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Chapter 10: Infectious Diseases
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Which disease is spread from human to human via droplet infections through coughing or sneezing?
1. Mumps
2. Poliomyelitis
3. Herpes simplex
4. West Nile virus infection
____ 2. Which is a protozoan infection?
1. Enterobiasis
2. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
3. Giardiasis
4. Coccidiomycosis
____ 3. Which is an antibiotic-resistant bacterium?
1. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
2. Staphylococcus aureus
3. Streptococcus pyogenes
4. Streptococcus viridians
____ 4. Which is the key symptom of meningitis?
1. Abdominal pain
2. Nuchal rigidity
3. Sensitivity to sound
4. Dysuria
____ 5. What is a preventive measure for the vector-transmitted disease leishmaniasis?
1. Using insect repellant
2. Using vaccines
3. Avoiding vector-infested areas
4. Isolating the client
____ 6. What approach is used to diagnose typhoid?
1. Tissue sampling
2. Urine culture
3. Serological antibodies
4. Sputum test
____ 7. Which among these secretes a natural antiviral defense?
1. Ciliated respiratory tract cells
2. Alveolar macrophages
3. Respiratory epithelial cells
4. Cervical lymph nodes
____ 8. A nurse demonstrates understanding of predisposing factors to Pseudomonas aeruginosa by selecting which
one of the following?
1. Urinary tract catheterization
2. Hospital food
3. Nebulizer
Copyright © 2016 F. A. Davis Company

4. Hospital linens
____ 9. Which is the diagnostic test required to detect Legionnaire’s disease?
1. Neurological tests
2. Tissue sampling
3. Antibody titers
4. Arterial blood gases
____ 10. Which is the distinctive rash of Erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease)?
1. Pinpoint red macules and petechiae
2. Dewdrops on a rose petal
3. Slapped-cheek appearance
4. Purpura and ecchymotic rash
____ 11. Based on what would you justify that rubella causes teratogenic side effects?
1. Microcephaly in the fetus
2. Retinitis in the fetus
3. Vision impairment in the fetus
4. Spontaneous abortion of the fetus
____ 12. What would be the diagnostic tests for malaria considering that the pathogen multiplies in the RBCs?
1. Test for anemia
2. Elevated level of bilirubin
3. Serological testing for specific antibodies
4. Urine test
____ 13. Which virus caused the Spanish flu epidemic of 1918 that took many lives?
1. Epstein Barr virus
2. Cytomegalovirus
3. Influenza virus
4. Morbillivirus
____ 14. Which is the reservoir for Neisseria meningitidis?
1. African fruit bat
2. White-tailed deer
3. Contaminated drinking water
4. Human nasopharynx
____ 15. What are prions?
1. They are bacterial spores.
2. They are abnormal proteins.
3. They are fungal agents.
4. They are helminths.
____ 16. Which fact would you select to justify why both the Ebola and Marburg viruses are classified as Category A
bioterrorism agents?
1. They cause hemorrhagic fevers.
2. They are virulent, stable, and infective as small-particle aerosols.
3. They are transmitted by direct contact through blood and body fluids.
4. There is no standard treatment.
____ 17. Which symptom is diagnostic for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?
1. Mental confusion

2. Personality changes
3. Problems with hearing, seeing, and smelling
4. Jerky muscle movements
____ 18. Which diagnostic test confirms tapeworm infection?
1. Blood test
2. Stool test
3. Urine test
4. Antibody titers
____ 19. Coccidiomycosis is an airborne disease.What conclusion can you draw about its mode of transmission?
1. Transmitted by fungal spores
2. Transmitted by vector bites
3. Transmitted by prions
4. Transmitted by contaminated food
____ 20. How would you show your understanding of the fact that vaginal candidiasis a side effect of long-term
antibiotic use?
1. By the fact that it is an opportunistic infection.
2. By the fact that it eradicates lactobacillus in the vagina.
3. By the fact that it is caused by an antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the vagina.
4. By the fact that it is caused by decreased vaginal pH due to antibiotic use.
Multiple Response
Identify one or more choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.
____ 21. When would you recommend medical therapy in the treatment of infection?Select all that apply.
1. When there is prolonged manifestation of an infection
2. When there are no vaccines to prevent the infection
3. When there is undue risk to the people in contact with the client
4. When there is undue risk to the client
5. When the first line of defense fails to contain the infection
____ 22. What aspects of culture analysis make the study so useful?Select all that apply.
1. Identification of microbes
2. Understanding the extent of infection
3. Studying the existence of antibodies
4. Studying the microbe’s susceptibility to antibiotics
5. Differentiating the gram-negative from the gram-positive bacteria
____ 23. Which data is used to distinguish serological testing from other laboratory studies? Select all that apply.
1. Quantifying based on antibody titers
2. Analyzing for cell changes
3. Quantifying levels of immunoglobulin
4. Identifying antigen
5. Detection of microorganism’s genetic material
____ 24. How would you justify that an emerging infectious disease is not always a new disease?Select all that apply.
1. Due to the disease being undetected
2. Due to reappearance of the disease
3. Due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
4. Due to breakdown in public health measures

5. Due to realization about the mechanism of the disease process
Other
25. An infectious process has several different stages before it progresses to a full-blown disease. (Enter the letter
of each step in the proper sequence, do not use commas or spaces.)
A. Prodromal stage
B. Resolution phase
C. Convalescent stage
D. Incubation period
E. Acute stage

Chapter 10: Infectious Diseases
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: 1
Chapter: Chapter 10, Infectious Diseases
Page: 174
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Easy
Heading: Selected Viral Infections
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 Mumps is transmitted by droplet infection from a cough or a sneeze.
2 Polio enters the body through a fecal-oral route from contaminated food.
3 Herpes simplex is transmitted through close skin contact.
4 West Nile virus is spread through mosquito bites.
PTS: 1 CON: Infection

2. ANS: 3
Page: 196, 197
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Easy
Heading: Selected Parasitic Infections
Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering]
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 Enterobiasis is a helminth infection caused by pinworms.
2 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by a prion.
3 Giardiasis is caused by a protozoan called Giardia lamblia.
4 Coccidiomycosis is a fungal infection.

3. ANS: 2
Page: 179
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Easy
Heading: Selected Bacterial Infections

Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 Staphylococcus saprophyticus normally colonize the skin, and are not antibiotic
resistant.
2 With widespread use of antibiotics, Staphylococcus aureus strains are found to be
methicillin resistant and vancomycin resistant.
3 Streptococcus pyogenes is not antibiotic resistant.
4 Streptococcus viridans is not antibiotic resistant.

