VIRGEN MILAGROSA UNIVERISTY FOUNDATION

Martin P. Posadas Avenue, San Carlos City, Pangasinan

Tel. Nos. (075) 634-1111/ (075)955-5222

IS IT STILL VULGAR? : THE EFFECTS OF PROFANITY

TOWARDS THE PERCEPTION OF THE SENIOR HIGH
SCHOOL STUDENTS

Bucog, Mark Gelou B.

Camacho, Clarissa May Dela Cruz

Canarias, Christel Anne B.

Navarro, Ian I.

Resuello, Samuel A.

Roma, Jose Emmanuel P.

Tulagan, Rexter G.
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the introduction and its background; it includes the
framework of the study, scope and delimitations, significance of the study,
and definition of terms used in the study.

INTRODUCTION

An article entitled “Swearing in literature: share examples of bad language

in good books” by the news site The Guardian says that “Art and literature
would miss out without the rude language of everyday life”. Throughout the
years, tons of literature such as books and stories were produced with also,
tons of swearing. The line "They're in love. Fuck the war." from the book
titled Gravity's Rainbow of Thomas Pynchon shows the help of swearing-in
creating deep emotional context. It is unusual to find a book without these
vulgar words. Comparing from the lost generation up to these Gen Z and
Gen Alpha, profanity has greatly affected not only the literature but also the
cultural norms and the law.

Profanity plays a big influential role in today’s communication and

society. Its grasp on mainstream media and culture has greatly increased
within the recent years, because of this, encountering profane words daily
will come as no surprise to a majority of people; however, in the recent
years, words that were deemed to be profane or vulgar has been used for
criticisms, comedy, sarcasm or even expressional purposes which have led
to the meaning or value of those words to be watered down as a result;
moreover, it urges a change in how we perceive something to be profane and
an adjustment to our cultural sensitivity. Swearing is usually regarded as
simply lazy language or abusive lapse incivility. The utterance of a single f-
word can convey the state of a person- whether they are angry, upset, excited
surprised, or aroused- and the intensity of that state. This has been viewed as
a somewhat extreme manner of verbal expression, of which our body
becomes conditioned to adapt to. “These certain words are usually inspired
by taboo-ridden domains: sex (“fuck”) bodily functions (“shit”), religion
(“hell”), and other words giving a degrading or negative label to certain
groups of people. The words in the final category tend toward the destructive
because “they really are built to offend, to cause harm, to divide and to
denigrate,” Bergen says” (Steinmentz, 2016). We swear for anger in general,
or even towards others, having no social filter. The emotional release from
swearing is something that has become apparent to us and has been
measured in a variety of ways. It turns out that swearing helps migrate pain,
claims have also been made that swearing is bonding with words being
uttered in a good-natured way that indicates and encourages intimacy. Any
emotion can make profanity occur and can give positive or negative
feedback. These feedbacks can be determined by yourself or the people
around you or even the law. The way people perceive these words creates
those feedbacks and responses joined by their morality and experiences
through it.

The Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation is a catholic university

that produces not only globally competent professionals but also good moral
and right conduct professionals. The influence of religion helps the
university to have guides to ethics laid down by Catholicism. But, the period
of new growth and believes greatly affect the university’s profanity control.
Also, because of this, not only these types of universities are challenged but
even the community, society, government, and the church. They are stuck
between the old and the new society believes.

The researchers conducted this study to know the effects of profanity on the
perception of VMUFSHS students, the effects of the normalization of
profanity towards them in terms of frequency, and the factors that influence
these students to swear.
FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

I. THEORETICAL

This section presents the theoretical frame work of the study. It

contains theoretical studies and insights reviewed by the researchers to be
appropriate and relevant to the study.

