear to respond best
to different sound ________; these differences can be displayed as a ________ map.
A) intensities; tonotopic
B) intensities; somatotopic
C) frequencies; retinotopic
D) frequencies; tonotopic
E) timbres; tonotopic
Answer: D
Rationale: Adjacent regions of the basilar membrane and of the primary auditory cortex appear to
respond best to different sound frequencies; these differences can be displayed as a tonotopic map.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 163 Objective: Conceptual
LO:7.2 APA:1.1
32) The posterior auditory stream terminates in the ________ and is involved in ________.
A) posterior parietal cortex; complex sound analysis
B) posterior occipital cortex; sound localization
C) parabelt region of the anterior temporal region; complex sound analysis
D) parabelt region of the anterior temporal region; sound localization
E) posterior parietal cortex; sound localization
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 162 Objective: Factual
LO:7.2 APA:1.1
34) A high-frequency tone would be expected to produce a maximal bending of the ________ nearest the
________.
A) tectorial membrane; round window
B) basilar membrane; oval window
C) basilar membrane; round window
D) tectorial membrane; oval window
E) tympanic membrane; round window
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 162 Objective: Factual
LO:7.2 APA:1.1
35) Which of the following strongly supports the notion that a place code is involved in detecting medium
pitch to high pitch sounds?
A) Cochlear implants can restore the understanding of speech sounds.
B) Mutant mice that lack inner hair cells are unable to hear.
C) Damage to the posterior temporal cortex impairs hearing.
D) Overgrowth of bone over the round window impairs hearing of high—but not low—pitch sounds.
E) Antibiotics can degenerate hair cells in an apical to basal direction and produce corresponding deficits
in intensity perception.
Answer: A
Rationale: The fact that cochlear implants can restore the understanding of speech sounds strongly
supports the notion that a place code is involved in detecting medium pitch to high pitch sounds.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163 Objective: Conceptual
LO:7.2 APA:3.1
37) The perception of low pitch sounds involves ________ located at the ________ of the basilar
membrane.
A) place coding; base
B) rate coding; apical end
C) phase coding; base
D) tonotopic codes; apical end
E) phase shifts; base
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163 Objective: Factual
LO:7.2 APA:1.1
38) The precise tuning of vibration along the basilar membrane reflects
A) lateral inhibition of inner hair cells by outer hair cells.
B) the loss of outer hair cells due to the aging process.
C) the contractile capacity of inner hair cells.
D) the contractile capacity of outer hair cells.
E) longitudinal tension of the basilar membrane.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163-164 Objective: Factual
LO:7.2 APA:1.1
39) Which of the following is true of rate coding along the basilar membrane?
A) Rate coding occurs for frequencies greater than 500 Hz.
B) The basal end of the basilar membrane shows the greatest movement to a frequency of less than 200
Hz.
C) Lower frequencies are coded by rate of firing that is cued to the movement of the apical end of the
basilar membrane.
D) Cochlear implants can be used to signal frequencies up to 20,000 Hz.
E) Rate coding is due to volleys of neurons that fire in sequence.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 164 Objective: Factual
LO:7.2 APA:1.1
40) The perceived pitch of a steady note played by a clarinet corresponds to its
A) overtone.
B) decay phase.
C) attack phase.
D) characteristic frequency.
E) fundamental frequency.
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 164 Objective: Factual
LO:7.2 APA:1.1
41) A blindfolded person can locate the source of a continuous tone of 1000 Hz that is to the left of the
person because the tone
A) timbre is different in the right ear relative to the left ear.
B) will generate maximal firing rates in the left auditory nerve.
C) will generate stimulation of the eardrums that is 180 degrees out of phase.
D) generates a sonic shadow such that the right ear detects a different sound intensity than the left ear.
E) B and D are correct.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 165 Objective: Factual
LO:7.2 APA:1.1
42) Neurons that use binaural differences in loudness as a cue to the source of a clicks are located within
the
A) superior olivary complex.
B) 11th cranial nerve.
C) parabelt region.
D) medial geniculate.
E) organ of Corti.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 165 Objective: Factual
LO:7.2 APA:1.1
43) Our capacity to detect whether a high-frequency sound comes from our left or right reflects an
analysis of
A) the fundamental overtones.
B) a sonic shadow that reflects differences in loudness (loudness is greater in the ear closest to the
sound_.
C) differences in arrival times at the eardrums.
D) differences in sound phase.
E) differences in frequency overtones reaching the ears.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 165 Objective: Factual
LO:7.2 APA:3.1
44) In the human auditory system, the analysis of "what" corresponds to ________ , whereas the analysis
of "where" corresponds to ________.