4. ANS: 2
Page: 179
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Easy
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Inflammation
Feedback
1 Abdominal pain is not a sign of meningitis as it does not affect the gastrointestinal
organs.
2 Nuchal rigidity or stiffness in the neck is a symptom of meningitis and can be confirmed
as Kernig’s and Brudzinski signs.
3 Sensitivity to sound is not a key sign of meningitis.
4 Dysuria is a sign of urinary tract infection, not meningitis.
PTS: 1 CON: Inflammation

5. ANS: 1
Chapter: 10, Infectious Diseases
Page: 193
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Moderate
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Safety and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care
Cognitive Level: Application [Applying]
Concept: Safety
Feedback
1 Leishmaniasis is spread through sandflies. Therefore, using insect repellant to repel
sandflies is one of the preventive measures.
2 There are no vaccines against leishmaniasis.
3 Avoiding vector-infested areas will not help those who mandatorily have to live in the
area, such as soldiers in the Persian Gulf in whom the disease is common. Besides,

sandflies and rodents are ubiquitous.
4 There is no need to isolate the client as leishmaniasis is transmitted by sandfly.
PTS: 1 CON: Safety

6. ANS: 3
Page: 170
Objective: N/A
Difficulty:Moderate
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 Tissue sampling is used to confirm leishmaniasis, not typhoid.
2 A urine culture is used to confirm a urinary tract infection, not typhoid.
3 Serological antibodies can help diagnose typhoid.
4 A sputum test is used to detect Streptococcus pneumoniae, not typhoid.

7. ANS: 3
Page: 174, 175
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Difficult
Heading: Basic Concepts of Infection
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential
Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing]
Concept: Immunity
Feedback
1 Ciliated respiratory tract cells do the physical act of sweeping away.
2 Alveolar macrophages are only present to phagocytose small organisms.
3 Respiratory epithelial cells secrete interferon, which is the body’s natural antiviral
cytokine.
4 Cervical lymph nodes store WBCs to defend against microorganisms.
PTS: 1 CON: Immunity

8. ANS: 1
Page: 172
Objective: N/A
Difficulty:Moderate
Client Need: Safety and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control

Concept: Perioperative
Feedback
1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause urinary tract infections in a hospital setting, and
urinary tract catheterization predisposes one to it.
2 Hospital food is not a source of pseudomonas infections, and it is not commonly
transmitted through oral routes.
3 Nebulizers cannot predispose clients to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
4 Hospital linens are not a common cause of pseudomonas infection as skin contact is not
the method of transmission.
PTS: 1 CON: Perioperative

9. ANS: 4
Page: 172
Objective: N/A
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 There are no specific neurological tests to diagnose Legionnaire’s disease.
2 Tissue sampling is not used to diagnose Legionnaire’s disease.
3 Antibody titers have no role to play in diagnosing Legionnaire’s disease.
4 Arterial blood gases are used to diagnose Legionnaire’s disease.

10. ANS: 3
Page: 173
Objective: N/A
Concept: Assessment
Feedback
1 Pinpoint red macules and petechiae called Forchheimer spots are seen over the soft
palate and uvula in German measles.
2 Dewdrops on a rose petal is the classic pattern of rash of chickenpox.
3 A slapped-cheek appearance that looks like sunburn on the facial skin is the first stage
rash of Fifth disease.
4 Purpura and ecchymotic rash are seen in Neisseria meningitidis.
PTS: 1 CON: Assessment

11. ANS: 4
Page: 190
Objective: N/A
Cognitive Level: Evaluation [Evaluating]
Concept: Pregnancy
Feedback
1 Microcephaly is caused by cytomegalovirus.
2 Retinitis is caused by cytomegalovirus.
3 Toxoplasmagondii causes vision impairment in the fetus.
4 Since rubella affects the embryo by causing spontaneous abortion, it is said to have
teratogenic effects.
PTS: 1 CON: Pregnancy

12. ANS: 3
Page: 193
Objective: N/A
Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Concept: Hematologic Regulation
Feedback
1 Anemia is common to several medical conditions and not specific to malaria.
2 Bilirubin, which is a byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown, is common to other medical
conditions and therefore elevated bilirubin is not considered diagnostic for malaria.
3 Serological testing to diagnose specific antibodies against plasmodium is also diagnostic
for malaria.
4 A urine test will not help to diagnose malaria as it infects the blood and not the urinary
system.
PTS: 1 CON: Hematologic Regulation

13. ANS: 3
Page: 188
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Easy
Concept: Infection

Feedback
1 The Epstein Barr virus causes infectious mononucleosis.
2 Cytomegalovirus causes mononucleosis-type symptoms in adults or can be
asymptomatic and can cause a wide range of disorders.
3 The Spanish flu was an epidemic caused by the influenza virus that took many lives in
1918.
4 Morbillivirus causes measles, which is different from flu.

14. ANS: 4
Page: 172
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Easy
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 The African fruit bat is the reservoir for Marburg virus.
2 The white-tailed deer is the reservoir for Lyme disease.
3 Contaminated drinking water is a general reservoir for several infections but not
Neisseria meningitidis.
4 The human nasopharynx is the reservoir for Neisseria meningitidis.

15. ANS: 2
Page: 173, 174
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Easy
Heading: Prion Infectious Disease
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 Prions are not bacterial spores.
2 Prions are abnormal proteins that are infectious.
3 Prions are not fungal in nature.
4 Helminths are worms, while prions are abnormal proteins.

16. ANS: 2
Page: 193, 194

Objective: N/A
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 There are other pathogens that cause hemorrhagic fevers, and all of them are not
reportable or classified as Category A bioterrorism agents.
2 The potent killer combination and high infectivity make them Category A bioterrorism
agents.
3 There are several other pathogens that are transmitted through blood and body fluids
that are not classified as Category A bioterrorism agents.
4 There are several other diseases caused by pathogens that do not have standard
treatment options and they are not classified as Category A bioterrorism agents.

