Sesi 1 - Standardization Activities - Aamir
Sesi 1 - Standardization Activities - Aamir
Sesi 1 - Standardization Activities - Aamir
Aamir Riaz
International Telecommunication Union – Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific
aamir.riaz@itu.int
Scope
IoTs Design and Planning requirements
2
IoT Connectivity Options
Source: ITU Workshop on Spectrum Management for Internet of Things Deployment, 22 November 2016, Geneva
3
IoT Technical Solutions
Study in ITU under WRC-19 agenda item 9.1, issue 9.1.8 (Machine Type Communication - MTC)
Studies on the technical and operational aspects of radio networks and systems, as well as spectrum needed, including
possible harmonized use of spectrum to support the implementation of narrowband and broadband machine-type
communication infrastructures
Cellular M2M
Weightless-N
802.11ah WAVIoT
LoRA Non- cellular M2M
NB-IoT Weightless-P
NFC Weightless-W
BLE
eMTC 802.11p
Bluetooth RFID LTE
Z-WAVE V2X
Ingenu
WIFI
Sig-fox ZigBee
IoT Technical Solutions
Low Capex and May be deployed before activation, maybe or cannot-be accessed once deployed
Opex requirement • Low numbers of gateways Link budget: e.g: UL: 155 dB (or better), DL: Link budget: 153 dB (or better)
• Devices deliver services with little or no human control, difficult to correct mistakes, device management is key
Criticality of Human life critical (Healthcare), Critical infrastructure (Smart Grid)
services Stringent latency (10ms for SG) and reliability requirements, may challenge/exceed network capabilities of today
Intrusiveness Things with explicit intent to better manage end-users (eHealth, Smart Grid)
Issues of Privacy become major obstacles
Information
Processing
Network
Infrastructure
Sensing and
Identification
IoT: Refernce Model In IoT solutions
supporting Fog Com
putting (FC) part of the
application processing
is executed directly at
IoT objects and only
when needed. More
complex and resource-
consuming tasks are
transferred to higher
level units (FC units) or
directly to the cloud.
Short Range IoT Solutions
- RFID
- Bluetooth
- ZigBee
- WiFI
RFID: Radio Frequency Identification
Ø Appeared first in 1945
Ø Features:
§ Identify objects, record metadata or control individual target
§ More complex devices (e.g., readers, interrogators, beacons) usually connected to a host
computer or network
§ Radio frequencies from 100 kHz to 10 GHz
Ø Operations:
§ Reading Device called Reader (connected to banckend network and communicates with tags using RF)
§ One or more tags (embedded antenna connected to chip based and attached to object)
Bluetooth
Ø Features:
§ Low Power wireless technology
§ Short range radio frequency at 2.4 GHz ISM Band
§ Wireless alternative to wires
§ Creating PANs (Personal area networks)
§ Support Data Rate of 1 Mb/s (data traffic, video traffic)
§ Uses Frequency Hopping spread Spectrum
Ø Bluetooth 5:
§ 4x range, 2x speed and 8x broadcasting message capacity
§ Low latency, fast transaction (3 ms from start to finish) Data Rate 1 Mb/s: sending just small data packets
2010
Ø Modulation: a version of Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) with a typical channel bandwidth of 125KHz
Ø Long range: up to 15 Km
Ø Strong indoor penetration: With High Spreading Factor, Up to 20dB penetration (deep indoor)
Ø Robust Occupies the entire bandwidth of the channel to broadcast a signal, making it robust to channel
noise
End Device
Cloud LoRa
Gateway
Email
End Device LoRa Network
Gateway Server Application
Server
Customer IT
C Modules with a
• Fleet management
(« continuous ») Module always strong reception Adapted to modules on the grid
listening latency constraint or with no power constraints • Real Time Traffic
(less than one Management
second)
Mar 2017
2012 2013 2014 2016
60 countries
First fundraising All France San-Francisco 42 covered by
Launch of the of Sigfox territory is covered become the first US. countries, the end of
Sigfox company to by Sigfox network State covered by
network 1000 2018
cover France Sigfox customers
Sigfox – Overview
Ø First LPWAN Technology (BPSK based transmission)
Ø The physical layer based on an Ultra-Narrow band wireless modulation
Ø Proprietary system
Ø Low throughput ( ~100 bps)
Ø Low power
Ø Extended range (up to 50 km)
Ø 140 messages/day/device
Ø Subscription-based model
Ø Cloud platform with Sigfox –defined API for server access
Ø Roaming capability
Ø Takes very narrow parts of spectrum and changes the phase of the carrier radio
wave to encode the data
Sigfox - Architecture
Frequency Band Ultra Narrow Band
Range ~ 13 Km
End Device
Throughput ~ 100 bps
End Device
Cloud Sigfox
Gateway
Email
End Device
Sigfox
Gateway Network
Server
Customer IT
Type of Traffic Data packet
End Device
Payload ~ 12 Bytes
Security No security
Remote
Time on air Up to 6 seconds Monitoring
7
Weightless - Overview
2012 2014
White Space
Creation of First Weightless-N
spectrum is coming - First version
Weightless Special network deployed in
Starts ratified in USA Q3 released
Interest Group London
specification 2012, UK expected Q2
2014
Weightless – Versions
Weightless-N Weightless-P Weightless-W
TDD
frame
RPMA – Development
Ø Frequencies:
§ 868 MHz for Europe and 315 MHz for the USA
Ø EnOcean Alliance
§ By 2014 = more than 300 members (Texas, Leviton, Osram, Sauter, Somfy, Wago, Yamaha ...)
