DIT 2214 ADVANCED PC MAINTENANCE AND SUPPORT Notes 2023

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATICS
Department of Information technology
DIT 2214: ADVANCED PC MAINTENANCE &

SUPPORT
Additional Instructional materials for Advanced PC

Maintenance & Support
@MAY - AUG 2023
BY: MR. KEVIN NJAGI (LECTURER - MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY) @ MAY - AUG 2023 1
CHAPTER ONE
ADVANCED PC MAINTENANCE AND SUPPORT
WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED PC MAINTENANCE, REPAIR & SUPPORT
1.1 What is Advanced PC Maintenance and Support ?

 Advanced PC maintenance and support refers to the advanced level of care, troubleshooting,
and assistance provided to maintain and optimize the performance of personal computers (PCs)
beyond basic maintenance tasks. It involves a deeper understanding of computer systems,
software, and hardware components, and employs advanced techniques to address complex issues
and enhance system performance.
1.2 Key Aspects/Activities of Advanced PC Maintenance and Support:
1) Performance Optimization: Advanced PC maintenance focuses on optimizing system

performance by fine-tuning various components and settings. This may involve advanced
techniques such as overclocking (increasing the clock speed of the CPU or graphics card for
higher performance), adjusting BIOS settings, optimizing power settings, and managing virtual
memory.
2) Advanced Software Troubleshooting: In addition to basic software troubleshooting, advanced
PC maintenance involves diagnosing and resolving complex software issues. This may include
troubleshooting compatibility problems, resolving software conflicts, repairing corrupt system
files, and addressing issues with specialized software applications.
3) Advanced Hardware Troubleshooting: Advanced PC support deals with intricate hardware
troubleshooting, diagnosing hardware failures, and resolving compatibility issues. It may involve
analyzing system logs, conducting extensive hardware tests using specialized diagnostic tools,
and identifying and replacing faulty components.
4) Data Recovery and Disk Repair: Advanced PC maintenance includes techniques and tools for
data recovery in cases of accidental deletion, disk formatting, or hardware failures. It may involve
using specialized data recovery software, working with disk imaging tools, or even collaborating
with professional data recovery services for more severe cases.
5) Network and Connectivity Support: Advanced PC support encompasses troubleshooting
network-related issues, configuring advanced network settings, and diagnosing connectivity
problems. This may involve analyzing network logs, configuring routers and firewalls, and
addressing complex network configurations.
6) Security Hardening: Advanced PC maintenance focuses on strengthening security measures to
protect against advanced threats. This includes configuring advanced firewall settings,
implementing intrusion detection and prevention systems, securing wireless networks, and
conducting vulnerability assessments.
7) Advanced System Maintenance Tools: Advanced PC maintenance often involves using
specialized tools and utilities beyond the built-in system tools. These tools provide in-depth
analysis, advanced optimization, and advanced system monitoring features. Examples include
tools like PC diagnostic software, system benchmarking tools, and advanced disk management
utilities.
8) Virtualization and Sandbox Environments: Advanced PC support may involve setting up
virtual machines or sandbox environments to test software or isolate potentially risky
applications. This helps protect the main system and provides a controlled environment for testing
and troubleshooting.
9) System Upgrades and Customization: Advanced PC maintenance includes assisting with
system upgrades, such as replacing components like processors, graphics cards, or memory
modules. It may also involve customizing the system, such as building a custom gaming PC or
configuring specialized workstations for specific tasks.
10) Expert Consultation and Guidance: Advanced PC maintenance and support often involve
providing expert consultation and guidance to users or organizations on topics such as hardware
selection, system architecture, software optimization, and advanced troubleshooting techniques.
NB: Advanced PC maintenance and support require a deep understanding of computer systems, software,
and hardware, as well as experience with advanced troubleshooting techniques. It is typically performed
by experienced IT professionals or specialized technical support teams.
Here are some advanced PC maintenance and support Notes that can help you take your computer
maintenance skills to the next level:
1. Regular System Cleanup: Perform regular system cleanup to remove temporary files, cache, and
unnecessary data that can clutter your system and impact performance. You can use built-in tools
like Disk Cleanup (Windows) or Disk Utility (macOS), or third-party applications like CCleaner.
2. Disk Defragmentation: Defragmenting your hard drive can improve file access times and overall
system performance. Windows has a built-in Disk Defragmenter tool, while macOS has a similar
feature called "Optimize Storage" or third-party defragmentation tools can be used.
3. Monitoring System Resources: Keep an eye on your computer's resource usage, such as CPU,
memory, and disk utilization. Task Manager (Windows) and Activity Monitor (macOS) are useful
tools for monitoring resource usage and identifying resource-intensive processes.
4. Update Firmware and Drivers: In addition to keeping your operating system and software up-
to-date, ensure that you regularly update firmware for hardware components like your
motherboard, graphics card, and network adapters. Similarly, update drivers to ensure
compatibility, performance improvements, and bug fixes.
5. Managing Startup Programs: Reduce the number of unnecessary programs that start
automatically when your computer boots up. This can help improve boot times and overall
system responsiveness. Use the Task Manager (Windows) or System Preferences (macOS) to
manage startup programs.
6. System Optimization Tools: Consider using advanced system optimization tools that provide
comprehensive maintenance and performance-enhancing features. These tools often include
features like registry cleaning, software uninstallation, startup optimization, and system tweaking
options. Examples include Advanced SystemCare (Windows) and CleanMyMac (macOS).
7. Hardware Diagnostics: Use hardware diagnostic tools to identify and troubleshoot issues with
your computer's hardware components. Many manufacturers provide their own diagnostic tools,
and there are also third-party utilities available.
8. Malware Removal and Prevention: Use reputable antivirus and anti-malware software to
protect your computer from viruses, spyware, ransomware, and other malicious threats. Perform
regular scans, keep the software up-to-date, and exercise caution when browsing the internet or
opening email attachments.
9. Backup Strategies: Implement a robust backup strategy to protect your important data. Use both
local and cloud-based backup solutions to ensure redundancy and quick recovery in case of data
loss. Regularly test your backups to verify their integrity.
10. Stay Informed: Keep up-to-date with the latest security practices, software updates, and
technology trends. Regularly read tech blogs, forums, and official software/security advisories to
stay informed about potential vulnerabilities, patches, and best practices.
Remember, advanced PC maintenance requires a good understanding of computer systems, caution when
making changes, and the willingness to learn and adapt as technology evolves. Always exercise caution
and make backups before making significant system changes.
1.3 Reasons For Performing Advanced Pc Maintenance And Support:
There are several reasons why advanced PC maintenance and support are necessary. Here are some key
reasons:
1. Optimal Performance: Advanced maintenance techniques help ensure that a computer operates at
its highest potential. By fine-tuning system settings, optimizing hardware components, and
removing bottlenecks, you can enhance overall performance and responsiveness.
2. Extended Lifespan: Regular and advanced maintenance can extend the lifespan of a computer. By
addressing hardware and software issues promptly, conducting regular cleaning, and implementing
proper cooling measures, you can reduce the wear and tear on components, thereby increasing their
longevity.
3. Enhanced Security: Advanced maintenance includes implementing robust security measures to
protect against malware, viruses, and other threats. Regular software updates, strong antivirus
software, and firewall configurations help safeguard personal data and prevent unauthorized access.
4. Troubleshooting Complex Issues: Advanced maintenance and support enable the diagnosis and
resolution of complex software and hardware issues. Experienced professionals can utilize
specialized tools and techniques to identify the root causes of problems and implement effective
solutions.
5. Compatibility and Upgrades: As technology evolves, maintaining compatibility between
hardware and software becomes increasingly important. Advanced maintenance helps ensure that
new software releases and hardware upgrades can be seamlessly integrated into the existing system
without conflicts or performance issues.
6. Data Protection and Recovery: Advanced support includes implementing robust data backup
strategies and providing data recovery services. This helps protect against data loss due to hardware
failures, accidental deletion, or other unforeseen circumstances.
7. Specialized Needs: Some users or organizations have unique requirements that demand advanced
PC maintenance and support. This may include custom-built systems, gaming PCs, high-
performance workstations, or specialized software configurations. Advanced support caters to these
specific needs, providing tailored solutions and expertise.
8. Proactive Maintenance: Advanced maintenance takes a proactive approach to system care rather
than waiting for issues to arise. By regularly monitoring system health, optimizing performance,
and conducting preventive maintenance, you can prevent problems before they become critical and
avoid potential downtime.
9. Expert Consultation: Advanced maintenance and support provide access to experienced
professionals who can offer expert advice, guidance, and recommendations. They can help users
make informed decisions regarding system upgrades, hardware selection, software optimization,
and security practices.
10. Time and Cost Savings: While advanced maintenance may require upfront investment, it can save
time and money in the long run. By addressing issues promptly, optimizing performance, and
avoiding costly system failures, you can minimize downtime and reduce repair or replacement
costs.
NB: Overall, advanced PC maintenance and support ensure that computer systems operate at their best,
remain secure, and meet the specific needs of users or organizations. It enables efficient troubleshooting,
extends the lifespan of hardware, and maximizes productivity while providing access to specialized
knowledge and expertise.
1.4 Advantages Of Advanced Pc Maintenance And Support.
Advanced PC maintenance and support offers several advantages that contribute to the overall
performance, reliability, and longevity of computer systems. Here are some key advantages:
1. Improved Performance: Advanced maintenance techniques optimize system settings, fine-tune