17. ANS: 3
Page: 198
Objective: N/A
Concept: Sensory Perception
Feedback
1 While there is mental confusion in the variant, there is memory loss in
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and therefore it is difficult to distinguish one from the other.
2 While there are personality changes in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, there are psychiatric
problems in the variant, making it difficult to distinguish one from the other.
3 There are problems with hearing, seeing, and smelling in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease and these symptoms are noted for weeks or months.
4 Involuntary jerky movements found in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are similar to poor
muscle coordination and muscle spasms found in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease,
making it difficult to distinguish one from other.
PTS: 1 CON: Sensory Perception

18. ANS: 2
Page: 198
Objective: N/A

Concept: Nutrition
Feedback
1 A blood test will not confirm a tapeworm infection.
2 A stool test can confirm the diagnosis of tapeworm by showing the presence of eggs or
segments of the worm.
3 A urine test cannot confirm a tapeworm infection.
4 Antibody titers are used for infections caused by microbes and not by tapeworm.
PTS: 1 CON: Nutrition

19. ANS: 1
Page: 195, 196
Objective: N/A
Heading: Coccidiomycosis
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 Coccidiomycosis is a fungal infection caused by inhalation of fungal spores in the air.
2 There is no vector involved in the spread of coccidiomycosis. Vector-borne diseases can
be contagious, while coccidiomycosis is not.
3 While it is true that little is known about how prions (abnormal proteins) are formed or
gain entry into humans, it is not the cause of coccidiomycosis.
4 The fungal spores are inhaled from air and do not have an oral entry via contaminated
food.

20. ANS: 2
Page: 175
Objective: N/A
Concept: Female Reproduction
Feedback
1 Women who contract vaginal candidiasis are not necessarily immunosuppressed and are
not prey to opportunistic infection.
2 Antibiotics destroy lactobacillus that actually keeps the vaginal pH low. This factor is a
protective mechanism to ward off infection.
3 Antibiotic-resistant bacteria do not cause vaginal candidiasis.
4 Antibiotics do not cause a decrease in vaginal pH, and if anything a decreased vaginal

pH is protective.
PTS: 1 CON: Female Reproduction
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
21. ANS: 1, 3, 4
Page: 178
Objective: N/A
Concept: Critical Thinking
Feedback
1. This is correct. A prolonged manifestation could mean an immunocompromised state when
treatment becomes necessary.
2. This is incorrect. Absence of preventive vaccines is not a criterion for medical therapy.
3. This is correct. If the infection is a killer disease and easily transmitted, it is treated to
avoid risk to people in contact with the client.
4. This is correct. If certain stages of infection can cause undue risk to the client, the infection
has to be aborted before the stage is reached.
5. This is incorrect. When the first line of defense fails to contain an infection, the second line
of defense, called adaptive immune system, can contain the infection.
PTS: 1 CON: Critical Thinking

22. ANS: 1, 2, 4
Page: 178, 179
Objective: N/A
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care
Concept: Assessment
Feedback
1. This is correct. A culture of the infected tissue or body fluid is grown on agar to identify
the microbes.
2. This is correct. The extent of infection can be inferred by the number of microorganisms
per high-power field or volume of substrate.
3. This is incorrect. Antibodies to the antigen (microbes) are inferred from serological testing
as the blood and not the substrate will contain the antibodies.
4. This is correct. The culture medium can be infused with antibiotics to study the growth or
suppression of microbes.

5. This is incorrect. Differentiating between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria is done
through staining techniques and not through culture.
PTS: 1 CON: Assessment

23. ANS: 1, 3
Page: 187
Objective: N/A
Cognitive Level: Analyzing [Analysis]
Concept: Immunity
Feedback
1. This is correct. Antibodies are found in blood serum and therefore are specific to
serological testing.
2. This is incorrect. Histology deals with the study of characteristic cell changes.
3. This is correct. Levels of IgM and IgG in the blood serum can predict the stage of
infection.
4. This is incorrect. Antigen identification combines culture and microscopic methods.
5. This is incorrect. Detection of a microorganism’s genetic material is achieved through
polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
PTS: 1 CON: Immunity

24. ANS: 1, 2, 5
Page: 178, 179
Objective: N/A
Cognitive Level: Analyzing [Analysis]
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1. This is correct. The infection was present in the population but had not been detected.
2. This is correct. After a decline in the incidence of an infection, the infection can reoccur.
3. This is incorrect. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause reemergence of an infectious disease
and not emergence of an infectious disease.
4. This is incorrect. A breakdown in public health measures causes reemergence of infectious
disease.
5. This is correct. On realizing an established disease has an infectious origin, the disease
becomes an emerging infectious disease.

