CUTTACK – 753007

2021-2024
PROJECT REPORT ON

‘‘BRAKEING SYSTEM OF
ELECTRIC GOLF CART’’
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the required for the awared of Diploma in
mechanical Engineering of S.C.T.E & V.T ODISHA

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

ER . PRIYADARSHINI MALLICK

SUBMITED BY
ANIMESH KUMAR MOHANTY -- F21001004020
AKASH KUMAR MALICK -- F21001004011
ANADI BANSINGH -- F21001004019
AMRESH TRIPATHY -- F21001004017
AMRIT PANDA -- F21001004018
SECTION - A
GORUP - 02

6th Semester, Department of Mechanical Engineering 2021-2024

 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BHUBANANANDA ODISHA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, CUTTACK-753007

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work in this project report entitled " BRAKEING SYSTEM OF
ELECTRIC GOLF CART " by Animesh Kumar Mohanty, Akash Kumar Malick, Anadi
Bansingh, Amresh Tripathy, Amrit Panda is a bonafide record of work submitted under
my guidance and supervision. It is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the Diploma in Mechanical Engineering during the session 2021-24 in the department of
Mechanical Engineering of BOSE, CUTTACK and this work is the original work of the
above students.

Signature of project Signature of Head of Signature of External

Guide The Department
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project report on (BRAKEING SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC GOLF
KART) being submitted BOSE, CUTTACK is a record of an original work done by under
the guidance of Er. Priyadarshini Mallick for the partial fulfillment of the requirement
to the award of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering. To the best of my knowledge and
brief.

This project report has not been submitted to any other university or institution for the
award of any other diploma.

Signature of Student Signature of Head of Department

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Here we would like to extend our heart full obligation to the following person to their
sincere help and cooperation during the project presentation without whose help this
project would never been completed.

Much credits and full thanks are owned to, Er. SUNITA SAMAL (H.O.D), ER. PRIYADARSHINI MALLICK
(MECH) engineer in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT encouraging and allowing us to
present the topic “BRAKEING SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC GOLF CART” the project held at our dept.
premises for the partial fulfillment for the requirement leading to the award of diploma engineering.

Also would like to express our deep sense of gratitude and thanks to all the faculty members of
mechanical engineering, BOSE, for their kind cooperation and assistance throughout the seminar
representation.

Last but not least we would like to extend a special word thanks to all well wishes for
giving us a helping hand whenever nee and for making project a grand success.
 CONTENT
SL. NO CHAPTER NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 01

2 OBJECTIVE 01

3 FUNCTION OF BRAKES 01

4 STOPPING TIME AND STOPPING

02
DISTANCE OF BRAKES

5 TYPES OF BRAKEING SYSTEM 03

• DRUM BRAKES
• DISC BRAKES
• MECHANICAL BRAKES
• HYDRAULIC BRAKES
- BLEEDING OF BRAKES
• AIR OR PNEUMATIC BRAKES
• VACCUM BRAKES
• AIR ASISTED HYDRAULIC BRAKES

6 CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF 03

BRAKEING SYSTEM

7 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 03

OF BRAKEING SYSTEM

8 CONCLUSIONS 04

9 REFERENCE 05
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Steering system as well as braking system contribute to safe operation of an automobile. We

know that safety of passengers in a moving vehicle depends upon a good brake system. Now-
a-days vehicles have much higher maximum speeds as compared to olden days. So, brake
system of fast running vehicles must be very effective to avoid accidents and for good
controlling of vehicles. Brakes are expected to stop a moving vehicle in shortest time and
distance. For this reason, the brakes must be well designed and regular inspection,
adjustment and repair is required. In Automobiles brakes play important role in slowing down
and stopping of the vehicle as and when required by the driver. Fundamentally the brakes are
of two types (i) Internal expanding (ii) External contracting type . Different types of brakes
are used in different vehicles as per the requirement . According to application, the brakes
are of different types-mechanical , hydraulic air,vacuum , Air assisted Hydraulic.