A) complex sounds ; location of a sound
B) loudness; pitch
C) location of a sound; loudness
D) object form; object location
E) loudness; timbre
Answer: A
Rationale: In the human auditory system, the analysis of "what" corresponds to complex sounds, whereas
the analysis of "where" corresponds to location of a sound.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 167 Objective: Conceptual
LO:7.2 APA:1.1
45) Functional imaging studies of the human association cortex indicate that judgments of sound
________ activate the ________.
A) timbre; dorsal stream
B) identity; ventral stream
C) timbre; ventral stream
D) location; ventral stream
E) identity; dorsal stream
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 167 Objective: Factual
LO:7.2 APA:1.1
48) The second component of the labyrinths of the inner ear is the
A) vestibular sacs.
B) semicircular canals.
C) organ of Corti.
D) cochlea.
E) ampulla.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 169 Objective: Factual
LO:7.3 APA:1.1
50) Sudden changes in the rotation of the head are sensed by the
A) cochlea.
B) semicircular canals.
C) organ of Corti.
D) vestibular sacs.
E) utricle.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170 Objective: Factual
LO:7.3 APA:1.1
51) Sudden angular rotation of the head through a plane is sensed by ________ within ________.
A) hair cells; a semicircular canal
B) hair cells; the cochlea
C) dendrites; the saccule
D) dendrites; the utricle
E) hair cells; the utricle
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170 Objective: Factual
LO:7.3 APA:1.1
53) The activation of hair cells within the semicircular canals is based on _____ relative to the hair cells.
A) movement of the basilar membrane
B) distortion of the tympanic membrane
C) distortion of the ampulla
D) movement of the cupula.
E) movement of the otoconia
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 171 Objective: Factual
LO:7.3 APA:1.1
54) The activation of hair cells within the vestibular sacs is the product of
A) movement of the otoconia and gelatinous mass.
B) movement of the cupula.
C) distortion of the ampulla.
D) distortion of the tympanic membrane.
E) movement of the basilar membrane.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 171 Objective: Factual
LO:7.3 APA:1.1
55) The hair cells of the cochlea and those of the vestibular sacs are similar in that
A) hair cells in each system are activated by a shearing force exerted on the cilia.
B) each hair cell in each system contains one cilium.
C) hair cell activation is accompanied by the closing of membrane ion channels.
D) each ciliary membrane is hyperpolarized by movement of the cilia.
E) Hair cells in each system are replaced weekly..
Answer: A
Rationale: The hair cells of the cochlea and those of the vestibular sacs are similar in that hair cells in
each system are activated by a shearing force exerted on the cilia.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170-171 Objective: Conceptual
LO:7.3 APA:3.1
57) The connection of the vestibular system with brain stem nuclei functions to
A) adjust eye movements to compensate for sudden head movements.
B) control movement of the lower legs.
C) provide inhibitory feedback onto the auditory system during exposure to loud stimuli.
D) generate a cue that promotes the sensation of depth in a visual scene.
E) suppress nausea and vomiting induced by body movement.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 171 Objective: Factual
LO:7.3 APA:1.1
59) The cutaneous senses signal information about stimuli that interact with
A) the external surface of the skin.
B) the hair cells of the vestibular sacs.
C) receptors of the muscles.
D) the hair cells of the semicircular canals.
E) the wall of the gut.
Answer: A
Rationale: The cutaneous senses signal information about stimuli that interact with the external surface of
the skin.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 172 Objective: Conceptual
LO:7.4 APA:1.1
60) The organic senses signal information about stimuli that interact with
A) the external surface of the skin.
B) he hair cells of the vestibular sacs.
C) receptors of the muscles.
D) receptors that line the surfaces of internal organs.
E) the wall of the gut.
Answer: D
Rationale: The organic senses signal information about stimuli that interact with receptors that line the
surfaces of internal organs.
Diff: 2 Page Ref:172 Objective: Conceptual
LO:7.4 APA:1.1
61) For most persons, you would expect to find nonglabrous skin on the
A) bottom of the feet.
B) palms.
C) bottom of the toes.
D) fingertips.
E) forearm. .
Answer: E
Rationale: For most persons, you would expect to find nonglabrous skin on the forearm.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 173 Objective: Conceptual
LO:7.4 APA:1.1
64) Which of the receptors below are found in hairy and glabrous skin and are sensitive to vibration?
A) Meissner's corpuscles
B) free nerve endings
C) Ruffini corpuscles
D) Pacinian corpuscles
E) Merkel's disks
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 173 Objective: Factual
LO:7.4 APA:1.1
66) ________ found in hairy skin are used by the body to detect changes in temperature.
A) Dieter's cells
B) Free nerve endings
C) Meissner's corpuscles
D) Pacinian corpuscles
E) Ruffini corpuscles
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 173 Objective: Factual
LO:7.4 APA:1.1
69) If Patient G.L. sustained damage to large-diameter myelinated axons of the body below her face, she
would be expected to have difficulty in detecting
A) a cold probe applied to her arm.