Test Bank for Davis Advantage for Pathophysiology: Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspe
ORDERED RESPONSE
25. ANS:
DAECB
Page: 190
Objective: N/A
Cognitive Level:Application [Applying]
Concept: Infection
Feedback:The incubation period is the first stage when the pathogen begins to replicate in the host and has not
yet caused identifiable symptoms. The prodromal stage is the second stage when the host has a vague sense of
illness with an initial appearance of symptoms. The host is highly contagious in this stage. The acute stage is
the third stage when the symptoms become specific and the host experiences the full disease. The host’s
defenses are in full force fighting off the infection. The host remains contagious at this stage. The fourth stage
is the convalescent stage when the pathogen is gradually being eliminated and the infection is being contained
with a resolution of the symptoms. The resolution phase is the fifth and final phase with total elimination of
pathogens from the host and no residual signs or symptoms of the infection.
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the crushing force of the whole ruling propaganda machinery, which
had been so successful in arousing hatred against Germany,
countless American workmen sensed the approach of a new order
as a result of the success of the Bolsheviki. A secondary impulse of
the same sort, felt even more strongly in some quarters, arose from
the Nottingham programme of the British Labour Party. But affairs
moved slowly, hope was deferred, and at length the new spirit lost
much of its freshness and power. The very acrimoniousness and
volume of the controversy over what had or had not been done in
Russia wearied most people of the whole matter. The many
expected revolutions in other countries, which missed fire so many
times, caused disillusionment. The doctrinaire and even religious
adherents of the Russian Communists began to make trouble for
every radical organization in the country by their quarrels and
divisions. At length, the war being over, the American labour
movement itself began to display a weakness in the face of renewed
attack on the part of its opponents, which showed how illusory had
been many of its recent gains and how seriously its morale had been
injured.
Economic radicalism never looked—on the surface—weaker
than it does in the United States to-day. On the strength of
statements by Mr. Gompers and some other leaders of the trade
unions, we are likely to assume that organized labour will have
nothing to do with it. The professed radicals themselves have been
weakened by dissensions and scattered by persecution. Yet a brief
survey of the formal groups which now profess radical theories will
indicate why the future of American radicalism should not be
assessed on the evidence of their present low estate.
The Socialist Party, even more than the Socialist Parties in other
countries, was placed by the war in a difficult situation. With its roots
not yet firmly in the soil, except in a few localities and among diverse
national elements, it was faced with the necessity, in accordance
with its principles and tradition, of denouncing the entrance of the
United States into hostilities. But this decision could command no
effective support from the workers organized on the economic field,
who under a different leadership adopted a different attitude. Nor
was the party strong enough among any other element of the
population to make its decision respected. The only immediate result
of the gesture was therefore to place this unarmed little force in the
most exposed position possible, where it drew the fire of all those
who were nervously afraid the people would not sanction the war.
Socialism was not judged on the basis of its economic tenets, but
was condemned as disloyal and pro-German; and the effect was to
render the party even more sectarian and unrepresentative than ever
before. It had adopted a position in which it could not expect recruits
except from moral heroes, and no nation nourishes a large
proportion of these. Such episodes make good legend, but they do
not lead to prompt victories. Even those who later have come to
believe that the Socialists were right about the war are likely to
express their belief in some other form than joining the party.
In this weakened condition, the Socialist Party after the war
developed internal fissures. Many bitter words have been exchanged
as to whether the “Left Wingers” were or were not a majority of the
party, whether they were or were not more orthodox than those in
control of the party machinery, and whether, if they were more
orthodox, their orthodoxy was wise. At any rate, they broke away and
formed two new parties of their own, a fact which is the chief point of
interest to one who is more concerned with the larger issues of
American radicalism than with the minutiæ of Socialist politics. The
Communist Party and the Communist Labour Party, whatever may
have been the legitimacy of their gestation in the bowels of
Socialism, certainly found their reason for being chiefly in logic which
originated in Moscow and Berlin rather than in the American
situation. At once selected for persecution by government officials,
they burrowed underground, doubtless followed by a band of spies
at least as numerous as they. From these subterranean regions have
come rumours of a fourth party—the United Communist, which
swallowed most of the Communist Labourites and some of the
Communists. At last accounts the Communists and the United
Communists were each attempting to prove the other counter-
revolutionary by reference to the latest documents from international
revolutionary headquarters.
It is hazardous in the extreme for an outsider to speak of the
differences in doctrine among these groups. It is probably fair to say,
however, that the Communist parties are chiefly distinguished by
their total lack of interest in anything save a complete revolution,
because this is the only kind they believe possible. They reject as
“compromises” partial gains of all sorts; piecemeal progress by
evolutionary methods rather offends them than otherwise. Their eyes
are turned always toward some future revolutionary situation; for this
their organization and their theories are being prepared. This being
the case, the validity of their position will be tested by the event. If,
as the milder Socialists believe, economic changes may come
gradually by process of growth and smaller shocks, the Communists
are likely to remain a nearly functionless and tiny minority, even in
the labour movement. If, as the Communists believe, the present
order in the normal course of its development is destined to
experience a sudden collapse similar to that which occurred in
Russia near the end of the war, they will become the true prophets,
and their mode of thought and action will presumably have fitted
them to assume leadership.
The Farmer-Labour Party is a recent growth far less doctrinaire
than either the Socialist or the Communist groups. It has neither
prophet nor Bible, but is based rather on the principle of gathering
certain categories of people together for political action, trusting that
as they become organized they will work out their own programme in
relation to the situation, and that that programme will develop as time
goes on. The categories to which it appeals are chiefly the industrial
workers and the small farmers, who have in general common
economic interests as opposed to the large owners of land and
capital. It hopes that other elements in the population, realizing that
their major interests are much the same as those of the unionists
and the farmers, will join forces with them to produce a majority. As
an illustration of the operation of such tactics, the Farmer-Labourites
point to the success of the Independent Labour Party of Great
Britain, first in aiding the foundation of the British Labour Party, and
second in building up for that party an increasingly coherent radical
programme.
In all these cases, however, not much confidence is placed in the
actual political machinery of elections. There is a widespread
scepticism about the ability to accomplish industrial changes by the
ballot, on account of experience with political corruption, broken
election promises, adverse court decisions, and political buncombe
in general. These parties are formed as much for the purpose of
propagating ideas and creating centres of activity as for mobilizing
votes. All radical parties lay great stress on the industrial power of
the organized labour movement. This is not to say that they do not
recognize the importance of the State in industrial matters. All agree
that control of political machinery will in the long run be necessary, if
only to prevent it from checking the advance of the people through
the courts and police. But they also agree that control of the State is
not held and cannot be attained by political machinery alone. The
present influence of the proprietors of industry on politics is due, they
see, chiefly to economic power, and the workers consequently must
not neglect the development of their own economic organization.
The Communists are completely hopeless of attaining results
through the present election machinery; the Socialists and Farmer-
Labourites believe it possible to secure a majority at the polls, which
may then execute its will, if the workers are well enough organized
for industrial action.
Outwardly the most successful of the radical movements is the
least doctrinaire of all. It is unnecessary to repeat the history and
achievements of the Nonpartisan League—an attempt on the part of
organized farmers to use the machinery of the State in order to gain
economic independence from the banking, milling, and packing
interests. Other groups of farmers have aimed at a similar result
through co-operation, with varying success.
In the industrial labour movement proper there have been
numerous radical minorities. The most uncompromising of these, as
well as the most characteristically American, was the Industrial
Workers of the World, who aspired to build up a consciously
revolutionary body to rival the unions composing the American
Federation of Labour. This decline is due not so much to
suppression as to their previous failure to enlist the continued
support of the industrial workers themselves. Like the Communists,
the I.W.W. predicated their success on a revolutionary situation, and
lacking that situation they could not build a labour movement on an
abstract idea. Over long periods not enough people are moved by a
