( Kindly read the NCERT thoroughly, this may not include all the question,)

CHAPTER1 - RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT

Q1 DEFINITION of Resource

Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, which are
technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable.

Q2 INTERDEPENDENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATURE, TECHNOLOGY AND

INSTITUTIONS

· The process of transformation of things available in our environment involves an

inter- dependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions.

· Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to
accelerate their economic development

Q DO YOU THINK THAT RESOURCES ARE FREE GIFTS OF NATURE?

They are not. Resources are a function of human activities. Human beings themselves are
essential components of resources. They transform material available in our environment into
resources and use them
Q3 CLASSIFICATION of resources

1 On the Basis of Origin

• Biotic Resources: These are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human
beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.

• Abiotic Resources: All those things which are composed of no.n-living things are
called abiotic resources.

For example, rocks and metals.

2 On the Basis of Exhaustibility Renewable Resources:

• Renewable or replenishable resources: The resources which can be renewed or

reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known. For example,
solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc.

• Non-Renewable Resources: These occur over a very long geological time. Minerals
and fossil fuels are examples of such resources.

3On the Basis of Ownership:

• Individual Resources: These are also owned privately by individuals. Plantation,

pasture lands, ponds, water in wells etc. are some of the examples of resources
ownership by individuals.

• Community Owned Resources: There are resources which are accessible to all the
members of the community. Village commons (grazing grounds, burial grounds,
village ponds, etc.) public parks, picnic spots,

• National Resources: Technically, all the resources belong to the nation. All the
minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and
oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles from the coast termed as territorial water and
resources therein belong to the nation.

• International Resources: The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive

Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these
without the concurrence of international institutions.

Eg. India has got the right to mine manganese nodules from the bed of the Indian Ocean
from that area which lies beyond the exclusive economic zone
4 On the Basis of the Status of Development

• Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a region but have not been
utilised. For example, wind and solar energy in Rajasthan and Gujarat

• Developed Resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity
have been determined for utilisation. The development of resources depends on
technology and level of their feasibility.

• Stock: Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs
but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these, are
included among stock. For example, water is a compound of two inflammable gases;
hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy.

• Reserves are the subset of the stock, which can be put into use with the help of
existing technical ‘know-how’ but their use has not been started. The water in the
dams, forests etc. is a reserve which can be used in the future.

Q3 PROBLEMS DUE TO INDISCRIMINATELY USE OF RESOURCES

• Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.

• Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two segments
i.e. haves and have nots or rich and poor.

• Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as, global
warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.
Q4 Define SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

means ‘development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in
the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.

Q5 Give the characteristics of RIO DE JANEIRO EARTH SUMMIT

● In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for
the first International Earth Summit.
● · Addressed urgent problems of environmental protection and socioeconomic
development at the global level.
● · The assembled leaders signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Change and
Biological Diversity.
● · The Rio Convention endorsed the global Forest Principles and adopted
Agenda 21 for achieving Sustainable Development in the 21st century.

Q6 What is Agenda 21?

It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United

Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which
took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Q7 What are the aims of Agenda 21?

1 It aims at achieving global sustainable development.

2 It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease

through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and
shared responsibilities.

3 One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local

government should draw its own local Agenda 21.
Q8 Define the term Resource Planning

Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources

Q9 Why is resource planning needed in India?

1 It has importance in a country like India, which has enormous diversity

in the availability of resources.

2 There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are
deficient in some other resources.

3 There are some regions which can be considered self sufficient in

terms of the availability of resources and there are some regions which
have acute shortage of some vital resources.

Q10 “There are some regions which can be considered self-sufficient in

terms of the availability of resources and there are some regions which
have acute shortage of some vital resources”. Explain

1 The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in

minerals and coal deposits.

2 Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks in

infrastructural development.

3 The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind
energy but lacks in water resources.
4 The cold desert of Ladakh is relatively isolated from the rest of the
country.

5 It has very rich cultural heritage but it is deficient in water,

infrastructure and some vital minerals.

Q11 What are the steps involved in resource planning? OR Resource

planning is a complex process

(i) identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This
involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and
measurement of the resources.

(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and
institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.

(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development
plans.

Q12 There are many regions in our country that are rich in resources
but these are included in economically backward regions. On the
contrary there are some regions which have a poor resource base
but they are economically developed.

Q13 What was the major reason for countries to colonise? How
were they able to exploit the resources?
1 The history of colonisation reveals that rich resources in colonies were
the main attractions for the foreign invaders.

2 It was primarily the higher level of technological development of the

colonising countries that helped them to exploit resources of other
regions and establish their supremacy over the colonies.