hardware components, and remove bottlenecks, resulting in enhanced performance and
responsiveness. This leads to faster load times, smoother multitasking, and improved overall
productivity.
2. Enhanced System Stability: Advanced maintenance helps identify and resolve software
conflicts, hardware compatibility issues, and system instability problems. By addressing these
issues, the system becomes more stable, reducing crashes, freezes, and unexpected shutdowns.
3. Increased Security: Advanced maintenance includes robust security measures such as regular
software updates, strong antivirus software, and firewall configurations. This helps protect against
malware, viruses, and unauthorized access, safeguarding sensitive data and ensuring a secure
computing environment.
4. Timely Issue Resolution: With advanced maintenance and support, experienced professionals
can promptly diagnose and resolve complex software and hardware issues. This minimizes
system downtime, productivity loss, and frustration by quickly addressing problems and
implementing effective solutions.
5. Longevity of Hardware Components: By conducting regular maintenance and optimizing
hardware performance, the lifespan of hardware components can be extended. Proper cleaning,
cooling, and maintenance practices reduce wear and tear, ensuring that hardware operates
optimally for a longer duration.
6. Data Protection and Recovery: Advanced support emphasizes data backup strategies and
provides recovery services. This protects against data loss due to hardware failures, accidental
deletion, or other unforeseen events. Regular backups and recovery options minimize the risk of
permanent data loss.
7. Customization and Compatibility: Advanced support caters to unique requirements and enables
customization of systems according to specific needs. This includes configuring hardware
upgrades, installing specialized software, and ensuring compatibility between components for
seamless operation.
8. Expert Guidance and Consultation: Advanced maintenance and support provide access to
experienced professionals who offer expert advice and guidance. They can recommend hardware
and software upgrades, assist in system optimization, and provide insights into emerging
technologies, helping users make informed decisions.
9. Proactive Problem Prevention: Advanced maintenance takes a proactive approach to system
care, aiming to prevent issues before they occur. Regular monitoring, optimization, and
preventive measures reduce the likelihood of critical failures, minimizing downtime and
mitigating potential risks.
10. Cost and Time Savings: While advanced maintenance may involve upfront costs, it can save
time and money in the long run. By optimizing performance, preventing hardware failures, and
addressing issues promptly, businesses and individuals can avoid costly repairs, data loss, and
productivity setbacks.
NB: Overall, advanced PC maintenance and support offer significant advantages, including improved
performance, stability, security, and longevity of computer systems. It provides access to specialized
expertise, timely issue resolution, and customized solutions, contributing to a reliable and efficient
computing experience.
1.5 Tools Used In Advanced Pc Maintenance And Support.
Advanced PC maintenance and support utilize a variety of tools to diagnose, optimize, and troubleshoot
computer systems. Here are some commonly used tools in advanced PC maintenance and support:
Diagnostic Tools:
1) CPU-Z: Provides detailed information about the CPU, motherboard, RAM, and other hardware
components.
2) HWMonitor: Monitors temperatures, voltages, and fan speeds of hardware components.
3) MemTest86: Performs comprehensive memory testing to identify faulty RAM modules.
4) CrystalDiskInfo: Displays detailed information about hard drives and solid-state drives, including
health and performance metrics.
5) PassMark PerformanceTest: Benchmarks and tests the performance of various system
components.
System Optimization Tools:

