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The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
THE OXFORD DICTIONARY OF

late
antiquity
 
OLIVER NICHOLSON

 1
A– I

1
 3
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ὥσπερ Ἑρμαϊκή τις σειρά

PREFACE

T
he Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity is designed to provide easily accessible information,
alphabetically arranged, about the history, religion, literature, and physical remains of the
half-millennium between the mid-rd and the mid-th century AD in Europe, North Africa,
and Western and Central Asia. It will therefore occupy a place on bookshelves and on the Internet in
between the Oxford Classical Dictionary and the Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages, and it follows
many of the conventions established by these trusted publications. Some of these conventions are
explained in more detail in the Note to the Reader. Lawrence of Arabia excused his refusal to provide
an index for the Seven Pillars of Wisdom by claiming that no one would insult their copy of the Decline
and Fall of the Roman Empire by using it to verify a simple fact; those with access to the ODLA (as we
shall call this book hereinafter) need never again offer such offence to the shade of Edward Gibbon.
At the beginning of Late Antiquity in the rd century AD, Europe, the Mediterranean basin, and
Western Asia were dominated by two empires, the Two Eyes of the Earth as they called themselves in
their diplomatic exchanges, the Roman Empire extending from the northern half of Britain to the
southern edge of Egypt, and the Persian Empire ruled by the Sasanian dynasty and extending from
Mesopotamia to modern Afghanistan and northern India. ODLA covers relations between these
superpowers. It covers also their dominant civilizations—those which expressed themselves in Latin,
Greek, and Middle Persian. Roads and bridges held the empires together, but in Late Antiquity
vernacular cultures emerged vigorously between the paving stones of Roman and Sasanian civilization
in a way that is much more visible than it is in those earlier eras covered by the Oxford Classical
Dictionary. ODLA gives substantial space to the broad variety of civilizations associated with those
who spoke Armenian, Coptic, and Syriac, and also to civilizations beyond the borders of the empires
in Ethiopia, the Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia, Central Europe, and Ireland.
There had been Jews in Babylonia since the Exile under Nebuchadnezzar (and indeed they were
still there into the th century). Christians also formed a significant minority in Persian Mesopo-
tamia from an early date, and in the course of Late Antiquity they carried their faith as far east as India
and China. In the early th century the Romans stopped persecuting the Church, and in the course of
the two centuries which followed, Christianity came to occupy the commanding heights of the
Roman religious economy. Details associated with these profound shifts in mentality and institutions
are covered in ODLA, as is the development of Late Antique paganism, but not aspects of paganism
which survived from an earlier period such as the minutiae of classical mythology, which are
comprehensively covered in the Oxford Classical Dictionary.
During the th century, Western Europe and Latin-speaking North Africa were invaded and
occupied by peoples from Central Europe who spoke Germanic languages. They were Christians,
except the Huns (who did not come to stay and were not Germanic) and the Anglo-Saxons, but they
maintained a distance from those they governed because they subscribed to Homoean doctrine about
the nature of God which had been rejected by Roman Christians. ODLA provides details of the intricate
symbiosis of the post-Roman residents and their new rulers in the barbarian kingdoms of early medieval
Europe. It also covers the continuing East Roman Empire based in Constantinople, its attempts in the
mid-th century to regain North Africa, Italy, and parts of Spain, its prolonged conflict with its Persian
 Preface

neighbour, and its eventual loss of the Levant, Egypt, North Africa, and its territories in southern Spain
to the Islamic invasions of the th century. The most recent entries in ODLA are concerned with the
'Umayyad Caliphate which dominated the Near East for most of the st century of Islam.
Scholarly engagement with the history of Late Antiquity is, as Augustine said of God, tam antiqua
et tam nova, as old as it is new (Confessions, X, , ). Learned study of the Early Church and its
writers started in the th and th centuries, making it one of the oldest of all academic disciplines.
The Bollandist Fathers published the first volume of their massive, erudite, critical (and still
incomplete) series of saints' lives, the Acta Sanctorum, in , the year Louis XIV became King of
France. One of the glories of Louis's reign was the penumbra of patristic scholars gathered around his
court, including H. Valesius, editor of Ammianus Marcellinus () and of the church historians
(–), S. Baluzeus, first editor of Lactantius' On the Deaths of the Persecutors (), a text once
described by T. D. Barnes as the most enjoyable work of history to survive from Antiquity, and
Tillemontius (L.-S. Le Nain de Tillemont), compiler of the Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire ecclésias-
tique des six premiers siècles ( vols., –). These érudits had English counterparts, notably John
Fell, Bishop of Oxford and editor of Cyprian (), the non-juror George Hickes, a pioneer of Anglo-
Saxon studies, and Joseph Bingham, who took seriously the Church of England's claim to represent the
practice of the Undivided Church and so scoured the fathers to produce his Antiquities of the Christian
Church (–, repr.  vols., ). Late Antique secular writers were also read and appreciated into
the th century; the general Prince Eugene of Savoy, ally of the first Duke of Marlborough, owned a
fine humanist manuscript of Ammianus Marcellinus and Dr Johnson enjoyed the poems of Claudian.
Edward Gibbon was therefore able to draw on a substantial tradition of existing scholarship in order to
write the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (first publication, ). Alas, it was at least in part
Gibbon's depiction of the Later Roman Empire as an epoch of decline and fall which for almost two
centuries discouraged English-speaking historians (aside from a few great men, such as Sir Samuel Dill,
J. B. Bury, and N. H. Baynes) from taking an interest in Late Antiquity.
It is really only since the s that English-speaking scholars have given Late Antiquity the same
sort of treatment that has long been accorded earlier eras of the classical world, the Glory that was
Greece and the Grandeur that was Rome. Two books marked the new interest, the series of lectures
on The Conflict between Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth Century edited by A. Momigliano
() and A. H. M. Jones's massive study of Late Roman institutions The Later Roman Empire –
 (), a compendium whose publication was greeted by one reviewer as 'like the arrival of a
steel-plant in a region that has, of late, been given over to light industries'. These were followed by
Peter Brown's biography of Augustine of Hippo () and his masterly essay The World of Late
Antiquity (). Since then, numerous aspects of the era have been reconsidered, from the compos-
ition of law codes to the archaeology of cities, from the rise of the monastic movement to the wine
trade. Syriac studies have been revolutionized by the presence on the Internet of Beth Mardutho: The
Syriac Institute. Some Latinists have come to appreciate the particular beauties of the 'jewelled style'
of Late Antique Latin literature. Late Antiquity no longer looks like a dismal coda to the classical
period or an inchoate prelude to the Middle Ages.
The central pleasure of studying Late Antiquity, in fact, is its shifting kaleidoscope of contrasting
civilizations and mentalities. At the heart of ODLA therefore is a wish to present the era in all its
variety. This is meant to make it easier for specialists in one area to connect what they know with
contemporary developments elsewhere, so that, for instance, the excavator of a beach in south Devon
who finds th-century Byzantine pottery is introduced to the story told in a Greek saint's life about a
bankrupt merchant from th-century Egypt who was lent a ship belonging to the church at

vii
Preface

Alexandria so that he could fetch tin from Britain (it turned into silver—it was a miracle). Only
connect—not by the bland general statements of a textbook, but by making available a mass of detail
for the reader to choose from. With so much positive information to present, there has been no space
in ODLA for the inclusion of modern theories. Rather, it is intended to provide raw material from
which, should they so wish, scholars and students can form their own theories.
The sheer variety of the Late Antique world has also in recent times engaged the imagination of the
general public. To appreciate Late Antique art and architecture it is no longer necessary to undergo the
dangerous privations of the great Victorian and Edwardian travellers, learned and industrious pioneers
like O. Parry (Six Months in a Syrian Monastery, ), H. F. B. Lynch (Armenia, ), Gertrude Bell
(The Desert and the Sown, ), or C. F. Lehmann-Haupt (Armenien Einst und Jetzt, ). Yeats's
sages standing in God's holy fire as in the gold mosaic of a wall can be contemplated by anyone willing
to take the train to Ravenna; in  crowds thronged the Metropolitan Museum in New York to see
its exhibition on The Age of Spirituality and they did so again for Byzantium – at the British
Academy in –. Equally, whether or not we recognize the fact, we still live with institutions which
developed in Late Antiquity, with the Church, with the codex (ODLA is a codex), with Roman law
and Germanic law, first codified in Late Antiquity, and also with less tangible attitudes, such as our
sympathy for victims of injustice which might well be argued to have some roots in Christian
veneration of martyrs. More immediately, a familiarity with the history of Sasanian Persia is a
significant aid to understanding the present public life of that ancient land. Some of the most
important events in the modern history of the Near East occurred in the th and th centuries AD.
Individual readers will surely have their own uses for ODLA. Parents who have shared with their
children Peter Dickinson's The Dancing Bear may want to know more about the reign of Justinian—or
about stylites, or bears. Numismatists, bibliophiles, and military historians will discover the economic,
intellectual, and political conditions which gave rise to the objects of their enthusiasms. The student
of climate change may seek information concerning the historical context of the Migration Period
Pessimum or the Dust Veil of . A parson leading a party to the Holy Land can find out more about
early pilgrims, and about the wisdom of the holy men many of them encountered—there is a sermon
to be composed about the encounter of the author of the Historia Monachorum in Aegypto with what
he thought was a dead crocodile.
In a world which becomes daily more homogeneous, the study of Antiquity, of its history and
languages, is one way to school oneself to appreciate genuine difference and true diversity. For no era of
Ancient History do we have evidence more varied in its character than that which we have for Late
Antiquity. Late Antique people cannot be assimilated to modern norms. They did not drink Coca-
Cola—indeed they did not drink coffee or tea. The core of Late Roman education was not science and
mathematics but the rigorous and methodical study of language. More seriously, they instinctively
considered some people were more valuable than others—'take but degree away, untune that string and
hark what discord follows'. Religious practice was not a private matter, it was at the centre of civic
ideology. Political power (whoever happened to hold it) was deemed to be a phenomenon comparable to
the forces of nature; Pontius Pilate would not have disagreed when Jesus told him that 'Thou couldest
have no power at all against me, except it were given thee from above'. The German invaders of Western
Europe employed butter for the purpose which was fulfilled in our fathers' generation by Brylcreem—a
little dab'll do ya. These people are quite different from ourselves. We may or may not admire any or all
of them. But the study of their history, their mentalities, and their language is not mere entertainment; it
enables one to come to terms more seriously with all that it means to be human. The only worthwhile
Student Learner Outcome of such study is the acquisition of virtue. May it give you joy.