B) a warm probe applied to her leg.
C) a faint touch on her hand.
D) vibration.
E) pain.
Answer: C
Rationale: Patient G.L. sustained damage to large-diameter myelinated axons of the body below her
face would be expected to have difficulty in detecting a faint touch on her hand.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 174 Objective: Conceptual
LO:7.5 APA:1.1
70) The _____ receptor mediates pain induced by burning of the skin.
A) TRPM8
B) TRPV1
C) TRPA1
D) TRPV4
E) TRPV3
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 175 Objective: Factual
LO:7.4 APA:1.1
73) Pain associated with intense pressure applied to the skin is detected by ________, whereas the type of
pain associated with skin inflammation is detected by ________.
A) TRPV1 receptors; free nerve endings
B) mechanoreceptors; TRPA1 receptors
C) Pacinian corpuscles; free nerve endings
D) TRPM8 receptors; Ruffini corpuscles
E) Pacinian corpuscles; TRPV1 receptors
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 175 Objective: Factual
LO:7.5 APA:1.1
75) The relay nuclei for somatosensation are located within the
A) medial lateral thalamic nuclei.
B) medial geniculate nuclei.
C) spinothalamic nuclei.
D) ventral posterior thalamic nuclei.
E) thalamocortical nuclei.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 176 Objective: Factual
LO:7.5 APA:1.1
79) The immediate aversive emotional consequence of pain reflects activation of the
A) secondary somatosensory cortex.
B) prefrontal cortex.
C) anterior cingulate cortex.
D) hippocampus.
E) cerebellum.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 177 Objective: Factual
LO:7.5 APA:1.1
81) The long-term emotional component of chronic pain is mediated by pathways that
A) involve the hypothalamus.
B) project from the spinal cord to the primary somatosensory cortex.
C) reach the anterior cingulate cortex and the insular cortex.
D) project to the prefrontal cortex.
E) reach the parietal cortex.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 177 Objective: Factual
LO:7.5 APA:1.1
82) Imaging studies indicate that the ________ plays a key role in the perceived intensity of pain, while
the activity of the ________ is related to the unpleasantness of pain.
A) periaqueductal gray matter; reticular formation
B) somatosensory cortex; anterior cingulate cortex
C) anterior cingulate cortex; secondary somatosensory cortex
D) lateral hypothalamus; medial amygdala
E) reticular formation; periaqueductal gray matter
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 178 Objective: Factual
LO:7.5 APA:1.1
83) Imagine that you are suffering chronic pain from a medical condition that cannot be treated. If you
could elect to have a specific region of your brain inactivated to modify your pain reactions, which of the
following regions would you choose in order to minimize the emotional response to your pain?
A) anterior cingulate cortex
B) dorsal lateral thalamus.
C) primary somatosensory cortex
D) prefrontal cortex
E) posterior cingulate cortex
Answer: A
Rationale: Imagine that you are suffering chronic pain from a medical condition that cannot be treated. If
you could elect to have a specific region of your brain inactivated to modify your pain reactions, you
should ablation of anterior cingulate cortex to minimize the emotional response to your pain?
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 177 Objective: Applied
LO:7.5 APA:1.1
84) Melzak argues that phantom limb sensation in an amputee occurs because
A) spinal cord axons continue to spontaneously fire after being detached from a limb.
B) sensory neurons in the thalamus show spontaneous firing which is interpreted by the brain as a signal
from the missing limb.
C) the parietal cortex is programmed to perceive activity from each of four limbs.
D) the frontal cortex is programmed to perceive activity from each of four limbs.
E) cells in frontal cortex undergo spontaneous firing, which is interpreted as pain.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 177 Objective: Applied
LO:7.5 APA:1.1
86) Tigers and cats are unable to sense the taste qualities of
A) bitterness.
B) sweetness.
C) saltiness.
D) sourness.
E) umami
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 179 Objective: Factual
LO:7.6 APA:1.1
87) Sodium channels form receptors that play a key role in the perception of
A) acids.
B) umami.
C) salts.
D) sugars.
E) toxic alkaloids.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 180 Objective: Factual
LO:7.6 APA:1.1
88) The receptors for ________ tastes detect the presence of hydrogen ions.
A) sour
B) umami
C) salty
D) sweet
E) bitter
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 180 Objective: Factual
LO:7.6 APA:1.1
89) The ________ is the first relay station for gustatory information arising from the tongue.