philosophy of salvation to give staying power to such an organization
in the daily struggle with the employers. Other similar attempts, such
as the W.I.I.U., and the more recent One Big Union, have
encountered similar difficulties. They grow rapidly in crises, but fail
under the strain of continued performance.
The failure of American radicals to build up a strong movement
is in part due, of course, to the natural difficulties of the social and
economic situation, but it is also due to the mental traits which
usually accompany remoteness from reality. This is illustrated in the
history of the I.W.W., if we accept William Z. Foster’s acute analysis.
The regular trade-union movement, slowly evolving towards a goal
but half consciously realized, overcoming practical obstacles
painfully and clumsily, as such obstacles usually are overcome, was
too halting for these impatient radicals. They withdrew, and set up
rival, perfectionist unions, founded in uncompromising revolutionary
ardour. These organizations were often unable to serve the rank and
file in their practical difficulties, and consequently could not supplant
the historic labour movement. But they did draw out of that
movement many of its most sincere and ardent spirits, thus depriving
it of the ferment which was necessary to its growth. The I.W.W., for
their part, failing to secure any large grip on reality, regressed into
quarrels about theory, suffered divisions of their social personality,
and at length—except in the far West—became little more than
economic anchorites. As Foster says, “The I.W.W. were absolutely
against results.”
Too much of American radicalism has been diverted to the easy
emotional satisfaction which is substituted for the arduous process of
dealing with reality. We suffer a restriction of the personality, we cry
out against the oppressor, we invent slogans and doctrines, we fill
our minds with day dreams, with intricate mechanisms of some
imaginary revolution. At the same time we withdraw from the actual
next step. Here is the trade-union movement, built up painfully for
over a century, a great army with many divisions which function
every day in the industrial struggle. How many radicals know it in any
detail? How many have paid the slightest attention to the technique
of its organization, or have devoted any time to a working out of the
smaller problems which must be worked out before it can achieve
this or that victory? Here are our great industries, our complex
systems of exchange. How many radicals really know the technique
of even the smallest section of them? Radicals wish to reorganize
the industrial system; would they know how to organize a factory?
If radicalism arises from the instinct for economic maturity, then it
can find its place in the world only by learning its function, only by
expressing its emotion in terms of the actual with which it has to
deal. A period of adolescence was to be expected, but to prolong the
characteristics of that period is to invite futility. And as a matter of
fact American radicalism now exhibits a tendency to establish more
contacts with reality. Instead of withdrawing from established unions
to start a new and spotless labour movement, radicals are beginning
to visualize and to carry out the difficult but possible task of
improving the organization of the existing unions, and of charging
them with new energy and ideas. Unions which were founded by
radicals—such as the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America—
are devoting their efforts not to talking of a future revolution, but to
organizing the workers more firmly in the present, to establishing
constitutional government in industry through which tangible
advances may be made and safeguarded, and to improving the
productivity of industry itself. Engineers, encouraged by labour
organizations, and in some cases actually paid by them, are
investigating the problem of economic waste, and are demonstrating
by line upon line and precept upon precept how the chaos of
competition, industrial autocracy, and a controlling profit motive are
reflected in idle hours, low wages, high prices, and inferior products.
The co-operative movement is slowly providing a new and more
efficient machinery of distribution, while co-operative banks are
building up a reserve of credit for those who wish to experiment with
undertakings conducted for other purposes than the profit of the
proprietor. Such functional use of the labour movement is more
dangerous to the existing disorder than volumes of phrases or a
whole battalion of “natural rights.”
Extremists call such activities compromise. They are
compromise in the sense that any hypothesis must be changed to fit
the facts, but they involve no compromise with scientific truth. The
alchemist compromised when he gave up the search for the
philosopher’s stone and began to learn from the elements. He
surrendered a sterile dogma for a fruitful science. In proportion as
radicals learn how to put their emotions to work, in proportion as they
devise ways to function in the world in which we live, will they make
possible not only unity among themselves, but a rapprochement with
other Americans. A man who believes there is no real possibility of
change short of complete revolution can unite with a man who has
no theory about the matter at all so long as they do not discuss
abstract doctrine, but concentrate upon the problem of how to bring
about a particular effect at a particular time. The most radical
theories, if expressed in terms of concrete situations, will be
accepted by those who are wary of generalities, or do not
understand them. The theories will be tested in the fact. The
operation of such a process may be blocked by those who
dogmatically oppose all experiment, but in that case the forces of
reason and of nature will be so clearly on the side of the radical that
there can be no doubt about his ultimate fruitfulness.
George Soule
THE SMALL TOWN
AMERICA is a nation of villagers, once remarked George
Bernard Shaw in a moment of his most exclusive scorn for what he
believed was our crude and naïve susceptibility to the modes and
moods, to say nothing of the manners, of the professional patriots
during that hectic period when Wilhelm was training to become the
woodman of Amerongen. Now Shaw is the oracle of the Occident,
and when he speaks there is no docile dog this side of Adelphi
Terrace presumptuous enough to bark. At least there should not be;
and in any event, neither history nor H. G. Wells records any spirited
protest on America’s part to the Shavian accusation. It was allowed
to stand invulnerable and irrefutable. Of course, in our hearts we
know Shaw is right. We may for the moment be signifying rus in
urbe, but between you and me and the chief copy-reader of the
Marion (Ohio) Star, in urbe is a superfluous detail.
Show me a native New Yorker and I will show you something as
extinct as a bar-tender. There are no native New Yorkers. All New
Yorkers come from small towns and farms. Ask Dad, ask the Sunday
editor, ask the census-taker—they know. And what is true of New
York is true of Boston and Chicago. The big men, the notable men of
the big cities, hail from the small towns, the Springfields, the
Jacksons, the Jamestowns, Georgetowns, Charlestowns—yes, and
from the Elizabeths and Charlottes—of the nation.
Under the circumstances any back-to-the-land movement in this
country seems futile if not ridiculous. The land is still confident and
capable of taking care of itself. It needs no aid from the city chaps
and asks none. The Freudians are not deceived for a moment over
the basis of a return-to-the-farm enterprise. They recognize it for
what it is—a sentimental complex superinduced by the nervous
hysteria of the city. But even the amazingly small proportion of the
population that is not Freudian refuses to become influenced by the
cry of the sentimentalists. Because it is keenly, though
unpretentiously, aware of the genuinely rural state of its culture and
civilization.
The civilization of America is predominantly the civilization of the
small town. The few libertarians and cosmopolites who continue to
profess to see a broader culture developing along the Atlantic
seaboard resent this fact, though they scarcely deny it. They are too
intelligent, too widened in vision to deny it. They cannot watch the
tremendous growth and power and influence of secret societies, of
chambers of commerce, of boosters’ clubs, of the Ford car, of
moving pictures, of talking-machines, of evangelists, of nerve tonics,
of the Saturday Evening Post, of Browning societies, of circuses, of
church socials, of parades and pageants of every kind and
description, of family reunions, of pioneer picnics, of county fairs, of
firemen’s conventions without secretly acknowledging it. And they
know, if they have obtained a true perspective of America, that there
is no section of this vast political unit that does not possess—and
even frequently boast—these unmistakably provincial signs and
symbols.
I do not mean to imply that such aspects make America an unfit
place in which to live. On the contrary, America’s very possession of
them brings colour and rugged picturesqueness, if not a little pathos,
to the individual with imagination sufficient to find them. Mr. Dreiser
found them and shed a triumphant tear. “Dear, crude America” is to
him a sweet and melancholy reality. It is a reality that has been
expressed with a good deal of prophecy—and some profit—by the
young novelists. Small-town realism with a vengeance, rather than a
joy, has been the keynote of their remarkable success during the
past year. However, they pulled the pendulum of cultural life too far
in one direction. They failed, for the most part, of appreciating the
similarity of human nature in city as in country, with the result that
their triumph is ephemeral. Already the reaction has set in. There are
now going on in the work-rooms of the novelists attempts to
immortalize Riverside Drive, Fifth Avenue, Beacon Street, Michigan
Boulevard, and Pennsylvania Avenue.
Unless they penetrate into the soul of these avenues, unless
they perceive that these avenues are not spiritually different from
Main Street, though they may be clothed in the habiliments of
metropolitan taste and fancy, they will fail to symbolize correctly
America. They will be writing merely for money and controversial
space in the literary supplements.
For the soul of these avenues is a soul with an i substituted for u.
It is the soul of the land. It is a homely, wholesome provincialism,
typifying human nature as it is found throughout the United States.