viii
GRATIARUM ACTIO

O
ver the eighteen years during which ODLA has been in gestation, many people have done
many things which deserve the thanks of both the editor and the reader. Most obviously
I would like to thank the contributors, nearly  in number, who have distilled their
expertise into a form palatable to the grand public cultivé. Writing for encyclopedias is not an
enterprise universally valued by the sort of university administrators on either side of the Atlantic
who wish to turn the life of the mind into Stakhanovite wage slavery, so it takes a particular generosity
of spirit for scholars to agree to write for a publication such as ODLA. Gratitude should also be
extended to those who, unable to write themselves, courteously suggested the names of friends, pupils,
and colleagues who were in a position to help.
Thanks are due also to the Area Advisers who crammed their broad learning into the Procrustean
limits of lists of potential headwords and proposed the names of contributors. Thanks also to the Area
Editors who expertly assumed very substantial editorial burdens and performed them with alacrity and
wisdom. The Consulting Editors have provided valuable reassurance; Gillian Clark has offered
knowledgeable encouragement, Mark Humphries secured the services of numerous contributors,
the late Robert Markus read through the first draft of the headword list and offered many valuable
suggestions.
The patience of the Oxford University Press has been equalled only by its skill. From the time I met
the late Michael Cox, the Commissioning Editor, and he handed ODLA over to Pamela Coote,
I have realized I was among experts. In thanking the team in Great Clarendon Street, Jamie
Crowther, Joanna Harris, Rebecca Lane, and Jo Spillane, I must mention particularly the marathon
Skype calls between Minnesota and Oxford which regularly kept Jo Spillane in her office well after
hours; her good humour was matched by her truly phenomenal efficiency and mastery of detail. At a
later stage we have been fortunate to have benefited from the long experience of Edwin and Jackie
Pritchard as copy-editors, the proofreading skills of Neil Morris and Michael Munro, and the
managerial expertise of Sarah McNamee.
Nicholas Wagner kindly spent the summer of  working most efficiently on the bibliographies
for Gaul and Italy. And since  Theresa Chresand has brought to bear on editing ODLA the eagle
eye, the intelligence, and the amicitia characteristic of papyrologists; nothing has been too much
trouble, whether it involved hunting down bibliography, answering copy-editing queries, or as the
'ideal reader' alerting us to entries which appeared too compressed or recondite to be understanded of
the people. Without her, the work of editing, already extended over nonas bis denique messes, would
have taken twice the time.
Many others have helped with advice of various sorts. I have benefited greatly from the good
counsel of the Area Advisers and Editors, and also from that of Gudrun Bühl, Matthew Canepa,
Lynn Jones, Mary Charles-Murray SND, and Liz James on art, of Aaron Beek on nautical matters,
Ra'anan Bostan on Judaica, Sebastian Brock on Syriaca, Mark Dickens on Central Asia, John Fletcher
on deer, John Søderberg on Irish archaeology, Andrew Scheil on the Anglo-Saxons, and Andrea
Sterk on Greek patristics. Dr E. A. Livingstone provided encouragement at a crucial stage, and so did
Bryan Ward-Perkins.
Gratiarum actio

I must acknowledge also personal debts of gratitude. The Loeb Classical Library Foundation
generously accorded me a year's Fellowship in –, which, supplemented by a University of
Minnesota National Fellowship Supplement and a Single Semester Leave from the University of
Minnesota for the latter half of , resulted in the completion of the headword list. A sabbatical
year from the University of Minnesota in  and a further Single Semester Leave in  also
provided uninterrupted time essential to the success of the editorial work.
At an early stage, the graduate student staff of the Center for Mediaeval Studies at the University of
Minnesota gave valuable assistance. Don Harreld and Ellen Arnold both did initial work on the
headword lists. Rushika Hage, Tracey Daniel, Karolyn Kinane, and Evelyn Meyer did considerable
work on two successive but alas unsuccessful applications for funds from the United States National
Endowment for the Humanities in  and . Theresa Chresand was initially involved with
ODLA through an enlightened arrangement called the Undergraduate Research Opportunities
Programme, and Nick Wagner through the University's College of Liberal Arts Graduate Research
Partnership Programme.
The staff of the Department of Classical and Near Eastern Studies has been a constant tower of
strength, and I am grateful to Nita Krevans and Melissa Sellew who have for  years prevented me
from doing silly things. My greatest debt at the University of Minnesota, however, is to the hundreds
of undergraduates who since  have sat through my lecture-classes on the Ages of Constantine, of
Augustine, and of Justinian and Muhammad. The sort of help which they would need to get started
on their ten-page term papers has never been far from my thoughts when designing and editing
this book.
At various times work on ODLA has been done under the hospitable roofs of Roger Mason in
Oxford, Tilly Young and Colin and Julia Dyer in Devon, and Jim and Annamary Herther in St. Paul;
to all much thanks. My family, Caroline, Faith, Phoebe, and George, have been what Mr Jorrocks
would call werry certain comforts; the children have lived with ODLA for more than half their lives
and yet have never once asked 'when will ODLA be finished?' My appreciation of their support goes
beyond gratitude.
The dedication prompts me to express thanks specifically to those whose thoughtful schooling is my
thought's best part. Like so many others working on Late Antiquity, I was touched by the spirit of
Peter Brown. As a schoolboy I had read (with suspicion) shallow assertions characteristic of the s
about the study of history being merely the sociology of the past. Those of us who crammed together
on the turkey carpet of the Hovenden Room in All Souls, sitting on the tails of each other's gowns,
heard history with the people put back into it. And such people—Plotinus whose practice was to
praise Reason but not live by argument, the uncommon common sense of the Desert Fathers, the zeal
of Syrian holy men, and above all Augustine, relentlessly honest, relentlessly intelligent. At the same
time Fr. Gervase Mathew OP, described by Peter Brown as 'the only actual Byzantine I know', was a
masterful extempore exponent of the minds behind Byzantine art. For Michael Maclagan history
could never be dull. The broad learning of Sabine MacCormack was generously deployed to draw out
the full implications of a pupil's most jejune remarks. Henry Chadwick knew everything, and returned
written work, proofread and annotated, the day after it was submitted, despite having a college and a
cathedral to govern. Funes mihi ceciderunt in praeclaris. I hope future students of Late Antiquity may
prove as fortunate.

OPN
Washfield, Rogation Sunday 

x
CONTENTS

VOLUME 1

Area Advisors and Editors xiii

Contributor Biographies xv
Contributor Initials xxxvii
General Abbreviations xli
Bibliographical Abbreviations xliii
Note to the Reader lxxxi

THE OXFORD DICTIONARY OF LATE ANTIQUITY

A–I –

VOLUME 2

General Abbreviations vii

Note to the Reader ix

THE OXFORD DICTIONARY OF LATE ANTIQUITY

J–Z –

LATE ANTIQUE RULERS

Principal Roman Emperors and Usurpers 
Barbarian Kings 
Persian Kings of Kings of the Sasanian Dynasty 
Caliphs 

BISHOPS OF THE FIVE GREAT PATRIARCHAL SEES

See of Alexandria 
See of Antioch 
See of Constantinople 
See of Jerusalem 
See of Rome 
AREA ADVISORS AND EDITORS

Area Advisors

Nikoloz Aleksidze (Georgia) {Sheila McNally (Balkans)

Philip S. Alexander ( Judaica) William W. Malandra (Persian Literature and Religion)
Roger S. Bagnall (Egypt) Andrew Merrills (Africa)
Samuel Barnish (Italy to ) David Phillipson (Ethiopica)
Matthew P. Canepa (Persian History, Art, and Michael Roberts (Latin Language and Literature)
Archaeology; Central Asia) Peter Sarris (Social and Economic History)
J. F. Coakley; Ute Possekel (Syriaca) Columba Stewart OSB (Christian Religious Life)
Jon Coulston (Militaria) Roger Tomlin (Roman Britain)
Brian Daley SJ (Greek Patristics) Anthony Turner (Science and Technology)
Clare Downham (Celtic World) Ruth Webb (Greek Language and Literature)
Damian Fernandez (Spain) Peter S. Wells (Germanic Barbarians)
Jill Harries (Law; Gaul to ) Mark Whittow and Alexander Polley; Fiona Haarer
Andrew Hicks (Music) (Roman History after ; Anatolia; Oriens)
Christopher Kelly (Roman Administration) Chris Wickham (Italy after ; Social and Economic
Hugh Kennedy; Andrew Marsham (Arabica) History; Spain)

Cathy King (Numismatics) Ian Wood (Anglo-Saxon England, Gaul –)

Simon Loseby (Gaul) Robin Darling Young (Armeniaca)

Rowena Loverance (Art)

Area Editors

James Aitken (Judaica) Caroline Humfress (Law)

Tara Andrews (Armeniaca; Georgia) Simon Loseby (Gaul and Germanic Barbarians)
Matthew P. Canepa (Persica) Andrew Marsham (Arabica)
Rebecca Darley (Numismatics, Social and Economic Ute Possekel (Syriaca)
History)
Fiona Haarer (Late Roman History, Politics, and
Historiography, Anatolia, Oriens)

Editorial Assistant: Theresa Chresand

Consulting Editors: Gillian Clark, {Robert Markus,

Mark Humphries
CONTRIBUTOR BIOGRAPHIES

Fabio Acerbi is chargé de recherche at the CNRS (Paris). {Isabella Andorlini was Associate Professor of Papyrology,
He specializes in editing Greek and Byzantine mathem- University of Parma. She published extensively on med-
atical and astronomical texts. ical papyri, on the Tebtunis Temple papyri, and on the
William Adler is Distinguished University Professor of Reli- archive of Ammon Scholasticus of Panopolis.
gious Studies at North Carolina State University. His Margaret M. Andrews, Brown University: Visiting Assist-
research interests include early Jewish and Christian his- ant Professor of Classical Archaeology, Joukowsky Insti-
toriography and the Christian reuse and interpretation of tute for Archaeology and the Ancient World. Research
the literature and traditions of Second Temple Judaism. interests include Roman archaeology, urban studies, and
James K. Aitken is Reader in Hebrew and Early Jewish early Christianity. A recent article is 'A Domus in the
Studies at the University of Cambridge, UK. He Subura of Rome', AJA  (), –.
researches the languages and literature of ancient Juda- Tara Andrews is Professor for Digital Humanities at the
ism, and his publications include No Stone Unturned: University of Vienna. Her research interests include
Greek Inscriptions and Septuagint Vocabulary () and medieval Near Eastern history, computer-assisted stem-
The T&T Clark Companion to the Septuagint (). matology, and historical data modelling. She is currently
Anthony Alcock is a retired English teacher specializing in preparing a digital critical edition of the Chronicle of
Coptic Studies, including the Islamic period. His most Matthew of Edessa.
significant work is the co-authorship of two volumes of Alexander Angelov is an Assistant Professor of Religious
th-century Coptic papyri from the village of Kellis in Studies and a Faculty Affiliate in Classical Studies at the
the Dakhla Oasis. College of William and Mary. His specialities include
Nikoloz Aleksidze is a research associate at the History medieval Christianity, Byzantine culture and history,
Faculty, Oxford ('Cult of Saints' Project) and a Junior East European history, and cultural anthropology.
Research Fellow at Pembroke College. His research area Antti Arjava is Secretary General of the Finnish Cultural
covers religion and political thought in Late Antiquity Foundation and Docent of Classical Philology at the
and the Middle Ages and the history and literature of University of Helsinki. His publications include Women
pre-modern Caucasia. and Law in Late Antiquity () and The Petra Papyri I–
Agustí Alemany, Professor in Greek Philology and Indo- V (–).
European Linguistics at the Autonomous University of Pamela Armstrong is a member of the Sub-faculty of
Barcelona since , has performed research on Classical Archaeology and Senior Research Fellow, Campion
and Eastern sources on Central Eurasia and is the author Hall, University of Oxford. Her specialization is challen-
of Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation (). ging texts with material evidence. Author of Byzantine
Pauline Allen is research professor at Australian Catholic and Ottoman Torone: Ceramics and History in the North
University and research associate at the University of Aegean and Thraco-Macedonian Region ().
Pretoria and the Sydney College of Divinity. Her Jonathan J. Arnold is an associate professor of ancient and
research interests include Late Antique sermons and medieval history at the University of Tulsa. His research
letter writing. She is co-editor of The Oxford Handbook focuses on barbarian kingdoms, especially those in Italy
of Maximus the Confessor (). and Gaul, and his publications include Theoderic and the
Philip R. Amidon, SJ, studied at St Louis University and Roman Imperial Restoration ().
Oxford University, with a speciality in early Christian Rodney Ast is Senior Research and Teaching Associate in
literature. He has recently retired as adjunct assistant the Institute for Papyrology in Heidelberg. His interests are
professor of theology at Creighton University. Among in Greek and Latin papyrology and palaeography; archae-
his publications are translations of Philostorgius: Church ology and social history of Graeco-Roman Egypt; and
History () and Rufinus of Aquileia: History of the Digital Humanities. Recent publications include two co-
Church (). edited volumes of papyrological texts from Roman Egypt.
Khaled Anatolios is Professor of Theology at the University Levon Avdoyan, Armenian and Georgian Area Specialist,
of Notre Dame. He is the author of Retrieving Nicaea the Library of Congress, has a Ph.D. in Ancient History
(), the Athanasius volume of the Routledge 'Early from Columbia University and is the author of Ps. Hov-
Church Fathers' series () and Athanasius: The Coher- hannēs Mamikonean's Patmut'iwn Tarōnoy [The History
ence of his Thought (). of Taron] ().
Benjamin Anderson is Assistant Professor of the History of Nicholas Baker-Brian is Senior Lecturer in Religion at
Art at Cornell University and author of Cosmos and Cardiff University. His current research interests lie in
Community in Early Medieval Art (). Manichaean and Gnostic Literature and the history of
Contributor biographies