A) chorda tympani
B) area postrema
C) ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus
D) nucleus of the solitary tract
E) insular cortex
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 181 Objective: Factual
LO:7.6 APA:1.1
7.2 True-False
1) A blind person will find it easier to join a conversation than will a deaf person.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 157
2) Sound waves are detected by movements of the basilar membrane that in turn bend the cilia of inner
hair cells.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 159
3) Outer hair cells are more numerous in the cochlea than are inner hair cells.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 160
4) Outer hair cells provide 95 percent of the signals carried by the cochlear nerve to the brain.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 161
5) Damage to the outer hair cells of the cochlea causes deafness in mice.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163
7) Auditory information is transmitted via two streams within the secondary auditory cortex.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163
9) Rate coding along the basilar membrane is used to detect high-frequency sounds.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163
11) The receptive organ for the vestibular sense is the organ of Corti.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 169
14) Pain generated by intense heat or chili peppers is detected by TRPV1 receptors.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 175
15) The immediate emotional component of pain involves pathways projecting to the anterior cingulate
cortex and the insular cortex.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 177
16) A plant alkaloid is an example of a natural product that generates a bitter taste.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 180
17) In the olfactory system, a specific odorant is associated with a spatial pattern of activation of different
olfactory receptors.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 184
3) Describe the processes by which the basilar membrane codes for pitch.
Answer: Tones of different frequencies produce vibrations that are maximal at different points along the
basilar membrane. High frequencies produce distortions near the stapes. Low frequency tones appear to
be coded by rate of firing.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 162-163
4) Describe the movement of the basilar membrane in response to sounds of different frequencies.
Answer: The basilar membrane shows distortion as sound waves are transmitted through the oval window
by the stapes. High-frequency tones produce a maximal distortion in the basilar membrane near the oval
window. Low-frequency tones produce distortion farther away from the oval window.
Diff: 1 Page Ref:163
5) Describe how the organ of Corti transduces sound waves into electrical potentials.
Answer: Hair cells are anchored to the basilar membrane. Cilia that project from the inner hair cells are
moved by currents produced when the basilar membrane moves relative to the overlying tectorial
membrane. The cilia of a hair cell are interconnected by tip links and as these move, the attachment points
of the adjacent cilia open an ion channel, which creates a receptor potential.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 160-162
6) Describe the stimuli that are detected by receptors within the skin.
Answer: The receptors respond to physical stimuli that include pressure, vibration, cooling, and heating,
and that are associated with tissue damage. These provide information about the texture of objects, the
temperature of an object, and produce a sensation called pain that signals damage to the skin.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 172
7) Differentiate between the receptors that have been identified as responding to pain stimuli.
Answer: Nociceptors are pain receptors. Three nociceptors types include: free nerve endings that respond
to intense pressure; free nerve endings that respond to intense heat, to acids, and to the chemical capsaicin
(TRPV1 receptor); TRPA1 receptors that respond to pungent irritants.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 174-175
8) Explain how a few hundred types of olfactory receptors can code for thousands of different odorants.
Answer: Each olfactory cilium contains one type of receptor and each glomerulus receives information
from one type of receptor. An odorant molecule can bind to and activate, in varying intensity, different
receptor types, which would generate a different pattern of firing within the olfactory system.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 184-185
7.4 Essay
1) Describe the neural pathways by which auditory signals for audition reach the cortex.
Answer: This answer is summarized in figure 7.7. The cochlear nerve projects afferent fibers to the dorsal
and ventral cochlear nuclei, then to the superior olivary complex, and then through the lateral lemniscus
to the inferior colliculus—then to the thalamic medial geniculate nucleus, and then to the primary
auditory cortex.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 162
2) Explain how the brain codes for the spatial location of sound.
Answer: Auditory neurons are sensitive to the differences in the arrival times of an auditory stimulus (low
frequency). A sound that occurs directly in front will arrive at the left and right ears at the same time; a
sound that occurs to the left will arrive at the left ear sooner than at the right ear. High frequency sounds
may be detected using differences in sound intensity.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 164-166
3) Differentiate between the perceptual and behavioral effects of pain.
Answer: Pain stimuli produce a sensory component that involves the primary and secondary
somatosensory cortex, while an intermediate emotional component involves the anterior cingulate and
insular cortex. The long-term component of pain represents the emotional implications of pain, and is
related to activity of the prefrontal cortex. Hypnotism reduces the activity of the anterior cingulate and the
unpleasantness of a pain stimulus.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 175-176
4) Describe the biological actions by which certain stimuli are able to lower reactivity to pain.
Answer: Pain signals are transmitted to the spinal cord and from there to the thalamus and to various
cortical regions (anterior cingulate and the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex). Pain reactivity
can be diminished by interrupting the ascending pain pathways, by reducing the activity of the anterior
cingulate cortex (reduced aversiveness), or by inducing the release of endorphins, which block pain
transmission.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 175,186
6 §.
Tuntematon mies astui tämänjälkeen puhemies Näppisen
kehoituksesta pöydän taakse ja piti mukaansariipaisevan valtiollisen
esitelmän, jota läsnäolevat kommunismin solut kuuntelivat
lämpimällä mielihalulla.
7 §.
Hyväksyttiin yksimielisesti.