Keyes (5,6) definition of mental health proves to be essential to the

study in helping the researchers identify the different areas that profanity
might have an effect on. It identifies three components of mental health:
emotional well-being, psychological well-being and social well-being.
Keyes (2002) has argued that it takes a combination of emotional,
psychological, and social well-being to be considered mentally healthy. He
distinguishes flourishing as a state where individuals combine a high level of
subjective well-being with an optimal level of psychological and social
functioning. Similarly, languishing refers to a state where low levels of
subjective well-being are combined with low levels of psychological and
social well-being. Those who are not languishing or flourishing are
considered to be in moderate mental health.

1. Emotional Well-being - includes happiness, interest in life, and

satisfaction;
2. Psychological Well-being - includes liking most parts of one's own
personality, being good at managing the responsibilities of daily life,
having good relationships with others, and being satisfied with one's
own life;
3. Social Well-being - refers to positive functioning and involves having
something to contribute to society (social contribution), feeling part of
a community (social integration), believing that society is becoming a
better place for all people (social actualization), and that the way
society works makes sense to them (social coherence).

A book by Timothy Jay (1999) entitled “Why we curse: A Neuro-

Psychological theory of speech” Helps identify and generalize the different
reasons of why the respondents swear or take part in profanity. It introduces
and proposes a Neuro-Psycho-Social (NPS) Theory of cursing that integrates
three broad aspects of human behavior: neurological control, psychological
restraints, and socio-cultural restrictions. The NPS Theory is meant to
explain why people curse and why they choose the words they do. The
Theory integrates previous historical, social, and psychological approaches
in order to represent cursing as the product of three interdependent systems.

1. Socio-Cultural System - Describes variables, such as humor

elicitation, that a speaker uses to determine if a word is appropriate in
a given context or not.
2. Psychological System - In which subsumes the linguistic and semantic
analysis of a curse word's use In the psychological system, it is
assumed that a speaker acquires linguistic competence and exhibits
linguistic performance as the result of psychological development
within a sociocultural language context. It states that each person’s
use of curse words is determined by his or her psychological
development within a given cultural environment and that different
cultures present different sets of linguistic and semantic restraints on
dirty word use.
3. Neurological System - Described to have two interlocking neural
systems are important: (a) the cerebral cortex, (b) the subcortical
systems These two brain systems play a central role in regulating a
speaker's verbal expressions, so that a person ' s emotional responses
occur at different levels of awareness and controllability.

Moral theories can help physicians to justify and reflect upon the
ethical decisions that they make. Moral theories are different from other
theories: while they can help us to justify the ethical decisions that we
make, they are often not predictive. While there are some reasons for
being cautious about moral theories, they also hold great potential for
enriching critical reflection upon our decisions. There are a number of
moral theories: utilitarianism, Kantianism, virtue theory, the four
principles approach and casuistry (John McMillan, PhD). According to
the article Moral Theory, Utilitarian’s of Utilitarianism think that the
point of morality is to maximize the amount of happiness that we produce
from every action. The crucial aspect that distinguishes utilitarianism
from other moral theories is the claim that maximizing human welfare is
the only thing that determines the rightness of actions.” And in Kantian
Ethics and Deontology “The wrongness of using human beings as mere
instruments for other purposes is one of the important moral requirements
that follow from the moral theory of the philosopher Immanuel Kant
(1724–1804). Instead of stressing the importance of the consequences of
actions, Kant says that it is the “maxim” guiding an action that is
important for determining its rightness. A “maxim” is a description of the
reason why someone is doing something (i.e., what they are trying to
achieve) and what they are doing to bring that about.”

The categories of swear words included the sexual organs, sexual

relations such as putangina mo which means “your mother is a whore”.
Puta is a borrowed word from Spanish, in which language it means
"whore". Ina is Tagalog for mother, while mo is the indirect second
person singular pronoun. Animals that includes hinayupak that is
referring to a person acting like an animal, rooting back to the
word hayop, which means "animal", racism, intellectual based term such
bobo, gago, tanga which means stupid, foolish or ignorant.

