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    Anaphy Respiratory System

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    Angelika Sanchez

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    Anaphy Respiratory System

    Uploaded by

    Angelika Sanchez
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    6 views4 pages

    Anaphy Respiratory System

    Uploaded by

    Angelika Sanchez

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    PHARM 112A HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

    THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

    GROUP 4
    GROUP MEMBERS

    Ballangagan, Genalyn M.
    Benganio, Jamiekah M.
    Busal, Yzabelle Nicole
    Dalumoc, Hanna Joy
    Dawing, Judea
    Obra, Marjorie
    Sanchez, Angelika
    Tayawa, Oreta

    PHARM 112A HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

    THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


    A. Functions of the Respiratory System
    B. Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
    C. Mechanisms of Breathing
    - Gas Exchange Between Blood, Lungs and Tissues

    The Respiratory System


    - Every cell in the body needs oxygen (O2)
    - The primary function of the respiratory system is breathing (for gas exchange).
    - Humans breathe thousands of times a day.
    - The main organ of the respiratory system are the lungs.

    Respiratory System
    - is the system of tissues and organs that facilitates breathing. It encompasses the blood vessels, lungs, and airways.
    - a complex web of body parts that delivers oxygen to the cells in the body.

    Respiration
    - The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It is the body's uptake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide.
    2 Subsidiary Process
     Ventilation or Breathing – physical process of conducting air to and from the lungs.
     Gas Exchange – biochemical process in which oxygen enters the bloodstreams, while carbon dioxide and other
    waste gases diffuse out of the bloodstreams and into the air.

    Carbon dioxide
    - a waste gas, that moves from the blood to the lungs and is exhaled (breathed out).

    A. Functions of the Respiratory System

    Inhalation and Exhalation Are Pulmonary Gas Exchange


    Ventilation—That’s Breathing - takes place in the alveoli, air sacs of our lungs, through
    - The respiratory system, also known as pulmonary diffusion.
    ventilation, facilitates breathing. Air is inhaled through - A vital life-sustaining process where we inhale oxygen
    the nasal and oral cavities (the nose and mouth) during (O2) and exhale carbon dioxide (CO2). Respiratory
    pulmonary breathing. It enters the lungs through the system is constantly active due to the constant need for
    trachea, larynx, and pharynx. Then air is exhaled, oxygen in all body cells, ensuring human survival.
    flowing back through the same pathway.
    Helping Maintain Homeostasis Speech Production
    - Oxygen stimulates cell activity in the body, resulting in - the respiratory system is integral creating sounds such
    carbon dioxide absorption and production. This carbon as those used for speech.
    dioxide, exhaled, helps maintain acid-base balance by - Phonation is the process of sound creation in the upper
    increasing acidity and lowering pH level. respiratory tract, where air is exhaled through the
    larynx, also known as the "voice box.” During speech,
    larynx muscles move arytenoid cartilages, which push
    vocal folds together, producing vibrations in the vocal
    cords. Higher pitch and faster vibrations result from
    more tension.

    Olfactory Sense
    - one of the five senses
    - The nose aids in respiration, while olfactory nerves and structures are involved in sensing smell which enables
    sense of smell. The nose and nasal support the olfactory mucous membrane for smell perception and act as
    respiratory passage in their lower parts.

    B. Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System


    - All organs of the respiratory system are involved in breathing, but only the lungs are involved in gas exchange.
    Respiratory tract
    - a continuous network of passageways comprising the respiratory system's organs that facilitates the flow of air into and
    out of the body.
    - The respiratory tract has two major divisions: the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract.

    Diaphragm
    - the biggest muscle that divides the thorax from the abdomen and is located beneath the lungs.

     Certain muscles of the thorax, or the bodily cavity that occupies the chest, enable breathing, which contributes to
    respiration.

    Breathing also involves smaller muscles located in the space between the ribs.

    UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT


    - Air enters and exits the body through conduction, involving upper respiratory tract organs and structures, and travels to
    the lungs from the external environment. They clean, humidify, and warm incoming air, but do not exchange gases.

     Nasal Cavity
    - The nasal cavity, located in the middle of the face, is a large, air-
    filled space in the skull above and behind the nose. It is a
    continuation of the two nostrils.
    - It is responsible for inhaling warm, humid air, capturing larger
    particles with nose hairs, and containing chemoreceptors essential for
    smell and taste perception and respiration.

    Chemoreceptors - special nerve cells that detect changes in the chemical composition of the blood and send information
    to the brain to regulate cardiovascular and respiratory functions.

