Format B - Synopsis

Four Wheel Active Steering
A Mini Project-II Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement of the
Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in (Automobile
Engineering)
BY
Aryan Thakur EN21ME301002
Deepesh Chouhan EN21ME301003
Moin Sayed EN21ME301006
Shreyansh Pandey EN21ME301009
Under the Guidance of

Prof. Nakul Bansod
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering
MEDI-CAPS UNIVERSITY, INDORE- 453331
MARCH 2024
Introduction of Topic
Four-wheel active steering (4WAS) is an advanced automotive technology
that enhances vehicle handling and maneuverability by controlling the
steering of all four wheels. Unlike traditional steering systems that only
control the front wheels, 4WAS integrates steering control for both the
front and rear wheels, providing greater agility and stability in various
driving conditions.
This technology adjusts the angle of each wheel independently, optimizing
cornering performance, reducing turning radius, and improving overall ve-
hicle responsiveness. By dynamically adjusting the steering angles of all
wheels, 4WAS enhances vehicle stability during high-speed driving, im-
proves low-speed maneuverability, and enhances driver control and confi-
dence, ultimately offering a safer and more enjoyable driving experience.
DETAILS OF COMPONENT
1. Arduino
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328

(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs),6Analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power
jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board
based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6
can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller, simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs
from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.
2. Dc Motor
A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current
electrical power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces
produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal
mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the
direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most types produce rotary motion; a
linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight line. DC motors were
the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing direct-current
lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a
wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of
current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and
appliances.The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight
motor used for portable power tools and appliances.
3Wheels and Tires:
The wheels provide the contact point between the RC model and the ground, while the tires
provide traction. Choosing appropriate wheels and tires based on the terrain and intended use is
crucial for optimal performance.
Building a four-wheel mechanical steering RC model involves several key components and
mechanisms to ensure proper functionality. Below is a description of the parts typically involved
in such a system:
1.Chassis: The chassis serves as the frame or backbone of the RC model. It provides the structure
upon which all other components are mounted. It needs to be sturdy yet lightweight to ensure
the overall agility and performance of the model.
2.Four Wheels: The RC model will have four wheels, each of which requires its own set of
components for steering and propulsion.
3.Steering Mechanism: The steering mechanism controls the direction of the RC model. In a
mechanical steering system, this typically involves linkages and servo motors. There are various
types of steering mechanisms, such as rack and pinion, bellcrank, or drag link setups.
4.Servo Motors: Servo motors are essential for converting electrical signals from the RC
transmitter into mechanical motion to steer the wheels. Each wheel usually has its own servo
motor to control its steering independently.
5.Steering Linkages: These are the rods or arms that connect the servo motors to the steering
knuckles or hubs on each wheel. They transmit the motion from the servo to the wheels, causing
them to turn left or right.
6. Steering Knuckles/Hubs: These components are located at each wheel and serve as the pivot
points for the steering system. They allow the wheels to rotate horizontally for steering.
7. Tie Rods: Tie rods are part of the steering linkage system and connect the steering knuckles or
hubs to ensure both wheels on each axle steer together, maintaining proper alignment.
8. Wheel Bearings: Bearings are necessary for smooth wheel rotation. They reduce friction
between moving parts and ensure efficient operation.
10. Suspension System (Optional): Depending on the complexity of the RC model, you may
incorporate a suspension system to improve stability and handling over rough terrain. This could
include components such as shocks, springs, and control arms.
11. Electronic Speed Controllers (ESC}: ESCs regulate the speed and direction of the motors that
power the wheels. They receive signals from the RC receiver and translate them into commands
for the motors.
12. Battery and Power Distribution: A rechargeable battery pack powers the entire RC model. It
needs to be appropriately sized to provide sufficient power for the motors, servo motors, and
other electronics. A power distribution system ensures that power is distributed evenly to all
components.
By assembling these components correctly, you can create a functional four-wheel mechanical
steering RC model capable of precise control and maneuverability.

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Four Wheel Active Steering

A Mini Project-II Report

Under the Guidance of

Department of Mechanical Engineering

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328

3Wheels and Tires:

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