OBJECTIVE
It is very much known that braking system is very important component of a vehicle. The
running vehicle is not only safely-stopped but also controlled by using brakes.

Brakes play an important role to control the vehicle. Also safety of passengers depends upon
the good brake system. So, brake system must be very effective and efficient to stop the
vehicle in shortest time and distance without giving any jerk and strain to driver.

FUNCTION OF BRAKES
Braking action is the use of a controlled force to stop the running vehicle. When brakes are
applied, a friction force is developed which retard the vehicle. In this way kinetic energy is
converted into heat energy. Brakes must stop the vehicle in shortest distance and time.
Therefore brakes must retard the vehicle at a faster rate than the engine can accelerate it.
For this, brakes must be designed to control greater power than that developed by engine.
Fig. 5.1 shows a rough comparison between horse power developed by engine and controlled
by brakes.
According to the purpose, the brakes may be classified as the service or primary brakes or
foot brakes and the hand brakes or parking or secondary brakes. The service brakes are the
main brakes used to stop the vehicle while in motion. Parking brakes are meant to hold the
vehicle on a slope.

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CHAPTER 2
STOPING TIME AND STOPING DISTANCE
The stopping time and stopping distance shows the efficiency of brakes.
The maximum retarding force applied by the brake at the wheels, F, depends upon the
coefficient of friction between the road and tyre surface u and the component of the weight
of the vehicle on the wheel, w.

F=uw

In actual practice 100% of brakes efficiency is not used. The stopping time and distance
depend upon

(i) Vehicle speed

(ii) Condition of road surface
(iii) Condition of tyre tread.
(iv) Coefficient of friction between the tyre tread and road surface.
(v) Coefficient of friction between brake drum and brake lining (in case of Drum brakes).
(vi) Coefficient of friction between the disc and the friction pad (in case of Disc brakes).
(vii) Brake force applied by the driver.
However, during emergency braking, the reaction of the driver and response time of the
brakes also play an important role. The total stopping distance in case of emergency braking
may be divided into three parts:
(i) Distance travelled during the reaction time of the driver.
(ii) Distance travelled between the time elapsed between driver pressing the brake pedal and
actual application of brakes at wheels.
(iii) Net stopping distance, depending upon the deceleration. Keeping all the factors in view,
the assumed brake efficiencies for some of the vehicle may be like the valves given in the
table approximately.

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 These values depend upon the distance travelled during the reaction time of the driver and
distance travelled between applying pedal and actual application of brakes at wheels.
CHAPTER 3
TYPES OF BRAKING SYSTEM
Brakes can be classified according to the following considerations:

1. Purpose:

• Foot brakes or service brakes.

• Hand brakes or parking brakes.

2. Location:

• Wheel brakes i.e. located at wheels.

• Transmission brakes i.e. located at transmission.

3. Construction:

• Drum brakes

• Internal Expanding brakes

• External Contracting brakes

• (ii) Disc brakes

4. Mode of operation:

• Mechanical brakes

• Hydraulic brakes

• Vacuum brakes

• Air brakes

• Electric brakes.

DRUM BRAKE :
The main disadvantage of drum brakes is that the friction area is almost entirely covered by
a lining, so most heat must be conducted through the drum to reach the outside air to cool.

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Because of being exposed to the air, the disc brakes radiate the heat to air easier, the disc
brakes have a greater resistance to fade (fall-off in brake efficiency due to heat) than drum
brakes. It means the disc brake could be operated continuously for a long period.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

In this type of brakes, a brake drum is attached concentric to the axle hub whereas on the
axle casing is mounted a back plate. In case of front axle, the brake plates are bolted to the
steering knuckle. The back plate is made of pressed steel and is ribbed to increase rigidity and
to provide support for the expanding brake shoes. These brakes are also known as internal
expanding brakes.
Meanwhile, drum brakes have more parts than disc brakes and are harder to service, but they
are less expensive to manufacture, and they easily incorporate an emergency brake
mechanism. The effective brake friction area of drum brakes is bigger than that of disc brakes,
so thatthe drum brakes have higher braking efficiency. It is necessary for the heavy-duty
commercial vehicles.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DRUM BRAKE

Drum brakes have been widely used in automotive applications for many years, and they
come with their own set of advantages and disadvantages:

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Advantages:

1. Simple Design: Drum brakes have a relatively simple design compared to disc brakes,
making them cost-effective to manufacture and maintain.