the later Roman Empire, in particular the period of the Orthodox Theology at the Vrije Universiteit. He has
Constantinian Emperors. recently completed an edition of Origen's On First Prin-
Charalambos Bakirtzis Ephor emeritus of Byzantine Antiqui- ciples ().
ties. Former Associate Professor of Byzantine Archae- Peter Bell, of the Oxford Centre for Late Antiquity, was a
ology at the University of Thessaloniki. Founder and senior UK Civil Servant until returning to Wolfson Col-
Director of the Centre of Contemporary Archaeology. lege, Oxford, in  to obtain his doctorate. Work
Director of the Hellenic Archaeological Mission at Agios includes Social Conflict in the Age of Justinian (),
Georgios Pegeias, Cyprus. Currently Director of the and a commentary and translation of Three Political Voices
Foundation Anastasios G. Leventis in Nicosia, Cyprus. from the Age of Justinian (TTH , ).
Nikolas Bakirtzis, is Associate Professor at The Cyprus Guido M. Berndt (Freie Universität Berlin) is a historian of
Institute in Nicosia. His research and publications Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. He has
explore issues of heritage and cultural identity in Medi- published on the history of the Vandals and the Goths
terranean cities, the development of Byzantine monasti- and is currently working on Lombard military history.
cism, and the use of science and technology in art history. Edel Bhreathnach is a historian of medieval Ireland and
John F. Baldovin, SJ, is Professor of Historical and Litur- CEO of the Discovery Programme, Dublin. Author of
gical Theology, Boston College School of Theology and Ireland in the Medieval World, AD –: Landscape,
Ministry. Interests include eucharistic theology, early and Kingship and Religion ()
medieval history of the liturgy, and liturgical reform. He Harith Bin Ramli is a senior teaching fellow at SOAS,
has published 'Prozession' in the Reallexikon für Antike University of London. His research explores the early
und Christentum  (), –. formation of Islamic thought, focusing especially on Suf-
Alyssa Bandow published 'The Late Antique Economy: ism and the development of the Sunni intellectual
Infrastructures of Transport and Retail' and 'The Late tradition.
Antique Economy: Approaches, Methods and Concep- Brouria Bitton-Ashkelony is Professor of Comparative
tual Issues' in L. Lavan, ed., Local Economies? Production Religion, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem. She is the
and Exchange of Inland Regions in Late Antiquity (LAA author of Encountering the Sacred (), co-author of
(); ), – and –. Monastic School of Gaza (), and co-editor of Gaza in
Jonathan Bardill researches on Roman and Byzantine archae- Late Antiquity (), Between Personal and Institutional
ology. His publications include Brickstamps of Constantin- Religion (), Patristic Studies (), and Prayer and
ople ( vols., ) and Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Worship ().
Christian Golden Age (st paperback edn. ). Shane Bjornlie is associate professor of Roman and Late
P. S. Barnwell is a Fellow of Kellogg College, University of Antique history at Claremont McKenna College. His
Oxford. He has published widely in the fields of Late research examines the political, economic, and cultural
Antiquity and English architectural history, especially end of the Western Roman Empire. His first book was
vernacular buildings and parish churches. Politics and Tradition between Rome, Ravenna and Con-
Graham Barrett is Lecturer in Roman History at the Uni- stantinople ().
versity of Lincoln and studies Latin language and literacy Roger Blockley is professor emeritus and former dean of
in early medieval Europe; he has recently published in graduate studies and research at Carleton University,
Antiquité Tardive  () and Early Medieval Europe Ottawa, Canada. His current interest is the interaction
/ (). between the past and the present and the extent to which
Jens Barschdorf was a fellow at Ludwig-Maximilians Uni- history is a fiction conditioned by contemporary concerns.
versity Munich where he received his Ph.D. working on Ralf Bockmann is director of the photo library and scientific
'Freedmen in Late Antiquity'. He has published a book officer for North Africa at the German Archaeological
() and several articles about said topic. His main Institute in Rome. His research interests are urbanism
interests are Late Antiquity and social history. and art and architecture of the Late Antique and Byzan-
Johanna Beck teaches Latin at Minnehaha Academy in tine periods in North Africa.
Minneapolis, Minnesota. She became interested in the Douglas Boin is the author of A Social and Cultural History of
cult of Aesculapius while studying at the American Late Antiquity (), Coming Out Christian in the
School of Classical Studies in Athens in –. Roman World (), and Ostia in Late Antiquity
Roger Beck is an emeritus professor of Classics and Histor- (). He is an Associate Professor of History at Saint
ical Studies at the University of Toronto. His primary Louis University.
research interest is Mithraism (The Religion of the Mith- Elizabeth Bolman is Professor of Byzantine Visual Culture
ras Cult in the Roman Empire, ). at Temple University. Her latest publication is The Red
Aaron L. Beek (Instructor of History, University of Mem- Monastery Church (), a multidisciplinary study of a
phis) works on areas including political legitimacy, late th-century Egyptian church that was conserved
ancient piracy, mercenaries, historiography, and North under her direction between  and .
Africa. In , he published on piracy and slave revolts Sarah E. Bond is an assistant professor of Classics at the
in 'The Pirate Connection' in the journal TAPA. University of Iowa. She is an epigrapher, a Late Antique
John Behr is Professor of Patristics and Dean at St Vladi- legal and economic historian, and the author of Trade
mir's Seminary and the Metropolitan Kallistos Chair of and Taboo ().

xvi
 Contributor biographies

Pietro Bortone studied at King's College London and at papers ranging from Homer to Ursula LeGuin. Current
Oxford, where he is still based. His training, teaching, work is on Hrabanus Maurus.
and research encompass Classics, Modern Greek, and Françoise Briquel Chatonnet is Senior Researcher in
theoretical linguistics. He has been awarded fellowships National Centre for Scientific Research, laboratoire Ori-
from, among others, Princeton, Harvard, Uppsala, and ent et Méditerranée (Paris); Corresponding Member in
Berlin's Wissenschaftskolleg. His publications include the French Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
Greek Prepositions from Antiquity to the Present (). She is currently working on Syriac manuscripts and
Anne Boud'hors is Directrice de Recherche at the CNRS. A inscriptions and on the culture of Near Eastern
specialist in Coptic language and manuscripts, she has Christians.
published monastic texts, literary (Canon  of Shenoute, Sebastian Brock is Emeritus Reader in Syriac Studies in the
) or documentary (letters and archive: the monk University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wolfson
Frange's correspondence on ostraca, ). College, Oxford. He is a co-editor of the Gorgias Encyclo-
Ra'anan Boustan is Research Scholar in the Program in pedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage ().
Judaic Studies at Princeton University. His research and Michelle P. Brown is Professor Emerita of Medieval Manu-
teaching explore the dynamic intersections between script Studies at the School of Advanced Study, Univer-
Judaism and other Mediterranean religious traditions, sity of London, and a Visiting Professor at University
with a special focus on the impact of Christianization College London and Baylor University. She specializes in
on Jewish culture and society in Late Antiquity. cultural history from Late Antiquity to .
Will Bowden is Associate Professor in Roman Archaeology Warren C. Brown is Professor for Medieval History at the
at the University of Nottingham. He has published California Institute of Technology. He studies power,
extensively on Roman archaeology in Britain and the law, and written culture. His publications include Vio-
Mediterranean, with particular focus on excavations at lence in Medieval Europe () and (as co-author) Docu-
Butrint (Albania) and at Caistor-by-Norwich (UK). mentary Culture and the Laity in the early Middle Ages
Katharina Bracht, Dr theol. habil., is Professor of Church ().
History, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena. Her area of Raymond Brulet is professor emeritus at Université Cath-
research is Ancient Christianity (Patristics). Mono- olique de Louvain, Faculté de Philosophie, Arts et Let-
graphs: Hippolyt von Rom, Danielkommentar (Introduc- tres (Archaeology and History of Art). His areas of
tion, Translation, Commentary, ); Hippolyts Schrift interest are field archaeology, geoarchaeology, palaeo-
In Danielem. Kommunikative Strategien eines frühchristli- environment, archaeometry, ceramology, Gallo-Roman
chen Kommentars (); Vollkommenheit und Vollendung. archaeology, late Roman fortifications, and frontiers
Zur Anthropologie des Methodius von Olympus (). studies.
Scott Bradbury is Professor of Classics at Smith College. He Erica Buchberger is Assistant Professor of Ancient and
specializes in the eastern Mediterranean in the th cen- Medieval History at the University of Texas-Rio Grande
tury and is currently completing a translation of Libanius' Valley. She received her D.Phil. from Oxford University
 later letters entitled Libanius' Letters from the Age of in . Her research focuses on ethnicity and identity in
Theodosius. early medieval Iberia and Gaul.
Peter Brennan retired in  from the Department of R. W. Burgess is a professor of Classics at the University of
Classics and Ancient History at the University of Sydney. Ottawa and a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. His
His published research is on Roman militaria and the research interests are chronicles, numismatics, Late
tantalizing Notitia Dignitatum, on which he is complet- Roman consuls, Late Roman and Byzantine historiog-
ing a monograph for the series Translated Texts for raphy, and Late Roman history.
Historians.
Philip Burton works in the University of Birmingham. His
Shane Brennan is a lecturer at the American University in publications include The Old Latin Gospels (), a
Dubai. His research interests are grounded in Anatolia translation of Augustine's Confessions (), and an edi-
and cut across several subject areas including classical tion of the Vita Martini (). He is also co-editor of the
historiography, ethnicity and identity, minor civiliza- Vetus Latina Iohannes (http://www.iohannes.com/
tions, and the Persian Empire. He is co-editor of the vetuslatina/).
forthcoming Landmark Xenophon's Anabasis.
Kevin Butcher is a Professor in the Department of Classics
Caroline Brett is an Affiliated Lecturer in the Department and Ancient History at the University of Warwick. His
of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic, University of Cam- current area of research interest is in Roman monetary
bridge, and Research Associate for a Leverhulme-funded history. Recent publications include The Metallurgy of
project, 'Brittany and the Atlantic Archipelago, – Roman Silver Coinage ( ).
'. Publications include The Monks of Redon ()
and 'Soldiers, Saints, and States? The Breton Migrations Aaron M. Butts is an assistant professor, focusing on Chris-
Revisited', Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies  (), tianity in the Near East, at the Catholic University of
–. America. He is author of several volumes, including
Language Change in the Wake of Empire: Syriac in its
David Bright is Professor Emeritus of Classics, Compara-
Greco-Roman Context ().
tive Literature, and Medieval Studies at Emory Univer-
sity. Publications include books on Tibullus, Statius, Matthew P. Canepa is Professor of Iranian art and archae-
Dracontius, and university administration; articles and ology at the University of Minnesota. A Fellow of the

