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Innovative Renewable Energy
Series Editor: Ali Sayigh
Ali Sayigh Editor
Sustainable
Building for
a Cleaner
Environment
Selected Papers from the World
Renewable Energy Network's Med
Green Forum 2017
Series editor
Ali Sayigh
World Renewable Energy Congress, Brighton, UK
The primary objective of this book series is to highlight the best-implemented
worldwide policies, projects and research dealing with renewable energy and the
environment. The books will be developed in partnership with the World Renewable
Energy Network (WREN). WREN is one of the most effective organizations in
supporting and enhancing the utilisation and implementation of renewable energy
sources that are both environmentally safe and economically sustainable.
Contributors to books in this series come from a worldwide network of agencies,
laboratories, institutions, companies and individuals, all working together towards
an international diffusion of renewable energy technologies and applications. With
contributions from most countries in the world, books in this series promote the
communication and technical education of scientists, engineers, technicians and
managers in this field and address the energy needs of both developing and developed
countries.
Each book in the series contains contributions from WREN members and covers
the most-up-to-date research developments, government policies, business models,
best practices, and innovations from countries all over the globe. Additionally, the
series will publish a collection of best papers presented during the annual and
bi-annual World Renewable Energy Congress and Forum each year.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15925

Ali Sayigh
Editor
Sustainable Building
for a Cleaner Environment
Selected Papers from the World Renewable
Energy Network’s Med Green Forum 2017
Editor
Ali Sayigh
World Renewable Energy Congress
Brighton, UK
ISSN 2522-8927 ISSN 2522-8935 (electronic)

ISBN 978-3-319-94594-1 ISBN 978-3-319-94595-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94595-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018947378
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Introduction
This is the fourth WREN-WREC Med Green Forum and the second one to be held
in Florence, teaming with ABITA from the University of Florence and ETA from
Renewable Energy Florence.
We received 87 contributions from 50 countries and several students’ posters.
There were also presentations from well-known Italian industries in the built
environment.
The three organizations, WREN, ABITA, and ETA, worked together to highlight
the importance of sustainable buildings and renewable energy especially in the
regions of abundant sunshine – the Mediterranean Zone.
I thank all the sponsors of this event, especially ISESCO, Springer, and the
Department of Architecture, University of Florence, for hosting the Med Green
Forum No. 4. We are very grateful to the technical committee and organizing com-
mittee for their excellent efforts in making this a successful meeting.
This area of combining buildings with energy conservation, efficiency, and
renewable energy is the only way to combat climate change and save energy. The
Forum offered a great opportunity where participants could network during the
coffee and lunch times, and in the evenings.
This Proceeding consists of 39 papers from 41 countries, covering all the follow-
ing areas:
1. Sustainable architecture
2. Building construction management and environment
3. Ventilation and air movement in buildings
4. Renewable energy in building and cities
5. Eco materials and technology
6. Policy education and finance
7. Sustainable transport
8. Urban agriculture and soilless urban green space
v
vi Introduction
To encourage readers to read papers from every category, the papers in this
Proceeding have not been subdivided into topic sections. We hope that architects,
builders, energy specialists, and researchers in the built environment will find all
papers interesting and stimulating.
Brighton, UK Ali Sayigh

Contents
1 Proposing a New Method for Fenestration Shading Design

in Prefabricated Modular Buildings�� 1
Seyedehmamak Salavatian
2 Effectiveness of Occupant Behavioral Ventilation Strategies
on Indoor Thermal Comfort in Hot Arid Climate�� 15
Ali Sedki, Neveen Hamza, and Theo Zaffagnini
3 Effectiveness of Materials, Technologies, and Renewable Energy
in Educational Buildings Through Cluster Analysis of Energy
Retrofitting �� 25
Francesco Asdrubali, Laura Calcagnini, Luca Evangelisti,
Claudia Guattari, and Paola Marrone
4 Renewable Energy in Argentina�� 39
Carlos Labriola
5 Wind Energy Potential Research in a Low Building
within an Urban Environment�� 53
Jorge Lassig, Claudia Palese, Juan Valle Sosa, Ubaldo Jara,
and Carlos Labriola
6 Natural Light in Architecture: Use Inspired
by the Constructive Tradition �� 63
Fabio G. S. Giucastro
7 The Cost of Building to the nearly-Zero Energy Building
Standard: A Financial Case Study �� 71
Shane Colclough, John Mernagh, Derek Sinnott, Neil J. Hewitt,
and Philip Griffiths
8 Policy of Intensification, Diversification, Conservation,
and Indexation in Pursuing Sustainable Transport�� 79
Koesmawan
vii
viii Contents
9 The Problem of Education in Developing Renewable Energy �� 95

Ellya Marliana Yudapraja
10 Winter Performance of Certified Passive Houses in a Temperate
Maritime Climate: nZEB Compliant? �� 103
Shane Colclough, Philip Griffiths, and Neil J. Hewitt
11 A Parametric Tool for Assessing Optimal Location of Buildings
According to Environmental Criteria�� 115
Giacomo Chiesa and Mario Grosso
12 Methodology of Solar Project Managing Through All Stages
of Development�� 131
Andrejs Snegirjovs, Peteris Shipkovs, Kristina Lebedeva,
Galina Kashkarova, and Dimitry Sergeev
13 Computational BIPV Design: An Energy Optimization
Tool for Solar Façades �� 141
Omid Bakhshaei, Giuseppe Ridolfi, and Arman Saberi
14 Feasibility Study of a Low Carbon House in the United Kingdom �� 153
Timothy Aird and Hossein Mirzaii
15 Why Do We Need to Reduce the Carbon Footprint in UAE?�� 165
Riadh AL-Dabbagh
16 Urban Farming in the Era of Crisis in Greece: The Case Study
of the Urban Garden of Ag. Anargiri-Kamatero and Fili�� 179
Konstadinos Abeliotis and Konstadinos Doudoumopoulos
17 Resilient Urban Design. Belgrade and Florence:
Reconnect the Waters to the City �� 187
Chiara Odolini
18 Strategic Sustainable and Smart Development Based
on User Behaviour�� 199
Shahryar Habibi and Theo Zaffagnini
19 High|Bombastic: Adaptive Skin Conceptual Prototype
for Mediterranean Climate �� 209
Omid Bakhshaei, Giuseppe Ridolfi, and Arman Saberi
20 Quality of Healthcare: A Review of the Impact of the Hospital
Physical Environment on Improving Quality of Care�� 217
Jazla Fadda
21 Enhancing Indoor Air Quality for Residential Building
in Hot-Arid Regions�� 255
Ghanim Kadhem Abdul Sada and Tawfeeq Wasmi M. Salih
Contents ix
22 Performance of Solar Window Film with Reference to Energy