1) CCleaner: Cleans up temporary files, caches, and invalid registry entries.
2) Advanced SystemCare: Offers a range of optimization features, including system cleaning,
startup optimization, and privacy protection.
3) Wise Care 365: Provides system cleaning, disk defragmentation, and registry optimization tools.
Software Troubleshooting Tools:

1) Process Explorer: Shows detailed information about running processes, including their resource
usage and associated files.
2) Process Monitor: Monitors system activity, including file system and registry operations, to
diagnose software-related issues.
3) Autoruns: Manages startup programs and services, allowing you to disable or remove
unnecessary ones.
Data Recovery Tools:

1) Recuva: Recovers accidentally deleted files from hard drives, memory cards, and other storage
devices.
2) TestDisk: Recovers lost partitions and repairs damaged file systems.
3) R-Studio: Specialized data recovery software for complex data loss scenarios.
Network Troubleshooting Tools:

1) Wireshark: Captures and analyzes network traffic to diagnose network-related issues.
2) Netstat: Displays active network connections and listening ports on the computer.
3) Ping and Traceroute: Tests network connectivity and traces the route taken by packets to a
destination.
Security Tools:
1) Malwarebytes: Detects and removes malware, spyware, and other malicious software.
2) Norton Power Eraser: Scans for and eliminates aggressive malware and potentially unwanted
programs.
3) Wi-Fi Analyzer: Helps optimize wireless network performance by identifying signal interference
and channel congestion.
Virtualization Tools:
1) Oracle VirtualBox: Creates and manages virtual machines for testing and isolation purposes.
2) VMware Workstation: Provides a virtualization platform for running multiple operating systems
simultaneously.
Hardware Monitoring and Control Tools:

1) MSI Afterburner: Monitors and overclocks graphics cards, adjusting clock speeds and fan
profiles.
2) SpeedFan: Controls fan speeds and monitors temperatures for better system cooling.
NB: It's important to note that while these tools can be helpful in advanced PC maintenance and support,
it's crucial to use them responsibly and follow proper guidelines to avoid any unintended consequences or
damage to the system.
LESSON TWO
SYSTEM BOARDS AND COMPONENT IDENTIFICATION
2.1 UNDERSTANDING THE INSIDE OF A COMPUTER

Understanding the inside of a computer involves familiarizing yourself with the various
components that work together to perform computing tasks. Here are the key components inside
a typical desktop computer:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU, often referred to as the processor, is the
"brain" of the computer. It performs calculations, executes instructions, and manages data
processing.
2. Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects and holds
together all the components of the computer. It provides the pathways for data transfer
between different components.
3. Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is the computer's short-term memory where
data and instructions are stored temporarily while the CPU is actively processing them.
RAM is fast but volatile, meaning its contents are lost when the computer is powered off.
4. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid State Drive (SSD): The HDD or SSD is the primary
storage device that holds the computer's operating system, software applications, and user
data. HDDs use spinning magnetic disks, while SSDs use flash memory for faster data
access.
5. Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU converts AC power from the wall outlet into DC
power that the computer components can use. It supplies power to the motherboard, CPU,
drives, and other peripherals.
6. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): The GPU is responsible for rendering images, videos,
and graphics. It offloads graphical processing tasks from the CPU and is particularly
important for gaming, video editing, and graphic-intensive applications.
7. Cooling System: To prevent overheating, computers have cooling systems, including
fans, heatsinks, and sometimes liquid cooling systems. They maintain optimal
temperatures for the CPU, GPU, and other components.
8. Input/Output (I/O) Devices: These devices allow users to interact with the computer.
Examples include the keyboard, mouse, monitor, speakers, printer, and network interface
card (NIC) for connecting to the internet.
9. Expansion Slots: These slots on the motherboard allow for the installation of additional
expansion cards such as graphics cards, sound cards, or network cards, which enhance the
computer's capabilities.
10. BIOS/UEFI: The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified Extensible Firmware
Interface (UEFI) is firmware that initializes the computer's hardware during startup and
provides basic input/output services.
NB: Understanding the inside of a computer involves knowing how these components connect
and interact with each other. It's important to note that there can be variations and additional
components based on the specific computer model and intended use.
2.2 IDENTIFYING THE VARIOUS COMPONENT OF A COMPUTER

