Developmental Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Answer 1)
Lawrence Kohlberg's moral development theory outlines stages of moral
reasoning that individuals go through as they grow. The theory consists of three
main levels, each with two sub-stages:
1. Pre-Conventional Level:
Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation: Morality is based on
avoiding punishment. Individuals focus on their own needs and may break rules
if they can avoid consequences.
For example- Refrained from cheating on a test because of fear of getting
caught and facing disciplinary action. It was also to avoid punishment rather
than recognizing the value of academic honesty.
Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation: Morality is determined by self-
interest. Individuals recognize different perspectives and learn that there is more
than one right view. For example- Collaboration on group projects in school
was majorly done so that collective effort can lead to personal success or higher
grades and there was less sense of duty
2. Conventional Level:
Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships: Morality is defined by social
expectations and the approval of others. Individuals seek to maintain good
relationships and often conform to societal norms. For example- As siblings, we
collaborated not just out of personal interest but because we valued a
harmonious family environment. We also wanted to contribute to a positive
atmosphere where everyone felt supported and cared for.
Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order: Morality is based on societal rules and
laws. Individuals uphold laws to maintain social order, valuing authority and
duty. For example- We are always expected to greet elders and touch their feet
as a way of following societal rules and valuing authority.
3. Post-Conventional Level:
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights: Morality involves an
understanding of social contracts. Individuals recognize the importance of
individual rights and may question laws that seem unfair. For example-
For example- Being friends with individuals with diverse backgrounds, I
support policies and initiatives that promote diversity, inclusion, and equal
rights for all members of the community. I recognize and practice the
importance of respecting individuals from diverse backgrounds. I refrain from
differentiating between people from varied ethnic communities. Also, making
sure that people around me are not practicing such things.
Stage 6: Universal Principles: Morality is guided by universal ethical
principles. Individuals act based on their internalized principles of justice,
equality, and human rights, even if it means breaking laws.
Answer 2)
John Bowlby's attachment theory is a psychological framework that explores the
importance of early emotional bonds between infants and their primary
caregivers. Attachment refers to the emotional bond that forms between an
infant and their primary caregiver. Bowlby believed that this attachment is a
fundamental aspect of human development and serves as a foundation for future
social and emotional relationships. The primary function of attachment
behaviours, such as crying, clinging, and seeking proximity to the caregiver, is
to elicit caregiving responses.
The main attachment styles include secure attachment, insecure-avoidant
attachment, and insecure-anxious/ambivalent attachment. These styles influence
the child's later social and emotional development.
In the movie "Dear Zindagi," Kaira exhibits various attachment styles in her
relationships. It is as follows: