A PROJECT REPORT ON

Amity Business School, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

Submitted to
Dr. Taranjeet Duggal HOD MBA-HR Amity Business School

Submitted by
Group No. 4

Akanksha Bhargawa Shringarika Agarwal Chandani Sethi Tarang Kochar Shivangi Sripat Anil Barolia

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to take this opportunity to extend our gratitude to our esteemed faculty Ms. Taranjeet Duggal (Faculty & H.O.D at Amity Business School) for extending her full support to us throughout this project. Our heartiest thanks to her for giving us the guidance and support to make this project possible.

We feel privileged to offer sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude to our respected A.D.G Sir - Dr. Sanjay Srivastava, for providing us an environment that helped us in the completion of this project.

We are grateful for the co-operation, valuable suggestions and hard work rendered by our fellow classmates and the group members.

This has been a tremendous learning experience for us.

We regret any inadvertent omissions.

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Contents
1.Abstract 2.Introduction 3.Characteristics of Transactional Analysis 4.View of Human Nature 5.Modes of Behavior / Ego States i. Parent ii. Adult iii. Child 6.Need for Stroke I.Conditional II.Un-Conditional III. Positive IV.Negative 7.Types Of communication or Interaction I.Complementary II. Crossed III.Duplex or Covert 8.Applications of Transactional analysis 9.Analysis and interpretation

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10.Research papers and journals

11.Conclusion

12.Bibliography

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Abstract
Transactional analysis (TA) presents a model of man which has found applications far removed from the psychiatric practice of Dr Eric Berne, its originator. TA theory posits man as a being having three separate, identifiable ego states, namely child, adult and parent. There are two senses in which the term transactional analysis is used: as a generic term covering several analytic elements, and as a specific term relating to the analysis of transactions between people. The main analytic elements falling under the generic heading are known as games analysis, transactional analysis in the specific sense, structural analysis and script analysis

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Introduction:
Transactional analysis was originally developed by the late Eric Berne (1961), who was trained as a Freudian psychoanalyst and psychiatrist. TA evolved out of Bernes dissatisfaction with the slowness of psychoanalysis in curing people of their problems. Bernes major objections to psychoanalysis were that it was time consuming, complex, and poorly communicated to clients. Historically, TA developed as an extension of psychoanalysis with concepts and techniques especially designed for group treatment. Berne discovered that by using TA his clients were making significant changes in their lives. Transactional analysis (TA) is both a theory of personality and an organized system of interactional therapy. It is grounded on the assumption that we make current decisions based on past premisespremises that were at one time appropriate to our survival needs but that may no longer are valid. TA emphasizes the cognitive and behavioral aspects of the therapeutic process. Within TA there are three recognized schools classical, Schiffian (or reparenting), and redecisional and two unofficial schools identified as self-reparenting and corrective parenting. The goal of transactional analysis is autonomy, which is defined as awareness, spontaneity, and the capacity for intimacy. In achieving autonomy people have the capacity to make new decisions (redecide), thereby empowering themselves and altering the course of their lives. As a part of the process of TA, peoples learn how to recognize the three ego states i.e. Parent, Adult, and Child, in which they function. Peoples also learn how their current behavior is being affected by the rules they received and incorporated as children and how they can identify the life script that is determining their actions. This approach focuses on early decisions that each person has made, and it stresses the capacity of peoples to make new decisions to change aspects of their lives that are no longer working.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

The self state is defined by a system of thoughts, behavior and emotions which put each individual in relationship with the environment (the environment can be another individual, a family, a group or a company). The transactional analysis postulates that each person has three states of his own ego, which in their totality define the personality. These states are: the Parent Ego (P), the Adult Ego (A) and the Child Ego (C). in each of us there are three states of Ego. They produce the dialogue with ourselves and with others. The three ego states have no connection with the effective age or with the family relationship, but they refer to the behavior models; we pass from one state to another depending on the situation. The individual starts the effort of understanding the world, making order in himself by registering the inner events, with other words the individual reaction towards the outside stimuli. The Child (C) is the sum of these inner events. In C the experiences and reactions are stocked, registered from the first day of our existence, both positive and negative. In general, the child ego state appears when we have to deal with the expressing of spontaneity, of feelings, desires, intentions and hopes, emotions. Due to C we can savor life, feel spontaneous, imaginative, creative, longing for friends, we can act spontaneously, timorously and revolted, but we adapt to the requirements of the environment. There are situations when the C state troubles us: if, for example, it make us to give up at solving some problems, when we are stubborn, depressed and desperate, when we search guilt only at others, when we refuse to accept responsibilities, when we are scared about the future, when we are timorous.