Certainly! Here are the various components of a typical desktop computer:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the primary component responsible for
executing instructions and performing calculations. It contains the control unit, arithmetic
logic unit (ALU), and registers.
2. Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board that houses and connects all
the components of the computer. It provides the pathways for data transfer and power
distribution.
3. Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is the computer's temporary memory where
data and instructions are stored for quick access by the CPU. It allows for faster data
retrieval compared to the hard drive.
4. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid State Drive (SSD): The HDD or SSD is the primary
storage device of the computer. It stores the operating system, software applications, and
user data.
5. Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU converts AC power from the electrical outlet into
DC power that the computer components require. It supplies power to the motherboard,
drives, and other peripherals.
6. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): The GPU handles the processing and rendering of
graphics and visuals. It is responsible for producing images on the computer monitor.
7. Cooling System: The cooling system consists of fans, heatsinks, and sometimes liquid
cooling systems. It helps dissipate heat generated by the CPU, GPU, and other
components to prevent overheating.
8. Input/Output (I/O) Devices: These devices allow users to interact with the computer.
Examples include the keyboard, mouse, monitor, speakers, printer, and external storage
devices.
9. Expansion Cards: These are optional cards that can be installed into the motherboard's
expansion slots to enhance the computer's functionality. Examples include graphics
cards, sound cards, and network cards.
10. Optical Drives: Optical drives, such as CD/DVD drives or Blu-ray drives, allow for
reading and writing data from optical discs.
11. Ports and Connectors: These include USB ports, audio jacks, Ethernet ports, HDMI or
DisplayPort connectors, and other interfaces that allow for connection with external
devices.
Interface (UEFI) is firmware stored on a chip on the motherboard. It initializes the
computer during startup and provides basic system settings.
NB: These components work together to enable the computer to perform various tasks and
operations. It's important to note that the specific components and their configurations may vary
based on the computer model and user requirements.
2.3 PROCESS OF ASSEMBLING A COMPUTER
Assembling a computer involves several steps to properly connect and install the components.
Here is a general process for assembling a desktop computer:
1. Prepare the workspace: Find a clean, well-lit area to work on with a large enough
surface to accommodate all the components. Make sure you have all the necessary tools
such as screwdrivers and cable ties.
2. Install the CPU: Carefully remove the CPU socket cover on the motherboard and align
the CPU with the socket. Ensure that the pins (or contacts) on the CPU match the socket
notches. Gently place the CPU into the socket, making sure it is properly seated. Lock the
CPU in place using the socket lever.
3. Install the CPU cooler: Apply thermal paste (if required) on the CPU, then attach the
CPU cooler to the CPU socket. Follow the instructions provided with the CPU cooler for
proper installation. Secure the cooler with screws or clips.
4. Install the RAM: Locate the RAM slots on the motherboard and open the retention clips.
Align the notch on the RAM module with the slot key and gently insert the RAM into the
slot. Press down firmly until the clips snap into place, securing the RAM module.
5. Install the motherboard: Carefully align the motherboard with the standoffs in the
computer case. Use screws to secure the motherboard to the case, ensuring it is securely
mounted but not over-tightened.
6. Connect power supply: Place the power supply unit (PSU) into the designated area in
the computer case. Connect the main 24-pin power connector from the PSU to the
motherboard. Connect the additional power connectors, such as the CPU power
connector (4 or 8 pins) and PCIe power connectors if required.
7. Install storage drives: Depending on your configuration, connect the hard disk drive
(HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD) to the motherboard using SATA cables. Mount the
drives securely in the drive bays using screws or tool-less mechanisms.
8. Connect front panel connectors: Connect the front panel connectors from the computer
case (e.g., power button, reset button, LED indicators, USB ports) to the corresponding
pins on the motherboard. Refer to the motherboard manual for the precise pin
configurations.
9. Install expansion cards: Install any expansion cards, such as graphics cards, sound
cards, or network cards, into the appropriate expansion slots on the motherboard. Secure
them with screws or retention mechanisms.
10. Connect peripherals: Connect your keyboard, mouse, monitor, speakers, and any other
peripherals to the appropriate ports on the back of the computer case.
11. Cable management: Organize and route the cables inside the computer case to improve
airflow and minimize clutter. Use cable ties or Velcro straps to secure cables and prevent
them from interfering with fans or components.
12. Double-check connections: Ensure all components, cables, and connectors are properly
connected and secured. Check for any loose connections or cables that may be
obstructing airflow.
13. Close the computer case: Carefully close and secure the computer case using the
provided screws or latches.
14. Power on the computer: Connect the power cord to the PSU and plug it into a power
outlet. Press the power button on the computer case to start the computer. If all
connections are correct, the computer should boot up and display the BIOS/UEFI screen.
15. Install the operating system: Insert the operating system installation media (e.g., DVD
or USB drive) and follow the on-screen instructions to install the operating system on the
computer.
NB: Remember, this is a general guide, and the specific assembly process may vary depending
on the components and computer case you are using. Always refer to the manuals and
instructions provided with your specific components for accurate installation guidelines.
2.4 PROCESS OF DISASSEMBLING A COMPUTER
Disassembling a computer involves carefully removing the components and disconnecting the
various connections. Here is a general process for disassembling a desktop computer:
1. Power off the computer: Shut down the computer properly using the operating system
and unplug it from the power outlet. This ensures safety and prevents any electrical
mishaps.
2. Remove the computer case: Depending on the type of computer case, typically there
will be screws or latches holding the side panels in place. Unscrew the screws or release
the latches and gently remove the side panels to expose the internal components.
3. Disconnect power supply connections: Start by disconnecting the power supply
connections. Unplug the main 24-pin power connector from the motherboard. Disconnect
any additional power connectors such as the CPU power connector and PCIe power
connectors.
4. Disconnect data cables: Unplug the SATA cables connecting the hard disk drives
(HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs) from the motherboard. Also, disconnect any other
data cables attached to optical drives or other storage devices.
5. Remove expansion cards: Unscrew the screws or release the retention mechanisms
securing the expansion cards (e.g., graphics card, sound card, network card) in their slots.
Gently pull out the cards from their slots, being careful not to bend any connectors.
6. Disconnect front panel connectors: Carefully disconnect the front panel connectors that
connect the power button, reset button, LED indicators, USB ports, and audio jacks to the
motherboard. Note the proper pin configurations or take a photo to assist with
reassembly.
7. Remove memory (RAM) modules: Push down on the retention clips on either side of
the RAM modules to release them from the slots. Once the clips are fully released, the
RAM modules will pop up slightly. Gently remove the modules from the slots.
8. Disconnect CPU cooler: Unscrew any screws or release the retention mechanism
securing the CPU cooler to the CPU socket. Carefully detach the CPU cooler from the
CPU by lifting it straight up.
9. Remove the CPU: Unlock the CPU socket lever and lift it to release the CPU. Gently
remove the CPU from the socket, handling it by the edges and avoiding touching the pins
or contacts.
10. Disconnect remaining cables: Identify and disconnect any remaining cables, such as fan
connectors, front panel audio connectors, or USB headers.
11. Remove the motherboard: Unscrew the screws securing the motherboard to the
computer case. Lift the motherboard gently, supporting it from the underside, and remove
it from the case.
12. Remove remaining components: If desired, remove any additional components such as
cooling fans, drives, or additional cards.
NB:
 Remember to handle the components with care, avoid applying excessive force, and
ground yourself to prevent any static electricity discharge that could damage the
components. It's also helpful to keep track of the screws and other small components you
remove, organizing them for easier reassembly if necessary.
 Please note that the disassembly process may vary depending on the specific computer
model and configuration. It's always a good idea to consult the manuals or documentation
provided with your computer or individual components for accurate disassembly
instructions.
LESSON THREE
INTRODUCTION TO HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
3.1 COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER MOTHERBOARD