     Pharynx - The pharynx is a tube-like structure connecting the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx.
    - It is part of both the respiratory and digestive systems, and it facilitates the passage of air and food between the
    nasal cavity and the larynx. Food travels from the mouth to the esophagus via the pharynx.

     Larynx (voice box)


    - a hollow tube in the middle of the neck, above the trachea (windpipe) and behind the esophagus. It facilitates the
    passage of air through the respiratory tract by connecting the pharynx and trachea. It is made up of vibrating vocal
    cords located in the larynx that make sound when air passes over them. In the larynx, the voice cords are visible.
    - The larynx muscles move vocal cords for breathing and production, controlling pitch and volume, while also
    allowing separation for breathing and movement for sound production.
    - A very important function of the larynx is protecting the trachea from aspirated food. The epiglottis, a flap in the
    throat, closes during swallowing to prevent material from entering the larynx and causing irritation. If swallowed, it
    stimulates a strong cough reflex, expelling the materials.

    LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT


    -Air travels from the upper respiratory tract to the lungs through the trachea and other lower respiratory system
    passageways. There are 1,500 miles of passageways in the human respiratory tract, forming an inverted tree shape as it
    descends into the lungs, where gas exchange occurs.

     Trachea
    - The trachea, or windpipe, is the widest passageway in the
    respiratory tract. It is about 2.5 cm (1 inch) wide and 10-15 cm (4-6
    inch) long. It is composed by cartilage rings, which make it
    relatively strong and resilient. Air travels through the respiratory
    tract via the trachea, which connects the larynx and lungs. Two
    bronchial tubes are formed by the trachea's bottom branch.
     Bronchi and Bronchioles
    -The right and left bronchi are the two primary bronchial tubes, also known as bronchi (plural: bronchus). The
    bronchi carry air between the trachea and lungs. Each bronchus divides into two smaller bronchi called secondary
    bronchi, which in turn divide into even smaller tertiary bronchi. The smallest bronchi divide into bronchioles,
    which are incredibly tiny tubules. The tiniest bronchioles terminate in alveolar ducts, which lead to clusters of
    minuscule air sacs in the lungs known as alveoli (singular: alveolus).

     Lungs
     Alveoli is where gas exchange occurs with the capillary network surrounding them.
     Neuroendocrine cells in the bronchioles regulate the size and air flow through them.
     A surfactant is a liquid that covers the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing and sticking together when air is
    exhaled during exhalation.

    -The largest respiratory tract organs are the lungs, that are hanging within the thoracic pleural cavity.
    -The two lungs are divided into sections called lobes, and each are separated by connective tissues. The right lung
    is larger and contains three lobes. The left lung is smaller and contains two lobes. The smaller left lung provides
    space for the heart, located just left of the center of the chest.

    -Lung tissue consists mainly of alveoli. These tiny air sacs are the functional units of the lungs. They are
    responsible for gas exchange in the lungs, with up to 700 million alveoli in two lungs. Blood in capillaries around
    alveoli absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide into the air when breathed out, resembling mesh-like
    structures.
    -The lungs receive blood from two major sources, deoxygenated and oxygenated blood.
    -The lungs absorb oxygen from deoxygenated blood from the heart, which then returns to the heart to be
    circulated throughout the body.
    -The heart also supplies oxygenated blood to the lungs, which is then utilized for cellular respiration by the lungs'
    cells.

    C. Mechanisms of Breathing
    - Gas Exchange Between Blood, Lungs and Tissues

     The primary purpose of gas exchange is to get rid of carbon dioxide and take up oxygen.
     Gas exchange takes place between blood and alveoli in the lungs, and then between blood and tissue cells all
    around the body through simple diffusion. Gasses cross the membranes at the alveolar-capillary membrane in the
    lungs, where oxygen enters and carbon dioxide exits the bloodstream. Oxygen then travels through the
    bloodstream to all body parts to be used in cellular respiration, where it is exchanged for carbon dioxide that's
    transported back into the lungs and then exhaled.

    Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an organic
    compound the body can use for energy.

    REFERENCES

    https://www.osmosis.org/learn/Gas_exchange_in_the_lungs%2C_blood_and_tissues

    https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Minnesota_State_Community_and_Technical_College/
    Biology_of_Human_Concerns_(Daniels)/06%3A_Respiratory_System/
    6.02%3A_Structure_and_Function_of_the_Respiratory_System

    https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/respiratory/5-functions-of-respiratory-system

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