Internet of Everything

● The universe as the natural IoE: Review of governing rules/dynamics of natural

Internets.
● Key components of IoE: People, things, data, and processes.
● Internet of Things (IoT) vs. Internet of Everything (IoE): Comparison and the main
differences between these two paradigms.
● Major IoE challenges: Connectivity, scarcity of bandwidth, energy-efficiency,
miniaturization, application-driven networking, interoperability.
● Universal transceivers for IoE: From smart IoT gateways to multi-modal IoE transceivers
with hybrid energy harvesting capabilities.

Suggested readings

1. Akan, O. B., Dinc, E., Kuscu, M., Cetinkaya, O., & Bilgin, B. A. (2023). Internet of
Everything (IoE)-From Molecules to the Universe. IEEE Communications Magazine.
2. E. Dinc, M. Kuscu, B. A. Bilgin, O. B. Akan, "Internet of Everything: A Unifying
Framework Beyond Internet of Things," in Harnessing the Internet of Everything (IoE) for
Accelerated Innovation Opportunities, Edited by P. J. S. Cardoso, J. Monteiro, J.
Semiao, and J. M. F. Rodrigues, IGI Global, 2019.
3. M. Civas, O. Cetinkaya, M. Kuscu, O. B. Akan, "Universal Transceivers: Opportunities
and Future Directions for the Internet of Everything (IoE)," Frontiers in Communications
and Networks, vol. 2, pp. 50, September 2021.
4. Z. Nezami and K. Zamanifar, “Internet of things\/internet of everything: Structure and
ingredients,” IEEE Potentials, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 12–17, 2019.
5. H. Ning, F. Shi, S. Cui and M. Daneshmand, "From IoT to Future Cyber-Enabled Internet
of X and Its Fundamental Issues," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 8, no. 7, pp.
6077-6088, 1 April1, 2021, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2020.3033547.
6. S. Nayak and R. Patgiri, “6G communication: Envisioning the key issues and
challenges,” 2020, arXiv:2004.04024.
7. J. Iannacci, "A perspective vision of micro/nano systems and technologies as enablers of
6g, super-iot, and tactile internet [point of view]," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 111,
no. 1, pp. 5-18, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2022.3223791.
Current Practice in Commercial IoXs
● Overview/Applications of main IoXs: Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Internet of
Agricultural Things (IoAT), Internet of Energy (IoEn), Internet of Vehicles (IoV), Internet
of Money (IoM), Internet of Space (IoSp), Internet of Digital Twins/Metaverse.

Suggested readings

1. H. Xu, W. Yu, D. Griffith and N. Golmie, "A Survey on Industrial Internet of Things: A
Cyber-Physical Systems Perspective," in IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 78238-78259, 2018,
doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2884906.
2. Y. Liu, X. Ma, L. Shu, G. P. Hancke, and A. M. Abu-Mahfouz, “From industry 4.0 to
agriculture 4.0: Current status, Enabling Technologies, and research challenges,” IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 4322–4334, 2021.
3. O. B. Akan, O. Cetinkaya, C. Koca, and M. Ozger, “Internet of hybrid energy harvesting
things,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 736–746, 2018.
4. B. Ji, X. Zhang, S. Mumtaz, C. Han, C. Li, H. Wen, and D. Wang, “Survey on the internet
of vehicles: Network architectures and applications,” IEEE Communications Standards
Magazine, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 34–41, 2020
5. N. S. Labib, M. R. Brust, G. Danoy, and P. Bouvry, “The rise of drones in internet of
things: A survey on the evolution, prospects and challenges of unmanned aerial
vehicles,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 115466–115487, 2021.
6. Wörner, D., & von Bomhard, T. (2014, September). When your sensor earns money:
exchanging data for cash with Bitcoin. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International
Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct Publication (pp. 295-
298).
7. J. Kua, S. W. Loke, C. Arora, N. Fernando, and C. Ranaweera, “Internet of things in
space: A review of opportunities and challenges from satellite-aided computing to
digitally-enhanced space living,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 23, p. 8117, 2021.
8. I. F. Akyildiz and A. Kak, “The internet of space things/cubesats: A ubiquitous cyber-
physical system for the connected world,” Computer Networks, vol. 150, pp. 134–149,
2019.
9. B. R. Barricelli, E. Casiraghi, and D. Fogli, “A survey on Digital Twin: Definitions,
characteristics, applications, and design implications,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 167653–
167671, 2019.
10. S. Mihai et al., "Digital Twins: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Challenges, Trends
and Future Prospects," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 24, no. 4, pp.
2255-2291, Fourthquarter 2022, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2022.3208773.
11. M. Xu et al., "A Full Dive into Realizing the Edge-enabled Metaverse: Visions, Enabling
Technologies, and Challenges," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2022,
doi: 10.1109/COMST.2022.3221119.
Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT)
● Introduction to IoBNT: Framework, network architecture and fundamental components.
● Bio-Nano Things (BNTs): Nanobiosensors, nano-stimulators, engineered cell-based
BNT designs, functional biomolecules as BNT.
● IoBNT applications: Medical applications (detection and mitigation of infectious diseases,
intrabody continuous health monitoring, theranostic systems, smart drug delivery),
organ-on-a-chip, smart agriculture, biocomputing, food safety, environmental
applications.
● Nanoscale communication methods for IoBNT: Bio-inspired molecular communications,
electromagnetic (THzband), optical, acoustic, nanomechanical, magneto-inductive
nanocommunications.
● IoBNT challenges: Co-existence and biocompatibility, energy harvesting, privacy and
security.