The motherboard, also known as the mainboard or system board, is a crucial component of a
computer that connects and holds together various hardware components. Here are the key
components you'll find on a typical computer motherboard:
1. CPU Socket: The CPU socket is a specialized slot on the motherboard where the central
processing unit (CPU) is installed. It provides the electrical and physical connection
between the CPU and the motherboard.
2. Memory Slots: These slots are used to install system memory modules (RAM). The
number of slots varies depending on the motherboard, and they support specific types of
memory modules (e.g., DDR4, DDR3). Memory slots are usually located near the CPU
socket.
3. Expansion Slots: These slots allow for the installation of expansion cards to enhance the
computer's capabilities. Common types of expansion slots include PCI Express (PCIe)
slots for graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, and other peripheral cards. Older
motherboards may have Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) slots as well.
4. Chipset: The chipset is a collection of integrated circuits on the motherboard that
manages data flow between the CPU, memory, storage devices, and other connected
hardware. It includes the Northbridge and Southbridge chips, which handle different
tasks such as memory control, data I/O, and connectivity.
Interface (UEFI) is firmware stored on a chip on the motherboard. It provides the
computer's basic hardware initialization and configuration during the boot process.
6. Power Connectors: The motherboard has power connectors that receive power from the
power supply unit (PSU). The main power connector is a 24-pin ATX connector that
supplies power to the motherboard, while the CPU power connector provides power to
the CPU.
7. SATA Connectors: Serial ATA (SATA) connectors are used to connect hard disk drives
(HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), optical drives, and other storage devices to the
motherboard. These connectors transfer data between the storage devices and the
motherboard.
8. USB Headers: USB headers are internal connectors on the motherboard that allow for
the connection of USB ports on the computer case. They provide additional USB
connectivity for peripherals such as keyboards, mice, printers, and USB drives.
9. Audio Headers: Audio headers are connectors on the motherboard that enable the
connection of front panel audio jacks from the computer case. They provide audio input
and output for headphones, microphones, and speakers.
10. Network Interfaces: Some motherboards include integrated network interfaces, such as
Ethernet ports or Wi-Fi modules, to provide wired or wireless networking capabilities.
11. CMOS Battery: The CMOS battery is a small button-like battery on the motherboard
that powers the CMOS memory. It retains BIOS settings, system clock, and other
configuration data when the computer is powered off.
NB: These are some of the primary components you'll find on a computer motherboard.
However, it's important to note that specific motherboards may have additional features,
connectors, or specialized components based on their design, purpose, and compatibility with
different processors and hardware technologies.
3.2 PROCESSOR
The processor, also known as the central processing unit (CPU), is one of the key components of
a computer. It is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations, making it
the "brain" of the computer. Here are some important aspects of a processor:
1. Core: A processor consists of one or more cores, which are individual processing units
capable of executing instructions independently. Each core can handle multiple tasks
simultaneously, thanks to techniques such as multi-threading.
2. Clock Speed: The clock speed refers to the number of cycles a processor can execute per
second, measured in gigahertz (GHz). Higher clock speeds generally indicate faster
processing capabilities.
3. Cache: Processors have different levels of cache memory, which is used to store
frequently accessed data for faster retrieval. This helps reduce the time taken to access
data from the main memory, improving overall performance.
4. Architecture: Processors are built using different microarchitectures, such as x86, ARM,
or PowerPC. The architecture determines the instruction set and design principles of the
processor, affecting its performance and compatibility with software.
5. Instruction Set: The instruction set is a collection of commands that the processor can
understand and execute. Common instruction sets include x86 (used by Intel and AMD
processors) and ARM (used in mobile devices and embedded systems).
6. Power Efficiency: Processors vary in terms of their power efficiency, which is an
important consideration for mobile devices and systems that prioritize energy
conservation. Manufacturers strive to balance performance and power consumption to
achieve optimal efficiency.
7. Thermal Design Power (TDP): TDP represents the maximum amount of heat generated
by a processor under typical usage conditions. It helps determine the cooling
requirements and influences factors such as fan speed and power supply capacity.
8. Socket Type: Processors are designed to be compatible with specific socket types on the
motherboard. Different processors require corresponding socket types for proper
installation and functioning.
9. Integrated Graphics: Some processors feature integrated graphics capabilities,
eliminating the need for a separate graphics card. Integrated graphics are suitable for
basic tasks but may not provide the performance required for demanding applications or
gaming.
10. Overclocking: Enthusiasts can sometimes overclock processors to increase their clock
speeds beyond the manufacturer's specifications. This can provide performance gains but
requires careful consideration of cooling and power requirements.
11. Manufacturer: Major manufacturers of processors include Intel and AMD, with each
offering a range of models catering to different performance levels and target markets.
NB: The choice of a processor depends on factors such as intended usage (e.g., gaming, content
creation, office work), budget, and compatibility with other components. It is important to
consider the specific requirements of your system and consult technical specifications and
reviews to select the most suitable processor.
3.3 CHIPSET
The chipset is a collection of integrated circuits on the motherboard of a computer. It acts as a
communication hub between the various components of the system, facilitating data flow and
coordination. Here are some important aspects of the chipset:
1. Northbridge: The Northbridge is a component of the chipset responsible for connecting
the processor (CPU) to high-speed components such as the memory (RAM) and graphics
card. It handles tasks like memory control, data transfers between the CPU and memory,
and providing a high-speed interface for the graphics card.
2. Southbridge: The Southbridge is another component of the chipset that handles the
slower-speed components and peripherals of the system. It manages I/O (input/output)
functions, including USB ports, SATA ports for storage devices, PCI slots, Ethernet
ports, audio interfaces, and other peripheral connections.
3. Bus Architecture: The chipset defines the bus architecture, which determines how data
flows between different components. It includes the system bus (e.g., front-side bus) that
connects the CPU to the chipset, as well as other buses like the PCI bus for expansion
cards and the USB bus for USB devices.
4. Memory Controller: The chipset incorporates a memory controller that controls the flow
of data between the CPU and memory modules. It manages memory access and timing,
ensuring efficient data transfers and synchronization.
5. BIOS/UEFI Support: The chipset provides support for the computer's Basic
Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI). It
includes firmware that initializes the hardware during the boot process, facilitates system
configuration, and provides low-level software services.
6. Overclocking and Fan Control: Some chipsets offer features for overclocking the CPU
and controlling the system's cooling fans. These features allow users to adjust clock
speeds, voltages, and fan speeds to optimize performance and temperature management.
7. Compatibility and Expansion: The chipset determines the compatibility of the
motherboard with different CPUs, memory types, and expansion cards. It defines the
maximum supported memory capacity, memory speed, and expansion slot configurations.
8. Power Management: The chipset includes power management features that regulate
power consumption and control power delivery to different components. It helps optimize
power usage, improve energy efficiency, and enable features like sleep modes and power-
saving states.
9. Integrated Graphics: Some chipsets include integrated graphics capabilities, allowing
the system to display graphics without the need for a separate graphics card. Integrated
graphics are typically less powerful than dedicated graphics cards but are suitable for
basic tasks and low-demand applications.
10. Manufacturer-specific Features: Different chipset manufacturers may include
additional features or technologies unique to their platforms. For example, Intel's chipsets
may support technologies like Intel Rapid Storage Technology or Intel Optane Memory,
while AMD's chipsets may offer features specific to their Ryzen processors.
NB: Chipsets play a critical role in the overall performance and functionality of a computer
system. They ensure proper communication and coordination between various hardware
components, enabling efficient data transfer and system operation. When choosing a
motherboard, it's important to consider the chipset's capabilities and compatibility with other
components to ensure optimal system performance and functionality.
3.4 COMPUTER MEMORY