We may herd in a large centre of population, assume the
superficialities of cosmopolitan culture and genuinely believe
ourselves devils of fellows. It takes all the force of a prohibition law to
make us realize that we are more sinned against than sinning. Then
are we confronted sharply by the fact that the herd is appallingly
inefficient and inarticulate in a conflict with isolated individualism.
The prohibition movement originated in farming communities and
villages where the evils of alcohol are ridiculously insignificant. No
self-respecting or neighbour-respecting villager could afford to be
known as a drinking man. His business or his livelihood was at
stake. Then why did he foster prohibition? Why did he seek to fasten
it upon the city resident who, if he drank, did not lose apparently his
own or his neighbour’s respect? Chiefly because of his very
isolation. Because he was geographically deprived of the
enjoyments which the city man shared. I can well imagine a farmer in
the long sweating hours of harvest time or a small town storekeeper
forced to currying favour with his friends and neighbours 365 days in
a year, resolutely declaring that what he cannot have the man in the
city shall not have. The hatching of all kinds of prohibitory plots can
be traced to just such apparent injustices of life. Dr. Freud would
correctly explain it under the heading of inferiority-complex.
City men have marvelled at the remarkable organization of the
reformers. It is not so much organization, however, as it is a national
feeling perceived and expressed simultaneously. Cities may conduct
the most efficient propaganda against such a feeling, they may
assemble their largest voting strength to assail it. All in vain. The
country districts roll up the majorities and the cities are left
unmistakably high and dry.
So it is with most of the laws and movements of America. The
rural sections have but to will them and they become in due time
established facts. An idea merely has to take root in the mind of
some socially oppressed individual. He talks it over with his friends
at lodge meeting or during an informal hour at a board of trade
meeting. He receives encouragement. He imparts the idea to his
wife, who carries it to her literary club, where it is given further airing.
It spreads to the volunteer firemen’s clubrooms, to the grange
picnics and the church socials. It is discussed in the pulpits. Finally it
reaches the ears of the village and county politicians who, impressed
by its appeal to the moral force of the community, decide after hours
in the back room of the post-office or the national bank to interest the
congressman or assemblyman from their district in its merits as a
possible law upon the statute books. The congressman and
assemblyman, acutely aware of the side on which their bread is
buttered, agree to do “everything within their power” to put the
measure through. Having the assistance of other congressmen and
assemblymen, most of whom are from rural districts, their tasks
assuredly are not difficult.
Before the appearance of the automobile and the movie upon
the national horizon, the small town was chiefly characterized by a
distinctly rural and often melancholy peacefulness. A gentle air of
depression hung over it, destructive of the ambitious spirit of youth
and yet, by very reason of its existence, influencing this spirit to seek
adventure and livelihood in wider fields. Amusements were few and
far between. It was the day of the quilting party, of the Sunday
promenade in the cemetery, of buggy-riding, of the ice-cream festival
and the spelling bee. The bucolic note was ever present.
Such an environment, while joyous to the small boy, became
hopelessly dull and lifeless to the youth of vitality and imagination.
Restlessness with it tormented him day and night until it grew into an
obsession. Especially did he dislike Sunday, its funereal quiet with
stores closed and other possible avenues of excitement and
adventure forbidden. He began to cherish dreams of a life strange
and teeming in distant cities.
As he grew older and a measure of independence came to him
he fled, provided there was no business established by a patient and
hard-working ancestry which might lure him into remaining home.
And even that did not always attract him. He was compelled to go by
his very nature—a nature that desired a change from the pall of
confining and circumscribed realism, the masks of respectability
everywhere about him, the ridiculous display of caste, that saw a
rainbow of fulfilled ideals over the hills, that demanded, in a word,
romance.
He, who did not feel this urge, departed because of lack of
business opportunities. Occasionally he returned disillusioned and
exhausted by the city and eager to re-establish himself in a line of
work which promised spiritual contentment. But more often he
stayed away, struggling with the crowd in the city, returning home
only for short vacation periods for rest and reminiscence, to see his
people and renew boyhood friendships. At such times he was likely
to be impressed by the seeming prosperity of those boys he left
behind, of the apparent enjoyment they found in the narrow
environment. The thought may have occurred to him that the life of
the small town had undergone a marked change, that it had adopted
awkward, self-conscious urban airs.
Suddenly he realizes that the automobile and the movie and to
some extent the topical magazine are mainly responsible for the
contrast. The motor-car has given the small town man an ever-
increasing contact with the city, with life at formerly inaccessible
resorts, with the country at large. And the movie and the magazine
have brought him news and pictures of the outside world. He has
patronized them and grown wiser.
The basis, the underlying motive, of all cultural life in the small
town is social. The intellectual never enters. It may try to get in but
the doors are usually barred. There is practically no demand for the
so-called intellectual magazines. Therefore, they are seldom placed
on sale. But few daily papers outside of a radius of fifty miles are
read. Plays which have exclusive appeal to the imagination or the
intellect are presented to rows of empty seats. On the other hand,
dramas teeming with primitive emotions and the familiar devices of
hokum attract large audiences, provided the producing managers
care to abide by the present excessive transportation rates. There is
but little interest manifested in great world movements, such as the
economic upheaval in Eastern Europe. Normalcy is, indeed, the
watchword so far as intellectual development is concerned.
It is in the social atmosphere that the American village has its
real raison d’être. Therein do we meet the characteristics that have
stamped themselves indelibly upon American life. The thousand and
one secret societies that flourish here have particularly fertile soil in
the small towns. Count all the loyal legionaries of all the chapters of
all the secret societies between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and
you have a job suited only to the most irrepressible statistician. And
the most loyal live in the small towns and villages of the United
States. The choice is not limited. There are societies enough to suit
all kinds of personalities and purses.
The Knights of Pythias, the Knights of the Maccabees, the Odd
Fellows, the Elks, the Eagles, the Loyal Order of the Moose, the
Modern Woodmen, the Masons with their elaborate subdivisions of
Shriners and Knights Templar—all count their membership
throughout the nation. And the women, jealous of their husbands’
loyalty to various and complex forms of hocus-pocus, have
organized auxiliary societies which, while not maintaining the
secrecy that veils the fraternal orders, nevertheless build up a
pretentious mystery intriguing to the male mind.
No town is a self-respecting town unless it can boast half a
dozen of these societies. They are the fabric of which the basis of
the social structure is built. They are the very essence of America.
They dot the national landscape. Every city, as if to prove
conclusively its provincial nature, displays one or more temples
devoted to the rituals of fraternal organization.
Recently the South has revived the order of the Ku Klux Klan
which flourished after the Civil War as a means of improving upon
the orderly course of the law in dealing with the Negro race. Here is
the apotheosis of the secret society, with its magnificent
concealment of identity in a unique form of dress, its pretensions to
100 per cent. Americanism, its blatant proclamations of perpetuating
the great and glorious traditions of the republic. The Negro has
already organized to offset this propaganda. He knew that unless he
could show secret orders of imposing strength he had no right even
to the questionable heritage of habitation here. He would be outside
the spirit of the times. He owed it to America, to “dear, crude
America,” to organize lodges and secret societies; and he has done
so.
Undoubtedly the secret society plays a large part in the
greatness of America. It has made the American class-conscious. It
has made him recognize his own importance, his own right to the
national distinction of good-fellowship. It provides him temporary
surcease from domestic and business details, though there are
countless numbers of men who join these orders to make business
details, so far as they affect them, more significant.
The amazing prevalence of conventions in America is an
outgrowth of the secret societies. Life to many 100 per cent.
Americans is just one lodge convention after another. Held in a
different city each year, a distinction that is industriously competed
for, the convention has become a fixed fact in American cultural life.
Here is the one occasion of the year when the serious diddle-daddle
is laid aside, and refuge and freedom are sought in such
amusements as the convention city can offer. The secret order
convention has inspired the assembly of all kinds and descriptions of
conventions—trade conventions, religious conventions, educational
conventions—until there is no city in the land boasting a first-class
hotel that does not at one time or another during the year house
delegates with elaborate insignia and badges.
Probably the first parade held in America was that of a class-
conscious fraternal organization eager to display its high standard of
membership as well as a unique resplendence in elaborate regalia.
The parade has continued an integral part of American life ever
since. There is something of the vigour, the gusto and crudeness of
