Functional Structure of Local Government in Pakistan

Functional Structure Of Local government in Pakistan
Abstract:
Local self-government in Pakistan aims to decentralize administrative powers to grassroots

levels, fostering enhanced governance and public participation. Over the decades, this system has
evolved through various political eras, reflecting the country's changing governance strategies.
The structure includes multiple tiers, each with distinct functions and responsibilities, aiming to
provide efficient and accountable local administration. This paper delves into the historical
background, introduction, types, benefits, and advantages of the local self-government system in
Pakistan.
Historical Background:
The concept of local self-government in Pakistan has its roots in the British colonial era, where
the introduction of municipal bodies like district boards and municipal committees marked the
beginning of organized local governance. These institutions were designed to manage local
affairs such as sanitation, public health, and education, laying the groundwork for future
governance structures. After Pakistan gained independence in 1947, the newly formed state
inherited this system and subsequently underwent numerous reforms to adapt it to the changing
political and social landscape.
One of the earliest significant reforms came during Ayub Khan’s regime in 1959 with the
introduction of the Basic Democracies Order. This system created a four-tiered structure
comprising Union Councils, Tehsil Councils, District Councils, and Divisional Councils. The
Basic Democracies system aimed to promote grassroots democracy and local governance but
was criticized for being a tool to legitimize military rule. In the 1970s, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
introduced reforms through the People’s Local Government Ordinance, which sought to create
more responsive local governance structures by replacing Basic Democracies. However, these
reforms were short-lived due to political instability.
General Zia-ul-Haq’s era in the 1980s saw the reintroduction of local bodies through the Local
Government Ordinances, which further decentralized administrative powers to enhance local
governance. The most comprehensive reforms, however, were implemented during General
Pervez Musharraf’s regime with the Devolution Plan of 2001. This plan established a three-tier
local government system, significantly empowering local authorities and promoting community
participation. Musharraf's devolution plan aimed to strengthen democracy by devolving
administrative, fiscal, and political responsibilities to elected local bodies, marking a significant
shift towards greater decentralization.
Introduction:
Local self-government in Pakistan refers to a decentralized system where administrative,

fiscal, and political responsibilities are delegated to elected local bodies. This system is designed
to enhance governance by making it more responsive, transparent, and accountable to the needs
of local populations. The essence of local self-government lies in the belief that local issues are
best understood and managed by local authorities. By decentralizing power, the government aims
to bring decision-making closer to the people, ensuring that governance is more inclusive and
reflective of community priorities. This system plays a crucial role in fostering democratic values
at the grassroots level, enabling citizens to actively participate in the governance process and
hold their representatives accountable.
Pakistan is a federal republic with three tiers of government: national, provincial and local. Local
government is protected by the constitution in Articles 32 and 140-A, and each province also has
its own local-government-enabling legislation and ministries responsible for implementation.
District councils and metropolitan corporations are respectively the highest rural and urban tiers
of local government in the provinces. Both urban and rural local government have two or three
tiers in all provinces except Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where councils are not identified as either
urban or rural. There are 129 district councils across the four provinces, 619 urban councils made
up of one city district, four metropolitan corporations, 13 municipal corporations, 96 municipal
committees, 148 town councils, 360 urban union committees, and 1,925 rural councils.
Additionally, there are 3339 neighborhood, ‘tehsil’ and village councils in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Functional Structure of Local Self-Government in Punjab, Pakistan:
Local self-government in Punjab, Pakistan, is a structured system designed to

decentralize administrative, fiscal, and political powers to elected local bodies.
This decentralization aims to improve governance by making it more responsive,
accountable, and efficient in addressing the needs of local communities. The
functional structure of local self-government in Punjab is organized into three main
tiers: District Governments, Tehsil/Taluka Governments, and Union Councils, each
with specific roles and responsibilities.
1. District Government
Composition
The District Government is the highest tier of local government in Punjab. It is
composed of several key elements:
 District Council: This is the legislative body at the district level, consisting of
elected representatives from various constituencies within the district. The council
is responsible for making policies, passing budgets, and overseeing the
implementation of development projects.
 District Nazim (Mayor): The District Nazim acts as the chief executive officer of
the district. Elected by the members of the District Council, the Nazim is
responsible for the overall administration, coordination of development activities,
and implementation of council decisions.
 Deputy District Nazim: The Deputy District Nazim assists the District Nazim in
performing his duties and acts in his absence.
 District Coordination Officer (DCO): A bureaucrat appointed by the provincial
government, the DCO coordinates the work of various district departments and
ensures that policies and programs are implemented effectively.
Functions and Responsibilities
The District Government has a broad mandate that includes:
 Education: Managing district-level education services, including primary,