Suggested readings

1. Murat Kuscu and Bige Deniz Unluturk, “Internet of bio-nano things: A review of
applications, enabling technologies and key challenges,” ITU Journal on Future and
Evolving Technologies, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1–24, 2021.
2. I. F. Akyildiz, M. Pierobon, S. Balasubramaniam and Y. Koucheryavy, "The internet of
Bio-Nano things," in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 32-40, March
2015, doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2015.7060516.
3. K. Yang, D. Bi, Y. Deng, R. Zhang, M. M. Rahman, N. A. Ali, M. A. Imran, J. M. Jornet,
Q. H. Abbasi, and A. Alomainy, “A comprehensive survey on hybrid communication in
context of molecular communication and terahertz communication for body-centric
Nanonetworks,” IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological and Multi-Scale
Communications, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 107–133, 2020.
4. A. Rizwan, A. Zoha, R. Zhang, W. Ahmad, K. Arshad, N. Abu Ali, A. Alomainy, M. A.
Imran, and Q. H. Abbasi, “A review on the role of Nano-communication in future
healthcare systems: A big data analytics perspective,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 41903–
41920, 2018.
5. I. F. Akyildiz, M. Ghovanloo, U. Guler, T. Ozkaya-Ahmadov, A. F. Sarioglu, and B. D.
Unluturk, “Panacea: An internet of bio-nanothings application for early detection and
mitigation of infectious diseases,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 140512–140523, 2020.
6. T. A. Dixon, T. C. Williams, and I. S. Pretorius, “Sensing the future of bio-informational
engineering,” Nature Communications, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2021.
7. P. Kulakowski, K. Turbic and L. M. Correia, "From Nano-Communications to Body Area
Networks: A Perspective on Truly Personal Communications," in IEEE Access, vol. 8,
pp. 159839-159853, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3015825.
Bio-cyber interfaces for IoBNT
● Overview of brain-machine interfaces.
● Bioelectronics and micro/nanoscale neural interfaces.
● Wearable bio-cyber interfaces, and enabling technologies, e.g., organic electrochemical
transistors, and electrophoretic drug delivery, biosensing.

