Building Sustainable Communities Civil Society Response in South Asia 1St Ed Edition MD Nurul Momen Full Chapter
Building Sustainable Communities Civil Society Response in South Asia 1St Ed Edition MD Nurul Momen Full Chapter
Building Sustainable Communities Civil Society Response in South Asia 1St Ed Edition MD Nurul Momen Full Chapter
Building
Sustainable
Communities
Civil Society Response
in South Asia
Building Sustainable Communities
Md. Nurul Momen
Rajendra Baikady • Cheng Sheng Li
M. Basavaraj
Editors
Building Sustainable
Communities
Civil Society Response in South Asia
Editors
Md. Nurul Momen Rajendra Baikady
Department of Public Administration Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and
University of Rajshahi Social Welfare
Rajshahi, Bangladesh Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Israel
Cheng Sheng Li
Department of Social Work Department of Social Work
Shandong University University of Johannesburg
Shandong, China Johannesburg, South Africa
M. Basavaraj
Dept of Economic Studies and Planning
Central University of Karnataka
Kadganchi, Karnataka, India
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore
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Foreword
v
vi Foreword
1
Many studies in Public Administration have been conducted on the belief that communities are a
sustainable fact of any policy. While the legendary scholar F.W. Riggs’s whole framework of
‘Ecology of Public Administration’ (1961) is about community-driven implementation, there are
continuing discourses in the discipline which reiterate its importance, i.e. Kapucu, N. (2016);
Wade, R. (1988); Mansuri, Ghazala and Vijayendra Rao (2003); M. Das Gupta, H. Grandvoinnett
and M. Romani (2004); UNHCR (2001).
Foreword vii
2
The term ‘Westphalian State’ emerges from the Treaties of Westphalia in 1648. It refers to a state
possessing monopoly of force within their mutually recognized territories and a set of rules which
govern inter-state and intra-state relations.
3
See Lok Tilak (2004) and Kazanas (2002).
4
The Comilla Model (1959) of Bangladesh and the Orangi Project (1980s) of Pakistan were both
celebrated community development initiatives launched by Akhtar Hameed Khan, born in Agra
(India), for rural and urban communities, respectively. Even if they under-achieved, the pro-
grammes pushed several successful micro-credit programmes such as the BRAC(NGO) and
Grameen Bank by Dr. Md. Yunus and Fazle Hasan Abed.
Foreword ix
society. The Vedas, Valmiki Ramayana and the Mahabharata of the sev-
enth–fifth century BCE, which is taken to and absorbed in a rational
analysis found in Kautilya’s Arthashashtra (Boesche 2002), third century
BCE, a treatise on economics and the economy of nations much before
Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations. This region also produced meaningful
narratives on civil society in Buddhist literature, some of which could
also be reflected in the oldest available Bengali poetic volume Charayapada
of the tenth–eleventh century and Islamic epics in the works of Syed
Sultan, Abdul Hakim and the secular texts of Alaol. The coming of Kazi
Nazrul Islam re-ignited the praxis of civil society through his celebrated
works Bidrohi (The Rebel) and his newspaper Dhumketu (The Comet)
between 1915 and 1922. In much the same spirit, Prof. Nurul Momen
wrote Nemesis and a number of other works in 1944 and sometime later
when ordinary masses were making efforts to change their destinies
trapped in political and natural calamities. Going downwards to the
coastal rim of South Asia, Sri Lanka’s civil society literature demonstrated
a phenomenal growth and expansion with the establishment of the
Ceylon Bible Society in 1812 and the Mahabodhi Society in 1891. The
Ceylon Social Reform Society of 1905 has contributed immensely to cul-
tural conservation of Sri Lankan civil society values. Ironically, much has
remained unstudied and unresearched and the scholars in South Asia
have missed out on their indigenous wealth under the dominant Western
publications. Authors admit that it is difficult to delve into the deep mine
of this regional literature in the absence of sufficient archival conservation
and due to colonial influences. However, it is about time that the focus is
shifted inwards and the inner strengths of the region are explored.
5
A metaphor picked up from the world of science symbolic of natural changes Wilson and
Holldobler (2005).