Rationalizing in Buildings �� 265
Kamil M. Yousif and Alan Ibrahim Saeed
23 Visualizing the Infrared Response of an Urban Canyon
Throughout a Sunny Day�� 277
Benoit Beckers, José Pedro Aguerre, Gonzalo Besuievsky,
Eduardo Fernández, Elena García Nevado, Christian Laborderie,
and Raphaël Nahon
24 Meta-Design Approach to Environmental Building Programming
for Passive Cooling of Buildings �� 285
Giacomo Chiesa and Mario Grosso
25 Urban and Architectural Sustainability in the Restoration
of Iranian Cities (Strategy and Challenges): Case Study
of Soltaniyeh �� 297
Nazila Khaghani
26 Influence of the Period of Measurements on Wind Potential
Assessment for a Given Site�� 311
H. Nfaoui and A. Sayigh
27 Integration Strategies of Luminescent Solar Concentrator
Panels: A Case Study in Florence, Italy �� 327
Lucia Ceccherini Nelli and Giada Gallo Afflitto
28 Photovoltaic and Thermal Solar Concentrator Integrated
into a Dynamic Shading Device�� 335
Giulia Chieli and Lucia Ceccherini Nelli
29 A University Master’s Course and Training Programme for Energy
Managers and Expert in Environmental Design in Italy �� 347
Marco Sala, Lucia Ceccherini Nelli, and Alessandra Donato
30 A Project for the NZero-Foundation in the South of Italy�� 361
Lucia Ceccherini Nelli, Vincenzo Donato, and Danilo Rinaldi
31 Planning Without Waste�� 371
Adolfo F. L. Baratta, Laura Calcagnini, Fabrizio Finucci,
and Antonio Magarò
32 Production of ZnO Cauliflowers Using the Spray
Pyrolysis Method�� 383
Shadia J. Ikhmayies
33 Evaluating Deep Retrofit Strategies for Buildings
in Urban Waterfronts�� 391
Nicola Strazza, Piero Sdrigotti, Carlo Antonio Stival, and Raul Berto
x Contents
34 Enhancing the Thermophysical Properties of Rammed Earth

by Stabilizing with Corn Husk Ash�� 405
Amina Lawal Batagarawa, Joshua Ayodeji Abodunrin,
and Musa Lawal Sagada
35 Thermal Monitoring of Low-Income Housings Built
with Autoclaved Aerated Concrete in a Hot-Dry Climate�� 415
Ramona Romero-Moreno, Gonzalo Bojórquez-Morales,
Aníbal Luna-León, and César Hernández
36 Renewables Are Commercially Justified to Save Fuel and Not
for Storage�� 427
Donald T. Swift-Hook
37 Climate Change Adaptation: Assessment and Simulation
for Hot-Arid Urban Settlements – The Case Study of the Asmarat
Housing Project in Cairo, Egypt�� 437
Mohsen Aboulnaga, Amr Alwan, and Mohamed R. Elsharouny
38 Ventilation Effectiveness of Residential Ventilation Systems
and Its Energy-Saving Potential �� 451
Mohammad Reza Adili and Michael Schmidt
39 Assessment of Cardboard as an Environment-Friendly Wall
Thermal Insulation for Low-Energy Prefabricated Buildings�� 463
Seyedehmamak Salavatian, M. D’Orazio, C. Di Perna,
and E. Di Giuseppe
Conclusions�� 471
Chapter 1
Proposing a New Method for Fenestration
Shading Design in Prefabricated Modular
Buildings
Seyedehmamak Salavatian
Abstract Use of prefabricated construction in developing countries has been

increased lately; (for several purposes i.e. educational, industrial, recreational,
commercial, etc. as well as temporary homes in post-disaster situations) while the
minimum consideration regarding energy efficiency and bioclimatic design strate-
gies are paid attention in this regard. Typically, these buildings are constructed
based on industrial production systems and are installed through a modular design
process. Subsequently, their fenestration design mainly follows the modularity of
envelope panels -in size and geometry- and impacts of environmental factors as
solar gain, natural ventilation, and heat transmission are neglected in design deci-
sions even though they play an important role in building energy consumption
scales. This study aims to analyze windows and their shading systems in a mid-
range altitude and temperate-humid climate in Iran. According to the comfort
zone suggested by ASHRAE, the time intervals of the year which necessitate
shadows on the windows surfaces are determined. On the condition that shading
is provided for the interior spaces, comfort condition is guaranteed needless of
any auxiliary solutions. On the basis of the attained sun/shadow calendar, the
matrix of fenestration design alternatives is studied in Ecotect software. Parameters
as windows geometrical ratio, shading type (vertical, horizontal, mixed), and pro-
portional shading size are studied in each geographical directions and the opti-
mized solutions are proposed in order to provide shadows in the required time
periods. This architect-friendly method tried to equip designers with non-numer-
ical algorithmic programs and assist them in energy efficient modular fenestration
design. The obtained prototypes are utilizable in prefabricated modular buildings
meanwhile the decision-making procedure could also be applied in other altitudes
and climatic regions to gain similar models.
S. Salavatian (*)
Department of Architecture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Rasht, Iran
e-mail: salavatian@iaurasht.ac.ir
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 1