xvii
Contributor biographies

Society of Antiquaries of London, his publications of interest are urbanism, defences, landscape change, and
include the award-winning book, The Two Eyes of the the Church.
Earth (), and The Iranian Expanse (). Gillian Clark is Professor Emerita of Ancient History, Uni-
Daniel Caner is Associate Professor of Near Eastern Lan- versity of Bristol. She works on social and intellectual
guages and Cultures at Indiana University. He is author of history, especially Augustine. Publications include Mon-
Wandering, Begging Monks: Spiritual Authority and the ica: An Ordinary Saint () and Late Antiquity: A Very
Promotion of Monasticism in Late Antiquity () and Short Introduction ().
History and Hagiography from the Late Antique Sinai
Nicola Clarke is Lecturer in the History of the Islamic
().
World at Newcastle University, UK. Her research inter-
Filippo Carlà-Uhink is Reader at the University of Educa- ests include medieval Arabic historiography and the
tion in Heidelberg. Among his research interests are Late social and textual presentation of gender in al-Andalus
Antique social and economic history and numismatics. (Islamic Spain). She is the author of The Muslim Con-
He is author of L'oro nella tarda antichità: aspetti economici quest of Iberia ().
e sociali () and many articles on Late Antique mon-
etary history, economic, social, and cultural history. Paul B. Clayton, Jr., is a retired priest of the Diocese of New
York, who studied theology, church history, and patris-
{P. J. Casey, formerly Reader in Archaeology at the Uni- tics at the General Theological Seminary and the Union
versity of Durham, was the author of Carausius and Theological Seminary in New York.
Allectus: The British Usurpers (), The End of Roman
Britain () and other studies of ancient coins and J. F. Coakley, before his retirement in , taught Syriac
Roman Britain. studies at Harvard and Cambridge Universities. He is the
recent editor of A Syriac Service-Book from Turfan, an
J. A. Cerrato is the rector of Saint Martin's Episcopal th- or th-century Christian text found in China.
Church, Chagrin Falls, Ohio. He is the author of Hip-
polytus between East and West () and of numerous Anna Collar is Assistant Professor of Classical Archaeology
shorter studies in the field of Christianity in Antiquity. at Aarhus University, Denmark. She is the author of
Religious Networks in the Roman Empire () and is
David Cherry is Professor of History and Associate Dean, preparing her next book, exploring social networks,
College of Letters and Science, Montana State Univer- sacred landscapes, and Syrian cults.
sity, Bozeman. Research interests are Roman North
Africa and Roman frontiers. Author of Frontier and Anthony Comfort is an associate member of the Centre for
Society in Roman North Africa (). the study of Greek and Roman Antiquity at Corpus
Christi College, Oxford. He has recently written about
Jeff Childers is Carmichael-Walling Professor of New Tes- fortresses in the Tur Abdin and is currently working on
tament and Early Christianity at Abilene Christian Uni- an article concerning the upper Tigris in Antiquity.
versity. Current areas of research include Syriac Patristics
and ancient Christian divinatory practices. Author of Jonathan P. Conant is Associate Professor of History at
'You Have Found What You Seek' in Snapshots of Brown University. His research focuses on the interre-
Evolving Traditions (). gional integration of the Mediterranean. He is the author
of Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the
Catherine M. Chin is Associate Professor of Classics at the Mediterranean, –.
University of California-Davis, specializing in early
Christian intellectual history. She is the author of Gram- Martin Connell is Professor of Theology, Saint John's Uni-
mar and Christianity in the Late Roman World () and versity (Collegeville, MN). He has a Ph.D. in Theology
co-editor of Late Ancient Knowing (). from Notre Dame, and his latest book is Hear the Word of
the Lord (). He currently investigates evidence of
Malcolm Choat is Associate Professor in the Department of Christian worship in modern British and American
Ancient History, Macquarie University, Sydney. His literature.
fields of research are Coptic and Greek papyrology, and
Christianity and monasticism in Late Antique Egypt. Serena Connolly is Associate Professor of Classics at Rut-
gers, The State University of New Jersey. She is a social
Theresa Chresand has an M.Phil. in Classics from the historian of the Roman Empire and author of Lives
University of Cambridge, UK, and recently spent a year Behind the Laws: The World of the Codex Hermogenianus
in Vienna, Austria, on a Fulbright grant. Her main ().
research interests include Greek literary papyrology and
Marco Conti specializes in patristics and Late Antique/early
the ancient Greek sophists.
medieval philology. He has published critical editions of
Jonatan Christiansen, High School professor of History and Potamius of Lisbon (), Priscillian of Avila (),
Ph.D. research student at University of Lyon  (Maison and the Life of Saint Helia (). He is lecturer in
de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée), Associate to HiSoMA Classics at the Loyola University–John Felice Center
(Université Lyon , UMR —CNRS), published and the American University of Rome.
some contributions on littoral development () and Simon Corcoran is Lecturer in Ancient History at Newcas-
maritime installations in Mediterranean deltas (). tle University. He currently works on Roman legal his-
Neil Christie is Professor of Medieval Archaeology at the tory, especially the reign of Justinian, having most
University of Leicester. His research expertise centres on recently provided the historical and manuscript introduc-
Late Antique to early medieval archaeology, with an tion for the new Cambridge translation of the Codex of
emphasis on Italy and the Mediterranean; key themes Justinian (ed. Frier, ).

xviii
 Contributor biographies

Altay Coşkun has been Associate Professor of Classical Christine Davison completed her Ph.D. in late , on the
Studies, University of Waterloo, since . He has subject of Trier and Cologne in the th, th, and th
published broadly on Late Roman legislation and poetry, centuries. Having decided upon a career change, Chris-
the history of ancient citizenship, and the dynastic rule tine now works as a Chartered Accountant based in
and diplomacy in the Hellenistic and Roman world. Manchester.
Stefano Costa obtained a Ph.D. in Byzantine Archaeology Elizabeth Dawson is a lecturer in medieval history at
at the University of Siena, studying ceramic contexts Queen's University Belfast. Her interests include conver-
from Crete and dealing with the dissemination of open sion to Christianity in the medieval West, and the cults
research data. Currently he works for the Ministry of and Lives of Irish saints. She has published articles on
Culture in Italy. these topics and is finalizing a monograph on the Latin
Jon Coulston is Lecturer in Ancient History and Archae- Lives of Patrick.
ology in the School of Classics, University of St An- Juliette J. Day is University Lecturer and Docent in Church
drews, Scotland. He has published widely on the History at the University of Helsinki, and Senior
Roman army and military iconography, including, with Research Fellow in Early Liturgy at Blackfriars Hall,
Mike Bishop, Roman Military Equipment (). University of Oxford. Her research focuses on the social,
Raffaella Cribiore is professor of Classics at New York cultural, and liturgical history of early Christianity.
University. She is the author of Writing, Teachers and Muriel Debié is Professor of Eastern Christianities at the
Students (); The School of Libanius (); Libanius École Pratique des Hautes Études in Paris. She is a
the Sophist (); Between City and School (); and specialist of Syriac Studies, and particularly of Syriac
co-author of Women's Letters in Ancient Egypt () and historiography (L'Écriture de l'histoire en syriaque, ).
An Oasis City (). She works primarily on manuscripts and the cultural and
Brian Croke is Adjunct Professor of History at Macquarie religious history of Late Antiquity.
University and Honorary Associate at the University of Michael J. Decker is Maroulis Professor of Byzantine His-
Sydney. He has published extensively on aspects of Late tory and Orthodox Religion at the University of South
Antique and Byzantine history and historiography Florida, Tampa. He specializes in the history and mater-
including Christian Chronicles and Byzantine History ial culture of Byzantium from the th to th centuries.
() and Count Marcellinus ().
Adrian De Gifis holds a Ph.D. in Islamic thought from the
James Crow is Professor of Classical Archaeology at the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
University of Edinburgh. His research focuses on the at the University of Chicago. He has transitioned to Med-
archaeology of settlement and frontiers. Recently he has ical Education, and is presently working in the domains of
focused on Byzantine urban and landscape archaeology, cultural competency and diversity and inclusion.
especially the water supply of Constantinople, and on the
coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Aegean. Christine Delaplace is Professor of Roman history at the
University of Caen Normandie and Headmaster of the
Ken Dark is Associate Professor in Archaeology and History Centre de Recherches Archéologiques et Historiques
at the University of Reading, where from  to  he Anciennes et Médievales, CNRS. She has published His-
was Director of the Research Centre for Late Antique and toire des Gaules (th edn. ) and La Fin de l'Empire
Byzantine Studies. He has published widely and has dir- romain d'Occident: Rome et les Wisigoths de  à 
ected archaeological projects on sites in Britain, Israel, and ().
Turkey.
Alain Delattre is professor at the Université Libre de Brux-
Rebecca Darley is Lecturer in Medieval History at Birkbeck, elles (ULB) and Directeur d'études at the École Pratique
University of London. Her research focuses on numismat- des Hautes Études (EPHE) in Paris. He is interested
ics, ideas of space in the Byzantine Empire, and the mainly in papyrology and epigraphy of Late Antique and
economic history of the western Indian Ocean in Late Early Islamic Egypt.
Antiquity.
George E. Demacopoulos is Fr. John Meyendorff & Pat-
Touraj Daryaee is Maseeh Chair in Persian Studies and
terson Family Chair of Orthodox Christian Studies at
Culture and Director of the Samuel M. Jordan Center
Fordham University, where he is also co-founding director
for Persian Studies at the University of California, Irvine.
of the Orthodox Christian Studies Center. He specializes
His books include Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of An
in East/West interaction in premodern Christianity.
Empire () and The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
(). Kees den Biesen is Independent scholar in literature, phil-
Aileen Das is an Assistant Professor of Classical Studies at osophy, and theology, and research associate of the
the University of Michigan. Her research examines the Department of Ancient Languages and Cultures of Pre-
relationship between medicine and philosophy in the toria University. Main topics of interest include Syriac
classical and medieval Islamicate worlds. Her work theology and spirituality, architectural theory, and Dante
centres on Galen and his Arabic reception. Alighieri.

