CRYSTAL CREEK: A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

A Capstone Project Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Chemical

Engineering and School of Engineering and Architecture

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course: CHE3131:

Environmental Science and Engineering for Chemical Engineering

Submitted by:
BUENAVENTURA, Kryzler Kaye M.
DANTES, Aerish Ann M.
EVALLE, Mary Noelle A.
TEJADA, Maria Denise L.

MAY 24, 2023

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Before anything else, we would like first to thank God for guiding us along the

way. For having faith thay we will this capstone. Thank you for the knowledge that you

have given us while doing this capstone. We would like to thank Engr Jonalyn Kimpay,

our instructor, for guiding us along the way, especially in the process of making this

capstone. Thank you for the knowledge that you shared with us, that we needed in

making this capstone possible. Thank you for the patience and understanding

especially when we do clarification and questioning about our capstone. Lastly, to our

parents, thank you for the support that you give us as we do this. Thank you for the

motivation that you gave that helped a lot in the time we make this in a short period of

time. It means a lot to us especially when we are having a hard time doing this

capstone.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

LIST OF TABLES iii

LIST OF FIGURES iv

ABSTRACT v

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. DATA ANALYSIS 3

III. DESIGN OF TREATMENT FACILITY 9

IV. COMPUTATION AND INTERPRETATION 12

V. PROPOSAL ABSTRACT 17

VI. REFERENCES 19

ii
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 2.1 Wastewater Sample Data According to the Water Quality Parameters
and its Acceptable Minimum Water Quality Standards 4

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 Treatment Plant Process Flow Diagram 11

iv
 WATER FROM VARIOUS DOMESTIC, INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND
AGRICULTURAL SOURCES ARE CONSIDERED WASTEWATER; TO ENSURE
PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, WASTEWATER IS
TREATED BEFORE BEING DISCHARGED INTO THE ENVIRONMENT OR
REUSED. THE OBJECTIVE IS TO DESIGN AN AFFORDABLE WASTEWATER
TREATMENT FACILITY FOR THE RIVER THAT PRODUCES CLEAN WATER.
THE PROPOSED APPROACH CONSISTS OF THREE STAGES TARGETING
SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY: PRELIMINARY, PRIMARY, AND SECONDARY.
EACH STAGE ADDRESSES ISSUES LIKE AMMONIA, IRON, PHOSPHATES, PH,
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS, TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS, AND FECAL
COLIFORM. THE FACILITY INCLUDES PROCESSES SUCH AS SCREENING,
SEDIMENTATION, BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, AND ADVANCED FILTRATION
TO REMOVE CONTAMINANTS. FACTORS LIKE ENERGY, EFFICIENCY,
MAINTENANCE, AND SUSCEPTIBILITY ARE CONSIDERED IN DESIGN.
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS IS CRUCIAL TO ASSESS THE INVESTMENT REQUIRED
AND POTENTIAL RETURNS IN ACHIEVING THE CLEAN WATER PRODUCTION
WHILE ADDRESSING POLLUTION CONCERNS IN THE RIVER.

KEYWORDS: Wastewater, ammonia, iron, phosphate, ph, total suspended

solids, total dissolved solids, fecal coliform, screening, sedimentation,
biological treatment, financial analysis

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CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION

Wastewater is water that has already been used and must be treated before

being discharged into another body of water so as not to further pollute the water

source (Wastewater, n.d.). Wastewater comes from various sources. Anything you

flush down a toilet or drain is wastewater. Stormwater and wastewater flow through

gutters along with various pollutants and eventually end up in sewage treatment

plants. Wastewater can also come from agricultural and industrial sources. Some

wastewaters are more difficult to treat than others. For example, industrial wastewater

can be difficult to treat, whereas domestic wastewater is relatively easy to treat

although the increasing amount of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in

domestic wastewater makes treatment of domestic wastewater increasingly difficult

(Wastewater Treatment, n.d.).

Asin-Gallano River is river located at Baguio City. It is one of the rivers where

wastewater from the residential, business establishment, industries, and domestic

products flow in this river. This river was classified as Class B by the Department of

Environment and Natural Resources. It means that the water can be used for

recreational water which uses primary contact such as bathing and swimming.