6
See, Marks, Susan, (1997) reflections on legal thesis.
xii Foreword
It was during this time that the World Development Report (2004)
Making Services work for the poor people was published to focus upon
some of the most basic services to human development. These included
education, health, water, sanitation and electricity. Many dimensions to
poverty were highlighted and governments were asked to work towards
them. Recently, in 2014, the Indian government’s major initiative on
‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan’ has already started proving right the wisdom
which the experts had put in the 2004 Report. It is highlighted that sani-
tation is becoming a key to rising ambition to work and do better. The
World Development Report 2004 had set a holistic agenda for the region
to scale up sectoral reforms by linking them to public sector, budget man-
agement and decentralized administrative reforms. In India, the disburse-
ment to civil society groups increased and there was a mushrooming of
Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Community-Based Organizations (CBOs)
and voluntary groups in the process of materializing, implementing and
outreaching the demand groups, beneficiaries and the stakeholders. The
situation was so diffused for the sovereign state that scholars started
declaring that the state was hollowing out (Rhodes 1994) or retreating
(Strange 1996). As Rhodes (1994) further explained that ‘hollowing out’
referred to a loss of state capacity and a ‘shift from a unitary state to a
differentiated polity’ (1997, p. 19). The splattering by civil society groups
appeared to be eroding or eating away the state but Rhodes was also clear
that this neither increased state efficiency nor its effectiveness (2017,
p. 119). However, the public sphere became a network of competing civil
society groups rather than a Weberian pyramid of known functionaries.
While analyzing this changing situation replete with examples of rising
influence of marketization and subsequent unbundling of public sector
undertakings, deregulations and corporatization led many scholars to call
the process a form of a ‘predatory state’(Olson 1993; Galbraith 2008).
The rise of civil society inadvertently carried the mission to fill up gaps
of accountability and state capacity but it turned to neither of the two.
There was a felt need for a deadline of performance and the declaration
on Sustainable Development Goals established a meaningful direction
within the time availability. The Goal No. 11 on ‘sustainable cities and
communities’ is directed to protect habitats and life as the world grows
xiv Foreword
Conclusions
Communities and the civil society encounter new responsibilities and
new challenges in the current phase of development. The marketization
of the 1990s is believed to have disrupted or scattered community bond-
ings and the rise of the civil society is one of the most appropriate options
to reclaim and restore sustainability, which once came naturally within
communities. Building sustainable communities is one great fiat for
development and growth in current times. The two concepts are embed-
ded in the history of South Asia, yet by adopting the Western implanted
models. this region has weakened its pace of development. Finally, the
effort to build sustainable communities through civil society responses is
a reminder that this multi-pronged process requires socio-legal-cultural
initiatives simultaneously to build resilience and address issues of state
capacity.
Centre
for the Study of Law and Governance Amita Singh
Special Centre for Disaster Research
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
Foreword xv
References
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Das Gupta, M., Grandvoinnett, H., & Romani, M. (2004). State-Community
Synergies in Community-Driven Development. Journal of Development
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Fukuyama, F. (1992). The End of History and the Last Man. New York: The
Free Press.
Galbraith, J. K. (2008). The Predator State: How Conservatives Abandoned the
Free Market and Why Liberals Should Too (p. 208). Free Press.
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International Encyclopedia of Civil Society. New York, NY: Springer.
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Indo-European Studies, 30, 275–334. Retrieved 30 December 2009.
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of Asian Values. Journal of East Asian Studies, 10, 315–344.
Mansuri, G., & Rao, V. (2003). Evaluating Community-Based and Community-
Driven Development: A Critical Review of the Evidence, Development Research
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Marks, S. (1997). The End of History? Reflections on Some International Legal
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www.jstor.org/stable/2938736.
xvi Foreword
Editing this book started with many challenges and endless learning. The
contents of this book were shaped by the discussion and debates between
junior and senior scholars from diverse social science subjects.
Commitment, dedication and an aspiration for new learning among all
contributing authors resulted in this book. This book presents truly inter-
disciplinary and international content pertaining to civil society organi-
zation and social welfare in the South Asian region.
We the editors sincerely thank all our contributing authors for their
valuable contributions, and also thanks go to many other colleagues who
offered advice, criticism, and encouragement in various settings. We spe-
cially mention the support of Prof. Nasreen Aslam Shah (Pakistan), Dr.
Nadarajah Pushparajah (Sri Lanka), Bharat Bushan (India), Dr. Jilly
Johan (India), Dr. Ashok D Souza (India), AHM Kamrul Ahsan
(Bangladesh), Vasudeva Sharma (India), Dr. Anurada Koumodurai
(India), Prof. Awal Hossain Mollah (Bangladesh), Dr. Aslam Khan
(Ethiopia), Kanagarajan Eswaran (India), Mahbub Alam Prodip
(Bangladesh), Golam Rabbani (Bangladesh), Prof. Md. Faruque Hossain
(Bangladesh), Dr. Anjali Kulkarni (India) with peer reviewing chapters.