secondary, and vocational education. The District Government is responsible for
constructing and maintaining schools, hiring teachers, and ensuring quality
education.
 Health Services: Overseeing district hospitals, clinics, and health programs. This
includes managing public health campaigns, immunization drives, and maternal
and child health services.
 Infrastructure Development: Planning and executing development projects such
as roads, bridges, public buildings, and utilities. The District Government ensures
that infrastructure projects meet the needs of the population and support economic
development.
 Public Safety: Coordinating with law enforcement agencies to maintain law and
order within the district. This involves working with the police to address crime,
ensuring community safety, and managing emergency response services.
 Social Welfare: Implementing social welfare programs aimed at assisting
marginalized communities, including poverty alleviation initiatives, vocational
training, and support for vulnerable groups such as the elderly and disabled.
 Revenue Collection: Managing local taxation and revenue generation to fund
district development projects. This includes property taxes, fees for services, and
other local levies.
Tehsil Government
Composition
The Tehsil or Taluka Government represents the middle tier of local government,
focusing on sub-district administrative units. Its composition includes:
 Tehsil Council:
 This legislative body comprises elected representatives from the tehsil or taluka.
The council is responsible for local legislation, budget approval, and oversight of
municipal services.
 Tehsil Nazim: The chief executive officer of the tehsil or taluka, the Nazim is
elected by the council members and is responsible for the administration of local
government functions.
 Tehsil Municipal Officer (TMO): Appointed to manage municipal services and
oversee development projects within the tehsil or taluka. The TMO ensures that
services such as water supply, sanitation, and waste management are provided
effectively.
The Tehsil/Taluka Government handles more localized issues within the district,
including:
 Local Planning and Development: Developing and implementing plans for local
infrastructure and community services. This includes land use planning, zoning
regulations, and urban development projects.
 Public Works: Maintenance and construction of local roads, public buildings, and
other infrastructure projects. The Tehsil/Taluka Government ensures that public
works meet the needs of residents and support local economic activities.
 Water Supply and Sanitation: Ensuring the provision of clean water and proper
sanitation facilities. This includes the construction and maintenance of water
supply systems, sewage treatment plants, and public toilets.
 Waste Management: Overseeing the collection, disposal, and recycling of waste.
The government implements waste management programs to ensure environmental
cleanliness and public health.
 Market Management: Regulating local markets, fairs, and bazaars. This includes
licensing vendors, ensuring sanitary conditions, and managing market spaces.
 Municipal Services: Providing essential services such as street lighting,
parks, recreational facilities, and comm Benefits and Advantages
 Local self-government in Pakistan offers numerous benefits and advantages,
contributing significantly to the overall governance and development of the
country:
 Enhanced Participation: Local self-government fosters greater public
involvement in governance, allowing citizens to actively engage in decision-
making processes affecting their communities. This increased participation
helps ensure that policies and programs are more aligned with the needs and
priorities of the local population, leading to more effective and sustainable
development outcomes.
 Improved Service Delivery: Proximity to the populace enables local
governments to identify and address local needs more efficiently, leading to
better service provision. Local authorities can respond more quickly to
issues, providing timely solutions that directly impact the well-being of the
community. This localized approach to service delivery helps improve the
quality of life for residents and enhances overall satisfaction with public
services.
 Accountability and Transparency: Elected officials at the local level are
more accountable to their constituents, enhancing transparency and reducing
opportunities for corruption. By having closer ties to the community, local
representatives are more likely to act in the best interest of their constituents
and are subject to greater scrutiny. This increased accountability helps build
trust in local governance and ensures that public resources are used