America in a parade. It has come to represent life here in all its
curious phases.
The parade had become an event of colourful significance when
P. T. Barnum organized the “greatest show on earth.” He decided to
glorify it—in his dictionary “to glorify” really meant “to
commercialize”—and once and for all time associate it chiefly with
the circus. He succeeded, mainly because the residents of the
villages were receptive to the idea. They saw a bizarre relief from the
monotony of existence. The farmers rolled down from the hills in
their lumber-wagons and found an inarticulate joy, storekeepers
closed shop and experienced a tumultuous freedom from the petty
bickerings of trade, men and women renewed their youth, children
were suddenly thrown into a very ecstasy of delight. Thus, the circus
parade became part and parcel of American civilization.
And the precious and unique spirit created by the circus parade
has been carried on in innumerable representations. To-day America
shelters parades of every conceivable enterprise. Firemen have a
day in every small town of the land on which they joyously pull
flower-laden hose-carts for the entertainment of their fellow-citizens.
Bearing such labels as Alerts, Rescues and Champion Hook and
Ladder No. 1, they march proudly down Main Street—and the world
goes hang. The volunteer firemen’s organization is an institution
peculiar to the American small town,—an institution, too, that is not
without class-consciousness. The rough-and-ready, comparatively
illiterate young men form one group. The clerks, men engaged in the
professions and social favourites compose another. This class is
usually endowed by the wealthiest resident of the town, and its
gratitude is expressed usually by naming the organization for the
local Crœsus.
The Elks parade, the Knights of Pythias parade, veterans of
various wars parade, the Shriners and Knights Templar parade,
prohibitionists parade, anti-prohibitionists parade, politicians parade,
women parade, babies parade—everybody parades in America.
Indeed, America can be divided into two classes, those who parade
and those who watch the parade. The parade is indelibly identified
with the small town. It is also inalienably associated with the large
city, composed, as it is, of small-town men.
There has lately taken place in the villages throughout the
country a new movement that has civic pride as its basis. It is the
formation of boosters’ clubs. Everybody is boosting his home town,
at least publicly, though in the privacy of the front porch he may be
justly depressed by its narrowness of opportunity, its subservience to
social snobbery, its intellectual aridity. “Come to Our Town. Free
Sites Furnished for Factories,” read the signs along the railroad
tracks. “Boost Our Town” shout banners stretched across Main
Street.
Is there not something vitally poignant in such a proud
provincialism? Is not America endeavouring to lift itself up by its
boot-straps, to make life more comfortable and interesting? The
groping, though crude, is commendable. It is badly directed because
there is no inspiration back of it, because its organizers are only
remotely aware how to make life here more interesting. However,
there is the effort and it is welcome.
Perhaps, when the towns—and for that matter the cities—realize
that artistic sensitiveness is necessary to achieve comfort and
interest we shall have boosters who are as enthusiastic on the front
porch as in the board of trade meeting. When will our towns take
artistic advantage of their river-fronts? The place for the most
beautiful walk and drive and park presents usually unsightly piers,
factories and sheds. Railroad tracks are often laid in the very heart of
the town. For many years the leading hotels in practically all of our
towns and cities were built in close proximity to the railroad station.
In seeking to save a traveller time and convenience hotel proprietors
subjected him to the bodily and mental discomforts that are related
to the vicinity of a railroad station. Of late there is a marked tendency
to erect hotels in quiet residential streets away from the noise and
confusion of shops and railroad yards.
The billboard menace, while diminishing, is still imposing. It is to
the everlasting shame of the towns and cities that in an era of
prohibitions no legislative effort has been made to stop the evil of
desecrating our finest streets with advertising signs. Such
commercial greed is inconceivable to the foreign visitor. It is one of
his first impressions, though he charitably takes refuge in public in
attributing it to the high tension of our existence.
While the first symptoms of artistic appreciation are beginning to
be faintly discerned upon the American horizon, the old and familiar
phases of social life in the country are still being observed. The
picnic of first settlers, the family reunion, the church supper, the
sewing circle, the Browning society—all have national expression.
The introduction of such modern industrial devices as the automobile
has not affected them in the least. It can truly be asserted that the
flivver has even added to their popularity. It has brought people of
the country districts into closer contact than ever before. It has given
a new prestige to the picnics and the reunions.
What offers more rustic charm and simplicity than a family
reunion? Practically every family in the farming districts that claims
an ancestral residence in this country of more than fifty years holds
one annually. It is attended by the great and the near-great from the
cities, by the unaffected relatives back home. Babies jostle great-
grandparents. Large and perspiring women bake for days the cakes
and pies to be consumed. The men of the house are foolishly
helping in making the rooms and the front lawn ready. At last the
reunion is at hand—a sentimental debauch, a grand gorging.
Everybody present feels the poignancy of age. But while the heart
throbs the stomach is working overtime. The law of compensation is
satisfied. “A good time was had by all” finds another expression in
the weekly paper, and the reunion becomes a memory.
At pioneer picnics one finds the family reunion on a larger scale.
The whole township and county has for the time become related. It is
the day of days, a sentimental tournament with handshaking as the
most popular pastime. Organized in the rugged primitiveness of the
early part of the 19th century by men who were first to settle in the
vicinity, the pioneer picnic has been perpetuated, until to-day it is
linked inalterably with America’s development. It has weathered the
passing of the nation from an agricultural to a great industrial
commonwealth. It has stood the gaff of time. And so it goes on for
ever, a tradition of the small town and the farming community. While
it has been divested almost entirely of its original purpose, it serves
to bring the politicians in touch with the “peepul.” Grandiloquent
promises are made for a day from the rostrum by a battalion of
“Honourables”—and forgotten both by the “Honourables” and the
public intent upon dancing and walking aimlessly about the grounds.
The politicians smile as they continue to preserve their heroic pose,
and the “peepul,” satisfied that all is well with the world, turn to
various gambling devices that operate under the hypocritical eye of
the sheriff and to the strange dances that have crept up from the
jungle, for it is a day filled with the eternal spirit of youth. There is
ingenuous appeal in the fair samples of the yokelry present. There is
a quiet force beneath the bovine expressions of the boys. The soul
of America—an America glad to be alive—is being wonderfully and
pathetically manifested. No shams, no superficialities, no self-
conscious sophistication are met. Merely the sturdy quality of the
true American civilization, picturesque and haunting in its
primitiveness.
The county fair belongs in the same classification as the first-
settler picnic. It is the annual relaxation by farmers and merchants
from the tedious tasks of seeing and talking to the same people day
after day. It offers them a measure of equality with the people in the
city with their excursion boats, their baseball games, their park
sports. And they make the most of their opportunity. They come to
see and to be seen, to risk a few dollars on a horse race, to admire
the free exhibitions in front of the side-shows, to watch with wide
eyes the acrobatic stunts before the grandstand; to hear the “Poet
and the Peasant” overture by the band, proud and serious in a stand
of its own.
Three or four days given to such pleasures naturally bestow a
fine sense of illusion upon the visitors. They begin to believe that life
has been specially ordered for them. They see through a glass
lightly. They care not a whiff about the crowded excitements of the
city. They have something infinitely more enjoyable than a
professional baseball game or an excursion ride down the river. They
have days of endless variety, of new adventures, of new thoughts.
They, too, know that America cannot go wrong so long as they
continue to find illusion. And they are correct. They may not suspect
that American culture is crude. They do know, however, that it is
dear. They should worry.
Against such a background have the flavour and essence of
American life been compounded. Their influence has extended in all
directions, in all walks of industry. They have left their impress upon
the character of the country, upon the mob and the individual.
Sentimental attachment to the old ties, to boyhood ideals and
traditions remains potent though a little concealed by the mask, be it
affected or real, of sophistication. It is the voice of a new land, of a
vigorous and curious nationalism that is being exerted. There
obviously cannot be among such a naturally healthy people a
supercilious contempt for sentiment. We may laugh a little haughtily
at the amazing susceptibility of folks to the extravagant eloquence of
itinerant evangelists. We may look on an “old home week” with a
touch of urban disdain. We may listen to the band concert on a
Saturday night in the Court House Square with a studied
indifference. We may assume an attractive weariness in watching
the promenaders on Main Street visit one ice-cream emporium after
another. But deep down in our hearts is a feeling of invincible pride in
the charming homeliness, the youthful vitality, the fine simplicity, yes,
and the sweeping pathos of these aspects of small-town civilization.
Louis Raymond Reid
HISTORY
“Nescire autem quid antea quam natus sis

