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Internet Memes and Society
Anastasia Denisova
First published 2019
by Routledge
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an
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© 2019 Taylor & Francis
The right of Anastasia Denisova to be identified as author of
this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections
77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
CIP data has been applied for.
List of Figures ix
Acknowledgements xv
Introduction 1
Conclusion 195
Index 201
List of Figures
3.1 The meme joins the figures of Pepe the Frog and
Donald Trump to present them as a squad
“The Deplorables” 28
4.1 Example of a Demotivator meme 47
4.2 Example of an Image Macro meme 48
4.3 Example of a Photoshopped Image meme 48
4.4 Example of an Advice Animals meme 49
4.5 Example of a LOLCat meme 50
4.6 Example of a Comics meme 50
4.7 Example of a Reworked Cartoon meme 51
4.8 Example of a Twisted Map meme 52
5.1 Results of the content analysis: Main themes of memes
on Crimean crisis in 2014 85
5.2 Main thematic overlaps of memes that support the
actions of Russia in Crimea 86
5.3 Main thematic overlaps of memes that criticise the
actions of Russia in Crimea 87
5.4 Main thematic overlaps of memes that oppose the
Russian government 88
5.5 The meme depicts armed troops as ‘tourists’. The tag
line says (trans. from Russian): ‘Russian tourists are
coming to Crimea in large numbers and in orderly manner’ 91
5.6 The meme juxtaposes two depictions of ‘armed forces’.
The image on the left says ‘Financed by the West,
armed by NATO, trained in the terrorist camps of
Europe, fighters of Maidan’. The image on the right
says ‘the spontaneous self-defense of Crimea’ 93
5.7 The meme juxtaposes the depiction of the people
and the government on national television. It shows
‘people’ as a man indulging in vodka and caviar, and
‘rulers’ as the galley slaves. The tag line says: ‘Channel
One. The daily news in a nutshell’ 94
5.8 The meme depicts the popular TV host Dmitry
Kiselyov being dragged out of his studio by the nurses.
The tag line says ‘Into radioactive ash’ 96
x List of Figures
5.9 The meme depicts the people who engage in Internet
battles from the comfort of their homes. The coats of
arms on the left and right read as ‘The couch troops
of self-defense. Euro-coach’ and ‘Couch troops. The
slowly reacting forces’. The tag line below reads as
‘The fights are continuing’ 97
5.10 The meme shows a gloomy landscape and a tag line ‘In
the epicentre of stability’ 99
5.11 The meme shows the map of the Crimean Peninsula.
The first part of the tag line on the top says ‘The
Russians in Crimea were constantly told: ‘If you don’t
like it here, get out!’. The second part of the tag line in
the bottom says ‘And finally, the Russians said: Fine,
convinced, we are going to Russia’ 101
5.12 The meme depicts a woman with a child holding a
door against the invader who has the face of Vladimir
Putin. The tag line is in Ukrainian and it says ‘Sir! Go
to your own place! This house is not yours!’ 102
5.13 The meme shows the map of extended territory of
Russia with the tag line ‘We were born to make the
fairy tale come true!’ 104
5.14 The meme shows a drawing of Vladimir Putin looking
in the mirror to find Joseph Stalin in the reflection 105
5.15 The meme depicts a scene between little balls that
represent Russia, Ukraine, Crimea and Anarchy (red
and black). Russia calls for Crimea as for a child and
urges it to come home immediately. Then Russia starts
calling for Alaska 108
5.16 The meme depicts Russia and Ukraine as little balls.
Russia calls to Ukraine by saying ‘Ukraine, wait!
Aren’t we brothers?’. In the next scene, it forces
Ukraine back with a gun and reinstates ‘Brothers, I said!’ 109
5.17 The meme mixes the official mascots of the 2014
Sochi Olympic Games with the drawing of a tank. It
replaces the logo of the Games with the words ‘Krim.ru’
(‘Krim’ is the Russian way to say ‘Crimea’) 112
5.18 The meme depicts a bear surrounded with
stereotypical symbols of Russia, a tank, a bottle
of vodka, a Kalashnikov gun, a balalaika and the
ushanka hat. The tag line says ‘Waiting for the sanctions’ 114
5.19 The meme portrays Vladimir Putin and Barack
Obama as the protagonists of Rocky IV movie, where
the Soviet boxer Ivan Drago faced the American boxer
Rocky on the ring 117
List of Figures xi
5.20 The meme depicts Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medvedev
and ex-president of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovich
walking in the park. The tag line says ‘No worries,
Vityok, we will figure it out!’ 121
5.21 The meme juxtaposes the efforts of Israel that has
been ‘fighting with the Arabs for 60 years over a
piece of land’ with the success of Vladimir Putin who
‘nicked Crimea in one month’ 122
5.22 The meme imagines the screen of Vladimir Putin’s
phone. It features the portrait of the Russian president
and panicky messages and missed calls from the ex-
leader of the US 123
5.23 The meme depicts a young woman next to the tank;
the tag line says ‘Beauty will save the world’. 125
5.24 The meme juxtaposes the Crimean Prosecutor General
Natalia Poklonskaya with the similar-looking manga
character 126
5.25 The meme provides the classification of the similar-
sounding nicknames. The text says ‘Short classification
for the dummies: The Banderovets, the Bonderovets,
the Benderovets, the Binderovets’. It distinguishes the
followers of the popular actor Antonio Banderas from
the followers of the controversial Ukrainian wartime
politician Stepan Bandera, and from the fans of the
fictional characters Ostap Bender and Mr Bin 131
5.26 The meme uses the photograph of the German
concentration camp and the photo of a modern soldier.
