Organic Chemistry Study Material - Class 12
Organic Chemistry Study Material - Class 12
Organic Chemistry Study Material - Class 12
1. Wurtz reaction
Alkyl halides react with sodium in dry ether to give hydrocarbons containing double the
number of carbon atoms present in the halide.
2. Wurtz-Fittig reaction
A mixture of an alkyl halide and aryl halide gives an alkylarene when treated with sodium
in dry ether.
3. Fittig reaction
Aryl halides when treated with sodium in dry ether give diphenyl.
4. Finkelstein reaction
R-X + NaI → R-I + NaX X=Cl, Br
5. Swarts reaction
H3C-Br +AgF → H3C-F + AgBr
6. Kolbe’s reaction
When phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide, phenoxide ion generated undergoes
electrophilic substitution with carbon dioxide and forms salicylic acid.
7. Reimer-Tiemann reaction
On treating phenol with chloroform in the presence of sodium hydroxide, a –CHO group is
introduced at ortho position of benzene ring.
8. Williamson synthesis
An alkyl halide is treated with sodium alkoxide to form ether.
9. Rosenmund reduction.
Acyl chloride (acid chloride) is hydrogenated over catalyst, palladium on barium sulphate
to give aldehyde..
Aldehydes and ketones are reduced to alkanes on treatment with zinc- amalgam and
concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Aldehydes and ketones are reduced to alkanes on reaction with hydrazine followed by
heating with potassium hydroxide in ethylene glycol.
Aldehydes and ketones having at least one α-hydrogen undergo a reaction in the presence
of dilute alkali form β-hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or β-hydroxy ketones (ketol), respectively..
13. Cross aldol condensation: When aldol condensation is carried out between two different
aldehydes and / or ketones, it is called cross aldol condensation.
14.Cannizzaro reaction: Aldehydes which do not have an α-hydrogen atom, undergo self
oxidation and reduction (disproportionation) reaction on heating with concentrated alkali. In
this reaction, one molecule of the aldehyde is reduced to alcohol while another is oxidised to
carboxylic acid salt.
18.Sandmeyer’s reaction
Benzene diazonium salt with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide results in the
replacement of the diazonium group by –Cl or –Br.
Important reactions
2 R - OH Lucas test – conc 10 – Does not To distinguish primary , sec & ter alcohols
HCl & anh ZnCl2 react. Primary – Methanol, Ethanol, n – alkyl
20 – Forms alcohols / alkan – 1-ol, benzyl alcohol
turbidity after Secondary – Isopropyl alcohol, alkan – 2 – ol
few min Tertiary – ter- buytl alcohol (2- methyl –
30 - Forms propan – 2- ol)
turbidity
immediately
Iodoform test – Yellow ppt of Alcohols with CH3 – CH – group give this
NaOH &I2 iodoform (CHI3) test
Note: When both OH
the alcohols given 1) Ethyl alcohol & methyl alcohol (both are
are primary / sec 10)
apply this test Ethyl alcohol gives yellow ppt
Methyl alcohol does not give this test.
2) Pentan – 2- ol & Pentan – 3- ol (both are 20)
Pentan – 2- ol gives yellow ppt
Pentan – 3- ol does not give this test.
Formic acid Tollens test Effervescence HCOOH is the only carboxylic acid that
( Methanoic due to evolution gives this test
acid) of CO2 gas HCOOH and CH3COOH
HCOOH gives this test . CH3COOH does not
give this test
6 Amines Hinsberg test – 10 –Soluble To distinguish primary , sec & ter amines
Benzene sulphonyl 20 – Insoluble Alkyl amine – 10
chloride + NaOH 30 – does not Dialkylamine -20 (N- alkyl alkanamine)
react with Trialkylamine( N,N – dialkyl alkanamine - 30
Hinsberg reagent
Primary Carbylamine test – Very unpleasant To distinguish primary amines from other
amines Alcoholic KOH + smelling amines
CHCl3 isocyanide gas 1)Ethylamine & Diethylamine
evolves Ethylamine gives this test.
Diethylamine does not give this test
2) Aniline & Dimethylamine
Aniline gives this test.
Diethylamine does not give this test
Aniline Azodye test – Reddish orange
NaNO2 + HCl + dye Aniline & Benzylamine
phenol ( 00 to 5 0 Aniline gives this test
C) Benzylamine does not give this test.