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View Of Human Nature

Transactional analysis is rooted in an anti deterministic philosophy. It places faith in our capacity to rise above habit patterns and to select new goals and behavior. However, this does not mean that we are free from the influences of social forces. It acknowledges that we were influenced by the expectations and demands of significant others, especially because our early decisions were made at a time in life when we were highly dependent on others. We made certain decisions in order to survive, both physically

and psychologically, at some point in life. But these early decisions can be reviewed and challenged, and if they are no longer serving us, then new decisions can be made.

Modes Of Behavior Or Ego States

An ego state is a set of related thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in which part of an individuals personality is manifested at a given time. All transactional analysts work with ego states, which encompass important facets of the personality and are considered to be essential and distinguishing characteristics of TA therapy. Each person has a basic trio of Parent, Adult, and Child (P-A-C), and individuals constantly shift from one of these states to another, manifesting behavior congruent with the ego state of the moment. One definition of autonomy is the capacity to move with agility and intention through ego states and to operate in the one most appropriate to the reality of the given situation.
Ego states are of three types:
I. II.

Parent Adult Child

III.

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Parent Ego state

The Parent ego state contains the values, morals, core beliefs, and behaviors incorporated from significant authority figures, primarily ones parents. Outwardly, this ego state is expressed toward others in critical or nurturing behavior. We each have a Nurturing Parent and a Critical Parent. Inwardly, it is experienced as old parental messages that continue to influence the inner Child. When we are in the Parent ego state, we react to situations as we imagine our parents might have reacted, or we may act toward others the way our parents acted toward us. The Parent contains all the shoulds and oughts and other rules for living. When we are in that ego state, we may act in ways that are strikingly similar to those of our parents or other significant people in our early life. We may use some of their very phrases, and our posture, gestures, voice, and mannerisms may replicate those that we experienced in our parents. a) Critical Parent: In critical parent people manifest themselves as disappointed, aggrieved, feeling always right patronizing, controlling judgmental, authoritarian, putting down others. Critical parent behavior attacks people's personalities as well as their behavior. Critical parent makes people feel that they are not OK. When people are in their critical parent ego state they are very evaluative and judgmental. They are always ready to respond with a 'should' or 'ought' to almost anything people tell them.

b) Nurturing Parent: In nurturing parent people act loving, caring, concerned, understanding, supportive encouraging, and reassuring. The nurturing parent is that part of a person which is understanding and caring about other people. Behavior coming from the nurturing parent may set limits on and provide direction for people behavior. It will not put the people down and make then feel not OK as individual.

I.

Adult Ego State

The Adult ego state is the processor of data. It is the objective part of the person, which gathers information about what is going on. It is not emotional or judgmental but works with the facts and with external reality. The Adult is without passionate convictions, but many problems also require empathy and intuition to be resolved. The Adult ego state evokes behavior that could be described simply as logical, reasonable, rationale and unemotional. Behavior from the adult ego state is characterized by problem solving analysis and rationale decision-making. People operating from the adult ego state are taking emotional content of their child ego state, the value-laden content of their

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parent ego state and checking them out in the reality of the external world. These people are examining alternatives, probabilities and values prior to engaging in behavior.

II.

Child Ego States

The Child ego state is the original part of us and is most naturally who we are. It consists of feelings, impulses, and spontaneous actions and includes recordings of early experiences. The Child ego state is divided into Natural Child (NC) and Adapted Child (AC), both of which have positive and negative aspects. The positive aspects of the Natural Child are the spontaneous, ever so lovable, loving and charming parts of all of us. The negative aspect of the Natural Child is to be impulsive to the degree our safety is compromised. The positive aspect of the Adapted Child is that we respond appropriately in social situations. The negative aspect of the Adapted Child involves over adapting wherein we give up our power and discount our value, worth, and dignity. The child ego state is associated with behaviors that appear when a person is responding emotionally. A person's child contains the 'natural' impulses and attitudes learned from child experiences. There are several forms of the child ego state. However, two kinds of ego states viz. happy child and destructive child are commonly relevant in their behavior. People behaving from their happy child are doing things they want to do it but it is not destructive to others. However, people in their destructive child are also doing things but their behavior

is either destructive to others or to themselves, or to their environment. In understanding the difference between these two types of child ego state, it helps to remember that behavior by itself is not happy or destructive. Whether a person's behavior is coming from a happy child or destructive child depends on the transaction feedback from others. For example, if Bharat is a draftsman and is singing while be works, he may be a happy child but if one of his coworkers tells him that he is having trouble because of his singing and still he keeps on singing, he has moved from happy child to destructive child. It is healthy for people to have a functioning child ego state i.e. spontaneous, emotional and sometimes dependent.