Elizabeth Davidson has a Ph.D. in Ancient Christianity Daniël den Hengst is emeritus Professor of Latin at the
from Yale University, teaches Latin and New Testament University of Amsterdam. He is a member of the Dutch
at the Westminster Schools in Atlanta, GA., and con- team of commentators on Ammianus Marcellinus.
tributes to the Coptic Scriptorium Project, an online Eric C. De Sena, Director of the American Research Center
resource for Coptic texts and analytical tools. in Sofia in Bulgaria, has written extensively on the

xix
Contributor biographies

archaeology, especially the pottery, of Italy and the Bal- the Arabic language, and the religious history of the Arab
kans in the Roman and post-Roman periods. From  world.
to  he was co-director of the Porolissum Forum Vicente Dobroruka is an Associate Fellow in Ancient His-
Project which studied a Roman frontier base at modern tory, Universidade de Brasília. Recent publications are
Moigrad, Romania. Persian Influence in Daniel and Second Temple Jewish
Alain J. Desreumaux, Directeur de recherche au CNRS, Literature (Jewish and Christian Texts , ,
Président de la Société d'Études Syriaques, works on forthcoming).
epigraphy and codicology in Syriac and Christian Pales- Danielle Donaldson, is a history teacher at Concord College
tinian Aramaic. He has published Histoire du roi Abgar et Shrewsbury. Ph.D. thesis title: 'Studies in the Material,
de Jésus (); Codex Sinaiticus Zosimi Rescriptus (); Political and Cultural Impact of the Byzantine Presence
Samra I (Jordanie) (); and Les Mystiques syriaques in Early Medieval Spain, c.–' (unpublished, Cam-
(). bridge, ).
Michael Dewar is Professor of Classics at the University of Jutta Dresken-Weiland is extraordinary Professor for Chris-
Toronto. He is the author of commentaries on Book  of tian Archaeology and Byzantine Art History, Georg-
Statius' Thebaid () and Claudian's De Sexto Consu- August-Universität Göttingen and author of various
latu Honorii Augusti (), and of Leisured Resistance monographs, including Bild, Wort und Grab. Untersu-
(). chungen zu Jenseitsvorstellungen von Christen des .–.
Mark Dickens teaches in the Department of History and Jahrhunderts (), and Die frühchristlichen Mosaiken
Classics, University of Alberta (Edmonton, Canada). von Ravenna, Bild und Bedeutung ().
His research is concerned with connections between Jan Willem Drijvers is Senior Lecturer in Ancient History at
Syriac Christianity and Central Asia in Late Antiquity the University of Groningen. He is author of Helena
and the Middle Ages. Augusta () and Cyril of Jerusalem: Bishop and City
Albrecht Diem is Associate Professor in History, Syracuse (), and co-author of the Philological and Historical
University. His Ph.D. was published as Das Monastische Commentary on the Res Gestae of Ammianus Marcelli-
Experiment. He works on the history of early medieval nus XXII–XXXI (–). See also http://www.rug.
monasticism and has published various articles on nl/staff/j.w.drijvers/.
monastic rules and hagiography, queer history, and Bruno Dumézil is senior lecturer in medieval history at the
medieval literature. University of Paris Ouest. He has published several
Alain Dierkens is Professor at l'Université libre de Bruxelles, books on the early Middle Ages, including La Reine
Director (for History) of the Revue belge de philologie et Brunehaut (), Servir l'État barbare (), and Les
d'histoire, and President of the Société Royale d'Arché- Barbares (, collectif).
ologie de Bruxelles. His primary interests are the history Katherine Dunbabin is Professor Emerita in the Depart-
of the Western Middle Ages, of animals, and of Brussels. ment of Classics at McMaster University, Hamilton,
Maximilian Diesenberger is Head of Division (Historical Ontario. She is the author of books on Greek and
Identity Research) of the Institute for Medieval Research Roman mosaics (, ), Roman dining (),
at the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna. His and on theatre and spectacle in Roman Art ().
research focuses on the history of the Early Middle Reyhan Durmaz is a Ph.D. candidate at the Department of
Ages: hagiography and sermons, Bavarian history, social Religious Studies, Brown University, studying oral
history, studies on identity and group-formation. and written transmission of Christian hagiography into
Jitse H. F. Dijkstra is Professor of Classics at the University Islamic literature. Her publications include Jacob of Sar-
of Ottawa. He has published widely on Late Antique ug's Homilies on Women whom Jesus Met (co-author,
Egypt, including Philae and the End of Ancient Egyptian ) and 'Stories, Saints and Sanctity between Chris-
Religion () and Syene I: The Figural and Textual tianity and Islam' (forthcoming).
Graffiti from the Temple of Isis at Aswan (). Evelyn Edson is Professor Emerita of History, Piedmont
John Noël Dillon teaches Latin at Yale Divinity School and Virginia Community College, Charlottesville, VA, and
is a freelance translator. His publications include The author of: The World Map, – (); Medieval
Justice of Constantine () and translations of Book  Views of the Cosmos, with Emilie Savage-Smith ();
of the Codex of Justinian (, ed. B. Frier) and C. Mapping Time and Space: How Medieval Mapmakers
Habicht, Divine Honors for Mortal Men (). Viewed their World ().
Leah Di Segni is Senior Researcher, Institute of Archae- Matthew C. Edwards is a former student in Middle East
ology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Her current and Islamic Studies, Miami University, Ohio.
research areas are Greek epigraphy; historical geography; Hugh Elton teaches Roman history at Trent University in
and Late Antique Palestine. She is co-author of Corpus Ontario, Canada. He is interested in Late Roman polit-
Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae I/ (); (with Y. ical and military history and the southern part of Anato-
Tsafrir) The Onomasticon of Iudaea–Palaestina and Arabia lia, especially Isauria, in Late Antiquity.
in Greek and Latin Sources ().
James Evans (University of Puget Sound) edits the Journal
Kirill Dmitriev is Lecturer in Arabic at the University of for the History of Astronomy. Publications: History and
St. Andrews. His research focuses on the study of classical Practice of Ancient Astronomy (), Geminos's Introduc-
Arabic language and literature, the historical semantics of tion to the Phenomena (with J. L. Berggren, ), On the

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 Contributor biographies

Epoch of the Antikythera Mechanism and its Eclipse Pre- Simon Samuel Ford is a postdoctoral research fellow at the
dictor (with C. C. Carman, ). Center for the Study of Christianity at the Hebrew
Nicholas Evans is a Research Fellow for the University of University of Jerusalem and the Manar al-Athar Semitic
Aberdeen Leverhulme Trust funded 'Comparative King- Languages Research Assistant at the University of
ship' Project, who focuses on medieval Insular written Oxford.
sources (The Present and the Past in Medieval Irish Chron- Paul Fouracre, Professor Emeritus, University of Manchester,
icles, ), and their social and political significance. currently working on the social and economic effect of
Thomas Faulkner completed his Ph.D. at Cambridge Uni- providing 'eternal light' in the Middle Ages, has published
versity in  under Rosamond McKitterick. He has widely on early medieval European history. A selection of
continued to research independently, while working as an his papers is published in P. Fouracre, Frankish History
opera singer. His revised thesis was published as Law and ().
Authority in the Early Middle Ages (). Helen Foxhall Forbes is Associate Professor of Early Medi-
Hubert Fehr of the Bavarian state office for the protection of eval History at Durham University. Her research exam-
the monuments, Thierhaupten, Germany, is a specialist ines history, theology, and archaeology of north-western
in medieval archaeology and the archaeology of the Europe in the early Middle Ages; her most recent book is
Migration period. He has published books on Germans Heaven and Earth in Anglo-Saxon England ().
and Romans in the Merovingian Empire, the Barbarian Robert Frakes is Professor of History and Dean of Arts and
migrations, and the origins of Bavaria. Humanities at California State University, Bakersfield.
Alberto Ferreiro is a Professor of European History at His books include Contra Potentium Iniurias: The Defen-
Seattle Pacific University. His research interests are sor Civitatis and Late Roman Justice and Compiling the
Late Antique Hispania (Visigothic), New Testament Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum in Late
Apocrypha (Simon Magus), church fathers of Hispania, Antiquity.
and the Catalan sermons of S. Vicent Ferrer. He has Georgia Frank is Charles A. Dana Professor of Religion at
published over  articles in patristic and medieval Colgate University (Hamilton, NY). Author of The
studies. Memory of the Eyes (), she has also published essays
Pau Figueras is emeritus professor at Ben Gurion Univer- on pilgrimage, hymnography, the senses, and the emo-
sity, Israel. His main research deals with archaeology, tions among lay Christians.
historical geography, and epigraphy of early Christianity. James E. Fraser holds the Scottish Studies Foundation
His recent publications include Christian Archaeology in Chair of Scottish Studies at the University of Guelph.
the Negev Desert (), The Pagan Image of Greco- He is the author of From Caledonia to Pictland () and
Roman Palestine (), and An Introduction to Early numerous articles on military, political, ecclesiastical, and
Christianity (). social aspects of Pictish-period northern Britain.
Richard Finn OP is Director of the Las Casas Institute for Paula Fredriksen is Distinguished Visiting Professor at the
Social Justice, and Lector in Patristics at Blackfriars Hall, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Writing on pagans, Jews,
Oxford, where he is a member of the Classics and The- and Christians in the late Hellenistic period to the fall of
ology Faculties. He is currently researching English Rome in the West, she is the author, most recently, of
Dominican history. Paul: The Pagans' Apostle ().
Thomas Fischer is emeritus professor of archaeology of the Phil Freeman is Senior Lecturer in Roman Archaeology in
Roman provinces at the Archaeological Institute, Uni- the Department of Archaeology, Classics, and Egyptology
versität zu Köln. From  to  he was engaged on at the University of Liverpool. His research interests
excavations in Syria, Germany, and Romania. He has include the Roman East, the Roman army, the archae-
published on Limites, the Roman military, settlement ology of battlefields, and the historical development of
archaeology, Roman Cologne, and the provinces of Rae- Roman archaeology.
tia and Noricum. Kevin Funderburk is a lecturer in Classics at Baylor Univer-
Greg Fisher is a Fulbright Scholar and a historian of the sity in Waco, Texas. He has interests in social history,
ancient Middle East. He is the author of Between ancient kingship, asceticism, theology, and Second Tem-
Empires () and the editor of Arabs and Empires ple politics. He has also published documentary papyri
Before Islam (). His research focuses on Arab lead- dating from the Ptolemaic to the Byzantine period.
ership between AD  and . Isaiah Gafni is Professor (emeritus) of Jewish History at the
Rebecca Flemming is a Senior Lecturer in Classics (Ancient Hebrew University of Jerusalem and President of Shalem
History) and Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge. Her College in Jerusalem. His areas of research are the social
extensive work on ancient medicine and ancient women and cultural history of the Jews in Late Antiquity, with a
includes Medicine and the Making of Roman Women: particular interest in the self-identity of the Jewish
Gender, Nature, and Authority from Celsus to Galen diaspora.
(). Michèle Gaillard is Emeritus Professor at the University of
Richard Flower is Senior Lecturer in Classics and Ancient Lille. Her researches focus on religious history, particu-
History at the University of Exeter. His research interests larly on monasticism and the cult of saints, during the
include Late Roman political, religious, and intellectual early Middle Ages. She is the author of a book on
history and he is the author of Emperors and Bishops in monasticism in the Carolingian period, as well as numer-
Late Roman Invective (). ous articles, and editor of collective works.

