Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course Geography 2 (Physical Geography)

Sem/AY 2nd Semester/2024

Module No. 1
Lesson Title MODULE 1 - Introduction and Orientation of the Course
Week
2 - 3 Weeks
Duration
Date Febuary 27,
The course helps students to show that they understand the fundamental geographic concepts and
Description resources needed to comprehend both global and Philippine geography. Additionally, it enables them to exhibit
their understanding of the spatial features of the different natural phenomena connected to the hydrosphere,
of the
biosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere of the Earth.
Lesson

Learning Outcomes
Intended  Understand the definition and scope of Environmental Geography.
Learning  Identify and describe major physical features of the Earth, such as landforms, climate zones, and
Outcomes biomes.
 Explore the relationship between the environment and various social sciences, including sociology,
geography, and economics.
 Identify and classify various environmental problems, including pollution, deforestation, climate
change, and biodiversity loss.
 Foster a sense of responsibility and awareness about the impact of human activities on the
environment.
Targets/ At the end of the course, the students are expected to be able to:
Objectives  Discuss the Concepts of Environmental Geography
 Identify the Gross Features of the Earth
 Define and explain the relations of Environment and the Social Sciences
 Explain the effects of Environmental Problems to Human Life
 Discuss the Objectives of Environmental Geography

Student Learning Strategies

Online A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

For this module you will be directed to engage in a one-hour synchronous discussion
Activities and two hour asynchronous activities each week. ( depending on the coverage of the
(Synchronou module )

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SANAYSAY AT TALUMPATI

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

s/ To access to the online course materials please check your account and refer to this
link: ____________________.Here are the list of course materials provided on the LMS
Asynchrono
us) The one-hour synchronous discussion will be selected date set by the instructor
( meet up / class will be based on the class schedule ) in Google Meet. Please be
reminded to prepare and be ready at least 15 minutes prior to the said schedule to
lessen connection problem issues. For those who cannot attend the session
recordings will be available after and will be posted within 24 hours. In case you may
not be able to attend the session, ensure to notify your instructor.( do not hesitate to
inform your instructor ) Please be reminded of the web conference etiquettes and
reminders uploaded on you LMS.
You will be given time to complete all assessment tasks and activity provided on the
LMS.
(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the schedule of
activities for this module)
Offline
A. For offline classes, please refer to the following learning guide questions:
Activities Answer the following briefly but intelligently.
(e-Learning/
Self-Paced) Let’s Evaluate!

1. Differentiate Physical Geography and Environmental Geography.

Lesson Planning and Lesson Demonstration: Prepare and deliver a lesson that
incorporates some of the new literacies.

Chapter 1
Introduction and Orientation of the Course
Let’s Explore!

I. Concept of Environmental Geography

Environmental geography is a sub-discipline of geography that focuses on studying the relationship between
human societies and their natural environment. It examines the interactions between physical landscapes,
climate, ecosystems, and human activities, with a particular emphasis on understanding the impact of human
actions on the environment and the ways in which the environment shapes human behavior.

Course
The Earth’s environment is both complex and interconnected, providing all the life support requirements
Content /
essential for human existence. Even though we are aware of our dependence on this delicately balanced
Topic environment to provide us with clean water and air, fresh food and a secure supply of energy, we often
damage the very resources upon which we depend. A growing human population puts pressure on limited
natural resources and generates substantial amounts of waste that end up in the air, water and soil.

Sub-categories of Concept of Environmental Geography

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Spatial analysis in the context of environmental geography involves the examination and
interpretation of geographical data to understand the spatial patterns and relationships within the
environment.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SANAYSAY AT TALUMPATI

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

It integrates geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and other spatial tools to
analyze the distribution of environmental phenomena such as land cover, vegetation, water bodies,
and pollution. By employing spatial analysis techniques, environmental geographers can assess the
spatial variations in ecological processes, identify hotspots of environmental degradation, and
analyze the impact of human activities on the landscape.

This approach helps in making informed decisions related to land use planning, conservation
efforts, and sustainable resource management by providing a spatial perspective that allows for a
better understanding of the complex interactions between the environment and human activities.
Ultimately, spatial analysis contributes to a more comprehensive and holistic understanding of
environmental issues and facilitates effective environmental planning and policy development.