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Need OF Strokes
Humans need to be stimulated physically, socially, and intellectually. As we grow and develop, we need to be recognized for who we are and what we do. This need for stimulation and recognition is referred to as strokes. A stroke is any act of recognition or source of stimulation. A basic premise of the TA approach is that humans need to receive both physical and psychological strokes to develop a sense of trust in the world and a basis for loving themselves. There is ample evidence that lack of physical contact can impair infant growth and development and, in extreme cases, can lead to death. Psychological strokesverbal and nonverbal signs of acceptance and recognitionare also necessary to people as confirmations of their worth.

Types of Strokes
I.

Conditional Un- Conditional Positive Negative

II. III. IV.

I.

Conditional Strokes

Conditional strokes are given for what we do, for what we accomplish, or for a particular trait that we happen to possess. Thus, they are based on some condition. Conditional strokes can fill important needs. If I sing well, or get a good grade, or do a good deed, and someone recognizes me for that, they are giving me a positive conditional stroke. If people tell me that I am pretty or that they like my dress, they are giving me a positive conditional stroke. These strokes can feel very good and they fill us up in different ways than do positive unconditional strokes. But there are ways that conditional strokes can be limiting, too. If we relate to others or they relate to us in ways that show us that we are only OK in their eyes when we behave in certain ways, this cuts down on the spontaneity in the relationship. In the long run, this can limit pleasure, intimacy, and creativity. For eg: "I like you when you smile"

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II.

Un-Conditional Strokes

The distinction between conditional and unconditional strokes is a bit more interesting. Unconditional strokes are those that are given without reference to what the receiver is doing. This means that unconditional strokes can't be earned and are given for "being". An unconditional stroke could be "I like your eyes" or "I love you", or in the case of a negative one "I don't like you".

III.

Positive Strokes

Positive strokes (a.k.a. "warm fuzzies" -- I'm serious) say "I like you." They can be nonverbal physical touches, smiles, waves. They can be verbal words of appreciation, love, friendliness. These strokes are necessarily for a person to be psychologically healthy and whole.

IV.

Negative

Negative strokes (a.k.a. "cold pricklies") say "I don't like you." This could be a cold shoulder, walking the other direction when they see you, setting a person up to be made fun of, etc.

People want to be recognized and accepted. As children, we test various ways of garnering strokes to see what behaviors or tactics will get us what kind of stroke. We will carry these methods into adulthood. If positive strokes are lacking, people will seek negative strokes, as research has proven that negative strokes are better than no strokes at all. If a person receives no strokes, they can become depressed and will resort to self-damaging and harmful methods to receive recognition.

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Types of Communication / Interaction Transaction

Another important transactional analysis concept is that of transactions. Transactions are about how people interact with each other, specifically, which ego state in me is talking to which ego state in you. You may have noticed that sometimes communication continues in a straightforward, easy way that seems to go smoothly. But at other times, things seem to get all jumbled up, confusing, unclear, and unsatisfying. An understanding of transactions can help you keep your communication with others as clear as you would like it to be.

Types of Transaction
I.

Complementary Crossed Duplex or Covert

II.
III.

I.

Complementary or Reciprocal
A simple, reciprocal transaction occurs when both partners are addressing the ego state the other is in. These are also called complementary transactions.

Example 1
A: "Have you been able to write the report?" (Adult to Adult) B: "Yes - I'm about to email it to you." (Adult to Adult)

Example 2
A: "Would you like to come and watch a film with me?" (Child to Child) B: "I'd love to - what shall we go and see?" (Child to Child)

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Example 3 A: "Is your room tidy yet?" (Parent to Child) B: "Will you stop hassling me? I'll do it eventually!" (Child to Parent)
Communication like this can continue indefinitely. (Clearly it will stop at some stage - but this psychologically balanced exchanged of strokes can continue for some time).

II.

Crossed
Communication failures are typically caused by a 'crossed transaction' where partners address ego states other than that their partner is in. Consider the above examples jumbled up a bit.