On the article of Stephen Hayes “A Strategic Guide to Swearing. The

professional benefits of using curse words”, he states that Psycholinguists
have remarked “taboo words communicate emotional information more
effectively than non-taboo words” and allow us to vent anger without
getting physical. This might explain why we’re better at swearing when
we’re fired up. After playing violent video games for 10 minutes,
participants in one study now under peer review were able to write down
significantly more swear words than those who had played a (presumably
less exhilarating) golf video game. Other studies point to further benefits
of well-timed profanity. For one thing, cursing appears to help you
endure pain. When undergraduates repeated a strong swear word, they
were able to keep a hand submerged in icy water about 40 seconds
longer, on average, than when they repeated a neutral word. They also
rated their pain as less intense. A follow-up study noted that people who
swear habitually experience less relief. Research out of New Zealand
suggests social benefits to swearing. The liberal use of four-letter words
allowed factory workers there to build solidarity and to bond over shared
frustrations. Researchers found similar effects in office settings, where
“witty uses of course, casual profanity” boosted morale and lowered
stress among low-level workers.

The rankings of communication on swear words were categorized as

mild, medium and strong. The mild category includes English words such
as damn and crap. The medium category has bitch, shit and bullshit. The
strong category has bastard, dickhead, pussy. There was also the
strongest offensive words cunt, fuck and motherfucker. These words
were also used in the Philippines since Philippines has English as their
second language.

Moral theories can help physicians to justify and reflect upon the
ethical decisions that they make. Moral theories are different from other
theories: while they can help us to justify the ethical decisions that we
make, they are often not predictive. While there are some reasons for
being cautious about moral theories, they also hold great potential for
enriching critical reflection upon our decisions. There are several moral
theories: utilitarianism, Kantianism, virtue theory, the four principles
approach, and casuistry (John McMillan, Ph.D.). According to the article
Moral Theory, Utilitarian of Utilitarianism think that the point of
morality is to maximize the amount of happiness that we produce from
every action. The crucial aspect that distinguishes utilitarianism from
other moral theories is the claim that maximizing human welfare is the
only thing that determines the rightness of actions.” And in Kantian
Ethics and Deontology “The wrongness of using human beings as mere
instruments for other purposes is one of the important moral requirements
that follow from the moral theory of the philosopher Immanuel Kant
(1724–1804). Instead of stressing the importance of the consequences of
actions, Kant says that it is the “maxim” guiding an action that is
important for determining its rightness. A “maxim” is a description of the
reason why someone is doing something (i.e., what they are trying to
achieve) and what they are doing to bring that about.”

The categories of swear words included the sexual organs, sexual

relations such as putangina mo which means “your mother is a whore”.
Puta is a borrowed word from Spanish, in which language it means
"whore". Ina is Tagalog for mother, while mo is the indirect second
person singular pronoun. Animals that includes hinayupak that is
referring to a person acting like an animal, rooting back to the word
hayop, which means "animal", racism, intellectual based term such bobo,
gago, tanga which means stupid, foolish or ignorant.

In the article by Stephen Hayes “A Strategic Guide to Swearing. The

professional benefits of using curse words”, he states that Psycholinguists
have remarked “taboo words communicate emotional information more
effectively than non-taboo words” and allow us to vent anger without
getting physical. This might explain why we’re better at swearing when
we’re fired up. After playing violent video games for 10 minutes,
participants in one study now under peer review were able to write down
significantly more swear words than those who had played a (presumably
less exhilarating) golf video game. Other studies point to further benefits
of well-timed profanity. For one thing, cursing appears to help you
endure pain. When undergraduates repeated a strong swear word, they
were able to keep a hand submerged in icy water about 40 seconds
longer, on average, than when they repeated a neutral word. They also
rated their pain as less intense. A follow-up study noted that people who
swear habitually experience less relief. Research out of New Zealand
suggests social benefits to swearing. The liberal use of four-letter words
allowed factory workers there to build solidarity and to bond over shared
frustrations. Researchers found similar effects in office settings, where
“witty uses, of course, casual profanity” boosted morale and lowered
stress among low-level workers.