effectively and efficiently.
 Efficient Resource Management: Local bodies can manage resources more
effectively, ensuring that development projects are tailored to the specific
needs and priorities of their communities. By involving local stakeholders in
the planning and implementation process, local governments can allocate
resources more judiciously and avoid wasteful expenditures. This efficient
resource management contributes to more sustainable development and
better outcomes for the community.
 Economic Development: Decentralized governance supports localized
economic growth by empowering local authorities to make decisions that
best suit their economic contexts. Local governments can develop and
implement economic development strategies that leverage the unique
strengths and opportunities of their areas, promoting job creation,
investment, and entrepreneurship. This localized approach to economic
development helps stimulate growth and prosperity at the grassroots level.
 Conflict Resolution: Local governments are better positioned to manage and
resolve community disputes through culturally relevant approaches and
community involvement. By being closer to the people, local authorities can
better understand the underlying causes of conflicts and address them in a
timely and effective manner. This proactive approach to conflict resolution
helps maintain social harmony and stability within the community.
 Capacity Building: Local governance helps in developing administrative
skills and capacities at the grassroots level, preparing communities to handle
their affairs more competently and independently. By providing training and
capacity-building opportunities for local officials and community members,
local self-government fosters a more knowledgeable and capable populace.
This enhanced capacity contributes to more effective governance and better
 Empowerment of Marginalized Groups: By involving local communities in
governance, marginalized groups have a better opportunity to participate and
influence decisions that impact their lives. Local self-government provides a
platform for these groups to voice their concerns and advocate for their
rights, promoting social inclusion and equity. This empowerment of
marginalized groups helps ensure that development is more inclusive and
benefits all members of the community.
 Challenges and Future Directions
 Despite its benefits, the local self-government system in Pakistan faces
several challenges:
 Political Interference: Frequent political interference undermines the
autonomy and effectiveness of local governments. Central and provincial
authorities often exert undue influence over local bodies, restricting their
ability to make independent decisions. This interference can lead to
inefficiencies and hinder the delivery of public services.
 Resource Constraints: Insufficient funding and resources hamper the ability
of local bodies to perform their functions effectively. Local governments
often struggle to secure the financial resources needed to implement
development projects and provide essential services. This resource constraint
limits their capacity to meet the needs of their constituents.
 Capacity Issues: Lack of training and administrative capacity at the local
level affects governance quality. Local officials and staff may lack the
necessary skills and knowledge to effectively manage and deliver public
services. This capacity gap can lead to poor governance and suboptimal
 Central-Local Relations: The relationship between provincial and local
governments can be strained, impacting the smooth functioning of local
bodies. Conflicts over jurisdiction and authority can hinder cooperation and
coordination, affecting the delivery of public services and the
3. Union Council
The Union Council is the smallest administrative unit in the local government
structure, closest to the people. Its composition includes:
 Union Council: This body consists of elected members from various wards
within the union. The council is responsible for addressing community
issues, implementing local development projects, and ensuring the delivery
of basic Benefits and Advantages
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development projects and provide essential services. This resource
constraint limits their capacity to meet the needs of their constituents.
 Union Council: Responsible for administrative and clerical work, including
maintaining records, preparing meeting agendas, and ensuring communication
between the council and the community.
The Union Council handles the most grassroots issues, ensuring that even the
smallest communities have a voice in governance. Responsibilities include:
 Community-Based Projects: Identifying and executing small-scale development