In addition, a big thanks goes to Prof. Matthew McCartney (University
of Oxford), Prof. M. Shamsur Rahman (Ex-Vice Chancellor, Jatiyo Kobi
Kazi Nazrul Islam University), Prof. Vimla V. Nadkarni (TISS Mumbai),
Prof. He Xuesong (East China University of Science and Technology),
xvii
xviii Acknowledgment
xix
xx Contents
Index 821
Notes on Contributors
xxv
xxvi Notes on Contributors
books (co-edited) are Social Welfare Policies and Programmes in South Asia
(Routledge) and The Palgrave Handbook of Global Social Work Education
(Palgrave Macmillan), Social Welfare in India and China—A Comparative
Perspective (Palgrave Macmillan). He is co-editor of the journal special
issue of Social Work and Society (to be published in 2020) and also has
ongoing international collaboration with researchers from China, Israel,
Japan, Slovenia and South Africa. Presently, he is at the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem Israel and conducting research under the supervision of
John Gal. In addition, he is also affiliated to the Department of Social
Work, University of Johannesburg, South Africa as Senior Research
Associate (a special appointment). His ongoing projects are the Routledge
Handbook of Field Work Education in Social Work and the Routledge
Handbook of Poverty in the Global South.
M. Basavaraj is Assistant Professor of Economics at the Department of
Economic Studies and Planning School of Business Studies, Central
University of Karnataka, India since 2012. Prior to this, he worked 5
years as a lecturer in Economics in Undergraduate and Pre-University
Colleges and also qualified for the University Grants Commission Junior
Research Fellowship and Meritorious scholarship in Master’s Degree. He
holds a Master of Philosophy and a Doctor of Philosophy in Economics
from S.V. University, Tirupati and the Department of Economic Studies
and Research, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi, respectively. He has pub-
lished two books, many research articles in national and international
journals and presented many papers in various conferences; one of the
research papers was appreciated at ISBM-2014-Meiji University, Tokyo,
Japan. His research mainly focuses on regional imbalance and develop-
ment, small-scale industries, agriculture, economics, social welfare, etc.
V. J. Byra Reddy holds a PhD in Business Administration from
Mangalore University and a postgraduate in Economics from Bangalore
University. His areas of teaching interests include managerial economics,
advanced micro economics, international business, research methods and
public policy. He has more than 20 years of experience teaching
postgraduate management courses and four years of industry experience
at the entry and middle level management. Presently, he is a professor in
the School of Business and Head, School of Public policy at the University
Notes on Contributors xxix
Translator: L. A. E. B.
Language: English
C AV E D W E L L E R S
OF
SOUTHERN TUNISIA
BY
L. A. E. B.
CHAP. PAGE
PAGE
SOUTHERN TUNISIA
CHAPTER I
With Drummond Hay in Tunis
Though the midday sun still shone bright and hot, I sat at my ease
and breathed again in the pleasant atmosphere of a cool drawing-
room, from which the stifling air and the flies were excluded by
closely drawn blinds.
I had just arrived from Tunis by rail, over the scorching hot plain,
and past the milky-white shallow lagoon known as the Lake of Tunis.
Beyond Goletta the blue hills seemed to quiver beneath the rays of
the sun, and my eyes were blinded by the dazzling white walls of the
cathedral standing on the heights, where, in olden days, Byrsa, the
fortress of Carthage, stood, defying the invader and the storm.
As we sped over the traces of the mighty circular wall, which
formerly enclosed the town, I caught a glimpse of a white roof
amongst the green trees of a wood, and requested the conductor to
stop the train at the English Consul’s summer abode.
Down a pretty shady avenue I walked to the white summer
palace, with its beautiful columned portico, the finest in all Tunisia.
It is a proud name that my host bears,—a name associated with
unfailing honour in the history of Morocco. His late father, Sir J. H.
Drummond Hay, as England’s Representative, practically led
Morocco’s policy during the past forty years. He represented
Denmark also, and under him his son won his diplomatic spurs.
My host had invited me that we might quietly arrange a plan for
my intended expedition to visit the Berber tribes of Tunisia.
I was aware that in the south-west mountains of the Sahara I
should meet with Berbers of a pure race such as are scarcely to be
found elsewhere. Our country’s excellent Representative, Consul
Cubisol, had procured me a French permit for the journey, without
which it would be difficult for a lonely traveller to visit regions
unfrequented by Europeans.
In the spring, Drummond Hay had made a tour on horseback over
the greater part of Southern Tunisia; he was therefore acquainted,
not only with the localities, but also with several of the native chiefs
who would be able to assist me. He understands the people and
their country thoroughly, for he speaks Arabic like a native, and is
quite conversant with the life, opinions, manners, and customs of the
inhabitants. His wife had travelled far and wide with him in Morocco
when he was serving under his father, and accompanied him to the
capital of Morocco; so she also is well versed in Oriental life.