Q14 Why is there a need to conserve resources?

1Resources are vital for any developmental activity.

2But irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources may lead to

socio-economic and environmental problems.

3To overcome these problems, resource conservation at various levels is

important.

Q15 What was Gandhiji’s opinion on conservation of resources?

1 There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.”

2 He placed the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of

modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global
level.

3 He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the

production by the masses.
Q16 How is land as a resource useful to us?

1We live on land, we perform our economic activities on land and we use
it in different ways.

2Thus, land is a natural resource of utmost importance.

3It supports natural vegetation, wild life, human life, economic activities,
transport and communication systems.

4However, land is an asset of a finite magnitude, therefore, it is

important to use the available land for various purposes with careful
planning

Q17 Give a % account of relief features in India? How are they

useful to us?

1About 43 per cent of the land area is plain, which provides facilities for
agriculture and industry.

2 Mountains account for 30 per cent of the total surface area of the
country and ensure perennial flow of some rivers, provide facilities for
tourism and ecological aspects.

3 About 27 per cent of the area of the country is the plateau region. It
possesses rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.

Q18 Which factors affect land use pattern ?

The use of land is determined both by

1physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types as well as

2 human factors such as population density, technological capability
and culture and traditions etc.

Q19 Compare land use pattern of 1960-61 with 2014- 15

Q20 How is soil as a resource useful to us?

1Soil is the most important renewable natural resource.

2 It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living

organisms on the earth.
3 The soil is a living system.

Q21 Which factors affect formation of soil?

important factors

Relief,

Parent rock or bed rock,

Climate,

Vegetation and Other forms of life

Time are important factors in the formation of soil

Other Factors

1 Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of

running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc.
contribute to the formation of soil.

2 Chemical and organic changes which take place in the soil are equally
important. Soil also consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials

Q22 Which factors are used to classify soils?

1 soil formation,

2 colour,

3 thickness,
4 texture,

5 age,

6 chemical and physical properties

Q23 What has made it possible for India to have a variety of soils?

India has varied relief features, landforms, climatic realms and

vegetation types. These have contributed in the development of various
types of soils.

Q24 List out the different soils found in India

1Alluvial Soils

2 Black Soil

3 Red and Yellow Soils

4 Laterite Soil

5 Arid Soils

6 Forest Soils

Q25 Describe the following soils in detail

( Value points Formation, Features, types, Crops grown,

States )
Alluvial Soils

This is the most widely spread and important soil. In fact, the entire
northern plains are made of alluvial soil. These have been deposited by
three important Himalayan river systems– the Indus, the Ganga and the
Brahmaputra. These soils also extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat through
a narrow corridor. Alluvial soil is also found in the eastern coastal plains
particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and
the Kaveri rivers. The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand,
silt and clay. As we move inlands towards the river valleys, soil particles
appear some what bigger in size. In the upper reaches of the river valley
i.e. near the place of the break of slope, the soils are coarse. Such soils
are more common in piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai.

Apart from the size of their grains or components, soils are also
described on the basis of their age. According to their age alluvial
soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial
(Khadar). The bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker nodules
than the Khadar. It has more fine particles and is more fertile than the
bangar.

Alluvial soils as a whole are very fertile. Mostly these soils contain
adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal
for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse
crops. Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively
cultivated and densely populated. Soils in the drier areas are more
alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment and irrigation.

( Distinguish between bangar and Khadar separate question )

Black Soil

These soils are black in colour and are also known as regur soils. Black
soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil. It
is believed that climatic condition along with the parent rock material are
the important factors for the formation of black soil. This type of soil is
typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan
plateau and is made up of lava flows. They cover the plateaus of
Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
and extend in the south east direction along the Godavari and the
Krishna valleys. The black soils are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey
material. They are well-known for their capacity to hold moisture. In
addition, they are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate,
magnesium, potash and lime. These soils are generally poor in
phosphoric contents. They develop deep cracks during hot weather,
which helps in the proper aeration of the soil. These soils are sticky
when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the first
shower or during the pre-monsoon period.