Key components of spatial analysis include:

1. Spatial Data

Spatial analysis relies on spatial data, which includes information with a geographic or spatial
component. This can include maps, satellite imagery, GPS data, and other geospatial datasets.
Spatial data is super important in many areas because it helps us understand and work with
geography.

We use it for things like planning cities, taking care of the environment, responding to disasters,
and making businesses better. With spatial data, we can map and model the physical world to make
smart decisions based on where things are located.

For example, in city planning, we can figure out the best places for new buildings and see how it
might affect the surroundings. In environmental management, we can keep an eye on natural
resources, watch changes in ecosystems, and plan how to use land sustainably. Spatial data is like a
powerful tool that helps us tackle big challenges and make wise choices in different fields that
depend on knowing where things are on the map.

2. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

GIS is a powerful tool in spatial analysis. It allows users to capture, store, analyze, and visualize
spatial data. GIS can be used to map and analyze patterns, relationships, and trends in spatial data.
Geographic Information Systems, or GIS, are like smart maps that help us make better decisions in
many areas.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SANAYSAY AT TALUMPATI

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
They work by combining maps with information about places. This combo helps us see and
understand how different things relate to each other in specific locations.
Think of it as a useful tool for city planning, nature protection, responding to disasters, farming,
and keeping people healthy. With GIS, we can figure out where to put things, like roads or
buildings, so they make the most sense. It also helps us use our resources wisely, plan for the
future, and see how our actions affect the environment.
In simple terms, GIS is like a guide that shows us the big picture, making it easier to decide what
to do, solve problems, and do things better in lots of different areas.
3. Spatial Patterns
Spatial analysis helps identify and understand patterns in spatial data. This can include the
distribution of features, clustering of events, or the arrangement of objects in space.
Spatial patterns are like the way things are arranged in a certain space or place. People look at and
study these patterns in different areas like cities, nature, or the environment. This helps them
understand how things relate to each other and how they're spread out.
This is super important in jobs like planning cities, studying geography, or taking care of the
environment. When experts check out spatial patterns, they can figure out how different things in a
place work together. For example, in cities, they use this info to plan where to put roads, buildings,
and parks so that everything works well and is easy to get to.
In nature, like in forests or oceans, looking at spatial patterns helps scientists understand where
different plants and animals live. This helps them take care of nature and make sure everything
stays balanced and healthy.
Studying spatial patterns helps people make smart choices about how to use land, take care of
resources, and organize spaces so that everything works better and is good for people and the
environment.
4. Spatial Relationships
Analyzing spatial relationships involves understanding how different spatial entities interact with
each other. This can include proximity, connectivity, containment, and other spatial
connections.Spatial relationships are about how things are arranged in a certain area, like where
places or objects are in relation to each other. This is really important in geography because it
helps us understand how different things are connected on the Earth's surface. When we look at
spatial relationships, we can see patterns and trends, like how cities are close to important
resources or how roads are laid out. Geographers use this information to plan cities, manage
resources, and protect the environment.
For example, if we study how cities are positioned in relation to water sources, we can make better
decisions about managing water and preventing pollution. Basically, understanding spatial
relationships helps us see how different features on Earth are linked, and it guides smart decision-
making in areas like city planning and environmental protection.
5. Spatial Statistics
Spatial statistical techniques are used to analyze and interpret patterns in spatial data. These
methods take into account the spatial relationships between data points and help in making more
informed decisions.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SANAYSAY AT TALUMPATI