With given data, the Crystal Creek Water Treatment Plant proposes a water

facility particularly for the wastewater flowing through Asin-Gallano River. The

treatment plant aims to remove suspended solids before it discharges to the bodies of

water. Furthermore, the treatment plant wants to help to lessen the possible

contaminants to the people and spread pollution into bodies of water. With the

proposed treatment plant, it will help the people to lessen the intoxication that makes

the river polluted and high in chemicals and others. This treatment plant embodies
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economic benefits such reusing in different sections. The by-products such as

nutrients and biogas can be used in agriculture and energy production.

There are several levels of wastewater treatment; these are primary,

secondary, and tertiary levels of treatment. Most municipal wastewater treatment

facilities use primary and secondary levels of treatment, and some also use tertiary

treatments. In our proposed plan, the wastewater treatment plant will be undergoing

primary, secondary and tertiary treatment.

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CHAPTER II - DATA ANALYSIS

Asin-Gallano River is a “Class B” river according to the Department of

Environment and Natural Resources in the Department Administrative Order 18.s2016

(DAO 2016-18). The Crystal Creek Water Treatment Plant aims to evaluate and

assess the wastewater from the Asin-Gallano River and for that, a water quality

analysis is carried out to quantify the wastewater's chemical, physical and biological

characteristics. The temperature, pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS),

conductivity, total suspended solids (TSS), hardness, iron, phosphate, nitrate,

ammonia, biological oxygen demand (BOD5), and fecal coliform are the factors to be

considered in the treatment process of the wastewater.

The effluent of the wastewater is coming from both point and nonpoint source.

Any contaminant that enters the environment from an easily recognizable and

constrained location is referred to as a point source of pollution by the United States

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Smokestacks, discharge pipelines, and

drainage ditches are a few examples. Factories, power plants, and municipal

wastewater treatment plants are common sources of point-source pollution. Nonpoint-

source pollution, on the other hand, is the opposite of point-source pollution, with

pollutants released in a wide area. In a logged-over forest tract, runoff can remove

sediment off the roads in rural regions. Additionally, it can flush chemicals and fertilizer

from agricultural areas as well as convey acid from defunct mines. All this pollution is

likely to wind up in streams, rivers, and lakes.

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Table 2.1 Wastewater Sample Data According to the Water Quality Parameters and

its Acceptable Minimum Water Quality Standards

PARAMETER DATA OBTAINED ACCEPTABLE WATER

FROM 1L SAMPLE QUALITY STANDARD

Temperature (°C) 25.5 26-30

pH 10.33 6.5-8.5

Turbidity (FAU) 13 5

Total Dissolved Solids 253 500

(mg/L)

Conductivity (μ·s) 162.60 1000

Hardness (mg/L as 88.5 50-150

CaCO3)

Total Suspended Solids 380 65

(mg/L)

Cl- (mg/L) 13.70 250

Fe2+ (mg/L) 4.54 1

PO43- (mg/L) 1.80 0.5

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NO3- (mg/L) 0.27 7

NH3 (mg/L) 0.78 0.05

BOD5 (mg/L) 3.14 5

Fecal coliform > 1800 100

(MPN/100mL)

Source: Point and Nonpoint

Table 2.1 shows the data obtained from the water sample that was taken from

the Asin-Gallano River alongside the Water Quality Standards by the Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA), DENR Administrative Order No.2016-08, and No.2021-19.

A one (1) liter water sample is at 25.5 degrees Celsius and has a pH level of

10.33 which indicates a base and is beyond the accepted range. Extremes in pH can

make a river inhospitable to life and can increase the solubility of elements and

compounds, making toxic chemicals more mobile and increasing the risk of absorption

by aquatic life. To lower the pH of the base liquid, sulfuric acid is added. Sulfuric acid

is the most used and least expensive neutralization chemical. Typical concentrations

are 25 to 96 percent. It’s more potent than all acids, apart from phosphoric acid, and

is safer and easier to use than nitric or hydrochloric acid.