A. Sayigh (ed.), Sustainable Building for a Cleaner Environment,
Innovative Renewable Energy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94595-8_1
2 S. Salavatian
1.1 Introduction
A building designer needs to find the best solution to satisfy various requirements in
different design aspects. Regarding air-conditioning solutions, designers prefer to
adopt mechanical systems to achieve the required indoor thermal comfort, which
results in increased energy consumption in buildings. Thus, buildings are responsi-
ble for a substantial part of energy consumption, mostly the result of the heating,
cooling, and artificial ventilation systems of a building [1]. Thus, more investiga-
tions are needed to determine sustainable alternatives and passive techniques to
avoid high rates of energy use.
Solar heat gain is identified as one of the main contributors to overheating in resi-
dential buildings. Windows, as the transparent parts of the envelope, have a significant
role in the amount of heat gain and the thermal performance of the building. The shape,
size, thermal properties, orientation, and shading of windows determine the visual and
thermal comfort for the occupants inside buildings [2]. The high cost of advanced glaz-
ing types makes them inappropriate strategies for low-cost projects such as prefabri-
cated temporary buildings. Therefore, there is a general perception that sustainable
solutions are not cost-effective for temporary types of buildings. This attitude has
caused considerable negligence toward energy-efficient temporary buildings, although
solar heat gain can be simply controlled by introducing optimized shadings to mini-
mize solar transmission and heat gains through glazed areas [3].
On the other hand, the recent development of building simulation tools has been
a revolution in the manual calculation of bio-climatic and solar design; this neces-
sitates an up-to-date systematic approach to organize a step-by-step method assisted
by the appropriate simulation software.
This chapter explores the methodology linked with the architectural design pro-
cess to provide modular buildings with shading devices for hot periods without
deprived the occupants of pleasant sunshine in the cold season.
Finally, this work aims to suggest the optimized properties of window shading
devices to provide internal spaces with maximum thermal comfort. It also provides
designers with the adequate knowledge to design shading devices as an integral part
of the fenestration system.
1.2 Research Background
Design of shading devices has been reported in the literature from different aspects,
such as illuminance level, visual comfort, building energy consumption, solar gain, and
natural ventilation. Indeed, several studies have been carried out to demonstrate the
significant effects of appropriate shading on the thermal performance of internal spaces.
In the early 2000s, the C.E .Faculty [4], Gugliermetti and Bisegna [5], and Tzempelikos
and Athienitis [6] all conducted studies to explore the effects of different shading design
strategies on thermal performance improvement in indoor environments and provided
the best solutions as design guidelines. A number of researchers attempted to form
accurate guidelines for the design of shading devices and to provide interior spaces with
1 Proposing a New Method for Fenestration Shading Design… 3
the best possible thermal comfort [7]. Other studies combined other fenestration param-
eters with shading device properties to recognize the most effective items for reduction
of building energy consumption [8].
There are also studies that focused on a specific shading type, such as fixed/mov-
able, internal/external, and horizontal/vertical louver shadings by taking advantage
of the capabilities of simulation tools; in the primary steps, Datta [9] in 2001 used
TRNSYS to study many horizontal shading variables in various locations in Italy.
Palmero-Marrero and Oliveira [10] conducted a similar study in many different lati-
tudes and showed the great impact of shading devices on saving energy loads.
Hammad and Abu-hijleh [11] investigated the energy consumption of external
dynamic louvers, integrated to office building facades, in AbuDhabi. In 2014, the
performance of internal shading devices was compared with external installations
by Atzeri et al. [12] in terms of heating/cooling loads.
More recent literature has reported optimization algorithmic programs to classify
shading devices. Some of these take a multi-objective optimization approach including
a shading system whereas others specifically consider shading devices. Manzan [13]
used a genetic optimization to identify a possible geometry to achieve the lowest energy
impact. Chua and Chuo [14] examined a novel approach based on an established value
that measures the envelope thermal performance in high-rise residential buildings to
determine the most suitable shading devices for different orientations of the building.
Tahbaz [15] introduced a graphical, geometric, and step-like method, using the
“shading mask” and “climatic needs calendar” initially developed by Olgyay [16,
17], and applied this approach to an inadequately shaded outdoor space. By this
method, shadow in the necessary periods of the pattern year was provided to modify
the inappropriate existing sunshade. In a following study by the same researcher
[18], a generalized methodology was suggested for the solar design of buildings in
preliminary design stages. In the sequential method suggested by this study, six sim-
ple steps are followed to achieve the efficient sunshade for any architectural project.
The “climatic needs calendar” in solar design studies was also applied in the work of
other researchers [19, 20]. Also, Krüger and Dorigo [21] applied the shading mask
procedure to run a daylighting analysis with RADIANCE and ECOTECT in a public
school for different time schedules and orientations. The aforementioned efforts that
applied the “Olgyay” recommended procedure are mostly accomplished regardless
of powerful user-friendly non-numerical simulation software that lets architects ana-
lyze solar aspects of the project easily and quickly in a visual interface.
1.3 Methodology
1.3.1 Identifying Shadow Need Periods
Human thermal comfort is related to several factors such as air temperature, air move-
ment, amount of clothing worn, and activity level including the human body itself [22].
Uncomfortable thermal conditions affect a person’s productivity, health, and quality of
life. According to ASHRAE 55 [23], thermal comfort is defined as “that condition of
4 S. Salavatian
mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by sub-
jective evaluation.” The Givoni bioclimatic chart [24, 25] considers human and climatic
measures as well as building envelope effects and, in this chapter, is used as a proper
predictor to analyze the climatic needs of interior spaces. Figure 1.1 shows the thermal
zones in which providing shadow (blue line) or shadow+ natural ventilation (green
line) guarantees indoor thermal comfort. In other words, so long as natural ventilation
is considered for internal spaces, through locating appropriate openings in windward
and leeward sides, thermal comfort is satisfied for both zones.
On the basis of Givoni’s bioclimatic index, equivalent temperature lines within
the “climatic need calendar” are drawn. In Fig. 1.2, the “climatic needs calendar”
has two perpendicular axes for days and hours, including all periods of a year. It is
utilized to distinguish different climatic needs in various time periods: sunshine
need, shadow need, shadow + ventilation need, cold conditions, and very hot condi-
tions. Based on the average hourly climatic data (including temperature and relative
humidity, which allow us to gain an effective temperature), the equivalent
temperature lines are drawn in the software of Surfer 14. Surfer is a powerful map-
ping program, very practical in various fields of engineering and scientific studies,
which creates a grid-based map from an XYZ data file.
This calendar demonstrates time periods at which shadow provision has a signifi-
cant role in indoor thermal comfort. The “time zone” area enclosed within M curves
needs attention regarding shading system design. A shading device must be made
such that the glazing surface is protected exclusively in these periods during the
year. The periods during sunray penetration must be avoided or be allowed in the
interior spaces are determined. Consequently, the sunshade pattern is designed
according to periodic shadow needs and, ultimately, shading devices are proposed
to balance these two conditions.
Fig. 1.1 “Givoni” bioclimatic chart of Rasht (Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2011)
24
21 26
25
24
23
18 22
21
20
19
15 18
17
16
12 15
14
13
12
9 11
10
9
8
6 7
6
5
4
3 3
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Fig. 1.2 Climatic needs in Calendar of Rasht
1.3.2 Climatic Region
The Guilan Province is located in the northern part of the country. Guilan weather
is generally mild, caused by the influences of both Alborz Mountains and the
Caspian Sea. This region has a humid temperate and Mediterranean climate with
abundant annual rainfall and high relative humidity (between 40% and 100%), and
its average temperature is 17.5 °C [26]. The weather data of Rasht, the capital city
of the province, were utilized for the simulations as the representative of a moderate
humid climate.
The latitude of Rasht is 37°2′ N and 49°6′ E; therefore, the corresponding sun
path relevant to the latitude was drawn by solar tool software (Fig. 1.3) that helps
designers determine sun location and shadow-casting conditions at any moment of
the year. Figure 1.4 demonstrates the transfer of shadow need periods into the sun
path diagram. From the shadow angles of a sun protractor (0–90°), the desired hori-
zontal and vertical sunshade angles are estimated (in Fig. 1.5, the black line indi-
cates the shading mask that must be considered in the sunshade design of
south-oriented windows). As the proportional sizes of windows are already deter-
mined, the sunshade pattern is achievable. This procedure is repeatable for any win-
dow orientation.
Climatic data were obtained by the relevant meteorology station, and hourly data
were taken from Meteonorm software, converted to wea. format, ready to be applied
in the Autodesk weather tool 2011.
6 S. Salavatian
Fig. 1.3 Annual sun path in Rasht
Fig. 1.4 Various shadow needs on the sun path

Fig. 1.5 Shadow angle for south-oriented window
1.3.3 Prefabricated Building Prototype
A case building is considered in accordance with architectural and structural consider-

ations: rapidity and simplicity of assembly, expandability and flexibility, and compati-
bility with the environment. This typically designed residential building model has the
dimensions 9.80 m in length and 5.60 m in width, with a total area of 55 m2, equipped
with bathroom, kitchen, technical room, and a multi-purpose space (Fig. 1.6). This
model constitutes three attached modules, two types of 1.80 m × 4.80 m and
2.40 m × 4.80 m, which is the smallest configuration and is planned for occupation by
a couple. Other larger alternatives, including four or five or more modules, are also
feasible to satisfy the needs of larger families (see Fig. 1.7).
According to the recommended design strategies in this climate, the longitudi-
nal axis of the building is oriented along the east–west direction to maximize heat
gain in winter and heat loss in summer. Because natural ventilation is the other
condition in the second zone to provide indoor thermal comfort, rather than
shadow on the window surface, the Wind Rose pattern of the summer season in
the city of Rasht was considered; the decided orientation is in line with the opti-
mal opening location in the windward and leeward wall sides in the one-layer plan
design of the modular buildings.
Many different parameters in window properties affect the thermal comfort of
interior spaces. Except for the shading strategies, which were taken as the main
8 S. Salavatian
Fig. 1.6 Indoor space layout of prefabricated building
Fig. 1.7 Modularity of

building types
Fig. 1.8 View of

prefabricated building
model in the annual sun
path, Rasht location
(Autodesk Ecotect
Analysis 2011)
variables, other features are kept identical (e.g., area, geometry, windows design,
glazing area, and transmittance ratios).
1.3.4 Simulation Tool
The emergence of a large number of software programs has dramatically changed

