Effect of Rainwater Gardens As Flood Mitigation Using Storm Water Management Model
Effect of Rainwater Gardens As Flood Mitigation Using Storm Water Management Model
Effect of Rainwater Gardens As Flood Mitigation Using Storm Water Management Model
Kimberly Ann V. Yano Mike Aldrin D. Cabaluna Maricar B. Rempis Almira Iris S. Sales
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
FEU – Institute of Technology FEU – Institute of Technology FEU – Institute of Technology FEU – Institute of Technology
Manila, Philippines Manila, Philippines Manila, Philippines Manila, Philippines
kvyano@feutech.edu.ph mikealdrin.cabaluna@gmail.com maricarrempis@gmail.com salesalmira0905@gmail.com
Abstract— Flooding is a perennial problem in the Philippines, than half a million citizens, causing multiple fatalities, injuries,
particularly in its capital city of Manila. Sampaloc is one of the and damaging thousands of buildings within the Metropolis.
barangays in Manila vulnerable to flooding according to the Flood Infrastructure damage was also reported to be more than half a
Risk Map of Metro Manila. The researchers considered España million Philippine peso [1, 2].
Boulevard as the area of study since it is one of the most flood prone
roads in Manila, according to Metro Manila Development España Road, or España Boulevard as it is popularly known,
Authority (MMDA). The study is focused on the analysis of is a major arterial road in Sampaloc Manila. News of floods in
Rainwater Gardens as an additional flood mitigation in España the area are usually reported during rainy seasons. During the
Boulevard using Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) typhoon Ondoy, España Boulevard was once again one of the
simulation. Studies have proven that rainwater garden is heavily flooded roads in the entire Metropolitan Area.
considered as one of the most effective, simplest, and low-cost
methods to address abrupt flooding. Moreover, it is easy to install, According to the Department of Public Works and Highways
maintain and has a lot of advantages such as removing nutrient- (DPWH), one main cause of floods in Metropolitan areas are
based pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, improving air outdated drainage systems [3]. Accumulated rainfall runoff due
quality, money saving and water conservation and improving to poor drainage systems has been identified as the root of
environmental aesthetics. The data was collected through online surface floods in the country [4]. Due to the ineffective size of
surveys. The gathered data was calibrated and simulated using existing drainage systems, roads in the Metropolitan continue to
SWMM. As per the results, the rainwater garden is effective as an be flooded with heavy rainfall [5].
additional flood mitigation system since it can reduce the flood
depth up to 19.42% and 14.78% for 25-year return period and 50- According to the data taken from field observations during
year return period storm, respectively. The delay of abrupt flooding the years 2016 to 2018, the country is reported to be regularly
is beneficial to the residents of flood prone areas. In real life struggling with minor to moderate flooding and would
scenario, the 0.15 m difference in flood depth for a 25-year return occasionally suffer severe flooding in events of heavy typhoons.
period storm and 0.17 m difference in flood depth for a 50-year The study discovered the direct threats associated with floods are
return period storm will serve as longer time for evacuation of the the economic stability of the Metropolitan area and the physical
residents when excessive flooding occurs. Moreover, rescuers will health of its citizens [6].
have more time to respond to affected areas and save more people.
Disruption in economic activities is one of the negative
effects of flooding, with employees encountering problems in
Keywords— Flood, Rain Gardens, Storm Water Management transportation to and from the Metropolis [7]. Through means of
Model, Typhoon Ondoy surveys, it was revealed that a significant change in the time
traveled by the commuters between normal conditions and
I. I. INTRODUCTION
conditions disrupted by flooding. Commuters have often been
Flooding is a perennial problem in the Philippines, forced to change routes to avoid flood prone roads, thus affecting
particularly in its capital city of Manila. Being an archipelagic their performance in their respective fields [8].
country near the equator, the geographical location and physical
environment of the Philippines makes it prone to natural The frequent occurrence of floods raises many concerns for
disasters such as typhoons. In fact, the country is visited by at the physical and mental well-being of the citizens of not only the
least 20 typhoons annually, with Typhoon Ondoy, also known city but the entire country as well. Drowning, exposure to
by its international name “Typhoon Ketsana”, reported as one of contaminated floodwater and the increase of diseases are some
the most devastating typhoons that struck the country in the of the worst consequences to human health brought by floods,
southwest area of Luzon during the late 2009. The typhoon with some even causing death to the affected [9]. Some of the
caused heavy rainfall from September 25 to September 26 in the psychosocial disturbances caused by exposure to flood are the
year 2009. In the Quezon City Science Garden, half a meter of loss of a person’s routine, their sense of control and emotional
rain fell, in which this amount is only expected once every 150 connection to loved ones [10].
years. According to the collected data, the typhoon affected more
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literatures. The values for the %-Zero Imperviousness were TABLE I. Summary of the catchment properties
estimated from 0 - 100% and other properties remained at the
default values as there were no objects and conditions added
from the model.
C. Rainfall Data
Considering the strong typhoons that greatly affect Metro
Manila, the rainfall data that was used for the calibration was
Typhoon Ondoy as shown in fig. 3.
The data of Typhoon Ondoy have been obtained from
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA).
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TABLE II. Flood Depth with Rain Garden
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