Suggested readings

1. J. Rivnay, S. Inal, A. Salleo, R.M. Owens, M. Berggren, and G.G. Malliaras, "Organic
electrochemical transistors", Nature Rev. Mater. 3, 17086 (2018).
2. J. Rivnay, H. Wang, L. Fenno, K. Deisseroth, and G.G. Malliaras, “Next-generation
probes, particles, and proteins for neural interfacing”, Sci. Adv. 3, e1601649 (2017).
3. T. Someya, Z. Bao, and G.G. Malliaras, “The rise of plastic bioelectronics”, Nature 540,
379 (2016).
4. M. M. Shanechi, "Brain–machine interfaces from motor to mood," Nature neuroscience,
vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1554-1564, 2019.
5. L. Amirifar, A. Shamloo, R. Nasiri, N. R. de Barros, Z. Z. Wang, B. D. Unluturk, A.
Libanori, O. Ievglevskyi, S. E. Diltemiz, S. Sances, I. Balasingham, S. K. Seidlits, and N.
Ashammakhi, “Brain-on-a-chip: Recent advances in design and techniques for
microfluidic models of the brain in health and disease,” Biomaterials, vol. 285, p. 121531,
2022.
6. S. Choi, H. Lee, R. Ghaffari, T. Hyeon, and D. H. Kim, “Recent advances in flexible and
stretchable Bio-electronic devices integrated with nanomaterials,” Advanced Materials,
vol. 28, no. 22, pp. 4203-4218, 2016.
7. T. R. Ray, J. Choi, A. J. Bandodkar, S. Krishnan, P. Gutruf, L. Tian, R. Ghaffari, and J.
A. Rogers, “Bio-integrated wearable systems: A comprehensive review,” Chemical
Reviews, vol. 119, no. 8, pp. 5461–5533, 2019.
8. S. Zafar, M. Nazir, T. Bakhshi, H. A. Khattak, S. Khan, M. Bilal, K.-K. R. Choo, K.-S.
Kwak, and A. Sabah, “A systematic review of Bio-Cyber interface technologies and
security issues for internet of bio-nano things,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 93529–93566,
2021.
9. Y. Koucheryavy, Yastrebova A., D. P. Martins, and S. Balasubramaniam. "A review on
bio-cyber interfaces for intrabody molecular communications systems," arXiv preprint
arXiv:2104.14944, 2021.
Molecular Communications (MC)
● MC-based Natural IoBNT: IoBNT inside us (nervous and hormonal nanonetworks,
immune system, gut-brain axis, molecular networks of cancer metastasis), bacterial
nanonetworks, plant communications, odor transduction networks.

Suggested readings

1. B. D. Unluturk and I. F. Akyildiz, “An end-to-end model of plant pheromone channel for
long range molecular communication,” IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 11–
20, Jan. 2017
2. O. B. Akan, H. Ramezani, T. Khan, N. A. Abbasi, M. Kuscu, "Fundamentals of Molecular
Information and Communication Science," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 105, no. 2, pp.
306-318, February 2017.
3. I. F. Akyildiz et al., "Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis as a Biomolecular Communication
Network for the Internet of Bio-NanoThings," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 136161-136175,
2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2942312.
4. J. K. Wilson, A. Kessler, and H. A. Woods, “Noisy communication via Airborne
Infochemicals,” BioScience, vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 667–677, 2015.

● Artificial MC: Diffusion-based MC, microfluidic MC, FRET-based MC, DNA-based MC,
microfluidic lab-on-chip/organon-a-chip, human-body as MC network infrastructure,
bacteria-mediated MC, olfactory (smell) MC.

Suggested readings

1. M. Kuscu, A. Kiraz, O. B. Akan, "Fluorescent Molecules as Transceiver Nanoantennas:

The First Practical and High-Rate Information Transfer over a Nanoscale
Communication Channel based on FRET," Nature Scientific Reports, vol. 5, pp. 7831,
January 2015.
2. B. A. Bilgin, E. Dinc, O. B. Akan, "DNA-based Molecular Communications," IEEE
Access, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 73119 - 73129, December 2018.
3. L. Amirifar, A. Shamloo, R. Nasiri, N. R. de Barros, Z. Z. Wang, B. D. Unluturk, A.
Libanori, O. Ievglevskyi, S. E. Diltemiz, S. Sances, I. Balasingham, S. K. Seidlits, and N.
Ashammakhi, “Brain-on-a-chip: Recent advances in design and techniques for
microfluidic models of the brain in health and disease,” Biomaterials, vol. 285, p. 121531,
2022.
4. A. Einolghozati, M. Sardari and F. Fekri, "Design and Analysis of Wireless
Communication Systems Using Diffusion-Based Molecular Communication Among
Bacteria," in IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 6096-
6105, December 2013, doi: 10.1109/TWC.2013.101813.121884.
5. Aktas, D., Ortlek, B.E., Civas, M., Baradari, E., Okcu, A.S., Whitfield, M., Cetinkaya, O.
and Akan, O.B., 2023. Odor-Based Molecular Communications: State-of-the-Art, Vision,
Challenges, and Frontier Directions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.17727.
● Communication techniques for MC: Modulation, coding, synchronization, detection and
channel estimation techniques.