xxi
Contributor biographies

David Ganz is a corresponding member of the Monumenta for Archaeology. She teaches and researches ancient
Germaniae Historica who works on early medieval Latin material and technology, with publications focusing in
manuscripts. He has published Corbie in the Carolingian particular on goldsmithing objects and glass vessels from
Renaissance () and Einhard and Notker the Stam- the first millennium AD.
merer: Two Lives of Charlemagne (). Carl Griffin is an Assistant Research Fellow at the Neal
Benjamin Garstad is Professor of Classics at MacEwan A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, Brigham
University in Edmonton, Alberta. He is the editor and Young University, and is the author of The Works of
translator of the Greek and Latin Apocalypse of Pseudo- Cyrillona () and Cyrillona: A Critical Study and
Methodius and the Excerpta Latina Barbari in Harvard Commentary ().
University Press's Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. Lucy Grig is Senior Lecturer, Classics, University of Edin-
Ulrich Gehn was Research Associate on the Oxford Centre burgh. A historian of Late Antique culture and society,
for Late Antiquity's project on The Last Statues of her publications include Making Martyrs in Late
Antiquity and one of the authors of the book which Antiquity (); Popular Culture in the Ancient World
resulted from it. (); with Gavin Kelly, Two Romes: Rome and Con-
James Gerrard is a specialist in Roman material culture and stantinople ().
the end of the Western Roman Empire. He worked for Mark Gustafson is an adjunct professor at the University of
some years in commercial archaeology until undertaking Minnesota and Macalester College. A recent publication
post-doctoral research at Cambridge University. Since is 'Degradation, Dishonor, the Stigmatiferous Slave', in
 he has been a lecturer at Newcastle University and Unter die Haut (), with continuing research and
is the author of The Ruin of Roman Britain (). writing on American poetry and literary history.
Alkiviadis Ginalis, Maritime Archaeologist and Byzantinist, David M. Gwynn is Reader in Ancient and Late Antique
has specialized in Byzantine maritime archaeology with a History at Royal Holloway, University of London.
research focus on Mediterranean harbour archaeology Recent publications include Athanasius of Alexandria:
from the Imperial Roman to the Late Byzantine periods Bishop, Theologian, Ascetic, Father () and Christianity
and is currently working on a monograph on Byzantine in the Later Roman Empire: A Sourcebook ().
harbours and Aegean port networks from the th to th Fiona K. Haarer teaches at King's College London. Her
century AD. work covers the history, literature, and culture of the th–
James E. Goehring is Professor Emeritus of Religion at the th centuries and she has published a monograph, The
University of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, VA. Emperor Anastasius I: Politics and Empire in the Late
His research interests focus on early Egyptian monasti- Roman World ().
cism. His publications include The Crosby-Schøyen Codex {Christopher Haas was Associate Professor of History and
(), Ascetics, Society and the Desert (), and Politics, Classical Studies, Villanova University Philadelphia,
Monasticism, and Miracles in Sixth Century Upper Egypt Pennsylvania. His Alexandria in Late Antiquity: Topog-
(). raphy and Social Conflict () was the first monograph
Peter Golden is Professor Emeritus of History, Turkish, and on Late Roman Alexandria. He wrote also on Late
Middle Eastern Studies, Rutgers University, teaching Antique Aksum and Georgia.
there from  to , and was director of the Middle Gregory Halfond is Associate Professor of History, Fra-
Eastern Studies Program. His fields of specialization are mingham State University. His research examines reli-
the nomad peoples of Medieval Eurasia—ethnogenesis gion and law in Merovingian Francia. He is the author of
and state formation and Turkic philology. The Archaeology of Frankish Church Councils () and
Caroline Goodson is a Reader in History and Archaeology the editor of The Medieval Way of War ().
at Birkbeck, University of London. She recently pub- Linda Jones Hall is Professor Emerita, History, St. Mary's
lished the archaeological monograph Villa Magna: An College of Maryland. Current research is on Publilius
Imperial Villa and its Legacies () and is writing a Optatianus Porfyrius and Constantine. Publications:
book on urban gardening in early medieval Italy. Roman Berytus: Beirut in Late Antiquity () and 'Ci-
Richard L. Gordon is honorary professor in the Department cero's Instinctu Divino and Constantine's Instinctu
of Religious Studies (Religionsgeschichte der Antike) and Divinitatis: . . . Arch of Constantine' JECS / ()
Associate Fellow of the Max-Weber-Kolleg at the Uni- –.
versity of Erfurt, Germany. His main research interest is Basema Hamarneh is full Professor of Late Antique and
the social history of Graeco-Roman religion and magic. Early Christian Archaeology in Vienna University; her
Geoffrey Greatrex is Professor in the Department of Clas- research interests are settlement patterns, monasticism,
sics and Religious Studies at the University of Ottawa, mosaics, and Byzantine hagiography applied to topog-
Canada; he undertook his studies at Exeter College, raphy and to visual culture. She is a member of the Italian
Oxford. His research focuses on Procopius of Caesarea Byzantinist Society.
and the reign of Justinian. Mark Handley (Independent Scholar) continues to work
Susanne Greiff is the head of the Competence on Late Antique inscriptions after his Death, Society and
Area Scientific Archaeology and the Archaeometry Culture (), and Dying on Foreign Shores (). He
Laboratory at the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmu- has also started work on a monograph on Odoacer and his
seum Mainz, a Leibniz Association Research Museum kingdom.

xxii
 Contributor biographies

John Hanson received his Ph.D. in the History of Art from poetics. His most recent books are Menander: A Rhetor
the Courtauld Institute of Art in . He taught at in Context () and Ancient Philosophical Poetics ().
Indiana University of Pennsylvania and Hope College in Peter Heather is Professor of Medieval History at King's
Michigan, and filled curatorial positions at Dumbarton College London. His research focuses on the later Roman
Oaks in Washington, DC. He has published on middle Empire and its Western successor states. He has just
Byzantine decorative arts, especially ivory carving. finished a book on Justinian (forthcoming ) and is
{J. William Harmless, SJ, was sometime holder of the Graff currently working on the emergence of European Chris-
Faculty Chair in Catholic Theological Studies at tendom, AD –.
Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, where he Paul L. Heck is Professor of Theology and Islamic Studies at
taught historical theology and patristics. He wrote two Georgetown University, focusing on Islamic theology
books on S. Augustine; his Desert Christians () is an and Christian–Muslim relations, including a study on
introduction to the literature of early monasticism. scepticism in Islam and current research on Muslim
Kyle Harper is Professor of Classics and Letters and Senior views on emotions and the purposes of religion.
Vice President and Provost at the University of Okla- A. Richard Heffron is a doctoral candidate in the Depart-
homa. He is a historian of the economic, social, and ment of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at the
environmental dimensions of the Roman Empire. University of Chicago. His research focuses on the his-
Amir Harrak, licencié (Louvain), is professor of Aramaic and tory of scholarly community in Syria during the Umayyad
Syriac at the University of Toronto. He is the founder and and early Abbasid periods.
the current president of the Canadian Society for Syriac Marc Heijmans, Institute of Scientific Research (CNRS),
Studies, and the General Editor of its Journal. Aix-Marseille Université, Aix-en-Provence. Research
Jill Harries is Emerita Professor of Ancient History, Uni- interests include urban development in southern France
versity of St. Andrews. Publications on Late Roman between Late Antiquity and early Middle Ages; early
History and Roman legal culture include Sidonius Apol- Christian epigraphy and prosopography; and excavation
linaris and the Fall of Rome (), Law and Empire in of the early Christian cathedral of Arles.
Late Antiquity (), and Imperial Rome AD –: Yitzhak Hen is the Anna and Sam Lopin Professor of
The New Empire (). History at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. His
Jonathan Harris is Professor of the History of Byzantium at book, Roman Barbarians: The Royal Court and Culture
Royal Holloway, University of London. His recent pub- in the Early Medieval West, was published in . He is
lications include: Byzantium and the Crusades (nd edn. currently working on a study of Western Arianism.
); Lost World of Byzantium (); and Constantin- Martin Henig is an Honorary Visiting Professor, Institute of
ople: Capital of Byzantium (nd edn. ). Archaeology, UCL, and an Assistant Priest in the Osney
Susan Ashbrook Harvey is Willard Prescott and Annie Benefice, Oxford. Author of The Art of Roman Britain
McClelland Smith Professor of Religion and History at () and co-author of Roman Sculpture from London
Brown University. She specializes in Late Antique and and the South-East (). He is currently working with
Byzantine Christianity (Syriac and Greek), addressing H. Molesworth on the publication of a major collection
issues of women, devotional piety, and religion and the of Roman cameos.
senses. Matthias Henze is Isla Carroll and Percy E. Turner Profes-
Gerald Hawting is Emeritus Professor at SOAS and current sor of Hebrew Bible and Early Judaism, Rice University.
President of the International Quranic Studies Associ- His fields of interest are the Hebrew Bible, early Judaism,
ation. His latest publication is A Plaything for Kings: the apocryphal and pseudepigraphic writings. Publica-
Rebuilding the Ka'ba in Islamic Studies Today. Essays in tion: Jewish Apocalypticism in Late First Century Israel
Honor of Andrew Rippin (), –. ().
Erika T. Hermanowicz is an associate professor of Classics
Gregory Hays is Associate Professor of Classics at the Uni-
at the University of Georgia. She studies sectarian con-
versity of Virginia. His research focuses on Late Antique
flict among Christian groups in North Africa and has
and medieval Latin literature, textual criticism, and
written books about Possidius and the  Conference at
manuscript studies.
Carthage.
Kristian S. Heal is an assistant research professor at the Neal
Michael W. Herren is Distinguished Research Professor
A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, Brigham
emeritus, Classics, York University, and specializes in
Young University. He studies Late Antique Syriac litera-
Late Antique and early medieval Latin literature and
ture, and is the author of Genesis  &  in Early Syriac
classical reception. Recent publications include The Cos-
Sources ().
mography of Aethicus Ister (), 'Classics in the Middle
Christopher Heath received his Ph.D. from the University Ages' (), and The Anatomy of Myth ().
of Manchester in  and is currently an Associate Catherine Hezser is Professor of Jewish Studies at SOAS,
Lecturer at the Manchester Metropolitan University. University of London, and Professor II at the University
He is author of The Narrative Worlds of Paul the Deacon of Oslo. Her research focuses on the social history of Jews
() and continues research into early medieval Italy. in Roman and early Byzantine Palestine. Her most recent
Malcolm Heath is Professor of Greek at the University of book is Rabbinic Body Language: Non-Verbal Communi-
Leeds. His interests include Greek literature, ancient cation in Palestinian Rabbinic Literature of Late Antiquity
literary criticism, rhetorical theory, and philosophical ().