Example 1: A: "Have you been able to write that report?" (Adult to Adult) B: "Will you stop hassling me? I'll do it eventually!" (Child to Parent)
It is a crossed transaction likely to produce problems in the workplace. "A" may respond with a Parent to Child transaction. For instance: A: "If you don't change your attitude you'll get fired"

Example 2: A: "Is your room tidy yet?" (Parent to Child) B: "I'm just going to do it, actually." (Adult to Adult)
It is a more positive crossed transaction. However there is the risk that "A" will feel aggrieved that "B" is acting responsibly and not playing his role, and the conversation will develop into:

A: "I can never trust you to do things!" (Parent to Child) B: "Why don't you believe anything I say?" (Child to Parent) which can continue indefinitely

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III. Duplex or Covert transactions

Another class of transaction is the 'duplex' or 'covert' transactions, where the explicit social conversation occurs in parallel with an implicit psychological transaction. For instance, A: "Would you like to come and see the barn?" B: "I've loved barns ever since I was a little girl." Social level adult-to-adult, psychological level child-to-child flirtation.

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Applications of Transactional Analysis

Stroking
Stroking is defined as any act of recognition for another. People seek stoking in their interaction with others. It applies to all type of recognition, such as physical, verbal and eye contact between people. Strokes may be either positive, negative, or mixed. Positive strokes, when they are received contribute to a person's sense being OK. Negative stokes hurt physically or emotionally and make us feel OK about ourselves. There also is a difference between conditional and unconditional strokes. Conditional strokes are offered to employees if they perform correctly or avoid problems. A Regional manager may promise" I will give you a choice posting if you achieve the targets of advances, deposits and recovery and turn around the branch". Unconditional strokes are presented without any connection to behavior, although they may make a person feel good (for example, "you're a good officer").

TA and Leadership
When managers transact primarily from a single ego state, they limit their choice of leadership styles. For example, the person with a dominant Parent ego state will tend towards a more autocratic style. If the Child state is dominant, the free-rein style may be used extensively. However, a supervisor who feels "I am OK-You're OK" and who has a well developed Adult state, is more likely to collect data prior to making a choice of style. The style chosen by the adult state generally will allow ample freedom for employees to participate in the decision process.

TA and conflict resolution

There are several natural connections between TA and the approaches to resolving conflict. The Parent ego state may lead to the use of a forcing strategy, while the child state may smooth over conflicts or try to avoid them. The "I am OK You're OK" person is more likely to seek a win-win outcome, applying the Adult ego state.

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 Benefits of TA
Organizations that have used TA approach were found moderately successful training in TA can give employees fresh insights into their own personalities, and it also can help them to understand why others sometimes respond as they do. A major benefit is improved interpersonal communication. Employees in organization can sense when crossed communication occurs and then take steps to restore complementary communication, preferably in the Adult-to-Adult pattern. The result is a general improvement in interpersonal transactions.

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Analysis of Data
Dr. Eric Berne, Founder of TA

Tool Used:
We used the questionnaire designed by DR. ERIC BERNE, founder of T.A. The questionnaire consisted of 61 questions The dimensions are: Nurturing and Critical Parent, Adult and Child ego states.

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TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS:
The following table shows the scores of 30 students aged between 20-24 subjected for the research work of transactional analysis-

FEEDBACKName of Candidates Bhavna Shobhna Neha Priyanka Nipun Bhoomika Sara Niteen Sakshi Ayushi Shagun Shefali Anil Nitika Mona Nitika Ankit Shivangi Ruchi Ishween Nurturing Parent 10 6 10 8 7 9 10 10 11 9 11 7 8 11 9 11 10 10 8 6 Critical Parent 6 5 8 6 6 5 5 9 4 8 8 9 9 7 10 9 8 6 5 5 Adult 10 12 17 15 10 14 10 11 17 15 13 16 14 16 13 11 15 8 13 10 Child 6 8 8 6 7 9 9 9 10 10 11 8 13 11 11 11 10 10 13 6

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Fatima Megha Swati Stuti Kajal Chandani Shringarika Akansha Tarang Harmeet

10 9 9 6 8 9 9 10 7 11

5 6 8 7 6 8 7 9 5 9

10 16 17 11 15 8 10 15 12 10

7 14 7 9 8 11 14 10 8 6

ScoringParent

If the score is about 16 then he lies in 90%-100% category. If the score is about 14 then he lies in 80%-90% category. If the score is about 12 then he lies in 60%-70% category. If the score is about 10 then he lies in 40%-50% category. If the score is about 8 then he lies in 20%-30% category. If the score is about 6 then he lies in 10%-20% category. If the score is about 4 then he lies in 0%-10% category.

Adult Child

If the score is about 16 then he lies in 90%-100% category. If the score is about 14 then he lies in 70%-80% category. If the score is about 12 then he lies in 50%-60% category. If the score is about 10 then he lies in 20%-30% category. If the score is about 8 then he lies in 10%-20% category. If the score is about 6 then he lies in 0%-10% category.