The rankings of communication on swear words were categorized as

mild, medium, and strong. The mild category includes English words
such as damn and crap. The medium category has bitch, shit, and bullshit.
The strong category has bastard, dickhead, pussy. There were also the
strongest offensive words cunt, fuck, and motherfucker. These words
were also used in the Philippines since the Philippines has English as
their second language.
 How do the students perceive the Moral Theory (John McMillan,
morality of their actions when PhD)
swearing?

What are the most frequently used  Sexual organs, sexual

swear words by the participants? relations,

 Culture

 Animal, racism, and intellectual

based term, the physically or
mentally disabled

 Religion terms

What are the effects of profanity “A Strategic Guide to Swearing.

to the people who used or being The professional benefits of using
used? curse words” (Stephen Hayes,
The Atlantic, 2016)

How offensive does swear word “This is Ofcom's ranking of swear

become? words in order of offensiveness”
(Bea Mitchell,2018)

II. CONCEPTUAL

Here follows the conceptual framework of the study about the It shows what
the researchers will get from their survey, how they will do it, and how they
will impose this to real world situations. A conceptual framework defined as
a structure which the researcher believes can best explain the natural
progression of the phenomenon to be studied (Camp, 2001). It is linked with
the concepts; empirical research and important theories used in promoting
and systemizing the knowledge espoused the researcher (Peshkin, 1993). It
is the researcher’s explanation of how the research problem would be
explored. In a statistical perspective, the conceptual framework describes the
relationship between the main concepts of a study. It is arranged in a logical
 structure to aid provide a picture or visual display of how ideas in a study
relate to one another.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

S

 Demographic  In depth Interview  A better
profile
 and Data understanding and
 Ethical perception Gathering perception
 towards and
 Effects of profanity  Interpretation among the

a.)Emotional &generalization of students and
b.)Psychological Data teachers of VMUF

c.)Social well being

 Factors of
profanity


SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The essence of this study is to find why some of the senior high
school students are using profanity. There are 3 main beneficiaries of this
research. (a) Students.

Future researchers. In creating and working with this research. The

researchers will be able to have an outcome about the perception of Senior
High School Students towards profanity. It will further help future
researchers on their researches by using this study as related literature to
their work, using its research findings as their basis on the research they are
conducting.

Students. The students from different schools could gain benefits

from the study to further improve their studies. The study published could
help students who are seeking information and be a guide for their future
research study.
 Community. People, mainly students can be helped through finding
some unnatural cases about profanity that will further refine their
understanding of the problem. It will also create opportunities for teachers
and other authorities on counseling and understanding people who swear.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study aims to determine the effects of profanity on the perception

of Senior High School Students. Specially sought to answer the following
questions:

1. How may the profile of the respondents be described in terms of:

a. age;
b. gender;
c. section;

2. How do the participants, perceive the morality of their actions when

saying profane words?

a. Ethical
b. Justified
c. Unethical

3. What are the effects to the mental health of students who instigate and
are victimized by profanity?

a) Emotional Health;
b) Psychological;
c) Social wellbeing;

4. What are the different factors that contribute to making something

profane or vulgar?
 a) Relationship;
b) Context;
c) Mood;

SCOPE AND DELIMINATIONS

This study mainly focuses on finding what beliefs and insights do the
Senior High School Students have towards the acts of swearing or profanity
in general, furthermore, it aims to know if the frequency in the usage of
vulgar words has either increased or decreased in present time. The
researchers will not be gathering data on what profane words the
respondents use but rather the emotional, psychological and social wellbeing
effects of those words; on both those who instigate and are victimized in
situations of profanity.

The researchers will be conducting one-on-one interviews wherein the

respondents of the study (the students of Virgen Milagrosa Senior High
School coming from Grade 11 and Grade 12) However due to the current
situation of the NCOV crisis in the Philippines by the time of making of the
research, the researchers were limited to conducting the interviews on online
video call platforms such as Messenger, Zoom and Skype during the second
semester of S.Y. 2019-2020.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

This chapter presents books, published articles and unpublished studies

which the researchers found to have bearing on the present study.
Presentation of related literatures and studies start from the most recent to
the least recent.
I. FOREIGN LITERATURE

According to the book entitled “What the F” p.31 By Bergen (2018).