acciderit id est semper puerum esse.”
Cicero.
“History is bunk.”
Henry Ford
THE burghers of Holland, being (like the Chinese) inclined

towards a certain conservatism of both manners and habits,
continued the tradition of the “front parlour”—the so-called “good-
room”—well into the 20th century. Every farmer had his “front
parlour” filled with stuffy air, stuffy furniture, and an engraving of the
Eiffel Tower facing the lithographic representation of a lady in mid-
seas clinging desperately to a somewhat ramshackle granite cross.
But the custom was not restricted to the bucolic districts. His late
Majesty, William III (whose funeral was the most useful event of his
long life), had been married to an estimable lady of Victorian
proclivities, who loved a “tidy” and an “antimacassar” better than life
itself. An aristocracy, recruited from the descendants of East India
Directors and West India sugar planters, followed the Royal
Example. They owned modest homes which the more imaginative
Latin would have called “Palazzi.” Most of the ground floor was taken
up by an immense “front parlour.” For the greater part of the year it
was kept under lock and key while the family clustered around the oil
lamp of the “back parlour” where they lived in the happy cacophony
of young daughters practising Czerny and young sons trying to
master the intricacies of “paideuo—paideueis—paideuei.”

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PTS: 1 CON: Infection

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PTS: 1 CON: Pregnancy

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“Nescire autem quid antea quam natus sis

THE burghers of Holland, being (like the Chinese) inclined

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