the manual methods of solar design, leading building engineers and architects to
revise the fundamental principles/methods to adjust these with the novel capabili-
ties; among them, Ecotect software has been utilized in various reliable applications
in the field of solar studies. For example, Yang et al. [27], Dutta et al. [1], Aldali and
Moustafa [28], and Jamaludin et al. [29] used Ecotect for the analysis of solar radia-
tion effects on envelopes.
For the purpose of this chapter, Ecotect was used as the building performance
tool, mainly because its pleasant interface makes it easy for application by architects.
Simulations were conducted in Ecotect to evaluate the effects of various shading
strategies on thermal comfort in a prefabricated building in a temperate climate.
Individual spaces are generated as divided areas in Ecotect, named “zones.”
Further, annual and daily sunrays over the building are simulated to investigate
shadow conditions on the glazing area (Fig. 1.8). Finally, simulations and evalua-
tions can lead to providing shading design recommendations.
1.3.5 Shading Device Variables
Sunshades are the studied variable in this research, and the optimum range of
other parameters was assumed according to the studies in the literature. External
shadings operate up to 30% more effectively compared to internal shadings.
10 S. Salavatian
Fig. 1.9 Main shading types [31]
Horizontal external shading is generally recommended for south- and north-

oriented windows whereas vertical shading is more appropriate for east- and
west-oriented fenestrations [30].
The investigation of this study is limited to shading properties. Shading device
types are categorized as (1) overhang, (2) horizontal louvers, (3) light shelf, (4)
vertical louvers, (5) blind system, and (6) side fine (see Fig. 1.9) by Bellia et al. [31]
in a review research of solar shading systems. In each category, the shape, depth,
and length were varied and the shadow obtained on the glazing surface was investi-
gated. The most common practical window types and sizes, which are adjusted to
the modular panels, were considered in the analysis. Several configurations were
explored to achieve the optimal solution for maximum internal thermal comfort.
Because of the wall structure requirements (studs at the usual distance of 60 cm),
70 cm was considered for the panel width, and window dimensions are designated
in three different heights and two different widths (Fig. 1.10).
1.4 Results and Discussion
On the basis of the shadow/sun need periods, dimensional and proportional charac-
teristics of shading systems were obtained via Ecotect simulations because the
shadow period need is not symmetrical with respect to the solstice. There are peri-
ods in warm seasons when shadow is needed (e.g., midday in September) whereas
sun is preferred in the corresponding cold season (e.g., in March). This priority is
embedded within the subject of climate. In a temperate climate in which humid
Fig. 1.10 Modular window prototypes
summers get uncomfortable, the priority of thermal comfort goes with the warm
seasons. The other consideration in this study is to use the least variety and the most
similarity in building elements (in size, geometry, etc.) to be in line with the nature
of prefabricated construction. Furthermore, all the sunshades were assumed to be
fixed; although movable shading provides more practical solutions, they require
higher levels of technology and facilities that are probably unavailable in temporary,
low-budget projects.
Window types were investigated in four main orientations. Despite the subtle dif-
ference of shadow needs between west and east orientations, the greater shadow need
was considered as the dominant criterion to minimize variety and maximize homoge-
neity in the modular design. According to the shading mask, the required depth was
attained for both horizontal and vertical shades; in the case of wider or higher win-
dows, the acquired depth is broken into more than one element. Table 1.1 summarizes
the results of simulations for all six window types in main cardinal orientations. For
the aim of simplicity, type 1 modeling in the south direction is demonstrated.
On the south side, horizontal and vertical sunshades are needed at the distance of
70 cm. Thus, three, two, and one blades are required for 240 cm, 150 cm, and 85 cm
windows, respectively. An angle of 20° allows keeping the shaded area in warm periods
and avoiding it in cold seasons. However, no inclination for vertical shades is effective.
Table 1.1 Summary of shading characteristics in four cardinal directions
Shading simulation for type 1 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Type 6
South nH nH nH nH nH nH
2 2 3 3 1 1
dH dH dH dH dH dH
40 40 40 40 40 40
lH lH lH lH lH lH
170 100 100 170 100 170
aH aH aH aH aH aH
−20 −20 −20 −20 −20 −20
nV nV nV nV nV nV
2 2 2 2 2 2
dV dV dV dV dV dV
10 10 10 10 10 10
lV lV lV lV lV lV
155 155 240 240 90 90
aV aV aV aV aV aV
0 0 0 0 0 0
North nH nH nH nH nH nH
1 1 1 1 1 1
dH dH dH dH dH dH
40 40 40 40 40 40
lH lH lH lH lH lH
140 70 70 140 70 140
aH aH aH aH aH aH
0 0 0 0 0 0
nV nV nV nV nV nV
2 2 2 2 2 2
dV dV dV dV dV dV
40 20 20 40 40 40
lV lV lV lV lV lV
150 150 240 240 70 240
aV aV aV aV aV aV
0 0 0 0 0 0
East & nH nH nH nH nH nH
West 3 3 5 5 2 2
dH dH dH dH dH dH
40 40 40 40 40 40
lH lH lH lH lH lH
155 85 85 155 85 155
aH aH aH aH aH aH
+45 +45 +45 +45 +45 +45
nV nV nV nV nV nV
3 2 2 3 2 3
dV dV dV dV dV dV
30 30 30 30 30 30
lV lV lV lV lV lV
155 155 240 240 90 90
aV aV aV aV aV aV
+45 +45 +45 +45 +45 +45
nH number of horizontal sunshades, dH depth of horizontal sunshade (cm), lH length of horizontal
sunshade (cm), aH angle of horizontal sunshade (°), nV number of vertical sunshades, dV depth of
vertical sunshade (cm), lV length of vertical sunshade (cm), aV angle of vertical sunshade (°)
On the west/east sides, the incident ray angle, which is closer to perpendicular,
allows the depth of the horizontal blades to be equal to the glazing height; this
necessitates a greater number of both shades (Table 1.1). Also, an angle of 45° for
both vertical blades (downward) and horizontal blades (clockwise) increases the
efficiency of the shading system.
In the north orientation, the major challenge is focused on the warm season,
because in the cold period the north side is not the subject of sun radiation in the
Northern Hemisphere. In the required periods of the calendar, northern windows are
protected by one simple horizontal on the top and two vertical blades on the sides
(as the dimensions are determined in Table 1.1).
The overall advantages of this method include (1) providing the ability to control
shadow and sunshine in a given period of a year and (2) allowing the design of dif-
ferent alternative shades; it also (3) enables the designer of high mass production
projects (i.e., prefabricated buildings) to generalize the analysis of a limited number
of fenestration systems to a large number of cases.
1.5 Conclusion
On the basis of the results of this study, although application of shading

improves thermal comfort conditions, none of the simulated strategies was suf-
ficiently effective to satisfy the absolute thermal comfort criteria. Therefore,
solar shading should be used in line with other strategies to attain thermal
comfort inside a building. However, considering temporary modular buildings,
the geometrical visual guidelines for a pattern to design their fenestration sys-
tem in a sample latitude are provided. Obviously, the shape and form of sun-
shades in any individual project are finalized by the specific aesthetic,
construction, and economic issues.
Further studies are recommended for modular buildings in other climatic condi-
tions throughout the world at lower or middle latitudes where shading is an essential
passive strategy to improve the thermal performance of buildings. Additionally,
considering other parameters as variables provides more comprehensive solutions
in terms of climate-responsive design.
References
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Chapter 2
Effectiveness of Occupant Behavioral
Ventilation Strategies on Indoor Thermal
Comfort in Hot Arid Climate
Ali Sedki, Neveen Hamza, and Theo Zaffagnini
Abstract This paper discusses the effectiveness of occupant behavioral strategies