The obtained wastewater sample has a turbidity of 13 FAU, which is over the

acceptable range and is caused by suspended solids in the water, such as silts, clays,

industrial wastes, sewage, and plankton. For this matter, a coagulation tank and

flocculation tank are added in the treatment plant. Coagulation and flocculation remove
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a significant number of suspended particles, including inorganic precipitates, as well

as organic substances. Although the procedure eliminates particles and dissolved

materials, pathogens like viruses and bacteria may still be present in the water.

The total dissolved solids (TDS) in the water sample is 253 mg/L which means

it has a low concentration of mineral, salts, metals, cations, and anions that are

dissolved in water. The conductivity of water, on the other hand, is dependent on the

total dissolved solids, this is because there are salts dissolved in the water which can

transport electricity. From the data obtained, the wastewater sample has a low

conductivity of 162 μS that is an indicator of pristine or background conditions.

Dissolved solids can also produce hard water, which leaves deposits and films on

fixtures, and on the insides of hot water pipes and boilers. The water hardness of the

wastewater sample is 88.5 mg/L as CaCO3 and is considered to be moderately hard.

Since these three parameters are lower than the permissible limits and do not post

any harm, it still needs to be maintained and monitored.

Total suspended solids (TSS), on the other hand, is at 380 mg/L which means

the wastewater sample has a high concentration of TSS. Everything that is drifting or

floating in the water is considered a solid, including sediment, silt, and sand as well as

plankton and algae. The TSS content can also be influenced by organic particles from

decomposing materials. Small organic particles can separate during the

decomposition process that occurs as algae, plants, and animals deteriorate and enter

the water column as suspended solids. Suspended solids include even chemical

precipitates. When assessing water purity, total suspended particles are an important

consideration. Screening and grit chamber are added in the primary wastewater

treatment plant to remove the suspended solids. During the screening, objects
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including paper, textiles, metals, and plastics are removed. After screening, a grit

chamber is the next step procedure, it removes sand and other weighty inorganic

matters such as metals, fragments, and rags. At the start of the treatment process,

these items must be separated as they have the potential to harm process equipment

like pumps, valves, pipelines, and appendages, decreasing the efficiency of the

treatment procedure.

The chloride concentration on the wastewater sample is at 13.70 mg/L which

indicates that the amount of chloride in the water is low. However, the amount iron and

phosphates in the water sample was determined to be 4.54 and 1.80 mg/L,

respectively, which both exceeds the limits according to the DENR Administrative

Order 2016-08. Thus, these two parameters require suitable treatment, which is

aeration. Aeration is the process of adding air into wastewater to allow aerobic

biodegradation of organic matters. The secondary treatment technique used in

aeration is the activated sludge. The sewage is poured into an aeration tank at this

point, where it is combined with air and bacteria-filled sludge. The bacteria then break

down the organic waste into harmless byproducts while it is left to sit for a few hours.

The sludge, now activated with additional billions of bacteria and other tiny organisms,

can be used again by returning it to the aeration tank for mixing with air and new

sewage.

In terms of Nitrates, the wastewater sample has a value of 0.27 mg/L which is

within the permissible limits. While ammonia concentration of the wastewater sample

contains a high amount of 0.75 mg/L, which is beyond the range. Hence, the process

of nitrification is introduced to treat the amount of ammonia present in the wastewater.

Nitrification is a microbial process by which reduced nitrogen compounds (primarily

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ammonia) are sequentially oxidized to nitrite and nitrate.

The biological oxygen demand (BOD), from the 5-day BOD test was resulted

to have a 3.14 mg/L which is within the water quality standards according to DAO

2016-08 which means that less oxygen is being removed from the water. Maintaining

a low BOD ensures that water leaves the treatment plant clean and safe. For fecal

coliform, the obtained data is greater than 1800 mg/L which is way beyond the required

minimum water quality standards. This suggests that the treatment plant uses tertiary

treatment and includes chlorination in the process. Chlorination is a disinfection

method known to be particularly effective at removing viruses, protozoa, and bacteria

from the wastewater. Chlorine compounds destroy microbes by oxidizing their cellular

material. Chlorine enters the cell after oxidation and weakens the cell membrane. It

thus interferes with DNA function and cell respiration.