2. Effective in Low-Speed Braking: Drum brakes perform well at low speeds and are effective
for vehicles that don't require frequent or aggressive braking.

3.Self-Actuation: Drum brakes are self-actuating, meaning the wheel cylinder and brake shoes
move outward when the brakes are applied, helping to provide additional braking force.

4. Protection from Elements: The enclosed design of drum brakes provides better protection
against water, dirt, and debris compared to disc brakes, making them more suitable for
certain environments.

5. Parking Brake Function: Many drum brakes also serve as the parking brake mechanism,
simplifying the overall braking system design.

Disadvantages:

1. Heat Dissipation: Drum brakes are prone to overheating under heavy or repeated braking
because the heat generated has limited avenues to dissipate, which can result in brake fade
(reduced braking efficiency).

2. Weight: Drum brakes are generally heavier than disc brakes, which can contribute to
increased unsprung weight, affecting handling and fuel efficiency.

3. Less Efficient Cooling: The enclosed nature of drum brakes limits air circulation, which can
impair their performance during prolonged or heavy braking.

4. Maintenance: Drum brakes can be more challenging to service and maintain compared to
disc brakes. Adjustments and replacements may require more effort and time.

5. Performance in Wet Conditions: Drum brakes can be less effective in wet conditions
compared to disc brakes because water can collect inside the drum, reducing friction between
the shoes and the drum surface.

6. Complexity with ABS: Drum brakes are less compatible with anti-lock braking systems (ABS)
compared to disc brakes, primarily due to slower response times and potential issues with
modulation.

DISC BRAKE:
The disc brake consists a cast iron disc bolted to the wheel hub and a stationary housing called
calliper. The Calliper is connected to some stationary part of vehicle, like axle casing or the

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stab axle and is cast in two parts, each part containing a piston. In between each piston and
the disc, there is a friction pad held in position by retaining pins, spring plates etc.

When the brakes are applied, hydrautically actuated piston move the friction pads into
contact with the disc, applying equal and opposite forces on the later. On releasing brakes,
the rubber sealing rings act as return springs and retract the pistons and the friction pads
away from the disc.

And the disc brakes have better gradual braking efficiency. There are also some other
advantages of disc brakes, such as: equal wear of the inboard and outboard brake pads,
relatively constant brake factor performance with lower susceptibility to fading.

But the disc brakes also have some disadvantages. For example, the disc brake has short brake
pad life when used on heavy-duty commercial vehicles, it needs higher acquisition and
operating costs, it will cause brake noise easily.

Since 1976, all cars have used disc brakes on the front wheels, most cars use drum brakes on
the rear wheels. Because of the car is center of gravity will move forward when braking, the
front brakes need higher braking force and better gradual braking efficiency. With the
development of economy, even though the disc brake is more expensive to manufacture and
operate, in modern passenger vehicles are usually disc front and rear brakes are used. For
saving costs, many cars still use drum brakes.

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Disc brakes have been used in most passenger cars, and now they are being adopoted to
commercial vehicles too. Besides being used in fast coaches, the occurent disc brakes used in
commercial vehicles are primarily limited to front-axle brakes. Because when the weight of
commercial vehicles is up to about 7.5 t, which are driven in a manner similar to passenger
cars.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DISC BRAKE

Advantage of Disc Brakes

• Main advantage of disc brakes is their resistance to wear as the discs remain cool even
after repeated brake applications.

• Brake pads are easily replaceable.

• The condition of brake pads can be checked without much dismantling of brake
system.