Suggested readings

1. M. Ş. Kuran, H. B. Yilmaz, I. Demirkol, N. Farsad and A. Goldsmith, "A Survey on

Modulation Techniques in Molecular Communication via Diffusion," in IEEE
Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 7-28, Firstquarter 2021, doi:
10.1109/COMST.2020.3048099.
2. M. Kuscu and O. B. Akan, "Channel Sensing in Molecular Communications With Single
Type of Ligand Receptors," in IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 67, no. 10,
pp. 6868-6884, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2019.2933202.
3. M. Kuscu, E. Dinc, B. A. Bilgin, H. Ramezani, O. B. Akan, "Transmitter and Receiver
Architectures for Molecular Communications: A Survey on Physical Design with
Modulation, Coding and Detection Techniques," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 107, no.
7, pp. 1302-1341, July 2019.
4. Y. Huang, F. Ji, Z. Wei, M. Wen and W. Guo, "Signal Detection for Molecular
Communication: Model-Based vs. Data-Driven Methods," in IEEE Communications
Magazine, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 47-53, May 2021, doi: 10.1109/MCOM.001.2000957.
5. X. Huang, Y. Fang, and N. Yang, “A survey on estimation schemes in Molecular
Communications,” Digital Signal Processing, vol. 124, p. 103163, 2022.
6. M. C. Gursoy, M. Nasiri-Kenari, and U. Mitra, “Towards high data-rate diffusive
molecular communications: A review on Performance enhancement strategies,” Digital
Signal Processing, vol. 124, p. 103161, 2022.
7. N. Farsad, H. B. Yilmaz, A. Eckford, C. -B. Chae and W. Guo, "A Comprehensive Survey
of Recent Advancements in Molecular Communication," in IEEE Communications
Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1887-1919, thirdquarter 2016, doi:
10.1109/COMST.2016.2527741.

● Modelling and analysis of MC networks: Information and communication theoretical

modelling of MC networks.

Suggested readings

1. I. F. Akyildiz, M. Pierobon and S. Balasubramaniam, "An Information Theoretic

Framework to Analyze Molecular Communication Systems Based on Statistical
Mechanics," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 107, no. 7, pp. 1230-1255, July 2019, doi:
10.1109/JPROC.2019.2927926.
2. M. Pierobon and I. F. Akyildiz, "A physical end-to-end model for molecular
communication in nanonetworks," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in
 Communications, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 602-611, May 2010, doi:
10.1109/JSAC.2010.100509.
3. M. Veletić and I. Balasingham, "An Information Theory of Neuro-Transmission in
Multiple-Access Synaptic Channels," in IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 68,
no. 2, pp. 841-853, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2019.2941692.
4. M. T. Barros et al., "Molecular Communications in Viral Infections Research: Modeling,
Experimental Data, and Future Directions," in IEEE Transactions on Molecular,
Biological and Multi-Scale Communications, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 121-141, Sept. 2021, doi:
10.1109/TMBMC.2021.3071780.

● Analytical and numerical approaches to obtain MC channel response, channel capacity,

received signal statistics.

Suggested readings

1. V. Jamali, A. Ahmadzadeh, W. Wicke, A. Noel and R. Schober, "Channel Modeling for

Diffusive Molecular Communication—A Tutorial Review," in Proceedings of the IEEE,
vol. 107, no. 7, pp. 1256-1301, July 2019, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2019.2919455.
2. I. F. Akyildiz, M. Pierobon and S. Balasubramaniam, "An Information Theoretic
Framework to Analyze Molecular Communication Systems Based on Statistical
Mechanics," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 107, no. 7, pp. 1230-1255, July 2019, doi:
10.1109/JPROC.2019.2927926.
3. M. Kuscu, O. B. Akan, "Modeling Convection-Diffusion-Reaction Systems for Microfluidic
Molecular Communications with Surface-based Receivers in Internet of Bio-Nano
Things," PLOS One, vol. 13, no. 2, p. e0192202, February 2018.