xxiii
Contributor biographies

Andrew Hicks is an Associate Professor of Music and Medi- Rasheed Hosein has been teaching Western civilization and
eval Studies at Cornell University. He is the author of Middle Eastern history at the United States Military
Composing the World: Harmony in the Medieval Platonic Academy since July . Research interests: Pre-Islamic,
Cosmos (). classical, and medieval Middle Eastern history and civil-
Steven Hijmans is associate professor of Roman art and ization; modern Middle Eastern history, culture, and
archaeology at the University of Alberta in Canada. His civilization; Late Antiquity and early medieval Europe.
main focus is the art and archaeology of Roman religion, Nicholas Hudson is Associate Professor, Art History, Uni-
and he has published extensively on the Roman sun god versity of North Carolina Wilmington. Research inter-
Sol. ests include domestic material culture, the Eastern
Alexandra Hilgner is an archaeologist working at the Empire, and Late Antique social history. Publications
Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum in Mainz, Ger- include Archaeology of the Roman Convivium () and
many, and coordinating the interdisciplinary project Three Centuries of Late Roman Pottery ().
'Weltweites Zellwerk'. Her primary field of research is Caroline Humfress is Professor of Medieval History and
Late Antique and early medieval material culture, with a Deputy Director of the Institute of Legal and Constitu-
current focus on garnet objects (The Antiquaries Journal tional Research at the University of St. Andrews. Her
, ). current research focuses upon religion, law, and legal
Julia Hillner, Professor of Medieval History, University of practice from Late Antiquity to the present.
Sheffield, works on crime and punishment, the family, Hans Hummer is an associate professor of medieval history
and the city of Rome in Late Antiquity; she is author of, at Wayne State University. He is the author of Politics
most recently, Prison, Punishment and Penance in Late and Power in Early Medieval Europe (), and is cur-
Antiquity () and (co-ed.) Clerical Exile in Late rently working on a book on kinship in early medieval
Antiquity (). Europe.
Alfred M. Hirt is a lecturer in Roman History at the Uni- Mike Humphreys is a Research Fellow at St John's College,
versity of Liverpool. His research interests are on mining Cambridge. He specializes in Byzantium c.–,
and quarrying in the Roman empire, the supply of metal, focusing especially on law and iconoclasm. Works
and marble trade; he is also interested in Hellenistic and include Law, Power, and Imperial Ideology () and
Roman Phoenicia. The Laws of the Isaurian Era ().
Richard Hobbs is the Weston Curator of Roman Britain at David G. Hunter is the Cottrill-Rolfes Professor of Cath-
the British Museum. He is a specialist on Late Roman olic Studies at the University of Kentucky. He has pub-
silver plate and the material culture of the Late Roman lished several books and numerous articles in early
Empire as well as Iron Age and Roman coins, including Christian studies, including Marriage, Celibacy, and Her-
the coinage of Pompeii. esy in Ancient Christianity () and The Oxford Hand-
Thomas Hofmeier is head of Bildung & Vermittlung, His- book of Early Christian Studies ().
torisches Museum Basel (education & mediation, His- Erica C. D. Hunter is Senior Lecturer in Eastern Chris-
torical Museum of Basel). His main interests are history tianity, SOAS. Her research focuses on Iraq, with a
of alchemy, of Basel and fabulous beasts. Recent publi- particular interest in incantation bowls. She has pub-
cations: Basels Ungeheuer (); (with Barbara Luczak) lished material from Nippur and also contributed to
Über den Dächern von Basel (); Hauptstadt der J. B. Segal, Catalogue of Aramaic and Mandaic Incantation
Alchemie (). Bowls in the British Museum ().
Melanie Holcomb is a curator at The Metropolitan Heather Hunter-Crawley is Lecturer in Ancient History at
Museum of Art, New York, where she is responsible Swansea University. She is a specialist in the religious art
for the early medieval collection. Her most recent exhib- of the Roman Empire and Late Antiquity, and has
ition, with accompanying catalogue, was Jerusalem – published articles on subjects including Late Antique
: Every People under Heaven (Metropolitan liturgy, pilgrimage sites, and souvenirs.
Museum, ). Alice Hutton Sharp is a Postdoctoral Fellow in History at
Michael W. Holmes is University Professor of Biblical McGill University, working on medieval reception of
Studies and Early Christianity at Bethel University and Late Antique thought. Publications include 'Textual
Director of the Museum of the Bible Scholars Initiative. Format and the Development of the Early Glossa on
His publications include The Greek New Testament: SBL Genesis' (Mediaeval Studies, ) and '"Gilbertus Uni-
Edition and The Apostolic Father. versalis" Reevaluated' (RTPM, ).
{Kenneth G. Holum, Professor Emeritus of History, the Alexander Y. Hwang is Adjunct Assistant Professor, Xavier
University of Maryland, published many articles and University, Cincinnati, Ohio. His areas of interest
eight books on Late Antiquity, from Theodosian Emp- include patristics, church history, medieval studies, com-
resses () to Shaping the Middle East (). From parative theology. Publications: Intrepid Lover of Perfect
 he excavated the Roman city of Caesarea, Israel. Grace: The Life and Thought of Prosper of Aquitaine
Peregrine Horden is Professor of Medieval History at Royal (); Tradition and Rule of Faith (); Debates after
Holloway University of London and co-author, with Pelagius and Augustine ().
Nicholas Purcell, of The Corrupting Sea () and its Sarah Insley is Dean of Branford College, Yale University.
forthcoming sequel. He also works on medicine and A specialist in post-Classical Greek philology and litera-
charity in Late Antiquity. ture, her research focuses on monastic literature,

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 Contributor biographies

hagiography, and liturgical texts in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. She has published a History of Monas-
Byzantium. She is currently completing a translation of ticism in Persia () and the History of the Catholicos
the Letters of Gregory of Nazianzus for the Dumbarton Mār Abba ().
Oaks Medieval Library. Gregor Kalas, an associate professor at the University of
Eric A. Ivison is Professor of History at the City University Tennessee, researches Late Antique architecture. His
of New York, College of Staten Island, and Graduate book, The Restoration of the Roman Forum in Late
Center, Ph.D. Program in History. He specializes in the Antiquity: Transforming Public Space (), examines the
urban archaeology and history of Late Antique and post-classical history of the city's most important precinct.
Byzantine Asia Minor and is currently preparing the Anthony Kaldellis is Professor of Classics at The Ohio State
final publication of the Lower City Church complex at University. He has published widely on many aspects of
Amorium. Byzantine history, culture, and literature, including many
Ine Jacobs is Associate Professor of Byzantine Archaeology translations of Byzantine texts. His most recent mono-
and Visual Culture at the University of Oxford. Her inter- graph is The Byzantine Republic ().
ests include Byzantine urbanism, Byzantine reception of
Joel Kalvesmaki is Managing Editor of Byzantine Studies at
Antiquity, and archaeology of Christianity. She is co-dir-
Dumbarton Oaks. Author of The Theology of Arithmetic
ector of the Kostoperska Karpa Regional Archaeological
() and editor of the Guide to Evagrius Ponticus
Project (FYROM) and field director at Aphrodisias
(http://evagriusponticus.net), he specializes in symbol-
(Turkey).
ism in Late Antique philosophy and theology.
Ahmad Al-Jallad is an Assistant Professor at Leiden Uni-
Robert A. Kaster is Kennedy Foundation Professor of Latin
versity. He is the founding director of the Leiden Center
in Princeton University. The author of Guardians of
for the Study of Ancient Arabia and is co-director of the
Language (), among other books, he has worked
Landscapes of Survival Archaeological Project in Jordan
mainly in the areas of Roman rhetoric, ancient education,
and the Thāj Archaeological Project in Saudi Arabia.
Roman ethics, and textual criticism.
Edward James is Emeritus Professor of Medieval History at
Hubert Kaufhold is a Jurist and Orientalist; – he
University College Dublin. See http://edwardfjames.
was a public prosecutor and judge in Munich. Since 
com. Books include The Franks (), Britain in the
he has been honorary professor for the law of Antiquity,
First Millennium (), Europe's Barbarians (), Lois
University of Munich, and co-editor of the journal Oriens
McMaster Bujold ().
Christianus. His main interest is the Christian Orient.
Kristina Jennbert is an archaeologist at Lund University,
James F. Keenan, SJ, is Canisius Chair at Boston College
Sweden. Research areas are Old Norse religion, Iron
and Director of the Jesuit Institute. Among his recent
Age Scandinavia, and human–animal relationship (Ani-
books are: A History of Catholic Moral Theology in the
mals and Humans: Recurrent Symbiosis in Archaeology and
Twentieth Century () and University Ethics: How
Old Norse Religion, ), Neolithic Scandinavia, land-
Colleges Can Build and Benefit from a Culture of Ethics
scape archaeology, and ethics in archaeology.
().
Robin Jensen is the Patrick O'Brien Professor of Theology
at the University of Notre Dame (USA). Her work Christopher Kelly is Professor of Classics and Ancient His-
focuses on the history of early Christian art and architec- tory in the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of
ture and how they shape ritual action and convey reli- Corpus Christi College. His books include The End of
gious meaning and purpose. Empire () and Theodosius II: Rethinking the Roman
Empire in Late Antiquity ().
Aaron P. Johnson teaches Classics at Lee University and
specializes in Greek literature and intellectual culture of Fergus Kelly is Senior Professor Emeritus, School of Celtic
the later Roman Empire. He has authored Ethnicity and Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. His
Argument in Eusebius' Praeparatio Evangelica (), Reli- main interest is early Irish legal and social history. His
gion and Identity in Porphyry of Tyre (), and Eusebius publications include A Guide to Early Irish Law ()
(). and Early Irish Farming ().
Andreas Juckel is Research Associate at the Institute for Gavin Kelly is Professor of Latin Literature and Roman
NT Textual Research (Münster). Interests focus on History at the University of Edinburgh. His books
Syriac Christianity and the Syriac New Testament. include Ammianus Marcellinus: The Allusive Historian
Publications: Das NT in syrischer Überlieferung I-II,- (), and (with Lucy Grig) Two Romes (). He is
(–, with B. Aland); A Guide to Mss of the currently translating and editing Ammianus' history.
Peshitta NT (). Stefanie A. H. Kennell is an independent scholar-translator-
Christelle Jullien, Researcher at the CNRS in Paris, has editor in Vancouver. With a Ph.D. in Classics (Univer-
published Apôtres des confins (), Acts of Mār Māri sity of Toronto) and research interests in epistolography,
(), Husraw er: Reconstructions d'un règne (). ancient and modern, she publishes on aspects of Magnus
History of Christian communities in the Sasanian Felix Ennodius and Heinrich Schliemann and is cur-
Empire and the Persian Martyrs Acts are her main fields rently working on the latter's correspondence.
of study. Elif Keser-Kayaalp is assistant professor at the Department
Florence Jullien is a researcher at the CNRS. Her area of of Museum Studies at Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir,
interest deals with the history of Christianity and monas- Turkey. Research interests include church architecture,
ticism in the East, and Syriac literature in Antiquity and Syriac Christianity, cultural heritage studies (Preservation

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Contributor biographies

of the Architectural Heritage of the Syriac Christians, ) focuses on Late Antique art, particularly on mosaics in
and museum studies. the eastern Mediterranean, word–image relations, and
Nancy Khalek is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at the material culture of votive dedication.
Brown University, specializing in Late Antiquity and Stéphane Lebecq, Emeritus Professor of Early Medieval
early and classical Islam. Among other publications, she History, University of Lille, has published Les Origines
is the author of Damascus after the Muslim Conquest: Text franques (); The Northern Seas (NCMH vol. ,
and Image in Early Islam. ); Histoire des îles britanniques (); Hommes,
Robert Kitchen is a retired UCC minister and scholar of mers et terres du Nord au début du Moyen Âge ().
Syriac language and literature. In addition to numerous A. D. (Doug) Lee is Professor of Ancient History at the
contributions to journals and festschrifts, he has trans- University of Nottingham. He has published widely on
lated the Discourses of Philoxenos of Mabbug, and The the military, diplomatic, and religious history of Late
Book of Steps with Martien Parmentier. Antiquity; his monographs include War in Late Antiquity
Konstantin Klein is akademischer Rat in Ancient History at () and From Rome to Byzantium ().
the University of Bamberg. He obtained his D.Phil. at Régine Le Jan, Emerita Professor of Medieval History,
the University of Oxford (Brasenose College) and held University Paris Pantheon-Sorbonne, is interested in
research fellowships at Harvard and at the Kenyon Insti- the history of the Early Middle Ages (th–th cents.),
tute in Jerusalem. gender and kinship studies, and historical anthropology;
direction of Research programme Elites in the Early
William Klingshirn directs the Center for the Study of Early
Middle Ages and Competition in the Early Middle Ages.
Christianity at the Catholic University of America. His
current projects include diviners in Late Antiquity, lived Lukas Lemcke is a senior Ph.D. candidate at the University
religion in Merovingian Gaul, and the reception of of Cologne (Germany). His research focuses on the legal
Caesarius of Arles in the th century. and administrative history of the Later Roman Empire
with a particular emphasis on means and avenues of
Michael Knibb is Samuel Davidson Professor Emeritus of
official communication (Imperial Transportation and
Old Testament Studies at King's College London. He
Communication, ).
has published widely in Second Temple Jewish studies
and in Ethiopic studies. His most recent book is The Lee Levine is Professor Emeritus, Hebrew University of
Ethiopic Text of the Book of Ezekiel (). Jerusalem in the Departments of Jewish History and
Archaeology. A world-renowned scholar in ancient Jew-
Anne Kolb is Chair in Ancient History at University of
ish history and archaeology, he has written extensively on
Zurich.
the ancient synagogue and Jewish art in the Second
Dimitra Kotoula (Greek Ministry of Culture—The British Temple, Roman, and Byzantine periods.
School at Athens) is an art historian specializing in Detlef Liebs, Professor Emeritus, University of Freiburg,
Byzantine art, eschatology, and modern perceptions of Germany, has researched into Roman law, Roman legal
Byzantium. She gained her Ph.D. from the Courtauld science, Late Antiquity. Publications: Jurisprudenz im
Institute of Art. Her research has been sponsored by the spätantiken Italien (); Hofjuristen der römischen Kai-
AHRB, Dumbarton Oaks, Princeton University, and ser (); Summoned to the Roman Courts (); Das
King's College, London. Recht der Römer und die Christen ().
Chrysi Kotsifou is a Polonsky Fellow at the Van Leer J. L. Lightfoot is Professor of Greek Literature and Charl-
Jerusalem Institute in Israel. She works on the social ton Fellow and Tutor in Classical Languages and
and cultural history of the Late Antique and middle Literature, New College, Oxford. She has published
Byzantine periods, with an emphasis on Egyptian editions and commentaries on Hellenistic and imperial
monasticism from the th to the th centuries AD. texts for OUP; her next will be on Ps.-Manetho's
David Lambert works on the Latin West in Late Antiquity Apotelesmatica.
and on Latin patristic literature, especially the history and Richard Lim, Professor of History at Smith College, studies
literature of Late Antique Gaul. He teaches at the John Late Antique religious cultures, spectacles, and Eurasian
Felice Rome Center of Loyola University Chicago. exchanges. Works include Public Disputation, Power and
Ella Landau-Tasseron is affiliated with the Department of Social Order in Late Antiquity (); The Past Before Us:
Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies, The Hebrew Uni- The Challenge of Historiographies of Late Antiquity (with
versity (retired). Her research covers early Islamic history, Carole Straw) ().
Islamic historiography, hadith, genealogy and the tribal Emma Loosley, Associate Professor, Theology and Reli-
system, political institutions, and jihad. In recent years gion, University of Exeter, explores the material culture
she has explored new manifestations of traditional Islamic and ritual of the Late Antique to early Islamic eras,
concepts. specializing in Syria. For her current ERC-funded
Sergio La Porta is the Haig and Isabel Berberian Professor research on Syrian and Georgian interaction see
of Armenian Studies at California State University, http://architectureandasceticism.exeter.ac.uk.
Fresno. He is the author of numerous studies on medi- Simon Loseby is Senior Lecturer in History at the University
eval Armenian intellectual and political history, phil- of Sheffield. His research interests cover various aspects
ology, and apocalyptic literature. of Late Antique Gaul, Francia, and the Mediterranean,
Sean V. Leatherbury is Assistant Professor of Ancient Art with particular reference to urbanism, exchange, Gregory
Culture at Bowling Green State University. His research of Tours, and Marseilles.