Disadvantage of Disc Brakes

• More force is needed be applied as the brakes are not self emerging.

• Pad wear is more.

• Hand brakes are not effective if disc brakes are used in rear wheels also. (Hand brakes
are better with mechanical brakes).

MECHANICAL BRAKE:
The brakes which are operated mechanically by means of levers, linkages, pedal cams and bell
cranks etc. are known as mechanical brakes. Mechanical brakes wer employed in olden days
but now hydraulic and other type of braking system hay taken its place. Also some large trucks
and articulated type of braking such type of brakes. Such type of brakes are also employed in
parking brakes. Fig. 5.3 shows the layout of mechanical brake system

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Construction: Foot pedal is attached to the central rod and four levers are fixed to this central
rod. These levers are connected to the brake mechanism of all four wheels with the help of
adjustable rods.

An internal expanding mechanically operated brake usually consists of following main

components as shown in fig.

• Brake pedal to operate the brakes.

• Links and levers to provide mechanical connections.

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 • Brake drum which moves with road wheel. The expanding brake shoes come into
contact to retard its speed.

• Cam which expands the brake shoes.

• Brake shoe with linings of friction material.

• Retracting spring which connects both the brake shoes at their loose enda helps them
in contracting after the brakes are released.

Working: It is quite understanding from fig. 5.3 and 5.4. When the brake pedai is pressed, it
turns the central rod. All four levers are attached to central rod. So. these levers pull their
respective brake rods. When brake rod is pulled it activates the cam in brake assembly and
expands the brake shoes. Brake shoes are forced against brake drum and produce retarding
force. In this way, mechanical brakes are operated. After releasing the brake pedal, retractor
spring pulls the brake shoes back

Use: Mechanical brakes are used in some large trucks and articulated trailers. Parking brakes
of the vehicles are also mechanical type brakes. These parking brakes are operated by hands.
For example, hand brakes in Maruti vehicles are internal expanding type mechanical brakes.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MECHANICAL BRAKE

Advantages Of Mechanical Brakes

• Simple in construction and maintenance

• Less expensive compared to hydraulic brake

• They are good for emergency and parking brakes

• Low cost compare to hydraulic brake

Disadvantages Of Mechanical Brakes

• wear and tear happens at brake surfaces

• heat dissipation is not uniform

• they are less effective compared to hydraulic brake

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HYDRAULIC BRAKE:
Brakes which are operated by means of hydraulic pressure or fluid pressure are known as
hydraulic brakes. Most of the cars today use hydraulic brakes operated by foot on all the four
wheels with an additional hand brake mechanically operated on the rear wheel.

Layout and Components: The layout of hydraulic brake is given in fig. Its main components
are as under.

1. Brake pedal,

2. Master cylinder,

3. Fluid reservoir,

4. Wheel cylinder.

Master cylinder contains reservoir for the brake fluid. Master cylinder i operated by brake
pedal and is further connected to wheel cylinders in each wheel through steel pipes.

Layout diagram of Hydraulic brake system

Principle: Master cylinder is the main component of hydraulic brake system which contains
reservoir for the brake fluid. Fluid pressure is involved in this type of brakes. So, hydraulic
brake acts according to the principle of 'Pascal's Law' which states that pressure applied to a
liquid in a closed vessel is equally transmitted in all directions.

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It is important to understand the pressure. Pressure is the ratio of external applied force (F)
to the area of cross-section (A). According to Pascal's law, pressure is transmitted equally in
all direction. Its application can be easily understood from fig.

Its represents the area of small cylinder and is force applied on it. 'A' represents the area of
large cylinder and 'F' is the weight on it. Weight is also a force. Then according to Pascal's
law: L F Constant

It is very much clear from this equation that we can lift heavy weight with small force.