projects tailored to local needs. This includes building and maintaining local
infrastructure such as roads, schools, and community centers.
 Primary Healthcare: Managing basic healthcare facilities and programs. This
involves operating local health clinics, conducting health awareness campaigns,
and providing preventive healthcare services.
 Sanitation: Ensuring cleanliness and sanitation within the union area. The Union
Council implements sanitation programs, organizes clean-up drives, and ensures
proper waste disposal.
 Street Maintenance: Upkeeping local roads and streets, including repairs,
lighting, and signage. The council ensures that streets are safe and well-maintained
for residents.
 Dispute Resolution: Mediating local disputes and maintaining social harmony.
The Union Council provides forums for resolving community conflicts and
promoting peaceful coexistence.
 Births and Deaths Registration: Maintaining records of births and deaths within
the union. This includes issuing certificates and updating official records to ensure
accurate demographic data.
Administrative Structure and Oversight
Provincial Government’s Role
The provincial government plays a crucial role in supervising and supporting local
self-government bodies. Key functions include:
 Supervision and Coordination: The provincial government oversees the activities

of local governments to ensure compliance with national policies and standards.
This includes monitoring performance, providing guidance, and ensuring that local
governments operate within their legal frameworks.
 Financial Support: Providing financial assistance and grants to local
governments. The provincial government allocates funds to support local
development projects and essential services, ensuring that local bodies have the
resources they need to function effectively.
 Capacity Building: Offering training and capacity-building programs for local
government officials. The provincial government helps develop the skills and
knowledge of local administrators, enabling them to perform their duties more
effectively.
 Accountability Mechanisms
To ensure transparency and accountability, several mechanisms are in place:
 Audits and Inspections: Regular audits and inspections are conducted to ensure
that local governments operate transparently and use public funds responsibly.
These audits help detect and prevent corruption and inefficiency.
 Public Grievance Redressal: Mechanisms for citizens to lodge complaints and
seek redressal for issues related to local governance. This includes public hearings,
complaint hotlines, and online portals where residents can report problems and
receive assistance.
 Performance Evaluation: Periodic evaluation of local government performance
based on predefined indicators and benchmarks. These evaluations help identify
areas for improvement and ensure that local governments meet their goals and
objectives.
Challenges and Future Directions
Challenges
Despite its benefits, the local self-government system in Punjab faces several
challenges:
 Political Interference: Excessive interference from provincial and national

politicians can undermine the autonomy of local governments. Political pressure
can lead to decisions that do not align with local needs or priorities, hindering
effective governance.
 Resource Constraints: Insufficient funding and limited resources can hinder the
effective functioning of local governments. Budgetary shortfalls can prevent the
completion of essential projects and the delivery of vital services.
 Capacity Issues: Lack of trained personnel and administrative capacity can impact
the efficiency of local governance. Local governments may struggle to attract and
retain skilled staff, leading to gaps in service delivery and project management.
 Coordination Problems: Poor coordination between different tiers of government
can lead to inefficiencies and duplication of efforts. Clear communication and
collaboration are essential to ensure that local, tehsil, and district governments
work together effectively.
Future Directions
To overcome these challenges, continuous reforms and improvements are
necessary:
 Strengthening Autonomy: Ensuring greater autonomy for local governments to
make independent decisions. This includes reducing political interference and
empowering local bodies to manage their own affairs.
 Enhanced Financial Management: Improving financial management practices to
ensure optimal utilization of resources. This includes better budgeting, financial
planning, and revenue generation strategies.
 Capacity Building: Investing in training and development programs for local
government officials. Enhanced capacity building will enable local governments to
perform their duties more effectively and efficiently.
 Public Participation: Encouraging greater public participation in local governance
through awareness programs and participatory budgeting processes. Engaging
citizens in decision-making ensures that local governments are more responsive to
community needs and priorities.
In response to the failure of central/provincial governments to account for local preferences,

the National Reconstruction Bureau (NRB) designed a local government system which was
presented in the blue print "Devolution Plan 2000". Consequently, a new local government
system was implemented on August 14, 2001, after each of the four provinces passed the Local
Government Ordinance, 2001.
Levels:
Country
(e.g. Pakistan)
Province
(e.g. Punjab)
Division
(e.g. Gujranwala Division)
District
(e.g. Sialkot)
Tehsil
(e.g. Sambrial)
Union Council
(e.g. Randhir)
Provinces of Pakistan
The country is composed of four provinces and one federal territory: the provinces
of Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh, and the federally-administered Islamabad
Capital Territory. Additionally, Pakistan also administers two autonomous territories in
the disputed region of Kashmir: Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. Due to the
ongoing Kashmir dispute with neighbouring India, it also claims sovereignty over the union
territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, but has not exercised administrative authority
over either region since its independence and subsequent war with India in 1947–1948.
Divisions of Pakistan
The four provinces, capital territory and two autonomous territories of Pakistan are
subdivided into 37 administrative "divisions". These divisions were abolished in 2000, but
restored in 2008. The divisions do not include the Islamabad Capital Territory or the Federally
Administered Tribal Areas, which were counted at the same level as provinces, but in 2018 the
Federally Administered Tribal Areas were subsumed into Khyber-Paktunkhwa Province and
allocated to neighbouring divisions therein.
Districts of Pakistan
A district is the first tier of local government. In total there are 149 districts in Pakistan, of
which several are city districts. A District Government or a City District Government and Zillah
Council form the governing body, with the District Coordination Officer serving as the
administrative head. The District Governor or Zila Nazim used to be the executive head of
districts until 2010, when the government shifted power to the District Coordination Officers.
Their role is similar to district governors, with responsibility for implementing government
strategy and developing initiatives arising out of it.
Tehsils of Pakistan
Among the three tiers of local government, Tehsil government is its second tier. It is where the
functions, responsibilities and authorities of districts government is divided into more smaller
units, these units are known as "Tehsil". The Tehsils are used in all over the Pakistan except
Sindh province where the word "Taluka" is used instead, although the functions and authorities
are the same. The head of the Tehsil government is "Tehsil Nazim" who is assisted by the tehsil
Naib-Nazim. Every tehsil has a Tehsil Municipal Administration, consisting of a Tehsil council,
Tehsil Nazim, tehsil/taluka municipal officer(TMO), Chief officer and other officials of local
council.
Union councils of Pakistan

