Plumbing

- The art and science of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus to convey and supply water in buildings and
to dispose and discharge waste water and other liquids, gases and other substances out of buildings in a safe,
orderly, healthy and sanitary way to ensure the health and sanitation of life and property.
- Efficient water supply and waste disposal system.
Plumber
- A person who is skilled in the field of sanitation.
- From the roman word “Plumbarius” which comes from the Latin word “Plumbum”
- Plumbarius is an individual who worked in the sanitary field.
- Plumbum meant lead (a metal)

Greco-roman Civilization
- During this civilization, the concept and importance of plumbing was more defined and appreciated.

Roman Aqueduct
- A water system that continuously challenge the skill of the present crops of Engineers.

17th century – the English parliament passed the 1st plumbing apprentice law.

4 Major Component of Drainage System

- Sanitary or Soil Drainage system (black water)
- Waste Drainage (Gray water)
- Vent
- Storm Drainage System (Gray water)

Slope – 1-2%
2 Main Objectives of Plumbing:
1. To supply water to different parts of the building.
2. To remove and discharge human wastes and other substances out of building into the public sewer or septic tank.

Conditions for an Effective Water Supply in Building

1. To provide a sufficient amount of water to supply each fixture.
2. To prevent backflow of used water into the water supply system.

The Drainage system should accomplish the following:

1. Fast removal of the waste with a minimum probability of leakage and stoppage of drains.
2. To prevent the entry of house vermin and obnoxious gases into the house from the piping system.

2 Types of Waste:
1. Solid Waste – discharged by water closet
2. Liquid waste – comes from various fixtures

Types of Drainage Piping:

1. Soil Pipe – a pipe that conveys waste from the water closet and also from various fixtures
2. Waste Pipe – comes from various fixtures other than water closet

Drainage Installation / DWV

D – drainage for solid waste
W – waste from various fixtures other than water closet
V – vent or ventilation of the piping system

Definition of terms
 Air Gap
  Backflow
 Back Siphonage
 Battery of Fixture
 Bib – or faucet
 Blind Flange
 Blow-off
 Branch

Plastic or Synthetic Pipes

Types
1. The Rigid type
 PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
 CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride)
 uPVC (unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride)
 ABS
 PP (Polypropylene)
 SR (Styrene rubber plastic)

2. The Flexible type

 PE (polyethylene)
 PB (polybutylene)

1st plastic material is Celluliod followed by Bakelite

Riser – pataas na tubig
Model Code – plumbing code

Connecting Plastic Pipe

- By cementing called Solvent Welding

Sewage Disposal System

Types
- Cesspool
- Privy
- Septic Tank
- Public Sewer Line

Public Sewer Line

Types
1. The combination public sewer
2. the sanitary sewer
- intercepting
- tributary
3. the storm drain

Materials used to construct a septic tank

1. reinforced concrete
2. plastered concrete hollow blocks
3. Prefabricated asbestos
4. thin metal and plastic

Septic Tank Gases

1. Methane
2. Hydrogen
3. Hydrogen Sulfide
4. Carbon dioxide
5. carbon monoxide
6. Sulfur Dioxide

Septic Tank Design

- 3 chambers
- 3 manholes – 508/600 mm each
- Closed bottom slab
- Clean out
Minimum Size
1.5 m width
0.9 length
1.2 m height

Digestive chamber – pinakamalaki

Leaching chamber – dalawang medyo maliit

Vent Stack

Plastic Pipe Fittings

 ¼ bend
 45o elbow
 90o elbow
 Wye
 Double bend
 Coupling
 Cleanout plug
 Tee
 Tee wye
 Double tee wye
 P-trap
Chapter 5: The Waste Pipe

Waste Pipe – smaller than soil pipe

Drainage Pipe – wastes from water closet
Waste Pipe – from fixtures except water closet, min. 2 in. pipe
Vent Pipe – air passage
Soil Pipe – 3 in. (if one water closet only), 4 in. if more than one water closet

Soil Branch – horizontal pipe for wastes from water closet

Soil Stack – vertical pipe, receives waste from soil branch, main

General Conditions for a Good Waste Pipe Installation

1. By making the right choice of materials
2. By conservative use of fittings
3. Right location of the cleanouts
4. Right slope or grade of the pipelines
5. Using the right size of pipe
6. Correct manner of joining the pipes
7. Providing stable and rigid support

Reasons for failing pipe installations

 Use of too many fittings
 The use of wrong type of fittings

Right Slope or Grade of Waste Pipe – 2%, which means 2 cm per meter length

Scouring – means to flush or wash out, to remove dirt or grease by flowing through

Fixture Unit
- 1 fixture unit = 1 ft3 = 30 L of waste

Table 5-1 Fixture Unit Values

Kind of Fixture Fixture Unit
Floor Drain 1
Lavatory or wash basin 1
Residential Sink 1.5
Bathtub 2
Kitchen Sink 2
Laundry Tub 2
Shower Bath 2
Sink, hotel or public 2
Slop sink 3
Combination Fixture 3
Urinal 5
Water Closet 6
For every 15 square foot roof drain 1
One bathroom group consisting of water closet, lavatory, 8
bathtub, and overhead shower or water closet, lavatory
and shower compartment
Chapter 6: The Soil Pipe