Working: In this type of brake, wheel cylinders take the place of brake shoe operating cam.
The wheel cylinder contains two pistons. The loose ends rest at the ends of these pistons.
The pistons inside the wheel cylinder move out when greater hydraulic pressure acts inside
the cylinder. Master cylinder supplies the high pressure fluid to wheel cylinders. The pistons
then move outward in the cylinder exerting pressure on the loose ends of the brake shoe.
As a result, the brake shoes are expanded outward and come into contact with the brake
drum. In this way brakes are applied.

When the brake pedal is released, the retracting spring closes the brake shoes which push
the wheel cylinder's pistons inwards. Inward going wheel cylinder's pistons develop back
pressure and force back the fluid into the master cylinder. In this way brakes are released.

Main components of hydraulic brake system are wheel cylinder and master cylinder. To
understand the complete working of hydraulic brake we have to understand the working of
wheel cylinder and master cylinder along with their construction. So wheel cylinder and
master cylinder are discussed separately.

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULIC BRAKES
Advantages

a) Equal braking action on all wheels.

b) Increased braking force.

c) Simple in construction.

d) Low wear rate of brake linings.

e) Flexibility of brake linings.

f) Increased mechanical advantage.

Disadvantages

a) Water in the brake system can cause very serious problems as the water can
evaporate and the fluid becomes compressible.

b) Water causes rust and corrosion in the metal parts of the system and makes it difficult
for the seals to operate correctly and produce the high pressures needed for braking.

c) The brake pads can wear out very easily if the brake is not manufactured properly

BLEEDING OF BRAKES IN HYDRAULIC BRAKES

In Hydraulic Brakes, the removal of air from the entire Hydraulic system starting from master
cylinder to different wheel cylinders is known as Brake Bleeding

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It includes the following process:

1) At first check all the pipe lines and junction boxes from master cylinder to wheel
cylinder. Whether there is any leak among them.

2) (ii) Ask one person to pump the brake pedal and keep it in pressing position

3) (iii) The second person should loosen the bleeding nipple at the back plate of the
wheel cylinder position.
4) (iv) Keep the bleeding nipple in open until the air bubbles disappear and the brake
fluid comes out with a force. Collect the brake fluid in a glass tumbler.

5) (v) Then tighten the bleeding nipple

6) (vi) Repeat this process in all the wheel cylinders starting from the farthest wheel to
the master cylinder and ending with the nearest wheel.

7) (vii) Make sure that the level of brake fluid in master cylinder is 14 less than the top
covers while filling it.

BRAKE FLUID

The brake fluid is hygroscopic; it will absorb water. In order to keep the high quality of brake
fluid, the driver needs to check and change the brake fluid regularly and keep the indicated
level of brake fluid. By changing it every 24 thousand kilometers or every 2 years, may double
or triple the life cycle of modern automatic transmissions. If the cars are often driven in wet
areas, the replacement period is shorter.

The leak of hydraulic system

The hydraulic system is used in both drum and disc brakes, there is an eventuality of a leak.
If it is a slow leak, there may not be enough fluid left to fill the brake cylinder, and the brakes
may not function. If it is a major leak, then the first time you apply the brakes all of the fluid
will squirt out the leak and you will have a complete brake failure. So it is necessary to regular
check the system regularly whether there is a leak.

VACCUM BRAKE:
The main components of vacuum brake are:
1. Exhauster
2. Vacuum Reservoir
3. Vacuum booster.

In vacuum brakes, suction from the engine inlet manifold is utilised for brake application. A
piston or diaphragm is operated in a cylinder and provided with suitable linkage for brake
application. There are two types of vacuum brakes:

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1. Suspended air type: In this type both sides of the piston are exposed to atmosphere when
brakes are in released position. For applying brakes engine vacuum is applied on one side of
the piston. Thus operating the linkage.

2. Suspended vacuum type: In this type both sides of the piston are subjected to engine
vacuum in the brakes released position. To apply brakes, one side is exposed to atmosphere
which provide the pressure difference and desired force on the piston to operate the linkage.
This is preffered over first type because this is comparatively more rapid in action.