Members of Union Council including Union Administrator and Vice Union Administrator
are elected through direct elections based on adult franchise and on the basis of joint electorate.
However, for the election to the reserved seats for Women in Zila Council proportionately
divided among Tehsils or Towns shall be all members of the Union Councils in a Tehsil or
Town. It is the responsibility of the Chief Election Commissioner to organize and conduct these
elections.
Benefits and Advantages
Local self-government in Pakistan offers numerous benefits and advantages, contributing

significantly to the overall governance and development of the country:
1. Enhanced Participation: Local self-government fosters greater public involvement in

governance, allowing citizens to actively engage in decision-making processes affecting
their communities. This increased participation helps ensure that policies and programs
are more aligned with the needs and priorities of the local population, leading to more
effective and sustainable development outcomes.
2. Improved Service Delivery: Proximity to the populace enables local governments to

identify and address local needs more efficiently, leading to better service provision.
Local authorities can respond more quickly to issues, providing timely solutions that
directly impact the well-being of the community. This localized approach to service
delivery helps improve the quality of life for residents and enhances overall satisfaction
with public services.
3. Accountability and Transparency: Elected officials at the local level are more
accountable to their constituents, enhancing transparency and reducing opportunities for
corruption. By having closer ties to the community, local representatives are more likely
to act in the best interest of their constituents and are subject to greater scrutiny. This
increased accountability helps build trust in local governance and ensures that public
resources are used effectively and efficiently.
4. Efficient Resource Management: Local bodies can manage resources more effectively,
ensuring that development projects are tailored to the specific needs and priorities of their
communities. By involving local stakeholders in the planning and implementation
process, local governments can allocate resources more judiciously and avoid wasteful
expenditures. This efficient resource management contributes to more sustainable
development and better outcomes for the community.
5. Economic Development: Decentralized governance supports localized economic growth

by empowering local authorities to make decisions that best suit their economic contexts.
Local governments can develop and implement economic development strategies that
leverage the unique strengths and opportunities of their areas, promoting job creation,
investment, and entrepreneurship. This localized approach to economic development
helps stimulate growth and prosperity at the grassroots level.
6. Conflict Resolution: Local governments are better positioned to manage and resolve
community disputes through culturally relevant approaches and community involvement.
By being closer to the people, local authorities can better understand the underlying
causes of conflicts and address them in a timely and effective manner. This proactive
approach to conflict resolution helps maintain social harmony and stability within the
community.
7. Capacity Building: Local governance helps in developing administrative skills and

capacities at the grassroots level, preparing communities to handle their affairs more
competently and independently. By providing training and capacity-building
opportunities for local officials and community members, local self-government fosters a
more knowledgeable and capable populace. This enhanced capacity contributes to more
effective governance and better development outcomes.
8. Empowerment of Marginalized Groups: By involving local communities in

governance, marginalized groups have a better opportunity to participate and influence
decisions that impact their lives. Local self-government provides a platform for these
groups to voice their concerns and advocate for their rights, promoting social inclusion
and equity. This empowerment of marginalized groups helps ensure that development is
more inclusive and benefits all members of the community.
Challenges and Future Directions
Despite its benefits, the local self-government system in Pakistan faces several challenges:
1. Political Interference: Frequent political interference undermines the autonomy and