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Spatial statistics provide tools and methods to analyze and understand spatial patterns,
relationships, and variability within geographical datasets. It allows for the examination of the
spatial distribution of features and the identification of trends or clusters in the data. By
incorporating spatial statistics into spatial analysis, researchers and analysts can uncover insights
into the spatial dependencies and auto-correlation present in the data, helping to make informed
decisions in various fields such as urban planning, environmental science, epidemiology, and
criminology.
For example, spatial statistics can be used to identify hotspots of disease outbreaks, assess the
impact of land use changes on the environment, or analyze the spatial distribution of crime
incidents, providing valuable information for effective decision-making and resource allocation.
6. Remote Sensing
Remote sensing technologies, such as satellite imagery and aerial photography, are often used in
spatial analysis to collect and analyze information about the Earth's surface.
It provides valuable data for monitoring, mapping, and understanding Earth's surface features and
phenomena from a distance. This technology involves capturing information about the
environment using sensors mounted on satellites, aircraft, or other platforms. The data collected,
such as imagery and spectral measurements, enable analysts to assess land cover changes, monitor
environmental conditions, and study spatial patterns.
Remote sensing is particularly beneficial in resource management, urban planning, and
environmental monitoring, as it allows for the efficient and systematic analysis of large geographic
areas. By integrating remote sensing data with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), researchers
and decision-makers can gain valuable insights into spatial relationships, patterns, and trends,
ultimately contributing to informed decision-making and sustainable resource management.
Applications of spatial analysis are diverse and can be found in various fields, including urban
planning, environmental science, epidemiology, transportation planning, natural resource
management, and more. By understanding the spatial patterns and relationships in data, decision-
makers can make more informed choices and develop strategies to address spatial challenges.
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
Human-environmental interaction is the connection between human society and the environment.
It is a complex system due to the fact both society and the environment have many elements. It can
affect human life, as society impacts the environment in everyday activities. This occurs in
examples such as driving (releasing carbon dioxide emissions), and your diet (the food you eat
based upon the natural resources around you). Human-environment interaction focuses on three
main ideas. These are how society depends on, adapts, and modifies the environment.
Human-environment interaction is how society and the environment behave towards one another.
It includes the connections between humans and environments and how they co-exist and interact.
Humans depend on, adapt, and modify the environment. These are the three main elements of
human-environment interaction.
Within society, there are many ways in which humanity depends on the environment. The most
essential way in which this occurs is through the resources and services that the environment
provides. These are essential for life and include food and water, as well as climate, clean air and
raw materials. This is a way in which human-environment interaction takes place.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SANAYSAY AT TALUMPATI

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
As human-environment interaction takes place, adaption to the environment often occurs due to
society. This adaptation can transpire due to different factors, for example, civilizations will adapt
to the climate they are located in, or they will adapt to the physical environment they are faced
with.
In addition to adaptation, society also modifies the environment as a process of interaction with the
environment. This can include deforestation, agriculture, and building dams, which is done to gain
development within society.
The Importance of Human-Envrionmental Interaction
The natural environment is critical to human survival due to all the natural resources we depend
on, and society will continue to depend on these resources in the future. That is why it is so vital
that nature and society collaborate so that human-environment interactions are positive going
forward, without resources running out. This is typically done through sustainability. Sustainability
is the continued maintenance of resources so that they can be used by future generations.
Human Environment Interaction and Environmental Determinism
Environmental determinism is a philosophy which claims that human-environment interaction
occurs in specific ways. It focuses on the idea that physical features of the natural world influence
human behavior. This concept suggests that within human-environment interaction, the
environment has more control over human actions. However, this theory has received many
criticisms.
Human Environmental Interaction and Possibilism
As a counter to environmental determinism, possibilism was introduced as a theory by
geographers. Possibilism is a concept to counteract the theory of environmental determinism,
stating that humans can overcome the limitations in the physical environment and instead face
many possibilities because of the environment.
Positive Human Environmental Interaction
Although there is much evidence that human-environment interactions are negative, there are
positive examples of human-environment interactions.
The environment benefits society in many ways since it provides so many vital resources such as
water, energy, and food. Additionally, society recognizes the environmental impacts it is having on
ecosystems and is therefore attempting to prevent further environmental harm.
This is done by maintaining resources via sustainability. Examples of this include reducing
deforestation or managing land use better such as maintaining urban expansion but in a sustainable
way so that less environmental damage occurs, conserving energy resources, preventing over-
consumption and reducing waste. These are all ways human-environmental interaction occurs, but
they are considered positive because the focus is on conserving the environment whilst still
benefitting humanity.

LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGE (LULCC)

LULCC refers to the transformation and alteration of the Earth's surface over time due to human
activities or natural processes. Land use involves the way humans utilize the land for various
purposes such as agriculture, urban development, forestry, and infrastructure. On the other hand,

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SANAYSAY AT TALUMPATI

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
land cover refers to the physical characteristics of the Earth's surface, including vegetation, water
bodies, and artificial structures. LULCC is a dynamic phenomenon driven by factors such as
population growth, economic development, technological advancements, and environmental
changes.

The consequences of LULCC are wide-ranging and have significant implications for ecosystems,
biodiversity, and climate. Deforestation, urbanization, and agricultural expansion are common drivers of land
use change, leading to habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation. These alterations in land cover can
impact local and global climate patterns, disrupt ecosystems, and contribute to the loss of biodiversity.
Understanding and monitoring LULCC is crucial for sustainable land management, conservation efforts, and
the development of effective policies to mitigate the environmental and social impacts associated with these
changes.

Remote sensing technologies, geographic information systems (GIS), and land-use models are essential tools
for studying and monitoring LULCC. These tools enable researchers and policymakers to analyze spatial and
temporal patterns of land use change, assess its drivers, and predict future trends. Integrated approaches that
consider social, economic, and environmental factors are necessary for addressing the complex and
interconnected challenges posed by LULCC. Sustainable land management practices, conservation
initiatives, and land-use planning are essential components of mitigating the negative impacts of LULCC and
promoting a balance between human activities and environmental preservation.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Global environmental issues refer to challenges that affect the Earth's ecosystems on a planetary
scale, transcending national borders and requiring international cooperation for effective solutions.
These issues stem from human activities that have led to widespread degradation of the
environment, impacting biodiversity, climate patterns, and ecosystems.
Key global environmental concerns include climate change, deforestation, loss of biodiversity,
pollution of air, water, and soil, depletion of natural resources, and the accumulation of waste.
Climate change, driven by the emission of greenhouse gases, is one of the most critical issues,
leading to rising global temperatures, extreme weather events, and disruptions to ecosystems.
Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and the decline of biodiversity, while pollution poses
threats to human health and ecosystems.
Addressing global environmental issues necessitates collective efforts to develop sustainable
practices, promote conservation, and adopt policies that mitigate environmental harm. International
cooperation and awareness are crucial to fostering a healthier and more sustainable planet for
current and future generations.
CULTURAL ECOLOGY
Cultural Ecology is a theoretical framework within anthropology and geography that explores the
relationship between culture and the environment. It examines how human societies adapt to and
interact with their physical surroundings, emphasizing the ways in which culture and the
environment shape each other.
Key concept within cultural ecology:
1. Adaptation
Cultural ecologists study how different cultures adapt to their specific environments, considering
factors such as climate, topography, resources, and available technology. Adaptation involves
understanding how societies modify their behaviors, technologies, and social structures to survive

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SANAYSAY AT TALUMPATI

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
and thrive in particular ecological settings.
2. Cultural Landscapes
Cultural ecologists often analyze the impact of human activities on the landscape and how the
landscape, in turn, influences human culture. This includes the study of agricultural practices,
settlement patterns, and other ways in which human societies transform their environments.
3. Subsistence Strategies
Cultural ecology examines how different societies obtain their food and resources. This involves
studying various subsistence strategies, such as hunting and gathering, agriculture, pastoralism,
and industrial production, and how these strategies relate to the surrounding environment.
4. Environmental Determinism
While cultural ecology recognizes the influence of the environment on culture, it avoids extreme
environmental determinism, which suggests that the environment solely determines human
behavior. Instead, cultural ecologists emphasize the reciprocal relationship between culture and the
environment, acknowledging that cultural factors also shape how people interact with their
surroundings.
5. Cultural Evolution
Cultural ecology often considers the evolution of cultures over time in response to changing
environmental conditions. This can involve studying the development of technologies, social
structures, and belief systems as adaptive responses to environmental challenges.
Cultural ecology has been influential in understanding the diverse ways in which human societies
have adapted to their environments across the globe. It highlights the interconnectedness of culture
and ecology, providing insights into how environmental factors contribute to the diversity of
human cultures.
GEOPOLITICS OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Geopolitics of the environment refers to the study and analysis of the interactions between political
and geographical factors in relation to environmental issues. It explores how nations, states, and
other political entities engage with and respond to environmental challenges, as well as how these
challenges can influence geopolitical dynamics.
Key aspects of the geopolitics of the environment include:
1. Resource Competition
Nations often compete for access to and control over natural resources such as water, minerals, and
energy. Disputes over resource-rich areas can lead to geopolitical tensions and conflicts.