— Furthermore, appropriate use of language can reveal knowledge on how
these words are used. Some languages, for example, Japanese, may have no
swearing. The lack of swear words can increase the offensiveness of general
insults in the language. The lack of profanity in certain languages also
creates situations where the language may take swear words from another
language.

According to the study, “Swearing: A Bio Psychosocial Perspective”,

by Vingerhoets, A.J.J.M., Bylsma, L.M., De Vlam, C., 2013, —Swearing,
also known as cursing, can be best described as a form of linguistic activity
utilizing taboo words to convey the expression of strong emotions. Although
swearing and cursing are frequently occurring behaviors, the actual
functions of swearing remain largely unknown. Since swearing typically
includes taboo words, these words can be more powerful than non-swear
words. Therefore, people who swear are often judged negatively, because
the uttered swearwords can shock and disturb others. Swearing is
hypothesized to produce a catharsis-effect, which results in a relief of stress
or pain; Swearing also influences the perceived credibility, intensity, and
persuasiveness of the swearer. Additionally, swearing can have a variety of
interpersonal consequences, including promoting group bonding and
solidarity, inhibiting aggression, eliciting humor, and causing emotional pain
to others.

According to the study “Fuck: A Documentary” by Denton (2012),

studies profanity as a tool for teaching, and is used as a guide in this
particular study. Taboo swearwords are seen as part of a language, rather
than something to be kept forbidden and avoided. The study notes that
cursing can be a sign of various factors: linguistic fluency, successful
integration into society, an understanding of cultural norms, Through
interviews and observational data taken from a local University, the study
noted how students reacted to the documentary, during which the titular
swearword is mentioned 875 times. The results lead to participants stating
that their views on swearing influenced classroom discussion, leading them
to be more self-conscious about how often they swore. The classroom
environment was also seen by students to be more relaxed, and as a place
where they could be more open in discussions with their teachers with the
study noting that the students’ exposure to the word(fuck) lead them to
become more casual with profanity, even lessening the formerly taboo
restrictions involved with swearing within the classroom. The study
ascertained, through interviews, that swearing is learned via socialization. In
practice, participants were never formally taught to swear but instead learned
how to do so from friends, often during rebellious activities. Power
structures are also seen as significant, with student participants admitting
that they would swear more in class if their professor would be more open to
swearing first, leading to the view of profanity being less taboo within a
classroom-based context.

According to a journal entitled “The emoy of profanity” A

Psychological Review, 8(2), 113–127 by Patrick, G. T. W. (1901) —
discusses the use of profane words regarding the origin of language and the
relation between emotion and expression. Two kinds of swearing, assertive
and ejaculatory; and 7 classes of profane swearing are enumerated.
Concerning a theory of profanity, it is an expression of emotion, especially
of anger. However, the James-Lange and the Sutherland theories show that it
is to be understood by the genetic method. By a process of selection,
profanity chooses those forms of phonation best adapted to shock the
opponent. Originally used in combat, at present, it is used when the well-
being of the individual is threatened. It does not generate emotion but allays
it. Profanity provides catharsis, helping one cope during intolerable periods
of inner conflict, repression, and readjustment. It is considered immoral due
to the emphasis on inhibition and repression, and the religious connection
between the sacred and the profane.
II. LOCAL LITERATURE

A study entitled “F*****g English: English Profanity use among

Filipino Senior High School Students and the Impact on Fluency” by
Alron Kevin Agapito Arzaga (2019) addresses that Despite the country’s
inconsistency in proficiency on educating young students in the language,
the marks of colonization and the influence of western media can result in
certain behaviors that demonstrate their impact in the language use of the
person. One of these behaviors is the expression of profanity in the English
language. These are particular words that some people in the culture see as
unacceptable in specific settings…used in or with specific senses or
meanings. The specific nature of these words make it nationally known and
understood in the country to a point that the use of curse words by Filipinos
may reveal a degree of fluency in the English language as well as an
understanding of the sociocultural behaviors that are different from their
own.