effectiveness of local governments. Central and provincial authorities often exert undue
influence over local bodies, restricting their ability to make independent decisions. This
interference can lead to inefficiencies and hinder the delivery of public services.
2. Resource Constraints: Insufficient funding and resources hamper the ability of local
bodies to perform their functions effectively. Local governments often struggle to secure
the financial resources needed to implement development projects and provide essential
services. This resource constraint limits their capacity to meet the needs of their
constituents.
3. Capacity Issues: Lack of training and administrative capacity at the local level affects
governance quality. Local officials and staff may lack the necessary skills and knowledge
to effectively manage and deliver public services. This capacity gap can lead to poor
governance and suboptimal development outcomes.
4. Central-Local Relations: The relationship between provincial and local governments

can be strained, impacting the smooth functioning of local bodies. Conflicts over
jurisdiction and authority can hinder cooperation and coordination, affecting the delivery
of public services and the implementation of development projects.
Conclusion:
The functional structure of local self-government in Pakistan, epitomized by the three-tiered

system of District Governments, Tehsil Governments, and Union Councils, underscores a pivotal
shift towards decentralization and grassroots democracy. This intricate framework aims to
enhance governance by distributing administrative, fiscal, and political powers closer to the
citizenry, thereby fostering greater accountability and responsiveness. District Governments
handle overarching responsibilities such as education, health services, and infrastructure
development, ensuring broad policy implementation and district-wide projects. Tehsil
Governments focus on more localized issues, including public works, water supply, and waste
management, providing essential municipal services tailored to community needs. At the
grassroots level, Union Councils engage directly with citizens, addressing community-specific
concerns, managing primary healthcare, and ensuring sanitation and local dispute resolution.
Despite the system’s potential, it faces significant challenges, including political interference that
can undermine autonomy, resource constraints that limit effective service delivery, and capacity
issues that hinder administrative efficiency. Addressing these challenges is crucial for the system
to realize its full potential. Strengthening local autonomy, enhancing financial management, and
investing in capacity building for local officials are essential steps towards more effective local
governance. Moreover, encouraging greater public participation through awareness programs
and participatory budgeting can help ensure that governance remains aligned with the needs and
aspirations of local communities.
In conclusion, the functional structure of local self-government in Pakistan represents a

foundational element for sustainable and democratic governance. By decentralizing power and
fostering local accountability, this system has the potential to significantly improve socio-
economic development and public service delivery. Continuous reforms, increased financial
support, and robust capacity-building initiatives are vital for overcoming existing challenges and
ensuring that local governments can effectively serve their communities. With these
improvements, local self-government in Pakistan can become a robust platform for enhancing
democratic engagement and promoting inclusive development across the nation.
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Study of the Structure and Functions of Union and Tehsil Councils". Journal
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of Institution Building". The Pakistan Development Review, 37(4), 281-298.
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Decentralization in Pakistan". Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
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Recommendations for Action". World Bank Report.
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2008". Oxford University Press.
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The Lahore Journal of Economics, 11(Special Edition), 43-66.
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Functional Structure Of Local government in Pakistan

Local self-government in Pakistan aims to decentralize administrative powers to grassroots

Local self-government in Pakistan refers to a decentralized system where administrative,

Functional Structure of Local Self-Government in Punjab, Pakistan:

Local self-government in Punjab, Pakistan, is a structured system designed to

 Education: Managing district-level education services, including primary,

 Community-Based Projects: Identifying and executing small-scale development

 Supervision and Coordination: The provincial government oversees the activities

 Political Interference: Excessive interference from provincial and national

In response to the failure of central/provincial governments to account for local preferences,

Union councils of Pakistan

Benefits and Advantages

Local self-government in Pakistan offers numerous benefits and advantages, contributing

1. Enhanced Participation: Local self-government fosters greater public involvement in

2. Improved Service Delivery: Proximity to the populace enables local governments to

5. Economic Development: Decentralized governance supports localized economic growth

7. Capacity Building: Local governance helps in developing administrative skills and

8. Empowerment of Marginalized Groups: By involving local communities in

Challenges and Future Directions

1. Political Interference: Frequent political interference undermines the autonomy and

4. Central-Local Relations: The relationship between provincial and local governments

The functional structure of local self-government in Pakistan, epitomized by the three-tiered

In conclusion, the functional structure of local self-government in Pakistan represents a

2. Cheema, A., Khwaja

, A. I., & Qadir, A. (2006). "Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context,

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