of open and close windows on indoor thermal comfort in residential buildings in the
hot arid climate of Cairo, Egypt. Based behavioral survey scenarios were deduced
from a questionnaire analysis in both winter and summer seasons. The behavioral
scenarios were compared to the base case and were categorized into two main
groups. The first group includes the based behavioral survey scenarios that were
deduced from the questionnaire analysis, and the second group includes the sce-
narios that were suggested to improve thermal comfort if applied in summer season.
Each scenario was applied on the case study and then was simulated through IESVE
simulation software program. The effect of each scenario was investigated in winter
(represented by the months that need zero cooling demand), summer (represented
by the months that need zero heating demand), and spring and autumn months
(represented by the months where both cooling and heating are needed).
2.1 Introduction
The aim of this paper is to identify the interrelationship between occupant behav-
ioral different scenarios of natural ventilation and indoor thermal comfort in hot arid
climates; these different scenarios were applied on the research case study.
A. Sedki (*)
Beirut Arab University, Faculty of Architecture – Design, and Built Environment,
Beirut, Lebanon
N. Hamza
Newcastle University, Department of Architecture, Newcastle, UK
T. Zaffagnini
University of Ferrara, Department of Architecture, Ferrara, Italy
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 15

A. Sayigh (ed.), Sustainable Building for a Cleaner Environment,
Innovative Renewable Energy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94595-8_2
16 A. Sedki et al.
As acknowledged, wind is considered a very important design factor for architects

and air velocity is one of the most significant factors that affect thermal comfort.
Naturally ventilated buildings use the adaptive approach of thermal comfort by
specifying acceptable operative temperature ranges for naturally conditioned spaces
[1]. Thus, natural ventilation design frameworks have got to be more practical and
were recognized by international standards as an approach to enhance sustainability,
energy efficiency, and comfortable environment in buildings. The airflow through-
out a building depends on the area and resistances of the openings and the dissimi-
larity in air pressure between different areas [2]. This pressure variation probably
happens because of wind (wind-driven natural ventilation) or variation in tempera-
ture between indoor and outdoor that causes differences in air density (stack effect)
or the use of fans to create a pressure dissimilarity in a mechanical way [3].
In hot dry climates, natural ventilation is considered one of the most important
passive cooling strategies. It is based on the idea that when the air velocity increases
around the human body, then the rate of heat dissipation by evaporation and convec-
tion will be significantly accelerated [4]. Accordingly, indoor thermal comfort can
be improved by natural ventilation through two different ways [5–7]. The first one
is to raise the indoor air velocity by opening the windows letting the air cross inside
the spaces and then increasing the cooling effect indoors. The second way is called
“nocturnal ventilative cooling” that can indirectly happen by ventilating the spaces
at nighttime to flush out heat from the building during the night, and this, conse-
quently, can cool the internal mass of the building and consequently can reduce the
indoor temperature rise in the successive day [8].
However, the second way of nocturnal ventilative cooling (or as it is called in
other literature “night purge ventilation”) is more advisable in hot dry climate
regions because opening the windows during the day can significantly increase the
indoor temperature and consequently increases discomfort, while during the night,
it can diminish the heat that was gained during the daytime [5].
Givoni [6] indicated that, in hot dry climates, nocturnal ventilative cooling is
beneficial when diurnal temperature ranges between 32 °C and 36 °C and nocturnal
temperature drops down until 20 °C; this process becomes more efficient with high
thermal mass buildings. However, in case of the extreme hot diurnal temperature that
exceeds 36 °C, nocturnal ventilative cooling is not effective even with high thermal
mass buildings. Asimakopoulos and Santamouris [4] stated that an appropriate
nocturnal ventilative rate for a building with high thermal mass and all windows
closed during the daytime can attain 35–45% diminution in indoor temperature.
Few other studies investigated the role of occupant behavior regarding natural
ventilation on indoor comfort in residential spaces in hot dry climates. Liu et al. [9]
have conducted a field study in Chongqing, China, to test different types of occu-
pants’ behavioral adaptation as a reaction to various thermal conditions throughout
the year. Occupants had an active role to be adapted with environmental condition
in different seasons as well as in different times of the day.
2 Effectiveness of Occupant Behavioral Ventilation Strategies on Indoor Thermal… 17
Indraganti [10] indicated in a field survey conducted in summer 2008 on

apartment buildings in Hyderabad in India that 60% of the occupants were uncom-
fortable in summer and, furthermore, neutral temperature of 29.2 °C and comfort
range of 26.0 °C and 32.5 °C were specified by regression analysis, while the out-
door maximum and minimum air temperature were 40.4 °C and 27.3 °C, respec-
tively. In addition, occupants adaptively used the physical environmental controls
like windows, balcony, doors, external doors, and curtains to achieve better comfort
in the indoor environment.
Gado and Osman [11] conducted a study on the state-funded dwellings in New
Al-Minya City in Egypt to examine the efficiency of natural ventilation strategies
for this kind of buildings. The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase
was a pilot study that discussed the impact of the use of transformations, like reshap-
ing the window and installing vertical and horizontal shading devices, on natural
ventilation. The second phase examined the natural ventilation effectiveness during
the hottest period of the year using Autodesk Ecotect simulation software program,
and it investigated the air movement using computational fluid dynamics software
FloVENT. The main finding of the study was that the cross ventilation of nocturnal
ventilative cooling is not effective for the case study because it achieved only 4.9%
reduction in temperature.
El-Hefnawi [12] conducted a computer simulation parametric analysis for a case
study of a typical youth housing dwelling in El-Obour City in the eastern desert of
Cairo. The aim of his study was to examine different strategies to ameliorate the
thermal performance of these buildings that were used in summer season. The tested
strategies are different building materials, wall thicknesses, shading devices, and
night purge ventilation. The study recommended using high thermal mass with
external wall insulation, reducing window area to be at maximum 40% of the space
area, using reflective glass for the windows with a thickness of 6 mm, fixing external
shading devices for both west and south orientations, and using night purge
ventilation.
The examined behavioral ventilation scenarios in this paper were deduced from
a field survey questionnaire (that was distributed on 30 occupied residential units for
low-income class (Fig. 2.1)) [13] and were compared to the base case and categorized
into two main groups.
The first group includes the based behavioral survey scenarios that were deduced
from the questionnaire analysis in winter and summer seasons, and the second
group includes the scenarios that were suggested to improve thermal comfort in
summer season. Each scenario was applied on the reference case and then was
simulated using IESVE simulation software. The effect of natural ventilation was
investigated for each month in winter (represented by the months that have zero
cooling demand), summer (represented by the months that have zero heating
demand), and spring and autumn months (represented by the months where both
cooling and heating are needed) (Fig. 2.2).
18 A. Sedki et al.
Fig. 2.1 Residential units for low-income class in 6th of October City, Egypt
Fig. 2.2 Natural ventilation examined scenarios
2.2 ffect of Natural Ventilation Different Scenarios