According to a study entitled, “Determining the Benefits of Using

Profanity in Expressing Emotions of Grade 12 Students in FCIC” by
Dominic C. Libres, 2018, —A person who uses profane words no matter the
intention will be given a negative image. The research, however, was not
carried out to shed light on this matter but to investigate the benefits to the
users and whether they've been influenced by their kin or in the community
to engage in such mannerism, and if it truly tolerates pain. The study found
that profanity benefits its user in expressing emotions, tolerating pain, and
communicating the emotional responses effectively. The most common
influences found were peers/friends and social media. Both genders were
found to use profanity equally in verbal or non-verbal.

An article entitled “Cursing’s unspoken phenomena Lopez” by

Casvel Teresa Lopez (2016) claims that Swearing isn’t just about relieving
stress, but it also prevents situations escalating from bad to more violent.
From cursing, people may be able to gpsyain some confidence, and
confidence cultivates a sense of empowerment. That profanity or the words
we deem profane can be used with a little sense of humor and a spirit of
confidence. These words convey the necessary emotions to be released. The
article was mainly focused on the effects of profanity among the Filipino
people stating that “cursing may affect our courteous and polite image as
Filipinos with its immoral peculiarity but then, it is not as evil as we learned
from our elders. We have unlocked a door of opportunity to negate the
troublesome image of swearing. The beneficial part of cussing proves that
men can be deceiving or accepting by means of presenting our verbal
creativity fearlessly. But remember, though, to keep it in moderation.”

On an article entitled “Profanity and its users” by By: Cindy P. Sicat

(2017) criticizes the intense usage of profanity and toxicity on social media
platforms which has seemingly evolved to be a way of winning an argument,
materializing cases involving big personalities, a battle between the
supporters and the bashers—Bashing is common online. Debatable topics
will surface and people will air their ideas, which will definitely oppose the
ideas of others. The combination of bashing and cursing as an attack on an
individual has intensified, in public posts because anyone can freely post
almost anytime. There are posts that I actually closely follow, as the
opposing sides attack each other over various issues. Evidently, many
netizens will use all of the negative words in the universe that they could use
to attack a person they dislike or disagree with. “Mangmang ka, bobo ka,
walang utak, ang gago mo, tanga, you are so stupid, shame on you.” Let us
say that a person did something really offensive. Will the use of these words
punish that person? Will it improve the situation? Will it end the conflict? In
most cases, no. It will even aggravate the conflict.
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research method, sampling technique, and

procedures in data gathering and statistical treatment of data needed in order
for the research to take form

RESEARCH DESIGN

The study was conducted in a qualitative research design. Denzin and

Lincoln (2000) claim that qualitative research involves an interpretive and
naturalistic approach: “This means that qualitative researchers study things
in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or to interpret,
phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them” (p. 3).

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The technique that the researchers used in choosing high school

students for the sampling of the interviews are Non-probability sampling
which involves non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria,
allowing them to easily collect initial data. There are 4 types of the
technique which are; Convenience, voluntary response, purpose, and
snowball sampling. The researchers of this study used convenience sampling
which simply includes the individuals who happen to be most accessible to
the researcher.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The research was conducted using the interview method wherein its
consultation of the participants will be conducted face to face. It is a type of
qualitative research technique which involves conducting intensive
individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their
perspectives on a particular idea, program or situation however as stated
before due to the current situation of the NCOV crisis in the Philippines by
the time of making of the research, the researchers were limited to
conducting the interviews on online video call platforms such as Messenger,
Zoom and Skype during the second semester of S.Y. 2019-2020. The
interviews were done face to face. The respondents will be interviewed face
to face, this was to ensure a more open and transparent approach to the data
that will be gathered.