Together we traced the plan of my
journey, which, in the main, I
afterwards followed. Here I will not
anticipate what I shall relate later; only
premising this—that I owe first and
foremost to Drummond Hay the fact of
having comprised in my journey those
regions which no traveller has as yet
described. To him I was also
afterwards indebted for the elucidation
and explanation of what I had seen
and heard.
Both my host and hostess had
resided for many years in Stockholm,
when Drummond Hay was Consul
there. The north has great attractions
for them, as Drummond Hay’s mother
was a Dane, a Carstensen, being
daughter of the last Danish Consul- DRUMMOND HAY, BRITISH
General at Tangier. CONSUL-GENERAL AT TUNIS.
England has great interests in
Tunis, not only directly on account of the many Maltese living there
under British protection, but also indirectly, more especially since the
French settled in the country; it will therefore be understood that the
post of British Representative is one of confidence.
CHAPTER II
Susa
“A happy journey until our next meeting, and may Allah preserve you
from cholera!”
These were the parting words of my friend Gauckler, Inspector of
Antiquities and Arts, who bade me a last farewell at the Italian
railway station of Tunis.
Numbers of flamingoes stalked along the shores of the lagoon,
showing like white patches on the blue-grey expanse of water. Out
on the horizon, where the lake ended, I could see Goletta’s white
houses, and beyond them a deep, dark blue line—the
Mediterranean.
At midday the heat was stifling, but after we reached Goletta Bay
the sun sank rapidly, and the air grew cooler as a little steamer took
us through the entrance to the harbour, past the homeward-bound
fishing-boats. Just at sunset we reached our large steamer. To the
north, Carthage’s white church on the heights near Marsa appeared
on the horizon, and, in the south, the blue mountains of Hammamlif.
Amid the noisy whistling of the steamer, mingled with screams
and shouts, I tumbled on board with my numerous bundles and
packages; finding my way at last to the saloon, where a frugal dinner
awaited us.
Next morning, when I went on deck, the coast lay like a flat, grey
stripe ahead of us. I went forward and enjoyed the fresh sea breeze
for which I had so longed in Tunis. Near the bows of the ship were
two dolphins. One of them rose to the surface of the water and
spouted a stream of spray through the little orifice in its head, then
sank again. The other then rose in its turn.
The white bundles on the fore part of the deck now began to stir
into life, and each as it rose threw back its burnous, and showed a
dark face. One Arab had with him his whole family. He had spread a
rush mat on which, amongst their numerous belongings, lay, closely
packed, husband, wife (perhaps wives), several children and a large
poodle. A roguish little girl came to discover what I was
contemplating. She was sweet, brown, and clean, and peeped up at
me, hiding her face the while with one hand, evidently conscious of
wrong-doing. The tips of her fingers and toes were stained red with
henna, which was not unpleasing. Soon after, a closely veiled figure,
apparently the mother, came to fetch the little one. I had just time to
perceive that she was pretty, as she threw back a fold of her haik to
wrap round her child and herself. What a charming picture they
made as they leant against the bulwarks and gazed towards the
land!
Upon a slope, quite near, lay Susa—white, white, everything was
white.
On the summit of the slope were some towers and a crenelated
wall, and on the seashore beneath, yet another wall. Below lay the
harbour, too shallow, however, for our ship to enter; we had therefore
to lie out in the open.
A boat took me to the quay, where some twenty black-eyed boys
of all ages, with gleaming teeth and red caps, lay watching for their
prey. As the boat drew alongside, they rushed down to seize my
luggage. The boatmen attempted to push them aside, but,
nevertheless, one caught up my little handbag, another my umbrella,
and a third my photographic apparatus. There was nothing for me to
do but to jump ashore and chase the thieves. It was long before I
could collect everything under the charge of one lad. Then, with a
couple of smart taps right and left, my little guide and I marched up
to the Kasba, where the Commandant lives. Here are the magazines
and barracks, and here, too, I knew that I should find a collection of
antiquities.
Susa was originally a Phœnician colony, and played no small part
in the Punic Wars. Trajan called it “Hadrumetum,” and made it the
capital of the province. It was laid waste by the Vandals, rebuilt by
Justinian, and destroyed by Sid Obka, who utilised the greater
portion of its ancient materials to build the holy city of Kairwan. Later
the town was rebuilt by the Turks, who had here for a long time one
of their hiding-places for their piratical fleets. The town was therefore
assaulted by Charles V. in 1537, and again by Andreas Doria in
1539, and, lastly, was occupied without a struggle on the 10th of
September 1881, by a force under General Etienne. It is, after Tunis,
the most important town in the Regency, and is governed by a
Khalifa in the name of the Bey.
SUSA.