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accelerated Bodo’s resolution, though contemporary indignation
traced it to the direct agency of Satan.
843 The golden age of Franko-Jewish history continued
under Charles the Bald, son of Louis and Judith, who
numbered amongst his closest friends the Jewish physician
Zedekiah and another Jew called Judah. But the same causes
brought about similar effects. The favour shown to the Jews by
Louis’s successor excited the enmity of the pious, who found a
leader in Agobard’s successor and other bishops, and held several
councils with the object of inventing means for the curtailment of
imperial power, the exaltation of ecclesiastical authority, and the
suppression of the Jews. Again letters were addressed to the
Emperor, in which he was recommended to enforce towards the
murderers of Christ the measures which had been originated by
Constantine the Great and Theodosius the Younger, adopted by the
Spanish Visigoths and the Merovingian Kings of France, and
sanctioned by the unanimous intolerance of so many Synods in the
East and West. But these new enemies of the Jews proved no more
successful than their predecessors. Charles the Bald
877
contented himself with extorting one-tenth of their
earnings from the Jews, while his Christian subjects paid one-
eleventh. Thanks to their commercial enterprise and integrity the
“murderers of Christ” continued to prosper under the judicious
fleecing of the Carlovingians, until the partition of the empire into a
number of small states, the wane of the secular and the growth of
the spiritual power brought about a change.
899–914 Charles the Simple was induced by his love of God
and fear of the Pope to surrender all the lands and
vineyards of the Jews in the Duchy of Narbonne to the Church.
Boso, King of Burgundy and Provence, also made to the Church a
gift of the property of his Jewish subjects, and this cavalier treatment
of the wretched people continued under the first Capets, their
degradation keeping pace with the progress of Papal influence. So
deep was the suspicion now inspired by them, that when King Hugh
Capet died in 996 his Jewish physician was generally accused of
having murdered him.
A parallel evolution took place in Germany. When
965
Otto the Great wished to show his piety by endowing
the newly-built church of Magdeburg, he did so by bestowing upon it
the revenue which he derived from the Jews. Likewise Otto II.,
sixteen years later, made an offering of the Jews of Merseburg to the
local bishops. At the beginning of the eleventh century there
occurred in Germany an event which may be regarded as the
prelude to the subsequent persecutions of Judaism.
1005
The chaplain of the Duke Conrad suddenly
scandalised the Christian world by going over to the Synagogue, and
exasperated the brethren whom he had forsaken by producing a
scurrilous lampoon on Christianity. The Emperor Henry caused to be
published a reply in every respect worthy of the apostate’s pamphlet.
Six years after the Jews were driven forth from Mayence, a decree
was issued ordering the Jews of various towns to be branded, that
they might not seek refuge in baptism, and so rigorous was the
persecution that a contemporary Jewish poet commemorates it in
lugubrious songs, wherein he expresses the fear that the children of
Israel might be forced to forget the faith of their fathers. But the
alarm was premature. Though, as a general rule, traffic in goods and
in money were the only callings left open to the Jews, in some of the
German states they still possessed the rights of citizenship and were
permitted to own real estate.
Thus the first period of the mediaeval drama came to a close, as
the second was opening.
CHAPTER VII
THE CRUSADES