E
on Research Case Study
Based on the above literature, natural ventilation as one of important strategies to

improve thermal comfort was adopted in this research to be examined on the case
study of 6th of October City in Greater Cairo. The research used IESVE software
simulation program to examine the effect of natural ventilation different scenarios
on indoor thermal comfort. The examined scenarios (Fig. 2.2) were categorized into
three main groups. The first group includes only the base case scenario. The second
group includes the based behavioral survey scenarios that were deduced from
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609. Edinburgh Ev. Courant, September 6, 1725. This paper remarks that the
extent of country which belonged to the late Earl of Seaforth, and disarmed on this
occasion, was no less than sixty miles in length and forty in breadth.
610. Lockhart Papers.
611. Miscellany Papers, Adv. Lib.
612. Ed. Ev. Courant.
613. D. Webster’s Account of Roslin Chapel, &c., Edinburgh, 1819.
614. Transactions of the Society of Improvers.
615. Caledonian Mercury, July 1735.
616. [Sinclair’s] Stat. Acc. Scot., xx. 74.
617. [Sinclair’s] Stat. Acc. Scot., viii. 525. A drawing and description of a
winnowing-machine used in Silesia appears in the Gentleman’s Magazine for 1747,
as a thing unknown in England.
618. Old Mortality, chap. vii.
619. Newspapers of the day.
620. Introduction to the Pirate—a novel, it need scarcely be remarked,
founded on the story of Gow.
621. ‘London, March 29, 1720.—Sunday evening the Duke of Douglas and the
Earl of Dalkeith fought a duel behind Montague House, and both were wounded.’—
Newspapers of the day.
622. Wodrow’s Analecta, iii. 208.
623. Lockhart Papers. Wodrow’s Analecta, iii. 210, et seq. Contemporary
narration.
624. See antea, under February 1697.
625. Sinclair’s Statistical Acc. of Scotland, article ‘Erskine.
626. Notice from the Edinburgh Post-office, Nov. 23, 1725.
627. Caledonian Mercury, Oct. 1733, and Jan. 1734.
628. Edin. Ev. Courant.
629. Chamberlayne’s Present State of Great Britain for the years cited.
630. Scottish Journal, p. 208.
631. Wodrow’s Analecta.
632. New Stat. Acc. of Scot., vi. 157.
633. Scrap-book of Dugald Bannatyne, quoted in New Stat. Acc. of Scot., vi.
231.
634. Smollett’s Humphry Clinker.
635. Ramsay’s Works, i. 285.
636. Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, p. 366.
637. Mr Jackson had heard that Aston’s theatre was ‘in a close on the north
side of the High Street, near Smith’s Land. A Mrs Millar at that time was esteemed
a capital actress, and was also a very handsome woman. Mr Westcombe was the
principal comedian. The scheme was supported by annual tickets, subscribed for
by the favourers of the drama.’—Hist. Scot. Stage, p. 417.
638. Arnot’s Hist. Edinburgh, p. 366.
639. Analecta Scotica, ii. 211.
640. ‘Edinburgh, April 9, 1728.—Yesterday, Tony Astons, elder and younger,
stage-players, were committed prisoners to the Tolbooth. ’Tis said they are charged
with the crime of carrying off a young lady designed for a wife to the latter.’—Ed.
Ev. Courant.
641. Private Letters, &c.
643. Printed by James Duncan, Glasgow, 1728, pp. 168.
645. MS. in possession of the Junior United Service Club.
646. Struan Papers, MS. The Earl of Mar, writing to Struan from Paris,
January 6, 1724, says: ‘Our poor friend John Menzies has been very near walking
off the stage of life; but I now hope he may still be able to act out the play of the
Restoration with us, though he must not pretend to a young part.’ Among Struan’s
published poems is ‘an Epitaph on his Dear Friend John Menzies;’ from which it
would appear that Menzies had died abroad, and been buried in unconsecrated
ground.
647. History of the Robertsons of Struan.... Poems of Robertson of Struan,
Edinburgh, no date, p. 167.
648. Feb. 4, 1755. ‘At London, Edmund Burt, Esq., late agent to General Wade,
chief surveyor during the making of roads through the Highlands, and author of
the Letters concerning Scotland.’—Scots Mag. Obituary.
649. Burt’s Letters, ii. 189.
650. This poem exists in MS. in the library of the Junior United Service Club,
London.
651. Usquebaugh, whisky.
652. Library of the Junior United Service Club, London, to which body I have
to express my obligations for the permission to inspect and make extracts.
653. Letters, &c. i. 77.
654. This road was completed in October 1729. See onward.
655. Select Transactions of the Society of Improvers.
656. Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Dalloway’s ed., iii. 127.
657. Gentleman’s Magazine, iii. 515.
658. Cyc. of Pract. Medicine, iii. 749.
659. Analecta Scotica, ii. 322.
660. Boswelliana, privately printed by R. Monckton Milnes, Esq.
661. Edinburgh Ev. Courant.
662. Hist Acc. of the Bank of Scotland, 1728.
663. Analecta, iii. 476.
664. A Letter containing Remarks on the Historical Account of the Old Bank,
by a Gentleman concerned in neither Bank. Edin., James Davidson & Co., 1728.
665. This is a statement of the pamphlet last quoted, p. 30.
666. In British Museum, 8223 C2 (b2).

668. Burt’s Letters from the North of Scotland, 2d ed., i. 230.
669. Sharpe’s Introduction to Law’s Memorials, cvi.
670. Scott’s Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft, p. 328.
671. Representation by the linen-drapers at the bar of the House of Commons,
Jan. 1720.
672. Letter in the Paper-office, quoted by Chalmers, Caledonia, i. 873, note.
674. Private Letters, &c., p. 59.
675. Edinburgh Ev. Courant.
676. Mr Wodrow relates that, about the same time, a number of ministers in
England met occasionally together under the name of the Orthodox Club, and
‘frequently their conversation is gay and jocose’—‘gay and’ being here a Scotch
adverb meaning considerably.
678. State Trials, ix. 26. Arnot’s Crim. Trials, p. 190.
679. Private Letters, &c., p. 64. Mr Lindsay was soon after lord provost and
member for the city, in which latter capacity he made a remarkably good speech in
the House of Commons on the bill for taking away the privileges of the corporation
in consequence of the Porteous Riot. See Gentleman’s Magazine, vii. 457.
680. What seems sufficient to set this matter in a clear light is the fact that, up
to this time, such a thing as a sawn deal was unknown in the Spey Highlands; they
could only split a tree, and chip the pieces into something like a deal; and some of
the upper rooms of Castle-Grant are actually floored of wood prepared in this
manner.
681. At the end of the voyage, he took the curragh upon his back, and trudged
back to the point of departure. An example of this primitive kind of canoe was
exhibited at the archæological museum connected with the British Association at
Aberdeen, September 1859.
682. [Leslie’s] Survey of the Province of Moray, 1798, p. 267. Anderson’s
British Poets, viii. 655.
683. Analecta, passim.
684. Private Letters, &c., p. 66; also newspapers of the day.
685. Wodrow’s Analecta, iv. 97.
686. See under the year 1716 for some notice of her Grace’s services to the
country as a promoter of agricultural improvements.
687. Faculty Records, quoted in Analecta Scotica, ii. 170. The plate of Sallust
is now shewn under a glass-case in the Advocates’ Library.
688. Biog. Memoirs of William Ged. Nichols, London, 1781. To a daughter of
Ged, it was proposed that the profits of this publication, if any, should be devoted;
hence it may be inferred that the family continued poor.
689. Mores’s Narrative of Block-printing, with Notes, apud Topham and
Willett’s Memoir on the Origin of Printing. Newcastle, 1820.
690. Maitland’s History of Edinburgh, p. 460.
691. Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, p. 546.
692. Gentleman’s Magazine, v. 555.
693. The remaining verses of the poem are thus given in the Scots Magazine
for June 1773:
‘Ah! where is now th’ innumerous crowd,

That once with fond attention hung
On every truth divine that flowed,
Improved from thy persuasive tongue!
’Tis gone!—it seeks a different road;

Life’s social joys to thee are o’er;
Untrod the path to that abode
Where hapless Penury keeps the door.
Drummond! thine audience yet recall,

Recall the young, the gay, the vain;
And ere thy tottering fabric fall,
Sound forth the deeply moral strain.
For never, sure, could bard or sage,

Howe’er inspired, more clearly shew,
That all upon this transient stage
Is folly, vanity, or woe.
Bid them at once be warned and taught—

Ah, no!—suppress th’ ungrateful tale—
O’er every frailty, every fault,
Oblivion, draw thy friendly veil.
Tell rather what transcendent joy

Awaits them on th’ immortal shore,
If well they Summer’s strength employ,
And well distribute Autumn’s store.
Tell them, if Virtue crown their bloom,

Time shall the happy period bring,
When the dark Winter of the tomb
Shall yield to everlasting Spring.’
694. Letter by a clansman of the deceased. Edin. Ev. Courant.