This method will help the researchers explain, better understand, and
explore the research subjects' opinions, behavior, experiences, and insights
on the topic. There are three different formats of
interviews: structured, semi-structured, and unstructured. The researchers
used the 1st format, conducting a structured interview in which they
prepared a list of predetermined questions to ask the respondents, all in the
same order.

DATA GATHERING AND COLLECTION

Twenty (20) Filipino Senior High School students studying at VMUF Senior
High School whose age bracket is between sixteen (16) to nineteen (19)
years old will be the participants of the study. The data will be conducted
through answering interview questions. Social media platforms such as
Messenger, Zoom, and Skype will be used to communicate amid the
COVID-19 crisis.
QUESTIONARE:

1. What pops in your mind when you hear the word “swearing”?

2. Do you think it is important to release emotional tension? Why?

3. Does swearing make you feel better about yourself? Why?

4. What is your possible response when you hear profane words against
someone?

5. What is your possible response when you hear profane words used
against you?

6. What are the trigger factors that cause you to swear?

7. What is your perception about the ethics of swearing?

8. Do you think it is important to release emotional tension? Why?

9. Does the use of profane words among people, change your perception
about them? Why?

10. Does the use of profane words influence your first impressions of a
person? Why?

11. Did you ever think of the person who will receive such profane
words before doing those actions?

12. Is swearing becoming more acceptable these days?

13.. Is it normal for students to swear?

14. Do you feel offended by someone who swears at you for no reason?

15. Rank the following on which you think is most important you in
how you perceive something to be profane: Context, Level of
relationship between the person, current emotional state in the
situation.
REFERENCES:

Adom, et al. (2018) THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK: MANDATORY INGREDIENTS OF A QUALITY
RESEARCH

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Theoretical-Framework-Cultural-
Ecology-Source-Adopted-from-Steward-1968-What-is-a_fig1_322204158

Arzaga, Alron (2019) F*****g English: English Profanity use among

Filipino Senior High School Students and the Impact on Fluency.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
331590680_English_Profanity_use_among_Filipino_Senior_High_Students
_and_Its_Impact_towards_Fluency_and_Self-
Perception_Using_the_Language

Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing

Among the Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
(pp. 77-83)

DCU School of Computing. The Qualitative Paradigm

https://www.computing.dcu.ie/~hruskin/RM2.htm

Guardian readers. Swearing in literature: share examples of bad language in

good books

https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2014/may/08/swearing-in-
literature-share-examples-of-bad-language-in-good-books

Hayes, Stephanie (2016). A Strategic Guide to Swearing

https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/01/a-strategic-guide-to-
swearing/419106/

Jay, T. (1999). Why we curse: A Neuro-psycho-social theory of speech.

John Benjamin’s publishing.

Jay, T, Janschewitz, K. The Science Of Swearing

https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/the-science-of-swearing

Libres, Dominic (2017) Determining the Benefits of Using Profanity in

Expressing Emotions of Grade 12 Students in FCIC.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
331345186_Determining_the_Benefits_of_Using_Profanity_in_Expressing_
Emotions_of_Grade_12_Students_in_FCIC

Maxwell, J.A. (2013). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive

Approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. (pp. 135-136)

McMillan, John. Moral Theory

http://www.royalcollege.ca/rcsite/documents/bioethics/moral-theory-
summary-e.pdf

Mitchel, Bea (2018). This is Ofcom's ranking of swear words in order of

offensiveness

https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a809925/ofcom-swear-words-ranking-in-
order-of-offensiveness/

Patrick, G. T. W. (1901). The psychology of profanity. Psychological

Review, 8(2), 113–127.

https://doi.org/10.1037/h0074772

Sicat, Cindy P. (2017) Profanity and its users

https://opinion.inquirer.net/101276/profanity-and-its-users

Steinmetz, Katy (2016). Swearing Is Scientifically Proven to Help You *%

$!ing Deal

https://time.com/4602680/profanity-research-why-we-swear/

Vingerhoets, A.J.J.M. et al. (2013) Swearing: A Bio psychosocial

Perspective

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
259780626_Swearing_A_Biopsychosocial_Perspective