Read Online Textbook Anxiety Disorders Sourchealth Reference Series Kevin Hayes Ebook All Chapter PDF
Read Online Textbook Anxiety Disorders Sourchealth Reference Series Kevin Hayes Ebook All Chapter PDF
Read Online Textbook Anxiety Disorders Sourchealth Reference Series Kevin Hayes Ebook All Chapter PDF
Of what kind the fishes were which were the first to make their
appearance on the globe; whether or not they were identical with, or
similar to, any of the principal types existing at present; are
questions which probably will for ever remain hidden in mystery and
uncertainty. The supposition that the Leptocardii and Cyclostomes,
the lowest of the vertebrate series, must have preceded the other
sub-classes, is an idea which has been held by many Zoologists:
and as the horny teeth of the Cyclostomes are the only parts of their
body which under favourable circumstances might have been
preserved, Palæontologists have ever been searching for this
evidence.
The fishes of the Permian group are very similar to those of the
Carboniferous. A type which in the latter was but very scantily
represented, namely the Platysomidæ, is much developed. They
were deep-bodied fish, covered with hard rhomboid scales
possessing a strong anterior rib, and provided with a heterocercal
caudal, long dorsal and anal, short non-lobate paired fins (when
present), and branchiostegals. The Palæoniscidæ are represented
by many species of Palæoniscus, Pygopterus and Acrolepis, and
Cestracionts by Janassa and Strophodus.
The passage from the Palæozoic into the Mesozoic era is not
indicated by any marked change as far as fishes are concerned. The
more remarkable forms of the Trias are Shark-like fishes represented
by ichthyodorulithes like Nemacanthus, Liacanthus, and Hybodus;
and Cestracionts represented by species of Acrodus and
Strophodus. Of the Ganoid genera Cœlacanthus, Amblypterus
(Palæoniscidæ), Saurichthys persist from the Carboniferous epoch.
Ceratodus appears for the first time (Muschel-Kalk of Germany).
Thanks to the researches of Agassiz, and especially Sir P.
Egerton, the ichthyological fauna of the Lias is, perhaps, the best
known of the Mesozoic era, 152 species having been described. Of
the various localities, Lyme Regis has yielded more than any other,
nearly all the Liassic genera being represented there by not less
than seventy-nine species. The Hybodonts and Cestracionts
continue in their fullest development. Holocephales (Ischyodus), true
Sharks (Palæoscyllium), Rays (Squaloraja, Arthropterus), and
Sturgeons (Chondrosteus) make their first appearance; but they are
sufficiently distinct from living types to be classed in separate
genera, or even families. The Ganoids, especially Lepidosteoids,
predominate over all the other fishes: Lepidotus, Semionotus,
Pholidophorus, Pachycormus, Eugnathus, Tetragonolepis, are
represented by numerous species; other remarkable genera are
Aspidorhynchus, Belonostomus, Saurostomus, Sauropsis,
Thrissonotus, Conodus, Ptycholepis, Endactis, Centrolepis,
Legnonotus, Oxygnathus, Heterolepidotus, Isocolum, Osteorhachis,
Mesodon. These genera offer evidence of a great change since the
preceding period, the majority not being represented in older strata,
whilst, on the other hand, many are continued into the succeeding
oolithic formations. The homocercal termination of the vertebral
column commences to supersede the heterocercal, and many of the
genera have well ossified and distinctly segmented spinal columns.
Also the cycloid form of scales becomes more common: one genus
(Leptolepis) being, with regard to the preserved hard portions of its
organisation, so similar to the Teleosteous type that some
Palæontologists refer it (with much reason) to that sub-class.
[See E. Sauvage, Essai sur la Faune Ichthyologique de la période
Liasique. In “Bibl. de l’école des hautes études,” xiii. art. 5. Paris 1875.
8o.]
As already mentioned, the Oolithic formations show a great
similarity of their fish-fauna to that of the Lias; but still more apparent
is its approach to the existing fauna. Teeth have been found which
cannot even generically be distinguished from Notidanus. The Rays
are represented by genera like Spathobatis, Belemnobatis,
Thaumas; the Holocephali are more numerous than in the Lias
(Ischyodus, Ganodus). The most common Ganoid genera are
Caturus, Pycnodus, Pholidophorus, Lepidotus, Leptolepis, all of
which had been more or less fully represented in the Lias. Also
Ceratodus is continued into it.
The Cretaceous group offers clear evidence of the further
advance towards the existing fauna. Teeth of Sharks of existing
genera Carcharias (Corax), Scyllium, Notidanus, and Galeocerdo,
are common in some of the marine strata, whilst Hybodonts and
Cestracionts are represented by a small number of species only; of
the latter one new genus, Ptychodus, appears and disappears. A
very characteristic Ganoid genus, Macropoma, comprises
homocercal fishes with rounded ganoid scales sculptured externally
and pierced by prominent mucous tubes. Caturus becomes extinct.
Teeth and scales of Lepidotus (with Sphærodus as subgenus),
clearly a freshwater fish, are widely distributed in the Wealden, and
finally disappear in the chalk; its body was covered with large
rhomboidal ganoid scales. Gyrodus and Aspidorhynchus occur in the
beds of Voirons, Coelodus and Amiopsis (allied to Amra), in those of
Comen, in Istria. But the Palæichthyes are now in the minority;
undoubted Teleosteans have appeared, for the first time, on the
stage of life in numerous genera, many of which are identical with
still existing fishes. The majority are Acanthopterygians, but
Physostomes and Plectognaths are likewise well represented, most
of them being marine. Of Acanthopterygian families the first to
appear are the Berycidæ, represented by several very distinct
genera: Beryx; Pseudoberyx with abdominal ventral fins; Berycopsis
with cycloid scales; Homonotus, Stenostoma, Sphenocephalus,
Acanus, Hoplopteryx, Platycornus with granular scales; Podocys
with a dorsal extending to the neck; Acrogaster, Macrolepis,
Rhacolepis from the chalk of Brazil. The position of Pycnosterynx is
uncertain, it approaches certain Pharyngognaths. True Percidæ are
absent, whilst the Carangidæ, Sphyrænidæ, Cataphracti, Gobiidæ,
Cottidæ, and Sparidæ are represented by one or more genera.
Somewhat less diversified are the Physostomes, which belong
principally to the Clupeidæ and Dercetidæ, most of the genera being
extinct; Clupea is abundant in some localities. Scopelidæ
(Hemisaurida and Saurocephalus) occur in the chalk of Comen in
Istria, and of Mæstricht. Of all cretaceous deposits none surpass
those of the Lebanon with regard to the number of genera, species,
and individuals; the forms are exclusively marine, and the remains in
the most perfect condition.
In the Tertiary epoch the Teleosteans have almost entirely
replaced the Ganoids; a few species only of the latter make their
appearance, and they belong to existing genera, or, at least, very
closely allied forms (Lepidosteus, Amia, Hypamia, Acipenser). The
Chondropterygians merge more and more into recent forms;
Holocephali continue, and still are better represented than in the
present fauna. The Teleosteans show even in the Eocene a large
proportion of existing genera, and the fauna of some localities of the
Miocene (Oeningen) is almost wholly composed of them. On the
whole, hitherto more than one-half have been found to belong to
existing genera, and there is no doubt that the number of seemingly
distinct extinct genera will be lessened as the fossils will be
examined with a better knowledge of the living forms. The
distribution of the fishes differed widely from that of our period, many
of our tropical genera occurring in localities which are now included
within our temperate zone, and being mixed with others, which
nowadays are restricted to a colder climate: a mixture which
continues throughout the Pliocene.