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CHAPTER III – DESIGN OF TREATMENT FACILITY

Wastewater treatment typically involves several stages to remove

contaminants and pollutants from wastewater before it is discharged back into the

environment. The preliminary, primary, and secondary clarifier are three stages of the

treatment process.

STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURE

The preliminary stage of treatment process consists of screening and grit

chamber. Screening uses a fine screen to verify that no solid waste enters the

treatment. Due to the high concentration of fecal coliform, it will proceed to grit

removal. Grit chamber is a long, thin, or circular tank that is intended to slow the

velocity of sewage to remove solids like sand, ash, and clinkers, eggshells, bone chips,

and other inert inorganic elements. This two equipment are necessary in the

preliminary stage of the process to remove the suspended solids that have a potential

to harm process equipment like pumps, valves, pipelines, and appendages,

decreasing the efficiency of the treatment procedure.

A neutralization tank is used to adjust the pH of the wastewater to a neutral range

before entering the treatment process. This is important because high or low pH levels can

negatively impact the effectiveness of subsequent treatment processes. Coagulation and

flocculation are chemical treatment processes used to remove suspended solids and other

contaminants from wastewater. The coagulation process involves adding chemicals to the

wastewater to destabilize the contaminants, causing them to clump together. In the

flocculation process, additional chemicals are added to the wastewater to form larger flocs,

which can then be more easily removed from the water.

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The primary clarifier is the next stage, which involves the removal of suspended solids

from wastewater. Wastewater flows into a large tank, where it is allowed to sit undisturbed to

allow heavy particles and suspended solids to settle to the bottom. A scraper then removes

these solids, which are then typically sent to a sludge treatment facility for further processing.

An aeration tank is used in the secondary stage of wastewater treatment. The tank contains a

diffused aeration system, which provides oxygen to the bacteria in the wastewater to break

down organic matter. The bacteria consume organic matter and convert it into carbon dioxide

and water.

The secondary clarifier is the final stage of the wastewater treatment process, and its

purpose is to remove dissolved and suspended biological material in wastewater. In this stage,

wastewater is mixed with bacteria and then aerated to encourage microbial growth. The

bacteria break down and consume the organic matter in the water, producing flocs, which are

larger clumps of matter that can easily settle. The flocs settle to the bottom of the tank, where

they are then removed by a scraper and sent for further processing.

The second clarifier's primary sludge will then be recycled to the aeration tank and the

first clarifier once more, up until the point where no more activated sludge-containing

microorganisms are left that can be used to eat contaminants. Before the water is released

into the water system, chlorination will be used to further treat the fecal coliform in the

wastewater, presuming that some of it has already been removed in the first and second

clarifiers.
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Figure 3.1 Treatment Plant Process Flow Diagram

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CHAPTER IV – COMPUTATION AND INTERPRETATION

SLUDGE COMPUTATIONS

Let X = Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

S = Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Influent

• TSS entering, XO = 380 mg/L

• BOD entering, SO = 3.14 mg/L

At Grit Chamber

➢ Assume TSS removal = 300 mg/L

Around Primary Clarifier (1o)

➢ Assume 80% solids removal

• TSS entering, X1o = 380 mg/L – 300 mg/L = 80 mg/L

• TSS removed, X1oREM = 80 mg/L (0.80) = 64 mg/L

➢ Assume 70% BOD removal

• BOD entering, S1o = 3.14 mg/L

• BOD removed, S1oREM = 3.14 mg/L (0.70) = 2.198 mg/L

Around Activated Sludge System (ASS)

➢ Assume 60% solids removal

• TSS entering, XASS = 80 mg/L (1-0.80) = 16 mg/L

• TSS removed, XASS REM = 16 mg/L (0.60) = 9.6 mg/L

➢ Assume 50% BOD removal

• BOD entering, SASS = 3.14 mg/L (1-0.70) = 0.942 mg/L

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• BOD removed, SASS REM = 0.942 mg/L (0.50) = 0.471 mg/L

Effluent

• TSS, XE = 16 mg/L (1-0.60) = 6.4 mg/L (< 65 mg/L standard; passed)

• BOD, SE = 0.942 mg/L (1-0.50) = 0.471 mg/L (< 5 mg/L standard; passed)

PLANT DESIGN DIMENSIONS

Influent Flow Rate

➢ Assume estimated population of 392,262

(Baguio City’s 2023 Population from World Population Review, 2023).

➢ Assume 18 GLD of wastewater produced per person in developing countries

(Eco-septic, 2020).

➢ Assume maximum flow rate to be 2.5 times greater than the average flow rate.

➢ Thus:

18 𝐺𝐿𝐷
• Average flow rate = (𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛) (392,262 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒) = 7,060,716 𝐺𝐿𝐷

7,060,716 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 1 𝑚3
Average flow rate = ( ) (264.172 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠)
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑
Average flow rate = 𝟐𝟔, 𝟕𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟐𝟐𝟗 = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝟓𝟓𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒉𝒓 𝒔

𝑚3
• Maximum flow rate = 2.5 (26,727.7229 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑
Maximum flow rate = 𝟔𝟔, 𝟖𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟑 = 𝟐, 𝟕𝟖𝟒. 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟑𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒉𝒓 𝒔

Primary and Secondary Clarifiers (Rectangular Tanks)

➢ Typical dimension data for rectangular settling tanks for primary treatment of

wastewater (from Table 5-21 of Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse):

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Depth = 4.3 m

Length = 24-40 m

Width = 4.9-9.8 m

Flight speed = 0.9 m/min

➢ Assume retention period of 2 hours

➢ Thus, two tanks each:

• Height of each tank, from data = 4.3 m

0.9 𝑚 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
(( )( )(2 ℎ𝑟𝑠))
•
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 ℎ𝑟
Length of each tank = 𝑣 𝑥 𝑡 = = 𝟓𝟒 𝒎
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠

2,784.1378 𝑚3
(( )(2 ℎ𝑟𝑠))
ℎ𝑟
• Volume of each tank = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑡 = = 𝟐, 𝟕𝟖𝟒. 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟖 𝒎𝟑
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2,784.1378 𝑚3
• Area of each tank = = = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟖𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 54 𝑚

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 51.5581 𝑚2
• Width of each tank = 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟑 𝒎
4.3 𝑚

Aeration Tank

➢ Traditional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants operate with MLSS

concentration ranging approximately from 1500 mg/L to 5000 mg/L (Organica

Biotech, 2021).

➢ The established food-to-microorganism ratio for a conventional wastewater

treatment plant is 0.25 to 0.5 pounds of BOD per day/pound of MLVSS under

aeration (Water and Wastewater Courses, 2023).

➢ According to Activated Sludge Design Considerations, aeration tank liquid

depths should be not less than 10 feet or more than 30 feet; horizontally
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mixed tanks shall have a depth of not less than 5.5 feet (Westchester County

Government, n.d.).

➢ Thus, assume:

Capacity of aeration tank = 70 000 m3/day

MLSS = 3250 mg/L

F/M ratio = 0.375

Depth = 4m

Width = 6 m

➢ BOD5 entering Activated Sludge System = 0.942 mg/L

➢ Thus:

𝑚3 𝑚𝑔
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝐵𝑂𝐷 (70 000 )(0.942 )
•
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝐿
Volume = = 𝑚𝑔 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝟑
𝑀𝐿𝑆𝑆 𝑥 𝐹/𝑀 (3250 )(0.375)
𝐿

• Area = 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 6 𝑚 𝑥 4𝑚 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒎𝟐

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 54.1046 𝑚3
• Length = = = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟒𝒎
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 24 𝑚2

INTERPRETATION

The data and parameters that have passed and failed are included in the table,

along with the data's very high values for pH, total dissolved solids, total suspended

solids, iron, phosphate, ammonia, and fecal coliform. A high pH level in a river can

have a variety of causes and effects. pH is a measure of a substance's acidity or

alkalinity, and in the case of rivers, it relates to the acidity or basicity of the water.