Construction: As shown in the fig. 5.7, vacuum reservoir is connected through a non-return
valve to the inlet manifold between carburettor and the engine. Vacuum reservoir is also
connected to servo cylinder on both sides of the piston. Left side of piston is connected
through the control unit and right side is directly connected. Control unit also contains a
piston to which two valves are attached. The upper valve controls the connections between
the atmosphere and left side of the piston in the servo cylinder. The lower valve controls the
connection between vacuum reservoir and left side of the servo cylinder piston. The piston in
the control unit itself is actuated by the brake pedal through the master cylinder.

Working: When the brake pedal is pressed to apply the brakes, the pressure of the brake fluid
pushes the piston in the control unit up, thereby closing the lower valve and opening the
upper valve. Thus left side of servo piston is exposed to atmospheric pressure, whereas
vacuum acts on the right side.

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ADVANTAGES

• simple in design

• Ability to get partial release, something the pneumatic brake could not do without
additional equipment.

• Greater amount of safety because the vacuum loses results in the braking of the
vehicle.

• Highly reliable in the case of rail wagons.

• Permits the automatic application of brakes down the entire length of the train from
a simple control in the driver's hand.

• Vacuum brakes are also fail safe since the vacuum is used for applying the brake

Limitations

• To stop a huge body a certain degree of vacuum is to be attained and for that a very
large brake piston and cylinder are required to generate the force necessary on the
brake blocks.

• For the same reason, on a very long train, a considerable volume of air has to be
admitted to the train pipe to make a full brake application, and a considerable volume
has to be exhausted to release the brake..

• The existence of vacuum in the train pipe can cause debris to be sucked in.

Air Brakes:
The manufacturers of braking systems offer a variety of air brake equip- ment. However, the
simplest system consists of an air compressor, a brake valve, series of brake chambers,
unloader valve, a pressure gauge and a safety valve. These are all connected by lines of tubing.
The other braking systems may have additional components such as stop-light switch, a low
pressure indicator, an air supply valve to supply air for tyre inflation, a quick release valve to
release air quickly from the front brake chambers when pedal is re- leased, a limiting valve
for limiting the maximum pressure in the front brake chambers and a relay valve to help in
quick admission and release of air from rear brake chambers.

The compressor sends compressed air to the-reservoirs which are connected to the brake.
valve. The lines of tubing from the brake valve extend to the front and rear brake chambers.
When the drive depresses the pedal, it operates the brake valve thus admitting compressed

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air to all the brake chambers. The compressed air operates the diaphragm of the brake
chambers thereby applying the brakes.

ADVANTAGES OF AIR BRAKE SYSTEM

• Low inertia effect of pneumatic components due to low density of air.

• Pneumatic Systems are light in weight.

• Operating elements are cheaper and easy to operate

• Power losses are less due to low viscosity of air

• High output to weight ratio

• Pneumatic systems offers a safe power source in explosive environment

• Leakage is less and does not influence the systems. Moreover, leakage is not harmful

DISADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS

• Suitable only for low pressure and hence low force applications

• Compressed air actuators are economical up to 50 KN only

• Generation of the compressed air is expensive compared to electricity

• Exhaust air noise is unpleasant and silence has to be used

• Rigidity of the system is poor

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 • Weight to pressure ratio is large

• Less precise. It is not possible to achieve uniform speed due to compressibility of air

Air Assisted Hydraulic Brake

• In this type of braking system, the air pressure is converted into hydraulic pressure.

• Here the air power cylinder is combined with the hydraulic master cylinder and the
reservoir.

• The conventional type hydraulic brakes are actuated by the air power with the help of
this unit.

• The bore of the power cylinder is generally kept four times that of the masters
cylinder.

• The ratio between the hydraulic pressure and the air pressure is maintained at 15:1.

• Compressed air delivered by the air compressor incorporated in engine is used to

assist the hydraulic brake system to increase brake efficiency.

• The compressed air from the compressor flows to the tyre inflating bottle to the air
pressure regulator to the air container and to the truck brake valves when desired.