695. Culloden Papers, p. 111. Edin. Ev. Courant, Oct. 9, 1729. This chronicle
adds: ‘They named the bridge where the parties met Oxbridge.’ A statement which
appears somewhat inconsistent with one already made in our general account of
the Highland roads.
General Stewart of Garth, in his interesting book on the Highland Regiments,
makes an amusing mistake in supposing that General Wade here condescended to
be entertained by a set of cearnochs, or cattle-lifters.
696. Notes to 2d ed. of Burt’s Letters. There being a distinction between
natural tracks, such as formerly existed in the Highlands, and made roads, and
‘made’ being used here in a secondary and technical sense, it is not absolutely
necessary to suppose, as has been supposed, that the author of this couplet was an
Irish subaltern quartered at Fort William.
697. In May 1711, the ‘relict’ of Sir John Medina, limner, advertised her having
for sale ‘a great many pictures of several of the nobility, gentry, and eminent
lawyers of this nation,’ at her lodging, ‘the first stone land above the Tron Church,
second story.’—Ed. Ev. Courant.
698. Daniel Wilson states, in his work, Edinburgh in the Olden Time, that
Scougal possessed Sir James Steuart’s house in the Advocates’ Close, and there
fitted up an additional floor as a picture-gallery.
699. The document is fully printed in the Edin. Annual Register for 1816.
700. Caledonian Mercury.
701. Analecta, iv. 86, 162.
702. Minutely narrated in Burnet.
703. Caledonian Mercury, April 6, 1724.
704. Sir D. Brewster’s Life of Sir Isaac Newton, 1855, i. 57
706. Stewart’s Highland Regiments, i. 49.
707. Dom. Annals, under March 1, 1701.
708. French, commère, a godmother.
709. An Essay on the Means of Inclosing Scotland, 1729, p. 229.
710. Records of the Bank, quoted in Chalmers’s Caledonia, i. 873, note.
712. Wodrow’s Analecta.
713. Domestic Ann. Scot., ii. 495.
714. See under June 24, 1736.
715. It is rather curious that, in a subscription for the relief of the sufferers by
a fire in the Lawnmarket of Edinburgh, in 1725, ‘Colonel Francis Charteris, £4, 4s.’
is the only contribution from a private individual. Uncharitable onlookers would
probably consider this as intended for an insurance against another fire on the part
of the subscriber.
717. Gentleman’s Magazine, ii. 674.
719. Cal. Mercury, August 8, 1732.
720. Chalmers’s Life of Ruddiman, p. 136.
721. Caledonian Mercury, May and July 1733.
722. Caledonian Mercury, February 14, 1734.
723. Historical Register for 1721, p. 253.
724. July 21, 1744, died at his seat of Orangefield, in the shire of Ayr, James
Macrae, Esq., late governor of Fort George.
725. The son, Captain James Macrae, was a person of most unhappy history,
having shot an innocent gentleman in a duel, and obliged, in consequence, to leave
his native country.
726. Caledonian Mercury, July and August 1733.
727. See under 1718, pp. 440, 441 of this volume.
728. A riding of the stang, attended with tragical results, happened in March
1736. George Porteous, smith at Edmondstone, having severely beaten and abused
his wife, was subjected to the ignominy by his neighbours; which so highly
‘affronted’ him, that he went and hanged himself.—Caledonian Mercury.
729. Caledonian Mercury, passim.
730. Edinburgh newspapers, passim.
731. James VII.’s First Parliament, chap. 12.
732. [Sinclair’s] Stat. Acc. Scot., xviii. 362.
733. Wodrow Pamphlets, vol. 275.
734. From Mein’s original paper, apparently prepared for publication, 1735.
MS. in possession of Society of Antiquaries.
735. Act of Town Council, August 29, 1740. Robert Mein died in 1776, at the
age of ninety-three.
736. Amongst the papers of General Wade, in the possession of the Junior
United Service Club, is a letter addressed to him by a lady who felt interested in
behalf of Porteous. It is here transcribed, with all its peculiarities of spelling, &c.,
as an illustration of the exceptive feeling above adverted to, and also as a curious
memorial of the literary gifts then belonging to ladies of the upper classes. The
writer appears to have been one of the daughters of George Allardice of Allardice,
by his wife, Lady Anne Ogilvy, daughter of the fourth Earl of Findlater:
‘I dute not Dear general waid but by this time yon may have heard the fattel
sentence of the poor unhappy capt porteous how in six weeks time most dye if he
riceve not speedy help from above, by the asistance of men of generosity and mercy
such as you realy are it is the opinion of all thos of the better sort he has been
hardly deelt by, being cond’mned but by a very slender proof, and tho he was much
provokted by the mob and had the provest and magestrets order to fire which th’y
now sheamfuly deney nor had he the leeberty to prove it tho even in his own
defence, but the generous major powl will assure you of the trouth, and yet tho the
capt had thos crule orders it is proven my [by] commiserer wesly mr Drumond
doctor horton and severel other gentel men of undouted crided he realy did not
make use of them, that there eyes were fixed on him all the while and have declar’d
upon oth he deed not fire, true it is he presented his firelock in hopes to frighten
the mob when ane unlucky felow at the same time and just by the capt fired which
lead the two witness into the fatel mistake that has condmn’d him the unfortenat
pannal both befor and after the dismal sentence protested befor god and the judges
he was entierly inesent puting all thes circomstances to gether the miserable state
he now is in most draw your generous pity on his side ther’for dr general waid
continwa your uswal mercy and plead for him and as our sex are neturly
compassinot and being now in the power of the quin, so generous a pleader as you
may easely persuad, considring it is a thing of great concquenc to the whol army
which yourself better knou then I can inform the duke of buccleugh, marques of
Lowding [Lothian] Lord morton geneal myls all the commissioners and chiff baron
are to join ther intrest with yours in this affair, by your own generous soul I beg
again Dear sir you will do whats in your power to save him, thos that think right go
not through this poor short life just for themselves which your good actions shou
you oft consider, and as many just now put a sincer trust in your generous mercy I
am sure they will not be disapointed throgh aney neglect of yours let this letter be
taken notes of amongst the nomber you will reseve from your frinds in Scotland in
behalf of the unfortunat capt which will intierly oblidg
Dear general waid