Rivers often have a pH range of 6.5 to 8.5, which is ideal for maintaining aquatic life.
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However, if the pH of a river rises beyond 8.5, it is classified as alkaline. The excessive

level of total solids makes the river's intended recreational uses visually disturbing. It

is a valuable indicator of sewage discharges, logging operations, agricultural runoff,

and other comparable activities. Signs of suspended particles include soil erosion,

urban runoff, septic systems, and dead or decaying plants and animals. The concept

that residential areas are a source of pollution is supported by the high fecal coliform

levels. Screening using a fine screen will be used to verify that no solid waste enters

the treatment. Due to the high concentration of fecal coliform, it will proceed to grit

removal. Because the total suspended solids are one hundred times higher than the

norm, and the turbidity is considerable, alum coagulation and flocculation are required

to guarantee that the particles settle and sediment at the first clarifier. The plant will

assure a volumetric flow rate of 1000 gal/day as the feed into the wastewater plant,

which will serve as the foundation for all computations for all dimensions, power

requirements, and other data required for the plant's construction. One of the

characteristics that failed was the hardness of the water, which will be treated by

adding acid and softening it with lime soda. Prior to the first clarifier, the acid and lime

soda will be added to help with coagulation. Due to the hundred-fold excess of total

suspended solids, it will be necessary to incorporate an aerobic tank, which will lead

to the second clarifier. The second clarifier's primary sludge will then be recycled to

the aeration tank and the first clarifier once more, up until the point where no more

activated sludge-containing microorganisms are left that can be used to eat

contaminants. Before the water is released into the water system, chlorination will be

used to further treat the fecal coliform in the wastewater, presuming that some of it

has already been removed in the first and second clarifiers.

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CHAPTER V – PROPOSAL ABSTRACT

The Crystal Creek Water Treatment Plant operates to treat wastewater coming

from the Asin-Gallano River with the goal of removing contaminants to produce

effluent suitable for discharge to the surrounding environment and as a source of

drinking water in accordance to the water quality guidelines set by the Department of

Health (DOH). The plant incorporates several treatment processes including grit

removal, primary and secondary treatment, aeration as well as an activated sludge

system. It has the capacity to treat an average and maximum flow rate of 26,727.7229

m3 and 66,819.3073 m3 wastewater a day, respectively.

Considering the various assets, liabilities, capital, operating and maintenance

costs as well as several other expenditures involved in the treatment plant, the

succeeding income statement outlines the financial report analysis for a successful

plant construction and operation.

Crystal Creek Water Treatment Plant

Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Income from service P 20,000,000

Less:
Operating and Maintenance Cost 4,000,000
Operator Fees 3,000,000
Engineering Fees 2,000,000
Utilities 3,500,000
Chemical Costs 1,000,000
Insurance Costs 700,000
Fuel Costs 500,000
Miscellaneous 300,000
Net Profit P 5,000,000

17
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Crystal Creek Water Treatment Plant

Balance Sheet
December 31, 2023

Assets Liabilities and Capital

Cash P 2,000,000 Accounts Payable to Bank P 2,500,000
Land 3,000,000 Capital 15,000,000
Infrastructure 10,000,000 Add: Profit 5,000,000 20,000,000
Equipment 7,500,000 Total Liabilities and Capital P 22,500,000
Total Assets P 22,500,000

As can be seen from the aforementioned balance sheet, an estimated land cost

of Php 3,000,000.00 and infrastructure cost of Php 10,000,000.00 is needed for the

construction of the water treatment plant facility, as well as an equipment total cost of

Php 7,500,000.00 which includes all the various machinery, aeration tanks and

sedimentation tanks. A projected annual income of Php 200,000,000.00 can be

estimated from the service operation, which given the numerous operating and

maintenance costs yields a net annual profit of Php 5,000,000.00. This showcases the

economic justification of the construction and subsequent operation of the Crystal

Creek Water Treatment Plant to provide exceptional service and quality water to the

people.
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