Red and Yellow Soils

Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in

the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. Yelllow and red
soils are also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of
the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western
Ghats. These soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in
crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in a
hydrated form.
Laterite Soil

Laterite has been derived from the Latin word ‘later’ which means
brick. The laterite soil develops under tropical and subtropical climate
with alternate wet and dry season. This soil is the result of intense
leaching due to heavy rain. Lateritic soils are mostly deep to very
deep, acidic (pH<6.0), generally deficient in plant nutrients and occur
mostly in southern states, Western Ghats region of Maharashtra,
Odisha, some parts of West Bengal and North-east regions. Where
these soils support deciduous and evergreen forests, it is humus rich,
but under sparse vegetation and in semi-arid environment, it is generally
humus poor. They are prone to erosion and degradation due to their
position on the landscape. After adopting appropriate soil conservation
techniques particularly in the hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil
Nadu, this soil is very useful for growing tea and coffee. Red laterite soils
in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are more suitable for crops
like cashew nut.

Forest Soils

These soils are found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient
rain forests are available. The soils texture varies according to the
mountain environment where they are formed. They are loamy and silty
in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes. In the snow
covered areas of Himalayas, these soils experience denudation and are
acidic with low humus content. The soils found in the lower parts of the
valleys particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertil
( EACH SENTENCE IS ONE POINT, WRITE THE ABOVE ANSWER IN POINT
FORM )

Q How are human activities responsible for land degradation?

Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and

quarrying too have contributed significantly in land degradation

Q Give example from different states of India of land degradation

Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and
traces of over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and
Odisha deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation. In states like
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main
reasons for land degradation. In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh,
over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to
increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.

The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and
soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It
retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land. In
recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and
water pollution in many parts of the country.

Q“There are many ways to solve the problems of land degradation”

Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. Planting of shelterbelts
of plants, control on over grazing, stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are some
of the methods to check land degradation in arid areas. Proper management of waste lands,
control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after
treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.
Q Define soil erosion

The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion

Q Which are the human and natural factors responsible for soil erosion?

Sometimes, this balance is disturbed due to human activities like deforestation, overgrazing,
construction and mining etc.,

while natural forces like wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion

Q Different kinds of soil erosion? OR Different reasons for soil erosion

The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies.

The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land.

In the Chambal basin such lands are called ravines. Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large
areas down a slope.

In such cases the top soil is washed away. This is known as sheet erosion.

Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as wind erosion.

Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming. Ploughing in a wrong way i.e.
up and down the slope form channels for the quick flow of water leading to soil erosion

Q Some agricultural practices that reduce soil erosion or Some agricultural practices in
mountains that reduce soil erosion?

Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. This is
called contour ploughing.

Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. Western
and central Himalayas have well developed terrace farming.

Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This
breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.
Planting lines of trees to create shelter also works in a similar way. Rows of such trees are called
shelter belts. These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilisation of sand dunes
and in stabilising the desert in western India.
( Kindly read the NCERT thoroughly, this may not include all the
question,only meant for revision purposes)

Ch1 Development

Discuss the following situations:

1. Look at the picture on the right. What should be the developmental
goals for such an area? ( page 7 question 1)

1 People living in the slums should be re habitated

2 Means to say that they should be removed from in front of the buildings
and given houses in some other places
3 This will make space around buildings free

Q2 different persons could have different notion of development

1 A studens will want good education facilities in the form of school and
colleges
2 A farmer may want cheap agricultural inputs
3 Hose wife may wan es household items

Q3 Development goals of An adivasi from Narmada valley

1 Proper compensation
2 In the form of money or fertile land
3 In first place their land use not be taken away

Q4 “Consider another example. If you get a job in a far off place, before
accepting it you would try to consider many factors, apart from income”
such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to
learn.
In another case, a job may give you less pay but may offer regular
employment that enhances your sense of security.
Another job, however, may offer high pay but no job security and also leave
no time for your family.
This will reduce your sense of security and freedom.

Q 5 “Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals”

It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the
household and society increases.
However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there would
be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working
outside.
A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety
of jobs or run a business.

Q6 “In fact, at times, two persons or groups of persons may seek

things/goals which are conflicting”.

A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that he
also shares in the household work.
Her brother may not like this. Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists
may want more dams.
But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are
displaced – such as tribals.
They might resent this and may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate
their land.

Q7 List out some non materalisic goals?

equal treatment,
freedom,
security, and
respect for others.
They resent discrimination.
Friendship

Q8 Consider another example. If you get a job in a far off place, before
accepting it you would try to consider many factors, apart from income,

such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to

learn.
In another case, a job may give you less pay but may offer regular
employment that enhances your sense of security.
Another job, however, may offer high pay but no job security and also leave
no time for your family.
This will reduce your sense of security and freedom.

Q9 Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals.

It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the
household and society increases.
However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there would
be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working
outside.
A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety
of jobs or run a business.

Q10 For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the

most important attributes.

Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less
income.
This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all
things that human beings need.
Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to get with greater
income.
So, greater income itself is considered to be one important goal.
Q11 what is the income of a country?

intuitively, the income of the country is the income of all the residents of the
country. This gives us the total income of the country.

Q12 However, for comparison between countries, total income is not such
an useful measure.

Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not
tell us what an average person is likely to earn.
Are people in one country better off than others in a different country

Q13 What is per capita income OR How do we calculate per capita

income.

Average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total
population. The average income is also called per capita income.

Q14 What criteria is used by World Development Reports?, brought out by

the World Bank to classify countries explain in detail

criteria is used by World Development Reports, brought out by the World

Bank is per capita income

Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above in
2017, are called rich countries
Those with per capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income
countries.
India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its
per capita income in 2017 was just US$ 1820 per annum.
The rich countries, excluding countries of the Middle East and certain other
small countries, are generally called developed countries.

Farmers who depend only on rain for growing crops ------ Such a person
requires rainfall on time, irrigation facility etc

A rural woman from a land owning family------ Equal rights, Best education for her
children etc

Urban unemployed youth ---- Job, subsistence allowance etc

A boy from a rich urban family---- Best education, Latest gaming gadgets etc
Q15 While ‘averages’ are useful for comparison, they also hide disparities.

(Above example is the answer )

( From the above table we should know highest, lowest and india's
position Along with the definitions)

Q17 Give an account of per capita income of some selective states

Roughly, we can take it to be the per capita income of the state.

We find that of the three, Haryana has the highest per capita income and
Bihar is at the bottom.
This means that, on an average, a person in Haryana earned Rs 1,80,174
in one year whereas, on an average, a person in Bihar earned only around
Rs 34,409.

So, if per capita income were to be used as the measure of development,

Haryana will be considered the most developed and Bihar the least
developed state of the three.

Q18 Give an account of Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 live births (2017)of
some selective states

In Kerala, out of 1000 children born, 10 died before completing one year of
age but in Haryana the proportion of children dying within one year of birth
was 30, which is two times more than that of Kerala.

On the other hand, the per capita income of Haryana is more than that of
Kerala .

Just think of how dear you are to your parents, think of how everyone is so
happy when a child is born.

Now, try to think of parents whose children die before they even celebrate
their first birthday. How painful it must be to these parents

Q19 Give an account of Net Attendance Ratio (per 100 persons)

secondary stage (age 14 and 15 years) 2013-14 some selective states

Around half of the children aged 14-15 in Bihar are not attending school
beyond Class 8.

This means that if you went to school in Bihar nearly half of your
elementary class would be missing.

Those who could have been in school are not there! If this had happened to
you, you would not be able to read what you are reading now.
Q20 How is it that the average person in Haryana has more income than
the average person in Kerala but lags behind in these crucial areas?

The reason is — money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and
services that you may need to live well.

Q21 money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you
may need to live well.

So, income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material

goods and services that citizens are able to use.

For example, normally, your money cannot buy you a pollution-free

environment or ensure that you get unadulterated medicines, unless you
can afford to shift to a community that already has all these things.

Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases, unless
the whole of your community takes preventive steps.

Q22 Actually for many of the important things in life the best way, also the
cheapest way, is to provide these goods and services collectively

Just think – will it be cheaper to have collective security for the whole
locality or for each house to have its own security man?

What if no one, other than you, in your village or locality is interested in

studying?

Would you be able to study? Not unless your parents could afford to send
you to some private school elsewhere.

So you are actually able to study because many other children also want to
study and because many people believe that the government should open
schools and provide other facilities so that all children have a chance to
study.

Even now, in many areas, children, particularly girls, are not able to go to
high school because the government/ society has not provided adequate
facilities.

Q23 How do we calculate Body Mass Index (BMI).

One way to find out if we are properly nourished is to calculate what

nutrition scientists call Body Mass Index (BMI). This is easy to calculate.
Let each student in the class find out his or her weight and height. Take the
weight of each student in kilograms (kg). Then, take the height by drawing
up a scale on the wall and measuring accurately with the head straight.
Convert the height recorded in centimeters into meters. Divide the weight in
kg by the square of the height. The number you get is called BMI.

A student’s BMI could be within the normal range or less than that
(underweight) or more (obesity).

Q23 What method has the Human Development Report published by

UNDP used to compare countries?

For instance, Human Development Report published by UNDP compares

countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status
and per capita income.

Q24 Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been
increasing over a period of time. From this, can we conclude that all
sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with
an example.

while average income is useful for comparison it does not tell us how this
income is distributed among people

Whether all citizens have access to health

Whether all citizens have access to education etc