2. Climate Change
The impact of climate change, including rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and shifts in
agricultural patterns, can have profound geopolitical implications. This may include mass
migrations, changes in resource availability, and potential conflicts over climate-related issues.
3. Environmental Diplomacy

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SANAYSAY AT TALUMPATI

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Countries engage in environmental diplomacy to address transboundary environmental challenges.
Agreements and negotiations on issues like climate change, biodiversity conservation, and
pollution control involve geopolitical considerations and power dynamics.
4. National Security
Environmental issues can be linked to national security concerns. For example, water scarcity,
food insecurity, and the potential for environmental disasters may threaten the stability and
security of nations.
5. Geographical Impact
The geographical distribution of natural resources, ecosystems, and climate patterns influences
how countries position themselves geopolitically. Access to strategic geographical locations can
also play a significant role in geopolitical calculations.
6. International Institutions
Geopolitics of the environment involves the role of international institutions, such as the United
Nations, in coordinating efforts to address global environmental challenges. The effectiveness of
these institutions can be influenced by geopolitical dynamics and the interests of powerful nations.
Understanding the geopolitics of the environment is crucial for policymakers, researchers, and
global leaders to develop sustainable and cooperative strategies for addressing environmental
challenges on a global scale. It requires consideration of political, economic, and environmental
factors to create effective solutions that balance the needs of nations and the planet.
II. Gross Features of the Earth
The gross features of the Earth encompass its prominent physical characteristics on a large scale.
These include the division of the planet into continents and oceans, vast mountain ranges,
expansive plains, and extensive bodies of water such as seas and lakes.
The Earth's atmosphere, composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen, envelops the planet and is
crucial for supporting life. Additionally, geological features like tectonic plate boundaries, which
give rise to earthquakes and volcanic activity, contribute to the dynamic nature of the Earth's
surface. Overall, the gross features of the Earth provide the foundation for the diverse and
interconnected ecosystems that shape our planet.
CONTINENT
A continent is a large, continuous la ndmass that is typically characterized by distinct geological,
climatic, and cultural features. Earth is divided into seven major continents: Africa, Antarctica,
Asia, Europe, North America, Australia, and South America. Each continent is defined by its
unique combination of physical attributes, including topography, climate, vegetation, and natural
resources.
Geologically, continents are primarily composed of continental crust, which is thicker and less
dense than the oceanic crust found beneath the Earth's oceans. The continental crust is made up of
various types of rocks, including granite and sedimentary rocks, and it forms the stable platforms
upon which diverse ecosystems and human societies thrive.
OCEAN
The term "ocean" typically refers to a large and continuous body of saltwater that covers a