● Simulation tools for MC networks: Particle-based spatial stochastic simulation

techniques, and deterministic finiteelement simulation techniques for MC. MC simulators
(e.g., N4Sim, NanoNS, AcCoRD, nanoNS3).

Suggested readings

1. L. Stratmann, J. P. Drees, F. Bronner and F. Dressler, "Using Vector Fields for Efficient
Simulation of Macroscopic Molecular Communication," in IEEE Transactions on
Molecular, Biological and Multi-Scale Communications, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 73-77, June
2021, doi: 10.1109/TMBMC.2021.3054930.
2. N. A. Turgut, B. A. Bilgin and O. B. Akan, "N⁴ Sim: The First Nervous NaNoNetwork
Simulator With Synaptic Molecular Communications," in IEEE Transactions on
NanoBioscience, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 468-481, Oct. 2022, doi:
10.1109/TNB.2021.3118851.
3. Y. Jian et al., “nanoNS3: A network simulator for bacterial nanonetworks based on
molecular communication,” Nano Communication Networks, vol. 12, pp. 1-11, 2017,
● Transmitter and receiver architectures for MC: Nanomaterial-based (e.g., graphene
biosensor-based MC receiver, stimuli-responsive hydrogel-based MC transmitter) and
biosynthetic design approaches.

Suggested readings

1. M. Kuscu, E. Dinc, B. A. Bilgin, H. Ramezani, O. B. Akan, "Transmitter and Receiver

Architectures for Molecular Communications: A Survey on Physical Design with
Modulation, Coding and Detection Techniques," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 107, no.
7, pp. 1302-1341, July 2019.
2. C. A. Söldner et al., "A Survey of Biological Building Blocks for Synthetic Molecular
Communication Systems," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 22, no. 4,
pp. 2765-2800, Fourthquarter 2020, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2020.3008819.

● Practical MC testbeds: Microfluidic, magnetic nanoparticle-based, and light-responsive

bacteria-based testbeds for MC.

Suggested readings

1. W. Wicke et al., "Experimental System for Molecular Communication in Pipe Flow With
Magnetic Nanoparticles," in IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological and Multi-Scale
Communications, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 56-71, June 2022, doi:
10.1109/TMBMC.2021.3099399.
2. S. Bhattacharjee, D. Martin Damrath, F. Bronner, L. Stratmann, J. P. Drees, F. Dressler,
and P. A. Hoeher. "A testbed and simulation framework for air-based molecular
communication using fluorescein," In Proceedings of the 7th ACM International
Conference on Nanoscale Computing and Communication, pp. 1-6. 2020.
3. M. Kuscu, H. Ramezani, E. Dinc, S. Akhavan, O. B. Akan, "Fabrication and Microfluidic
Analysis of Graphene-based Molecular Communication Receiver for Internet of Nano
Things (IoNT)," Nature Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 19600, September 2021.

Additional Reading Suggestions:

1. Akyildiz, Ian F., et al. "Mulsemedia communication research challenges for metaverse
in 6G wireless systems." arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.16359 (2023).
2. Osorio, D. P. M., Ahmad, I., Sánchez, J. D. V., Gurtov, A., Scholliers, J., Kutila, M., &
Porambage, P. (2022). Towards 6G-Enabled Internet of Vehicles: Security and
Privacy. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 3, 82-105.
3. Bilgen, F. E., Kilic, A. B., & Akan, O. B. (2024). Odor perceptual shift keying (opsk)
for odor-based molecular communication. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.11346.
4. Powari, A., & Akan, O. B. (2023). Odor Intensity Shift Keying (OISK) and Channel
Capacity of Odor-based Molecular Communications in Internet of Everything. arXiv
preprint arXiv:2311.18170.
5. Xiao, H., Dokaj, K., & Akan, O. B. (2023). What Really is ‘Molecule’in Molecular
Communications? The Quest for Physics of Particle-based Information Carriers.
IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological and Multi-Scale Communications.