DETERMINING TRUE WIND AND RELATIVE WIND to TROPICAL REVOLVING STORM

1 - 5.

Differentiate the sea breeze from the land breeze in terms of wind circulation

near the coastline.

Sea breeze and land breeze represent distinct atmospheric occurrences resulting from temperature
variations between land and water. In daylight, the Earth's surface experiences uneven heating from the
sun, causing the land to warm more rapidly than the water. This temperature variance gives rise to a sea
breeze, characterized by the ascent of warm air over the land and cooler air from the sea to replace it.
This process generates a breeze that travels from the sea toward the land. Conversely, during nighttime,
the land cools more quickly than the water, leading to a land breeze. In this scenario, warmer air over
the sea ascends, and cooler air from the land moves seaward, creating a breeze blowing from the land
to the sea.

6 - 10. Distinguish the difference between the Southwest (SW) and Northeast (NE)

monsoons.

The Philippines witnesses two primary monsoons— the southwest monsoon, known as Habagat,
and the northeast monsoon, referred to as Amihan. Distinguishing features include the
southwest monsoon prevailing from June to october, constituting the rainy season. Winds blow
from the southwest to the northeast and in the northeast monsoon occurs during the dry
season from October to march, with winds blowing from the northeast to the southwest,
bringing cool and dry air from the Asian continent. This season is marked by cooler and less
humid weather, making it more favorable for outdoor activities despite occasional, less intense
rainfall.

11 - 15. Construct a step-by-step procedure for determining relative humidity and dew point using a
ships hygrometer.

Determining relative humidity and dew point using a ship's hygrometer involves a careful step-
by-step procedure. Before commencing, it is crucial to verify the calibration of the hygrometer
and ensure its overall functionality. The process begins with understanding the concept of
relative humidity, which is the proportion of actual water vapor in the air relative to the
maximum it could hold at a given temperature, expressed as a percentage. Utilizing equipment
such as a thermometer to measure air temperature, the hygrometer is then located and its
humidity scale is read. Some hygrometers may have a temperature adjustment that needs
consideration. The recorded humidity reading is noted as the relative humidity. The dew point,
indicating the temperature at which air becomes saturated with moisture, is determined using
the measured air temperature and relative humidity,100 percent humidity(fog)
16 - 20. Distinguish between fog and mist by explaining how they form and how they affect visibility.

Fog and mist, both atmospheric conditions causing reduced visibility, differ in density and typical
occurrence distances. Fog, characterized by higher density with tiny water droplets or ice crystals, can
decrease visibility to under 1 km. It forms when ground-level moist air cools, leading to water vapor
condensation into visible droplets, persisting for extended periods and presenting challenges for drivers,
pilots, and mariners. In contrast, mist, featuring lighter density with fine water droplets, typically allows
for greater visibility in the range of 1 to 2 km. It forms when air slightly cools, condensing water vapor
into small droplets, and is more transient, clearing relatively quickly. While both reduce visibility,
understanding these differences is crucial for safe transportation and navigation in varying weather
conditions.

21 - 25. Explain how to utilize the RADAR system in estimating the visibility at sea.

To utilize radar system in estimating visibility at sea is , one must be able to know how to manipulate
and input all the necessary data into the radar, to estimate the visibility we must be monitor and track
object and assess there distance and bearing next is by adjusting the sea and rain clutters to reduce the
unnecessary clutters and by the use of adjusting the proper range scale.

26 - 30. Differentiate warm fronts and cold fronts by looking at how they form and what makes them
different.

A warm front forms when a warm air mass pushes into a cooler air mass. Warm fronts often bring
stormy weather as the warm air mass at the surface rises above the cool air mass, making clouds and
storms. A warm front is associated with a high pressure system and occurs when a warm air mass
replaces a colder air mass. Because warm air moves closer to the ground

Cold fronts form when a cooler air mass moves into an area of warmer air in the wake of a developing
extratropical cyclone. The warmer air interacts with the cooler air mass along the boundary, and usually
produces precipitation. Cold fronts often follow a warm front or squall line

31 - 35. Explain the life stages of a frontal depression, from

Cumulus Clouds- are puffy clouds that sometimes look like pieces of floating cotton. The base of each
cloud is often flat and may be only 200-2000 meters above the ground. The top of the cloud has
rounded towers.

Stratus Clouds- may produce a light drizzle or a small amount of snow. These clouds are essentially
above-ground fog formed either through the lifting of morning fog or through cold air moving at low
altitudes over a region. Altitude of the clouds is 0- 2000 meters

Cirrus Clouds- are short, detached, hair like clouds found at high altitudes. These delicate clouds are
wispy, with a silky sheen, or look like tufts of hair. In the daytime, they are whiter than any other cloud
in the sky. While the Sun is setting or rising, they may take on the colors of the sunset. Altitude is around
6000 meters

Cirrus-Detached clouds in the form of white, delicate filaments, mostly white patches or narrow bands.
They may have a fibrous (hair-like) and/or silky sheen appearance.

Cirrocumulus-Thin, white patch, sheet, or layered clouds without shading. They are composed of very
small elements in the form of more or less regularly arranged grains or ripples.

Cirrostratus-Transparent, whitish veil clouds with a fibrous (hair-like) or smooth appearance. A sheet of
cirrostratus which is very extensive, nearly always ends by covering the whole sky. A milky veil of fog (or
thin Stratus) is distinguished from a veil of Cirrostratus of a similar appearance by the halo phenomena
which the sun or the moon nearly always produces in a layer of Cirrostratus.
Altocumulus-White and/or gray patch, sheet or layered clouds, generally composed of laminae (plates),
rounded masses or rolls. They may be partly fibrous or diffuse and may or may not be merged. This type
of cloud is called mackerel sky is a common term for a sky with rows of cirrocumulus or altocumulus
clouds displaying an undulating, rippling pattern similar in appearance to fish scales

Altostratus-Gray or bluish cloud sheets or layers of striated or fibrous clouds that totally or partially
covers the sky. They are thin enough to regularly reveal the sun as if seen through ground glass.

Nimbostratus-Resulting from thickening Altostratus, This is a dark gray cloud layer diffused by falling rain
or snow. It is thick enough throughout to blot out the sun. Also, low, ragged clouds frequently occur
beneath this cloud which sometimes merges with its base.

Stratocumulus-Gray or whitish patch, sheet, or layered clouds which almost always have dark
tessellations (honeycomb appearance), rounded masses or rolls. Except for virga they are non-fibrous
and may or may not be merged.

Stratus-A generally gray cloud layer with a uniform base which may, if thick enough, produce drizzle, ice
prisms, or snow grains. When the sun is visible through this cloud, its outline is clearly discernible.

Cumulus-Detached, generally dense clouds and with sharp outlines that develop vertically in the form of
rising mounds, domes or towers with bulging upper parts often resembling a cauliflower.

Cumulonimbus-The thunderstorm cloud, this is a heavy and dense cloud in the form of a mountain or
huge tower. The upper portion is usually smoothed, fibrous or striated and nearly always flattened in
the shape of an anvil or vast plume.

Cumulus congestus clouds-Cumulus congestus clouds, also known as towering cumulus, are a form of
cumulus cloud that can be based in the low or middle height ranges. They achieve considerable vertical
development in areas of deep, moist convection. They often bring light precipitation.

Orographic clouds-Orographic clouds develop in response to the forced lifting of air by the earth's
topography (mountains for example). The lifting of moist air can result in the generation of clouds, while
lifting drier air may not produce any clouds at all.