your most affectionate and most
obident humble servant
Catharine Allardice.
‘you would be sory for the unexresable los I have had of the kindest mother,
and two sisters I am now at Mrs Lind’s where it would be no smal satesfaction to
hear by a Line or two I am not forgot by you drect for me at Mr Linds hous in
Edenburg your letter will come safe if you are so good as to writ Mr Lind his Lady
and I send our best complements to you, he along with Lord aberdour and mr
wyevel how has also wrot to his sister mrs pursal go hand in hand togither makeing
all the intrest they can for the poor capt and meet with great sucess they join in
wishing you the same not fearing your intrest the generals Lady how is his great
friend were this day to speak to the Justes clarck but I have not since seen her, so
that every on of compassion and mercy are equely bussey forgive this trouble and
send ous hop’
738. Statutes at large, vi. 51.
739. In November 1737, the poet is found advertising an assembly (dancing-
party) ‘in the New Hall in Carrubber’s Close;’ subscription-tickets, two for a
guinea, to serve throughout the winter season.—Cal. Merc.
741. Newspapers of the time.
743. Daily Post, Aug. 17, 1738, quoted in Household Words, 1850.
744. His name was William Smellie. The fact is stated in his Memoirs by
Robert Kerr, Edinburgh, 1811.
745. Scots Magazine, January 1739.
746. Scottish Journal, p. 313.
747. Houghton’s Collections on Husbandry and Trade, 1694.
748. Arnot’s History of Edinburgh, 4to, p. 201.
749. Robertson’s Rural Recollections, 1829.
750. ‘The man has not been dead many years who first introduced from
Ireland the culture of the potato into the peninsula of Cantyre; he lived near
Campbelton. From him the city of Glasgow obtained a regular supply for many
years; and from him also the natives of the Western Highlands and Isles obtained
the first plants, from which have been derived those abundant supplies on which
the people there now principally subsist.’—Anderson’s Recreations, vol. ii. (1800)
p. 382.
751. ‘This singular individual died at Edinburgh [January 24, 1788]. In 1784,
he sunk £140 with the managers of the Canongate Poor’s House, for a weekly
subsistence of 7s., and afterwards made several small donations to that institution.
His coffin, for which he paid two guineas, with “1703,” the year of his birth,
inscribed on it, hung in his house for nine years previous to his death; and it also
had affixed to it the undertaker’s written obligation to screw him down with his
own hands gratis. The managers of the Poor’s House were likewise taken bound to
carry his body with a hearse and four coaches to Restalrig Churchyard, which was
accordingly done. Besides all this, he caused his grave-stone to be temporarily
erected in a conspicuous spot of the Canongate Churchyard, having the following
quaint inscription:
“HENRY PRENTICE,
Died.
Be not curious to know how I lived;

But rather how yourself should die.“‘
—Contemporary Obituaries.
752. Scots Magazine, Oct. 1740. Act of Town Council, Dec. 19, 1740.
753. Scots Magazine, July 1741.
754. Moncrieff’s Life of John Erskine, D.D., p. 110.
755. Scots Magazine, July 1742.
756. Scots Magazine, Oct. 1712. New Statistical Acc. Scot., art. ‘Lochbroom,’
where many curious anecdotes of Robertson, called Ministeir laidir, ‘the Strong
Minister,’ are detailed.
757. Lays of the Deer Forest, by the Messrs Stuart.
758. Edin. Ev. Courant, Nov. 15, 1743.
759. Spalding Club Miscellany, ii. 87.
760. Old Statist. Acc. of Scot., xv. 379.
761. Domestic Ann. of Scot., ii. 392.
762. Memorabilia of Glasgow, p. 502.
763. Newspaper advertisement.
764. Jones’s Glasgow Directory, quoted in Stuart’s Notices of Glasgow in
Former Times.
765. Culloden Papers, p. 233.
766. Appendix to Burt’s Letters, 5th ed., ii. 359.
767. Tour in Scotland, i. 225; ii. 425.
768. Gentleman’s Magazine, xvi. 429.
769. Scots Magazine, 1750, 1753, 1754.
770. Tour through the Highlands, &c. By John Knox. 1787, p. 101.
771. [Sinclair’s] Stat. Acc. Scot., xx. 424. The minister’s version is here
corrected from one in the Gentleman’s Magazine for January 1733; but both are
incorrect in the historical particulars, there having been during 1728 and the
hundred preceding years no more than six kings of Scotland.
772. Printed in Spalding Club Miscellany, ii. 7.
Page Changed from Changed to

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Sustainable Building for a Cleaner

Environment Ali Sayigh

Bioremediation and Sustainable Technologies for Cleaner

Seaside Building Design Principles and Practice

The Age of Wind Energy Progress and Future Directions

Biomimicry and Sustainable Building Performance: A

Advances in Eco Fuels for a Sustainable Environment

Interdisciplinary Teaching About Earth and the

Future challenges for sustainable development within

Green Buildings and Renewable Energy Med Green Forum

Ali Sayigh Editor

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15925

ISSN 2522-8927 ISSN 2522-8935 (electronic)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018947378

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019

Printed on acid-free paper

Brighton, UK Ali Sayigh

1 Proposing a New Method for Fenestration Shading Design

9 The Problem of Education in Developing Renewable Energy ������������ 95

22 Performance of Solar Window Film with Reference to Energy

34 Enhancing the Thermophysical Properties of Rammed Earth

Abstract Use of prefabricated construction in developing countries has been

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 1

1.2 Research Background

1.3.1 Identifying Shadow Need Periods

Fig. 1.2 Climatic needs in Calendar of Rasht

1.3.2 Climatic Region

Fig. 1.3 Annual sun path in Rasht

Fig. 1.4 Various shadow needs on the sun path

Fig. 1.5 Shadow angle for south-oriented window

1.3.3 Prefabricated Building Prototype

A case building is considered in accordance with architectural and structural consider-

Fig. 1.6 Indoor space layout of prefabricated building

Fig. 1.7 Modularity of

Fig. 1.8 View of

1.3.4 Simulation Tool

The emergence of a large number of software programs has dramatically changed

1.3.5 Shading Device Variables

Fig. 1.9 Main shading types [31]

Horizontal external shading is generally recommended for south- and north-­

1.4 Results and Discussion

Fig. 1.10 Modular window prototypes

On the basis of the results of this study, although application of shading

Ali Sedki, Neveen Hamza, and Theo Zaffagnini

Abstract This paper discusses the effectiveness of occupant behavioral strategies

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 15

As acknowledged, wind is considered a very important design factor for architects

Indraganti [10] indicated in a field survey conducted in summer 2008 on

Fig. 2.2 Natural ventilation examined scenarios

2.2  ffect of Natural Ventilation Different Scenarios

Based on the above literature, natural ventilation as one of important strategies to

667. Analecta, iii. 302.

‘Ah! where is now th’ innumerous crowd,

’Tis gone!—it seeks a different road;

Drummond! thine audience yet recall,

For never, sure, could bard or sage,

Bid them at once be warned and taught—

Tell rather what transcendent joy

Tell them, if Virtue crown their bloom,

Brighton, UK Ali Sayigh

1 Proposing a New Method for Fenestration Shading Design

9 The Problem of Education in Developing Renewable Energy �� 95

22 Performance of Solar Window Film with Reference to Energy

34 Enhancing the Thermophysical Properties of Rammed Earth

1.2 Research Background

1.3.1 Identifying Shadow Need Periods

1.3.2 Climatic Region

1.3.3 Prefabricated Building Prototype

1.3.4 Simulation Tool

1.3.5 Shading Device Variables

Horizontal external shading is generally recommended for south- and north-

1.4 Results and Discussion

2.2 ffect of Natural Ventilation Different Scenarios