• It will be seen that the piston of brake valve is held against the stop on the body by
the return spring.

• The inlet valve is kept closed on its seat on the valve body in the existing pool remains
open.

• The space behind the piston is connected to the atmosphere through the cross hole
in the body and through the exhaust passage on the reaction piston and the reaction
fork.

Working Of Air Assisted Hydraulic Brake:

• When the brake pedal is depressed by the driver, the input rod moves the lever
forward.

• In this condition the pin joint at the power piston guide acts as a fulcrum the
movement of the lever moves the reaction piston and the exhaust passage is closed.

• Further movement of the input rod opens the inlet value and air pressure is admitted
isto the space behind the piston through the cross hole on the body.

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• This air pressure forces the power piston to move and this effort is transmitted to the
master cylinder through the output rod.

• The force acting on the master cylinder thus creates the hydraulic pressure required
for the application of the brakes.

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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION :
• Nowadays, most people have realized the necessity and significance of the existence
of brakes in vehicles. Besides the cars, the brake system is also used in many ways,
such as in airplanes, bicycles. The technology of brake system will be better in the
future. So it is good for drivers to know some basic principles and composition,
structure of automobile brake system.

• But meanwhile, because of using brakes, there is more pollution, for example, the
brakes will emit more particles, noise and waste resource. For better environment, we
need to avoid the overuse the brakes.

• Different brakes and different brake pads have different advantages and
disadvantages. When the drivers choose these parts, they need to think carefully of
the actual driving conditions, and find the most suitable ones.

• In the future, there will be new materials which can decrease wear particles and noise.
Maybe the electric car will occupy a bigger portion in automobile market.

• For drivers’ safe, they also need to know the basic knowledge about daily maintenance
of the brakes, and need to inspect the brakes regularly. In order to make sure the
brakes are in good condition, it is necessary to check and replace the broken and badly
worn parts of the brakes.

• The energy efficiency of a conventional brake is only about 20 percent, with the
remaining 80 percent of its energy being converted to heat through friction. The
miraculous thing about regenerative braking is that it may be able to capture as much
as half of that wasted energy and put it back to work.This reduces fuel consumption
by 10 to 25 percent.

• Hence regenerative braking plays an important role in fuel consumption and also in
the field of speed

• Braking system is responsible for bring a vehicle to a complete halt. The traditional
disc and drum brakes have now been replaced by anti lock braking system. The advent
of Traction control System has provide better control on the braking of a Vehicle. With
the traffic norms getting stringent by the day anti lock braking system would, one day,
become mandotary on all vehicles.

• The air brake system is quick to act and the pressure applied on the brake is directly
proportional to the air brake system. The efficiency of air brake system is relatively
high when compared to the other types of brakes.

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CHAPTER 5

REFERENCES

• Hasegawa, I., & Uchida, S. (1999). Braking systems. Japan Railway and Transport
Review, 20, 52-59.

• Clegg, S. J. (1996). A review of regenerative braking systems

• Hamada, A. T., & Orhan, M. F. (2022). An overview of regenerative braking systems.

Journal of Energy Storage, 52, 105033.

• Fisher, M., Ramdas, K., & Ulrich, K. (1999). Component sharing in the management of
product variety: A study of automotive braking systems. Management science, 45(3),
297-315.

• Gao, Y., & Ehsani, M. (2001). Electronic braking system of EV and HEV---integration
of regenerative braking, automatic braking force control and ABS. SAE transactions,
576-582.

• Savaresi, S. M., & Tanelli, M. (2010). Active braking control systems design for
vehicles. Springer Science & Business Media.

• Mauer, G. F. (1995). A fuzzy logic controller for an ABS braking system. IEEE
Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 3(4), 381-388.

• Gao, Y., Chu, L., & Ehsani, M. (2007, September). Design and control principles of
hybrid braking system for EV, HEV and FCV. In 2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and
Propulsion Conference (pp. 384-391). IEEE.

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