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SANAYSAY AT TALUMPATI

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
significant portion of the Earth's surface.
Oceans are a major component of the planet's hydrosphere, and they play a crucial role in
regulating the Earth's climate and supporting various ecosystems. There are five main oceans on
Earth
These oceans are interconnected and cover about 71% of the Earth's surface. Oceans are vital for
various reasons, including their role in regulating the global climate, providing a habitat for diverse
marine life, supporting fisheries, and influencing weather patterns.
1. Pacific Ocean
As the largest and deepest of the oceans, the Pacific Ocean spans over 60 million square miles (155
million square kilometers). It is home to the deepest point on Earth, the Challenger Deep within the
Mariana Trench.
2. Atlantic Ocean
Separating the Americas from Europe and Africa, the Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest ocean. It
serves as a critical conduit for global maritime trade and transportation.
3. Indian Ocean
Positioned between Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Indian subcontinent, the Indian Ocean is the
third-largest ocean. It has significant influence on the climate of the surrounding regions.
4. Southern (Antarctic) Ocean
Encircling Antarctica, the Southern Ocean is the youngest and smallest of the oceans. It plays a
pivotal role in regulating the Earth's climate and supports a unique ecosystem, including various
marine species adapted to extreme cold conditions.
5. Arctic Ocean
Encompassing the Arctic region, the Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest ocean. It is
characterized by its ice-covered waters and is experiencing notable changes due to climate change,
including the reduction of sea ice.
These oceans are interconnected and cover about 71% of the Earth's surface. Oceans are vital for
various reasons, including their role in regulating the global climate, providing a habitat for diverse
marine life, supporting fisheries, and influencing weather patterns.
In summary, oceans are dynamic and multifaceted ecosystems that profoundly impact the Earth's
climate, weather, and biodiversity. Recognizing their importance is essential for the sustainable
management of resources and the preservation of the delicate balance within the global
environment.
MOUNTAIN
Mountains are awe-inspiring geological formations that have captivated human fascination and
played significant roles in shaping the Earth's landscapes, climate, and even cultures.
Defined by their considerable elevation and steep relief, mountains are prominent landforms that
rise prominently above their surroundings. This comprehensive explanation will delve into various
aspects of mountains, including their formation, types, ecological significance, cultural importance,
and the challenges they pose.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SANAYSAY AT TALUMPATI

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
The title of the tallest mountain in the world is often attributed to Mount Everest. Mount Everest is
part of the Himalaya mountain range and is located on the border between Nepal and Tibet in Asia.
It stands at an impressive elevation of 8,848.86 meters (29,031.7 feet) above sea level, making it
the highest point on Earth.
PLATEAU
A plateau generally refers to a flat and elevated area of land with cliffs or slopes on at least one
side. Plateaus are characterized by their relatively high elevation compared to the surrounding
terrain. They can cover large expanses or be relatively small, and they often have distinct
geographic features such as mesas, buttes, and canyons.
Plateaus can be formed through various geological processes, including tectonic uplift, volcanic
activity, or erosion. Tectonic forces can lift large sections of the Earth's crust, creating elevated
plateaus. Volcanic plateaus form when lava accumulates over time, building up a flat or gently
sloping surface. Erosional plateaus result from the gradual wearing down of elevated areas by
processes such as wind, water, and ice.
Plateaus can be found on every continent, and they play an important role in shaping the landscape
and influencing local climates. They may also have cultural and ecological significance for the
regions they occupy.
The term "plains" generally refers to large, flat or gently rolling expanses of land characterized by
low relief and minimal variations in elevation. Plains can be found on every continent and are often
formed by natural processes such as sediment deposition, erosion, or tectonic activity. They can
vary in size and vegetation, ranging from grassy plains to desert plains.
PLAINS
Plains are important geographical features and can serve various purposes. They are often used for
agriculture due to their fertile soil, and they may also be areas where human settlements and cities
develop. Additionally, plains can support diverse ecosystems and play a crucial role in the overall
balance of the Earth's environment. Examples of well-known plains include the Great Plains in
North America and the Eurasian Steppe in Asia.
RIVERS
The term "rivers" generally refers to natural watercourses that flow towards an ocean, sea, lake, or
another river. Rivers play a crucial role in the Earth's hydrological cycle, transporting water,
nutrients, and sediment across landscapes. They are essential for the environment, providing
habitats for various species, supporting biodiversity, and influencing the surrounding ecosystems.
Rivers can vary greatly in size, from small streams to massive water bodies like the Amazon River
and the Nile River. They are formed through processes such as precipitation, melting snow or ice,
and the accumulation of groundwater.
Rivers have been significant throughout human history, serving as sources of water for agriculture,
transportation routes, and locations for settlements. They also have cultural and economic
importance in many societies.
LAKE
A lake is a large inland body of water that is typically freshwater, although there are also saltwater
lakes. Lakes are formed by various geological processes, such as tectonic activity, glacial activity,