Computer memory refers to the electronic components that store data and instructions for the
computer to access and manipulate. It is an essential part of a computer system and is
categorized into several types, each with its own characteristics and uses. Here are some
common types of computer memory:
1. Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is the primary type of memory in a computer.
It is used for temporary storage of data and instructions that the CPU needs to access
quickly. RAM is volatile, meaning its contents are lost when the computer is powered off
or restarted. It plays a crucial role in determining the computer's multitasking capabilities
and overall performance.
2. Read-Only Memory (ROM): ROM is a type of memory that stores permanent data and
instructions that are not intended to be modified or erased. It contains firmware or
software instructions required for the computer's boot-up process and system
initialization. ROM retains its data even when the power is turned off.
3. Cache Memory: Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory located closer to the
CPU. It stores frequently accessed data and instructions to reduce the time it takes for the
CPU to retrieve them from the slower main memory (RAM). Cache memory helps
improve overall system performance by providing faster access to frequently used data.
4. Virtual Memory: Virtual memory is a technique that allows a computer to use secondary
storage (usually the hard disk) as an extension of its main memory. It provides the
illusion of having more RAM than physically available, by temporarily transferring less
frequently used data from RAM to disk and retrieving it as needed.
5. Flash Memory: Flash memory is a type of non-volatile memory commonly used in
portable devices like USB drives, memory cards, and solid-state drives (SSDs). It retains
data even when the power is removed. Flash memory is slower than RAM but offers
higher storage capacity and durability.
6. Hard Disk Drive (HDD): Although not a type of memory, the hard disk drive is a
primary storage device in a computer system. It uses magnetic storage to store data on
spinning disks. Hard drives provide high-capacity storage for long-term data retention,
but they are slower in data access compared to RAM or solid-state drives.
7. Solid-State Drive (SSD): SSDs are storage devices that use flash memory to store data,
providing faster data access and improved performance compared to traditional hard disk
drives. SSDs are non-volatile, have no moving parts, and offer higher speeds, making
them a popular choice for both desktop and laptop computers.
NB: Each type of computer memory serves a specific purpose in storing and retrieving data. The
combination of different memory types contributes to the overall performance, responsiveness,
and storage capacity of a computer system.
3.5 TYPES OF MEMORY MODULES
There are several types of memory modules used in modern computer systems. These modules
are designed to provide additional RAM capacity and improve system performance. The most
common types of memory modules include:
1. DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module): DIMM is the most widely used memory
module type in desktop and server computers. It features a series of dynamic random-
access memory (DRAM) chips mounted on a small circuit board with pins on both sides.
DIMMs are available in various speeds and capacities, such as DDR4 DIMMs commonly
used in modern systems.
2. SODIMM (Small Outline DIMM): SODIMM is a smaller version of the DIMM module
primarily used in laptops, mini PCs, and small form factor systems. It has a similar design
to DIMM but with fewer pins. SODIMMs are available in various speeds and capacities,
such as DDR4 SODIMMs.
3. SIMM (Single In-Line Memory Module): SIMM was a memory module type
commonly used in older computers. It had a single row of pins on one side and featured
memory chips mounted on the module. SIMMs are not widely used in modern systems
but were prevalent in systems using older technologies like DDR2 or SDRAM.
4. RIMM (Rambus In-Line Memory Module): RIMM modules were developed by
Rambus Inc. as a high-speed memory solution. They were used in some systems in the
late 1990s and early 2000s. RIMMs had a unique design with a high pin count and were
specifically designed for systems using RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random-Access
Memory) technology.
5. DDR (Double Data Rate) Memory Modules: DDR modules, such as DDR2, DDR3,
and DDR4, are widely used in desktop and server computers. These modules have faster
data transfer rates compared to their predecessors. DDR modules have a similar physical
design to DIMMs but with specific notches that prevent incorrect insertion into
incompatible slots.
6. ECC (Error-Correcting Code) Memory Modules: ECC memory modules are designed
for systems that require higher reliability and error correction capabilities. ECC modules
can detect and correct certain types of memory errors, providing more robust data
integrity. They are commonly used in servers and workstations where data accuracy is
critical.
7. Registered Memory Modules: Registered or buffered memory modules are used in
high-end server systems. They have an additional register between the memory controller
and the memory chips, helping to reduce electrical load and improve memory stability.
Registered modules are often used in systems that require large memory capacities.
NB: These are some of the main types of memory modules found in computer systems. It's
important to note that memory module compatibility depends on the specific motherboard and
memory controller of a system. When upgrading or purchasing memory modules, it's crucial to
ensure compatibility with the motherboard and follow the recommended specifications provided
by the manufacturer.
3.6 ROM BIOS

ROM BIOS (Read-Only Memory Basic Input/Output System) refers to the firmware embedded
in a computer's motherboard. It provides the fundamental instructions and initialization routines
for the computer to start up and interact with hardware components during the boot process.
Here are some key points about ROM BIOS:
1. Purpose: The ROM BIOS is responsible for initializing and configuring hardware
components in the computer, such as the CPU, memory, storage devices, graphics card,
and input/output devices. It ensures that these components are ready for operation and
sets up the necessary communication pathways between them.
2. Non-Volatile Memory: ROM BIOS is stored in non-volatile memory, typically in a chip
on the motherboard. This means that the firmware retains its contents even when the
power is turned off or the computer is rebooted.
3. System Boot: During the boot process, the computer's processor executes instructions
stored in the ROM BIOS. These instructions initiate a power-on self-test (POST) to check
hardware functionality, identify and initialize connected devices, and load the operating
system from the designated boot device.
4. Configuration and Setup: ROM BIOS often includes a configuration utility accessed
through a specific key combination during the boot process (e.g., pressing the "Delete" or
"F2" key). This utility allows users to modify system settings, such as boot order, date
and time, device parameters, and security options.
5. Expansion and Compatibility: ROM BIOS contains information about the computer's
hardware configuration, including supported devices and their specifications. This
information helps the operating system and software interact with the hardware correctly.
If necessary, the ROM BIOS can be updated or "flashed" to support new devices or fix
issues through a process called BIOS update.
6. Legacy and UEFI: Traditional ROM BIOS, often referred to as legacy BIOS, has been
largely replaced by the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) in modern
computers. UEFI provides advanced features, including a more graphical user interface,
support for larger storage devices, faster boot times, and enhanced security capabilities.
7. BIOS Passwords and Security: ROM BIOS allows users to set passwords for accessing
the BIOS configuration utility, which helps protect the system's settings from
unauthorized changes. Additionally, some systems may provide features like Secure
Boot, which ensures that only trusted and signed operating system boot loaders are
executed.
NB: ROM BIOS is a critical component in the computer's startup process, enabling the hardware
to be initialized and the operating system to be loaded. It serves as a bridge between the
computer's hardware and software, facilitating communication and configuration.
3.7 EXPANSION CARDS