Noise and Condensation

- Irritating noise from pipes
- Condensation causes the dripping of water inside
Solutions
- Soil pipe should not be in contact with plastered walls or ceiling. Soil pipe not embedded in concrete must be
insulated.
- Applying a good quality anti-sweat covering material to the soil pipe installation
Soil pipe
- Avoid idaan sa kisame
- Nilalagay usually sa labas
- Ilagay sa labas ng bahay yung soil stack

Chapter 7: House Drain

House Drain or Collection Line of a Plumbing System – receives discharges of all soil and waste stacks

Types of House Drain

- Combined Drain – receives sanitary waste and storm water, no longer permitted
- Industrial drain – acid wastes
- Storm Drain – storm clear water, or surface water except sanitary wastes
- Sanitary Drain – receives sanitary and domestic waste, storm water is not allowed

Unit System
- Most practical method to use in determining the size of a house drain.

Slope – 2%

Chapter 8: House Sewer

House Sewer
- The portion of the horizontal drainage system, which starts from the outer face of the building and terminate at
the main sewer in the street or septic tank.

Chapter 9: Storm Drain

Storm Drain
- Conveys rain or storm water to a suitable terminal.

Splash Pan
- Collector of water coming down from the downspout

Types of Storm Drain

- Inside storm drain
- Outside storm drain
- Overhead storm drain

Ex: 2 % slope of roof

Length = 20 m
Width=10 m
Area = 20x10=200 m2, use 100 mm or 4 in. pipe for downspout (refer to table 9-1)

Chapter 10: Traps for Plumbing Fixtures

Trap
 - to prevent the back flow of gases coming from the septic tank or sewer line passing through the outlet of the
fixture.
- The principle is to form a mechanical barrier against the passage of sewer air.
- Ex: P-trap
Classification of water sealed P-Trap
- Common seal – 5 cm deep water seal between the overflow and the dip
- Deep seal – 7.5 to 10 cm column of liquid content between the overflow and the dip.
- Designed for abnormal conditions

Types of water sealed trap

1. Permissible Traps
- P-Trap
- Drum Trap
- Stand Trap
- Brass Trap
- High Hub Trap
- Low Hub Trap
- Extra Heavy
- Sink or Lavatory

2. Objectionable Traps
- full size S and the ¾ S traps
- bag traps
- mechanically sealed traps
- light metal partition traps

Chapter 11: Plumbing Ventilation

Ventilation
- To maintain a balance atmospheric pressure inside the system to prevent problems like:
 Trap seal loss
 Retardation of flow
 Deterioration of the materials

Trap Seal Loss

- Inadequate ventilation of the trap and the subsequent minus and plus pressures inside the system
Factors:
- Siphonage
- Back pressure
- Evaporation
- Capillary action

Chapter 13: Cold Water Supply in Building

Density – 997 kg/m3 or 1000 kg/m3
Unit weight – 9.81 kN/m3 or 62.4 lb/ft3

3 Sources of Water:
- Rain water
- Natural surface water from streams and rivers
- Underground water

Common Impurities of water:

- Entrained gases (CO2, hydrogen sulfide, methane)
- Dissolved minerals ( calcium, magnesium)
 - Suspended and colloidal materials (bacteria, algae, fungi)
- Radioactive materials ( from industrial and mining)

Lead
- Can be poisonous if mixed with water
- lead pipe should not be used for distribution of soft acid water, or for water having a high concentration of
dissolved oxygen or chloride

Blue Pipe not recommended for water supply, use PPR instead

Valves – to shut-off water supply

Classification of Public Water Distribution

- Direct Pressure Distribution – from water district
- Indirect Pressure Distribution – turbine pump, balon/well

Household Water Supply

Classification of Pipes
- House service – water district
- Riser – vertical supply pipe
- Branches – horizontal pipes that serve the faucets or fixtures

Types of Cold Water Distribution

- By normal water pressure from the public main
- By overhead feed system
- By air pressure distribution system

Friction
- Force that opposes the flow
- Resistance between the molecules of water

Pressure
- Force required to move the water inside the pipe
Normal pressure: 30-40 psi

Pressure Reducing Valve

- Excessive water pressure can be minimized by installing this

Pressure Loss
- Caused by friction
- Variations in pressure between the water main and the outlet end of the water service

Maximum Demand
- If inopen lahat ng fixtures, ito yung maximum water discharge
- 1 gallon = 3.75 L
- 1 unit = 8 gallons
To find the Maximum demand, multiply 8 gallons to the total number of fixtures

Probable Demand/ Peak Load

- If 1 CR for 10 person, marami ang gagamit but if may 3 CR for 6 people, then most probably, only 2 CRs will be
used
- Yung ibabawas or yung di gagamitin
Gate Valve
- Completely close and completely open
Angle Valve
- Install for bidet and lavatory
Foot Valve
- Used in tanks, lower part
Check Valve
- Install para yung tubig isang flow lang
Float Valve
- If nareach yung certain level or top part ng tank, magaclose or hihinto na yung flow of water

Water meter – used to measure the amount of water that passes through the water service.