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SANAYSAY AT TALUMPATI

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
or volcanic activity. They can vary widely in size, depth, and shape.
Lakes play important roles in ecosystems, providing habitats for various plants, animals, and
microorganisms. They also serve as sources of drinking water, recreation, and may have cultural or
economic significance for nearby human communities.
Lakes can be found on every continent and in diverse environments, ranging from mountainous
regions to lowland plains. Some well-known examples of lakes include the Great Lakes in North
America, Lake Baikal in Russia, and Lake Victoria in Africa.
DESERT
Deserts are arid, barren, and often inhospitable landscapes characterized by low precipitation levels
and extreme temperatures. These areas typically receive less than 250 millimeters (10 inches) of
rainfall annually, making them one of the driest ecosystems on Earth. Deserts cover about one-fifth
of the planet's land surface and are found on every continent.
Deserts can be classified into different types, including hot deserts, cold deserts, and coastal
deserts, each with its own unique features. Hot deserts, such as the Sahara in Africa, experience
high temperatures during the day and cool nights. Cold deserts, like the Gobi Desert in Asia, have
harsh winters with low temperatures. Coastal deserts, such as the Atacama Desert in South
America, are located near coastlines and may have more moderate temperatures due to the
influence of nearby oceans.
Despite their harsh conditions, deserts are home to a variety of specially adapted plant and animal
species that have evolved to survive in these environments. Examples of desert flora and fauna
include cacti, succulents, camels, and various reptiles and insects.
Deserts play a crucial role in the Earth's ecosystem, influencing weather patterns and contributing
to global biodiversity. Additionally, many deserts are rich in geological formations and have
cultural significance for the people who inhabit or explore these regions.
ISLAND
An island is a landmass that is surrounded by water. Islands can vary widely in size, ranging from
small rocky outcrops or islets to large landmasses like Greenland or Australia. They can be found
in oceans, seas, lakes, or rivers.
The formation of islands is often a result of geological processes such as volcanic activity, tectonic
plate movement, or erosion.
Islands can be classified into different types based on their geological origin. Some common types
include:
Volcanic Islands - Formed through the accumulation of volcanic material, often in the middle of
oceans. Examples include the Hawaiian Islands.
Continental Islands - Originally part of a continent but separated by rising sea levels or other
geological processes. Examples include the British Isles.
Coral Islands - Formed from the accumulation of coral reefs. These islands are often found in
tropical waters, such as the Maldives.
Barrier Islands - Long, narrow islands parallel to a coastline, separated from the mainland by a
lagoon or estuary.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Islands can have unique ecosystems, and their isolation can lead to the evolution of distinct plant
and animal species. They also hold cultural significance for many communities and can be
important for tourism and economic activities.

III. Environment and the Social Science

The relationship between environmental science and social science is complex and multifaceted, reflecting the
interconnectedness of the natural world and human societies. Environmental science focuses on understanding the
physical, chemical, and biological processes that shape the environment, while social science explores human behavior,
societies, and institutions. The intersection of these two disciplines is often referred to as environmental social science,
which investigates the interplay between the environment and human societies.

Environmental Sociology
Environmental sociology is a sub-field of sociology that focuses on the social aspects of
environmental issues, examining how human societies perceive, interact with, and impact
the environment. It studies the social factors influencing environmental problems,
including how societies create and respond to environmental challenges, the distribution of
environmental resources, and the role of institutions and social structures in shaping
environmental policies and practices.

Environmental Psychology
Environmental psychology explores the relationship between individuals and their
physical environments, emphasizing the psychological impacts of the environment on
human behavior and well-being. Researchers in environmental psychology investigate how
natural and built environments influence human emotions, stress levels, and behaviors.
This field examines topics such as environmental preferences, the impact of urban design
on mental health, and the psychological factors influencing environmental decision-
making.

Geography
Geography is a discipline that studies the spatial distribution of physical and human
phenomena on Earth. It explores the interaction between humans and their physical
surroundings. Geographers analyze patterns of land use, resource distribution, and the
spatial dimensions of environmental issues. Human geography, in particular, focuses on
how societies shape and are shaped by their environments.

Environmental Economics
Environmental economics is a branch of economics that studies the economic impact of
environmental policies, the valuation of natural resources, and the cost-benefit analysis of
environmental decisions. It examine how economic systems influence environmental
outcomes and propose strategies for sustainable resource use. They analyze the economic
incentives and market mechanisms that can promote environmental conservation and
address issues like pollution and climate change.