Expansion cards, also known as expansion boards or add-on cards, are printed circuit boards that
can be inserted into slots on a computer's motherboard to provide additional functionality or
features. These cards expand the capabilities of the computer system beyond what is integrated
into the motherboard itself. Here are some common types of expansion cards:
1. Graphics Card: A graphics card, also known as a video card or GPU (Graphics
Processing Unit), is an expansion card that handles the rendering and display of visual
information. It enhances the computer's graphical capabilities, enabling high-resolution
graphics, smooth video playback, and support for 3D applications and games.
2. Sound Card: A sound card is an expansion card that adds audio processing capabilities
to the computer. It provides improved audio quality, supports surround sound systems,
and enables features such as 3D audio effects and microphone input. Sound cards are
commonly used for multimedia applications, gaming, and audio production.
3. Network Interface Card (NIC): A network interface card is an expansion card that
allows the computer to connect to a network. It provides an Ethernet port or other
network connectivity options, enabling the computer to communicate and transfer data
over a local area network (LAN) or the internet. NICs are essential for accessing online
resources, file sharing, and network-based applications.
4. Wireless Network Card: A wireless network card, also known as a Wi-Fi card, enables
wireless connectivity on a computer. It allows the computer to connect to Wi-Fi
networks, eliminating the need for physical network cables. Wireless network cards are
commonly used in laptops and desktops that require wireless internet access.
5. TV Tuner Card: A TV tuner card allows the computer to receive and decode television
signals, turning it into a TV or DVR (Digital Video Recorder). It typically has inputs for
cable or satellite TV connections and may include features such as video capture and
playback.
6. RAID Controller Card: A RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) controller
card adds RAID functionality to the computer system. It allows multiple hard drives to be
configured in various RAID configurations for improved performance, data redundancy,
and data protection.
7. USB Expansion Card: USB expansion cards provide additional USB ports for
connecting USB devices to the computer. They can be useful when the motherboard's
built-in USB ports are insufficient or if specific USB versions (e.g., USB 3.0) are desired.
8. Firewire Card: Firewire cards, also known as IEEE 1394 cards, add Firewire ports to the
computer. Firewire is a high-speed data transfer interface commonly used for connecting
audio/video devices, external hard drives, and other peripherals.
NB: These are just a few examples of expansion cards, but there are many others available to
meet specific needs or requirements. When choosing an expansion card, it's important to ensure
compatibility with the computer's motherboard and available expansion slots.
3.8 HOW TO USE EXPANSION CARDS
To use expansion cards in a computer, follow these general steps:
1. Identify the compatible slot: Determine the type of expansion slot available on your
computer's motherboard that corresponds to the expansion card you want to install.
Common types of slots include PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect), PCIe
(Peripheral Component Interconnect Express), and AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port).
Check your computer's documentation or motherboard manual to identify the appropriate
slot.
2. Power off the computer: Shut down the computer and turn off the power supply.
Unplug the power cord from the wall outlet to ensure electrical safety.
3. Open the computer case: Remove the screws or latches securing the computer case.
Slide off the side panel or open the case cover to access the internal components.
4. Locate the expansion slot: Identify the appropriate expansion slot on the motherboard
where you will insert the expansion card. Ensure there is enough space and no
obstructions for the card to fit properly.
5. Insert the expansion card: Hold the expansion card by its edges, align the card's
connector with the slot on the motherboard, and gently push it into the slot until it is fully
seated. Apply even pressure, but avoid using excessive force.
6. Secure the card: Once the card is inserted, use the screw or latch provided with the slot
to secure the expansion card in place. This helps prevent the card from coming loose
during operation.
7. Connect necessary cables: Some expansion cards require additional cables or
connections for proper functioning. For example, a graphics card may require a power
cable from the power supply unit. Refer to the card's documentation to identify any
required connections and ensure they are properly connected.
8. Close the computer case: Put the side panel or case cover back in place and secure it
with screws or latches. Ensure all connections are properly routed and nothing is
obstructing the cooling airflow.
9. Power on the computer: Plug the power cord back into the wall outlet and turn on the
power supply. Press the power button on the computer to start it up.
10. Install drivers and software: Once the computer boots up, you may need to install
drivers or software specific to the expansion card. This is usually provided with the card
or can be downloaded from the manufacturer's website. Follow the installation
instructions to install the necessary software.
11. Test and configure: After installing the drivers and software, verify that the expansion
card is functioning correctly. Test its functionality and configure any settings as required.
NB: It's important to note that the installation process may vary slightly depending on the
specific expansion card and computer system. Always refer to the documentation provided with
the expansion card and follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper installation and
configuration.
3.9 COMPUTER POWER SUPPLY UNIT