ZWave
Ø Low power radio protocol
Ø Home automation (lighting, heating, ...) applications
Ø Low-throughput: 9 and 40 kbps
Ø Battery-operated or electrically powered
Ø Frequency range: 868 MHz in Europe, 908 MHz in the US
Ø Range: about 50 m (more outdoor, less indoor)
Ø Mesh architecture possible to increase the coverage
Ø Access method type CSMA / CA
Ø Z-Wave Alliance: more than 100 manufacturers
LTE-M - Overview
Ø Easy Deployment
Ø Coverage upto 11 Km
End Email
Device
New
baseband Customer
Software for IT
LTE-M
End
Device Enhancement for LTE-M Remote
Monitoring
LTE-M
Ø Licensed Spectrum
LTE Access
End Device
Remote
Monitoring
NB-IoT – Spectrum & Access
Designed with a number
of deployment options
for licensed GSM ,
WCDMA or LTE spectrum
to achieve efficiency
Stand-alone operation
Dedicated spectrum.
Ex.: By re-farming GSM channels
In-band operation
Using resource blocks within a normal
LTE carrier
NB-IoT and LTE-M Comparison
12 (Cat.0) LTE- 13(Cat. 1,4 MHz) LTE-M 13(Cat. 200 KHz)
3GPP Release M
NB-IoT
Number of antennas 1 1 1
Source:
H. S. Dhillon et al., “Wide-Area
Wireless Communication Challenges
for the Internet of Things,” IEEE
Communications Magazine, February
2017
IMT 2020 (5G) Supporting IoT
IMT
The values in the figures above are targets for research and investigation for IMT-2020 and may be revised in the light of future studies. Further information is
available in the IMT-2020 Vision (Recommendation ITU-R M.2083)
IMT Supports IoT
Source: Forging paths to IMT‑2020 (5G), Stephen M. Blust, Chairman, ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU–R) Working
Party 5D, Sergio Buonomo, Counsellor, ITU–R Study Group 5, ITU News, 02/2017
IMT-2020 (5G) Network slicing to Supports IoT
Source: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/study-groups/rsg5/rwp5d/imt-2020/Pages/default.aspx
5G and 3GPP Releases evolution
Source: http://www.3gpp.org/images/articleimages/ongoing_releases_900px.JPG
3GPP Release 16 - Timeline
Source: http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Information/presentations/presentations_2018/RAN80_webinar_summary(brighttalk)extended.pdf
3GPP Release 16 – 5G expansion
5G to X
Vehicle (V2X)
5G
Industrial
5G
5GIoT
Ind
URLLC 5G
enhancements Expansion
5G for Unlicensed
spectrum operation
Unli
5G for te
5Satelli
5G above
52.6GHz
Source: http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Information/presentations/presentations_2018/RAN80_webinar_summary(brighttalk)extended.pdf
3GPP Release 16 – 5G Efficiency
Inte
Int rference tion
e Mitiga
5G Big Data
SON &
5G5G MIMO
enhancements
5G Location and positioning 5G
enhancements
Location
a onsumptioproveme Efficiency
n im
onsumptio nts
5G ual
n imConnectivity
Penhancements
oucapabilitie
a l
s ex
wConnectivi change
Non-orthogonal Multiple
er
Access
Non- (NOMA)
Ccapabilitie
ort s ex
Source: http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Information/presentations/presentations_2018/RAN80_webinar_summary(brighttalk)extended.pdf
Examples from of current IoT Market
- Regulation
- Pricing
- Future analysis and issues
Regulations: Example
Effective Duty cycle < 1% < 0.1% < 0.1% < 0.1% < 1% < 10% < 10% Up to 100%
radiated power
(mW)
250 kHz
600 kHz 500 kHz 500 mW
25 mW 25 mW 100 kHz 100 kHz 600 kHz
100 kHz
10 mW 10 mW 25 mW 300 kHz, 5 mW
5 mW
868 868.6 868.7 869.2 869.4 869.65 869.7 868.6 870
Non specific devices
MHz
Ø IN 2018
§ Europe’s first data flat rate for the Internet of Things with joint offering by Deutsche Telekom and 1NCE, designed
especially for business customers. It provides connectivity for devices using low data volumes in the Internet of Things
(or IoT). The prepaid rates can now be booked from the 1NCE webshop.
§ For a one-off price of 10 Euros, customers receive a industrial IoT eSIM card with a data volume of 500 MB and 250
SMS messaging for use in the Internet of Things.
https://www.telekom.com/en/media/media-information/archive/pay-once-use-over-ten-years-533898
Market Pricing: LoraWan Example
2017
https://www.capacitymedia.com/articles/3567404/SK-Telecom-announces-prices-for-internet-of-things-service
Market Pricing: Sigfox Example
Network subscription charges: S$1 per device per month, which comes with a data plan for
up to 140 messages per day.
Qualified channel partners who commit to volume can ultimately enjoy subscription charges
from as low as S$1 per device per year.
https://www.unabiz.com/unabiz-announces-iot-connectivity-from-1-per-year/
Market Pricing: LTE-M Example
Market Pricing: Outcome Based Pricing
OBP differs from traditional pricing:
Item Value MER (single rack and termination equipment) <0.1% <0.1%
Total CAPEX (USD millions) 6.8
Number of small cell sites 116
Cost per square km (USD millions) 2.3
CapEx per site (USD thousands) 58.6
Ø Analysys Mason:
§ 3G and 4G will capture a 27%
market share in 2026
connections.
Future Issues of IoT
v Data Ownership
v Rights around derivative use of data
v Dynamic decision rights (change in consent)
v Consumer awareness
v Privacy rights
v Cybersecurity
v Liability (decision made by AI: health, transportation)
v curacy
v Public profit sharing
v Preventing oligopolies (Large tech companies taking over)
v Fairness (Some may not be able to afford)
v Disposal of electronic waste Source: Dr. Shoumen Datta of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
“Committed to
connecting the
WORLD”