Political Ecology
Political Ecology is an interdisciplinary field that investigates the political and economic
factors influencing environmental issues and resource distribution. It study the power
dynamics, social inequalities, and political structures that contribute to environmental
problems. They analyze how decisions about resource use and conservation are influenced
by political and economic interests, often considering issues of environmental justice and
equity.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SANAYSAY AT TALUMPATI

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

In summary, the relationship between the environment and the social sciences involves the
examination of how human societies and their activities impact, are influenced by, and
adapt to the natural world. This interdisciplinary approach is crucial for developing holistic
solutions to environmental challenges and promoting sustainable interactions between
society and the environment.

IV. Environmental Problems

Environmental issues are disruptions in the usual function of ecosystems. Further, these issues can
be caused by humans or they can be natural. These issues are considered serious when the
ecosystem cannot recover in the present situation, and catastrophic if the ecosystem is projected to
certainly collapse.

Air Pollution
refers to the presence of harmful substances in the air that can have detrimental effects on human
health, the environment, and the overall quality of air. These pollutants can be in the form of gases,
particulate matter, or biological agents.

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, Republic Act No. 8749

An Act providing for a comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other purposes.

Water Pollution
refers to the contamination of water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater, and other
sources of water, by harmful substances. These pollutants can be either chemical, physical, or
biological agents that adversely affect the water's quality and make it unsafe for various uses,
including drinking, swimming, and supporting aquatic life.

The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (Republic Act No. 9275)

This Act provides for the abatement and control of pollution from land-based sources and lays
down water quality standards and regulations.

Deforestation

is the process of clearing or removing large expanses of forests or trees, typically for
purposes such as agricultural expansion, logging, urban development, or mining.

Presidential Decree No. 705, Series of 1975

The act lays down the basic principles of forest management and conservation, makes

provision for the administration of forestry, the survey and classification of lands for

purposes of forestry, and the use of forest resources

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SANAYSAY AT TALUMPATI

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Loss of Biodiversity

refers to the decline in the variety and abundance of living organisms, including plants,
animals, and microorganisms, in a particular habitat or on a global scale.

Republic Act No. 9147 or the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection

Actwas passed into law in 2001.

-An Act providing for the conservation and protection of wildlife resources and their

habitats, appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes.

Philippines Biodiversity: Act No. 2590

Provisions are made to protect fish and game from indiscriminate hunting, and fixing

season whereas hunting is restricted or species that cannot be hunted, taken, or killed

anyway.

Soil Degradation

refers to the decline in soil quality and fertility, often resulting from human activities,

environmental changes, or natural processes.

REPUBLIC ACT No. 3082

 An Act to Provide for a Five-Year Soil Survey and Conservation Program

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SANAYSAY AT TALUMPATI

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Performance Tasks

ACTIVITY:

Let’s Reflect!
1. How does human-environment interaction affect your life?
2. How can geography helps us understand human-environment interaction?

Let’s Reflect!
Consider an environmental issue that your community is now experiencing and what possible solutions you can do
about it.

Understanding Directed Assess

Learning Resources
Basic Readings

• Andreotti, V. (2006). Soft versus critical global citizenship education. Policy and Practice: A
Development Education Review, 3(Autumn), 40-51. Accessed on May 30, 2016 at
http://www.developmenteducationreview.com/issue3-focus4?page=show.
• Arthur, J., Davison, J., & Stow, W.(2000). Social literacy, citizenship education and the national
curriculum. London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
• Cohen, C. (2000). Raise your child’s social IQ: Stepping stones to people skills for kids. Silver Springs,
MD: Advantage Books.
• Lawson, C. (1 January 2003). Social skills and school. Retrieved from
https://www.cdl.org/articles/social-skills- and-school/.
• Oxfam. (2015). Global Citizenship in the Classroom - A Guide for Teachers. Oxford: Oxfam GB.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Accessed on June 1, 2016 at http://www.oxfam.org.uk/education/global-citizenship/global-
citizenship- guides.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SANAYSAY AT TALUMPATI