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If the score is about 12 then he lies in 90%-100% category. If the score is about 10 then he lies in 70%-80% category. If the score is about 8 then he lies in 50%-60% category. If the score is about 6 then he lies in 20%-30% category. If the score is about 5 then he lies in 10%-20% category. If the score is about 3 then he lies in 0%-10% category.

Interpretation of your P.A.C. Profiles

The highest percentage score of the three scores indicates the particular Ego State mostly used by you. If there is a difference of twenty or more percentage points between the highest and the second highest score, this means that the highest scoring Ego State is your dominant ego state. If there is less than twenty percentage points difference, there is a likelihood that you switch back and forth between Ego States without being consciously aware of this switch.

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The test revealed that among the 30 students

34% fall in the category of people with adult ego state. They are rational, logical, sensible,

mature, independent, experienced, decision makers. state are 18%.

While those who highly misunderstood people that is those with high critical parent ego 24% students fall in the category of people with child ego state. They are also called as

power house of True Emotions. top class perfectionist

And 24% students fall in the category of high nurturing parent ego state . They are called as

INTERPRETATION-

Nurturing Parent
They might be future CEOs, natural leaders, choice of every company.
They are gifted as how to get best out of the people.

Good team members Concentrate on employees strength and try to overcome their weakness They are called as top class perfectionist

Critical Parent
They are or would be highly suffocated and asked many questions They are high end professionals at their work place and try to manipulate their thoughts with

our work is a hard job

They are highly misunderstood peoples They are called as Top class masters

Child
They are the first choice of corporate world

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Genuine people and good care takers They are considers as natural gifts to gives inferiority to others
They are also called as power house of True Emotions

Adult
They are rational, logical, sensible, mature, independent, experienced Decision makers but are devoid of feelings and emotions in us, it is like CPU in us.

RESEARCH PAPERS AND JOURNALS

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TWO RESEARCH PAPERS WERE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATIONI-

II-THIS RESEARCH PAPER WAS STUDIED IN DETAIL AND WAS COMPARED WITH OUR RESEARCH

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After the survey was conducted with the help of a questionnaire, it was found that out of 25 normal adults 38% adults had the parent ego state, 47% had the adult ego state and the remaining 15% had the child ego state.

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Comparison
According to the research done on the sample of 30 students of MBA-HR, we can compare the result with the results of the research done by Charles E. Schaefer. In his research Schaefer took a sample of 25 normal adults, he found out that 32% i.e. 8 people had parent ego state, 52% i.e. 13 people had adult ego state and 16% i.e. 4 people had child ego state. Similarly, out of 30 students of section B of MBA-HR, we found out that 24% students had critical parent ego state, 24% had nurturing parent ego state, 34% had adult ego state and the remaining 18% had child ego state which comprises of natural and adaptive child. Therefore, we can conclude that the result of the research done on 30 students matches with the research work of Schaefer. The adjective check list defined by Schaefer can also be applied on the research work done by us which are as follows. Some of the positive traits of parent ego state are appreciative, considerate, forgiving, friendly, honest, generous, understanding and so on. The negative traits of parent ego state are autocratic, bossy, complaining, demanding, rigid, sarcastic and many more. Some of the positive traits of adult ego state are alert, intelligent , rational, logical, reasonable , adaptable and so on. The negative traits of adult ego state are absent minded, confused, argumentative, stubborn, unrealistic, worrying and many more. The positive child has traits like adventurous, cheerful, natural, curious, energetic, spontaneous, etc. whereas of the difficult child are aggressive, emotional, dependent, fearful, moody, sulky and selfish.

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Conclusion
Transactional analysis is the systematic tool for anybody for their development. In this system, contract is helpful for improving his adult ego states. Peoples can use his adult to confirm the reasonableness of any new behavior. People can consciously practice new behaviors, both internally in fantasy and externally with others. People can ask others for approval. Using the TA techniques anyone can change oneself and develop his/her personality with his/her adult ego states. Transactional analysis is the study of social transaction between people. One useful approach is the classification of Parent, Adult and child ego states. An Adult-to-adult complementary transaction is especially desirable at work. Crossed transactions tend to cut off communication and produce conflicts. TA is essentially a learning experience through which an individual discovers how to sort out the data that goes into his decisions. This approach is useful to improve the interpersonal communication in organization and in social life. I'am OK, You're OK life position shows acceptance of self and others. That is why it is a systematic tool.

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Bibliography
Berne, Eric, Games people play, Amaltea Publishing House, Bucharest, 2003
Hargaden, H., & Sills, C., (2002) Transactional Analysis: A Relational Approach. New

York: Brunner-Routledge.

Harris, TA (1967) Iam OKyoure OK. New York: Harper & Row.

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