The text says, ‘Dear travelers! Welcome to the resorts
of Crimea’, and the text in the bottom says ‘Travel
agency “Russian world”’ 132
5.27 The meme compares Adolf Hitler, Slobodan Milosevic
and Vladimir Putin. Hitler says ‘Let’s protect the
Germans!’, Milosevic says ‘Let’s protect the Serbs!’,
and Putin says ‘Let’s protect the Russians!’. The
pictures in the bottom show the aftermath of Hitler’s
and Milosevic’s actions – genocide graves and a trial in
Hague. The meme poses the question in the right hand
side in the bottom, ‘Will Russia follow the path of the
Greater German Reich and “Great Serbia”?’ 133
5.28 The meme depicts a soldier caressing a cat that sits on
the top of his gun. The tag line says, ‘Polite photo
of the day’ 136
5.29 The meme depicts a soldier caressing a cat that sits on
the top of his gun. The tag line says, ‘Foreign media
xii List of Figures
are in shock. The camera spotted a polite person who
is pulling the poor cat over his gun’ 137
5.30 The meme juxtaposes the symbol of Olympic Games,
the five Olympic rings, with the schematic drawing of
a tank’s caterpillar track 164
5.31 The screenshot from Facebook’s community That’s
Messed Up, users add new memes in the comment
thread started by the February-March meme (Figure 5.30) 166
5.32 The ‘Doors’ cartoon by Vitali Podvitski depicts a
bear that greets a person dressed in the US flag-like
coloured suit. The bear represents Russia that stepped
in to protect Ukraine from the US influence 167
5.33 The new version of the ‘Doors’ cartoon that became
a meme. This time, US is depicted as the death that
knocks on the doors with the names Iraq, Libya, Ukraine 167
5.34 Yet another version of the ‘Doors’ carton, where the
invader is portrayed in the colours of the Russian flag.
Previously opened doors with the blood stains on them
read as Caucasus, Chechnya, Dagestan, Abkhaziya,
North Osetiya. The only closed door is Ukraine 168
5.35 Another version of the ‘Doors’ meme depicts the
invader as death with the US flag and Israel’s emblem
on the clothing. The previously opened doors bear
such names as Iraq, Libya, Sirya, Tunisia. The closed
door is Egypt 169
6.1 The meme depicts the dance move that Hillary Clinton
performed at Ellen DeGeneres’ show 188
6.2 The meme suggests that Hillary Clinton will
implement obligatory military service for women, if
elected as the president of the US. The memes look like
the posters of her promotional campaign and call to
#fightforhillary 189
6.3 Another meme that resembles professional campaign
materials. It presents a young woman who claims that
she would be a fighter in Russia, as Hillary is a fighter
in a more general sense 189
6.4 The meme depicts Hillary Clinton having a drink.
The tag line implies that she is cheering to securing a
nuclear deal with the Russians 191
6.5 The meme shows various images of Donald Trump
who is making various hand gestures. The meme
maker presents them as sex-related and supplements
with sexual descriptions. It implies that Trump
encourages people to have heterosexual encounters
rather than homosexual ones 192
List of Figures xiii
6.6 The meme borrows characters and actors from the
popular movie saga The Lord of the Rings. It depicts
the dwarf Gimli (played by John Rhys-Davies) and
Legolas (played by Orlando Bloom) as having a
conversation about US politicians. Gimli starts with
supporting Bernie Sanders, as his hat implies, but then
changes his mind after the conversation with Trump-
supporting Legolas. Gimli changes his hat to the one
saying ‘Hillary for prison’ 193
Acknowledgements
This work owes to the support from my friends and colleagues at Uni-
versity of Westminster; I should specifically say thanks to Dr Anastasia
Kavada for her deep knowledge and beautiful mind. I am grateful to
all people who agreed to do the interviews for this book – it has been a
fascinating journey.
Introduction
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Schools, vide Colleges
Scrolls, honorific, &c., 372-3, 451, 506
Seal, Imperial, 33, 35, 40, 42
Seng-Ko-Lin Ch’in, Prince, 15, 20, 21, 25, 28
Seymour, Admiral, 332
Shansi, Court in, 346
Yu Hsien, Governor of, 373
Shao Yu-lien, 173
Shen Chin, Reformer, 490
Sheng Hsüan-huai, 407
Sheng Pao, General, 20, 391, 484
Shensi, famine in, 105, 416
Rebellion in, 117
Shih Hsü, 458
Shimonoseki Treaty, 391
Shun-Chih, Emperor, 37, 83, 133, 146
Siege of Nanking, 68-9, 71
Su-Chou fu, 507
Silkworms, God of, 206
Small-pox, 120
Southern provinces and Reform, 169, 185, 219, 229, 253, 418,
490
Southern Viceroys, 277, 329, 359, 394-5, 506
“Spring and Autumn” Classic, 288, 318, 514
Squeezing by officials, 495, 510
Students, 178, 430, 457
Succession, Imperial, 5, 115, 119, 122, 128, 129, 132, 134, 141,
304, 381, 444, 462, 487
Sugiyama, 262
Suicide, patriotic, 134
Summer Palace, burnt by Allies, 20, 42, 389
rebuilding of, 99, 128, 168, 356, 493
Tzŭ Hsi’s life at, 198, 301, 451
Sun Chia-nai, 253, 358, 510-12
Sung Ch’ing, General, 350
Sung dynasty, 133, 143, 190, 236, 391
Sung, Eunuch, 300
Sung Po-lu, Censor, 190, 195, 208
Sung Yu-lien, 204
Sun Yat-sen, Dr., 227
Sun Yu-wen, 157
Su Shun, usurping Regent, 30 et seq., 48, 156, 496
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