The power supply unit (PSU) is a critical component of a computer that provides electrical
power to all the other components. It converts the AC (alternating current) power from an
electrical outlet into DC (direct current) power that is used by the computer's internal
components. Here are some key points about computer power supply units:
1. Function: The primary function of a power supply unit is to convert and regulate
electrical power to meet the requirements of the computer's components. It provides
different voltage levels (e.g., +3.3V, +5V, +12V) and sufficient current to power the
motherboard, processor, memory, storage drives, graphics card, and other peripherals.
2. Form Factors: Power supply units come in various form factors to fit different computer
cases and motherboard configurations. The most common form factors for desktop
computers are ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended) and microATX. Each form factor
has a specific physical size, connector layout, and power output rating.
3. Wattage and Power Output: Power supply units are rated in terms of wattage, which
indicates the maximum amount of power they can deliver. The wattage requirements
depend on the computer's components and their power consumption. It is important to
choose a power supply unit with sufficient wattage to handle the power demands of the
system, including any future upgrades.
4. Connectors: Power supply units have various connectors to supply power to different
components. The most common connectors include the 24-pin ATX power connector for
the motherboard, SATA power connectors for storage drives, PCIe power connectors for
graphics cards, and peripheral power connectors (e.g., Molex) for other devices like fans
and peripherals.
5. Efficiency Rating: Power supply units have an efficiency rating that indicates how
efficiently they convert AC power to DC power. The efficiency is expressed as a
percentage, with higher percentages indicating better efficiency. Higher-efficiency power
supplies generate less heat, consume less power from the electrical outlet, and waste less
energy.
6. Modular and Non-Modular Designs: Power supply units can be modular or non-
modular. Non-modular power supplies have all the cables permanently attached to the
unit, while modular power supplies allow you to connect only the necessary cables,
reducing cable clutter inside the computer case and improving airflow.
7. Power Protection Features: Power supply units often include built-in protection features
to safeguard the computer and its components. These features may include over-voltage
protection, under-voltage protection, over-current protection, short-circuit protection, and
surge protection. These protections help prevent damage to the computer in the event of
power irregularities or electrical faults.
NB: When choosing a power supply unit, it's important to consider factors such as wattage,
efficiency, reliability, and compatibility with the computer's components and form factor. It's
recommended to choose a power supply unit from a reputable manufacturer that meets the power
requirements of your system and provides ample power for future upgrades.
3.10 TESTING PSU

Testing a power supply unit (PSU) is an important step to ensure that it is functioning properly
and providing adequate power to the computer's components. Here are some methods you can
use to test a PSU:
1. Power supply tester: A power supply tester is a dedicated device that can quickly and
easily test the functionality of a PSU. It typically has connectors to plug into the various
power supply cables, such as the 24-pin ATX connector, SATA connectors, and PCIe
connectors. By turning on the tester, it can verify if the PSU is providing the correct
voltages and identify any potential issues, such as short circuits or insufficient power.
2. Multimeter: If you have a multimeter, you can also use it to test the voltages coming
from the PSU. Set the multimeter to the DC voltage range and connect the black probe to
a ground point, such as the metal case of the computer, and the red probe to the different
power supply connectors. Check the voltage readings against the expected values for
each connector. For example, the +12V line should read around +12V, the +5V line
around +5V, and so on.
3. Load testing: To perform a more comprehensive test, you can use a load tester or power
supply tester that connects to the PSU and simulates a load on the various power rails.
This helps determine if the PSU can handle the power demands of the computer's
components under normal operating conditions.
4. Paperclip test: The paperclip test is a simple method to check if the PSU turns on and
provides power. It involves unplugging the PSU from the motherboard and other
components, then inserting a straightened paperclip into the 24-pin ATX connector's
green wire (pin 16) and any black wire (ground). This simulates the power-on signal from
the motherboard. If the PSU's fan starts spinning, it indicates that the PSU is receiving
power and turning on. However, this test does not provide information about the PSU's
voltages or stability.
NB: It's important to exercise caution when testing a PSU to avoid electric shock or damage to
the components. If you are unsure or uncomfortable performing the tests yourself, it's
recommended to consult a professional or a knowledgeable technician who can help you with the
PSU testing process.
3.11 PSU FORM FACTORS

Power supply units (PSUs) come in different form factors, which refer to their physical
dimensions, mounting arrangements, and connector configurations. The most common PSU form
factors used in desktop computers are:
1. ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended): ATX is the most widely used PSU form
factor. It is characterized by its rectangular shape and a standard set of connectors. ATX
PSUs are typically mounted at the top rear of the computer case and have a 20-pin or 24-
pin main power connector for the motherboard.
2. MicroATX: microATX PSUs are designed for smaller form factor motherboards, such as
microATX and mini-ITX. They are physically smaller than ATX PSUs and often have a
reduced power output compared to full-size ATX PSUs. microATX PSUs usually have a
20-pin or 24-pin main power connector.
3. SFX (Small Form Factor): SFX PSUs are designed for compact and small form factor
cases. They are smaller than ATX PSUs and are commonly used in mini-ITX systems or
slim HTPC (Home Theater PC) cases. SFX PSUs often have a 24-pin main power
connector or a combination of 20-pin and 4-pin connectors.
4. TFX (Thin Form Factor): TFX PSUs are slim and low-profile PSUs primarily used in
slim desktop cases and some small form factor systems. They have a rectangular shape
with a thinner profile than standard ATX PSUs. TFX PSUs typically have a 24-pin main
power connector.
5. Flex ATX: Flex ATX PSUs are compact power supplies designed for space-constrained
systems, such as small form factor desktops, mini-ITX cases, and industrial applications.
They have a small form factor with a rectangular shape and usually come with a 24-pin
main power connector.
6. EPS (Entry-level Power Supply): EPS PSUs are primarily used in server and
workstation systems. They have a larger form factor than standard ATX PSUs and are
designed to provide higher power output for demanding applications. EPS PSUs
commonly have a 24-pin main power connector along with additional connectors for
CPUs and peripherals.
NB: It's important to choose a PSU that is compatible with your computer case and motherboard
form factor. Ensure that the PSU's form factor matches the mounting points and physical
dimensions of your case and that it provides the necessary power connectors required by your
motherboard and other components.

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SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATICS

Department of Information technology

DIT 2214: ADVANCED PC MAINTENANCE &

Additional Instructional materials for Advanced PC

@MAY - AUG 2023

ADVANCED PC MAINTENANCE AND SUPPORT

WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED PC MAINTENANCE, REPAIR & SUPPORT

1.1 What is Advanced PC Maintenance and Support ?

1.2 Key Aspects/Activities of Advanced PC Maintenance and Support:

1) Performance Optimization: Advanced PC maintenance focuses on optimizing system

1.4 Advantages Of Advanced Pc Maintenance And Support.

1. Improved Performance: Advanced maintenance techniques optimize system settings, fine-tune

System Optimization Tools:

Software Troubleshooting Tools:

Data Recovery Tools:

Network Troubleshooting Tools:

Hardware Monitoring and Control Tools:

SYSTEM BOARDS AND COMPONENT IDENTIFICATION

2.1 UNDERSTANDING THE INSIDE OF A COMPUTER

2.2 IDENTIFYING THE VARIOUS COMPONENT OF A COMPUTER

INTRODUCTION TO HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

3.1 COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER MOTHERBOARD

3.4 COMPUTER MEMORY

3.6 ROM BIOS

3.7 EXPANSION CARDS

3.9 COMPUTER POWER SUPPLY UNIT

3.10 TESTING PSU

3.11 PSU FORM FACTORS

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