xxvi
 Contributor biographies

Andrew Louth, Professor Emeritus of Durham University, Classics Renewed: Reception and Innovation in the Latin
UK, and Honorary Fellow, Faculty of Theology, Vrije Poetry of Late Antiquity (co-edited with Joseph Pucci,
Universiteit, Amsterdam, is a patristics scholar, with inter- ).
ests in philosophy and history, and Orthodox theology. Thomas A. J. McGinn is Professor of History and Classics
Rowena Loverance, formerly of the British Museum and a at Vanderbilt University. He is the author of numerous
Visiting Research Fellow at King's College London, author books and articles on ancient Roman law and society,
of Byzantium (rd edn. ) and of Christian Art (), embracing such subjects as marriage, prostitution, the
has excavated in Cyprus and at Dorchester and is at present family, and the status and role of women.
writing a monograph on Byzantine sculpture. Andrew McGowan is Dean of Berkeley Divinity School at
Sophie Lunn-Rockliffe is Lecturer in Patristics at the Uni- Yale and Professor of Anglican Studies at Yale. His
versity of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Peterhouse. Her published work concerns ritual in early Christian com-
research interests revolve around the religious thought munities, food and meals, and sacrifice. He is editor of
and culture of Late Antiquity, and in particular ideas of the Journal of Anglican Studies.
evil, demons, and Satan. Kieran McGroarty is Senior Lecturer and the Head of
Rebecca Lyman is the Samuel M. Garrett Professor of Department of Ancient Classics at Maynooth Univer-
Church History emerita at The Church Divinity School sity. His research interests lie in the area of Neoplatonism
of the Pacific, Berkeley. Her current research is focused where he has published Plotinus on Eudaimonia: A Com-
on the theology of Arius. Her publications include mentary on Ennead . with Oxford University Press.
Christology and Cosmology (); Early Christian Tradi- Carlos Machado, Lecturer in Ancient History at the Uni-
tions (); and various articles on heresiology. versity of St. Andrews, is finishing a book on Late
Ryan J. Lynch is Assistant Professor of History at Columbus Antique Rome and its senatorial elite, and has co-edited
State University, having completed his D.Phil. at the books on Late Antique epigraphy, the sack of Rome, and
University of Oxford. His research interests focus on Late Antique social history.
early Islamic history, Arabic historiography, and the William W. Malandra, Ph.D. in Indo-Iranian Studies at the
early Islamic conquests. He is currently revising a book University of Pennsylvania, is currently Professor emeri-
manuscript on the historian al-Baladhuri. tus at the University of Minnesota. His main interest is
Judith McClure's Oxford doctoral thesis was on Gregory the Zoroastrianism and a recent book is The Pahlavi Yasna of
Great; she has written articles on Bede and early medieval the Gāthās and Yasna Haptaŋhāiti ().
exegesis. She was Head of The Royal School Bath and St Christina Maranci is the Arthur H. Dadian and Ara
George's Edinburgh and is now Chair of the Scotland T. Oztemel Professor of Armenian Art and Architecture
China Education Network. at Tufts University (Medford, MA). Her work addresses a
Adam Carter McCollum is visiting associate professional wide range of issues in Armenian art; she is the author of
specialist of languages of Late Antiquity in the depart- Vigilant Powers: Three Churches of Early Medieval Armenia
ment of Theology at the University of Notre Dame. He ().
has previously worked as a manuscript cataloguer at the Andrew Marsham is Reader in Classical Arabic Studies at
Hill Museum Manuscript Library (St. John's University). the University of Cambridge. His current research inter-
He has published on texts in Syriac, Arabic, Gǝ'ǝz, ests are political culture and empire in Islamic Late
Georgian, and Armenian. Antiquity. His publications include Rituals of Islamic
Julia McConville (née Hofmann) has published on the Monarchy: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim
Merovingians and on early modern matters. Empire ().
{ Leslie MacCoull, classicist and papyrologist, was Director Marije Martijn is C. J. de Vogel Professor of Ancient
of Studies at the Society for Coptic Archaeology in Patristic Philosophy at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
Cairo; and later an Academic Associate of the Arizona Among her publications are Proclus on Nature ()
Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. She is best and All from One (). Current research concerns
known for her book on Dioscorus of Aphrodito (). Neoplatonic physics, philosophy of mathematics, and
Robert McEachnie is Lecturer of Ancient World History at aesthetics.
the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. He spe- Andrew J. Martin is Lecturer in the History of Christianity
cializes in th-century Italian history. His first book was at Vanderbilt Divinity School. His research focuses on
Chromatius of Aquileia and the Making of a Christian City the intersection of theology and political legitimation in
(). early modern England.
Eric McGeer is Consultant in Byzantine Sigillography, Céline Martin Gevers is Senior Lecturer in Medieval His-
Dumbarton Oaks Research Center, preparing an online tory at Université Bordeaux-Montaigne. A specialist in
catalogue of the lead seals in the Dumbarton Oaks col- –th-century Spain, her current research focuses mostly
lection. His publications include a study of Byzantine on political and law history. She wrote La Géographie du
warfare and a translation of the land legislation issued pouvoir dans l'Espagne visigothique ().
in the th century. Sonja Marzinzik is a keeper at the Bavarian State Archaeo-
Scott McGill is professor of Classical Studies at Rice Univer- logical Collection in Munich and author of many publi-
sity. His most recent books are Juvencus' Four Books of the cations, including Masterpieces of Early Medieval Art
Gospels: Translation, Introduction, and Notes () and (). She previously held curatorial positions at the

xxvii
Contributor biographies

British Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum Muriel Moser is Assistant Professor (Ancient History) at
after completing a D.Phil. in Anglo-Saxon archaeology the Goethe Universität Frankfurt. She has published on
at Oxford. the relationship of Constantinian emperors with Rome
Pelli Mastora, Archaeologist in the Ephoreia of Antiquities and Constantinople (), their dynastic representation
of Polis Thessaloniki, Hellenic Ministry of Culture, (), as well as landownership in the Senate of
studied archaeology and obtained a postgraduate degree Constantinople ().
in Byzantine Archaeology at the Aristotle University of Alexander Callander Murray is Professor of History,
Thessaloniki. Her main research area is wall mosaics, Emeritus, University of Toronto. His research interests
Late Roman and Byzantine Thessaloniki. are Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages, with
Ralph Mathisen is Professor of History, Classics, and Medi- particular reference to the Late Roman Empire and
eval Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Merovingian Gaul. His work largely concerns the insti-
Champaign. He studies prosopography, numismatics, tutional and legal history of the period and its medieval
and the society, culture, and religion of Late Antiquity. and modern historiography.
He has published  books and over  scholarly David Natal is Juan de la Cierva Fellow at the University of
articles. Salamanca. His current research explores clerical dis-
Wendy Mayer is Professor and Associate Dean of Research course in the Late Antique West, a topic on which he
at Australian Lutheran College, University of Divinity. has recently written an article ('Putting the Roman
She has published widely on John Chrysostom, early Periphery on the Map', forthcoming).
preaching, and Antioch, including (with Pauline Allen) Geoffrey Nathan is Honorary Senior Lecturer, University
The Churches of Syrian Antioch (). of New South Wales, and Adjunct Professor of
Roberta Mazza is Lecturer in Graeco-Roman Material Cul- History, Mesa College. He authored The Family in
ture at the University of Manchester. She is the author of Late Antiquity () and edited Mediterranean Families
a monograph on the Apions archive from Oxyrhynchus in Antiquity (). He currently works on ancient refu-
() and of various articles on Late Antique Egypt, her gee crises.
main field of research. Bronwen Neil is Professor of Ancient History at Macquarie
Jeanne-Nicole Mellon Saint-Laurent is an Assistant Pro- University, Sydney. Her research interests include
fessor of Theology at Marquette University. She is the dreams in the ancient world and saints in Late Antiquity
author of Missionary Stories and the Formation of the and Byzantium. She is co-editor of The Oxford Handbook
Syriac Churches (). She co-edited a digital database of Maximus the Confessor ().
on Syriac Saints (Qadishe: http://syriaca.org/q/index. Marie-Dominique Nenna, Director of Research-CNRS,
html) and their Lives (Bibliotheca Hagiographica Syriaca Director of the Centre d'Études Alexandrines (USR
Electronica: http://syriaca.org/bhse/index.html).  of CNRS), has been based in Alexandria (Egypt)
Jane Merdinger (Augustinian Heritage Institute) specializes since .
in African councils. Publications include Rome and the
Vrej Nersessian was curator in charge of the books and
African Church (). Forthcoming: Augustine and
manuscripts of the Christian Middle East at the British
Ecclesiastical Reform (book); Religious Life at Carthage
Library from  to . He is the author of numerous
(ed.); African Councils (chapter), History of Western
books on Armenia including The Orthodox Christian
Canon Law (ed. Pennington and Hartmann).
World ().
Andy Merrills, Associate Professor of Ancient History,
Claire Nesbitt is a postdoctoral research associate in the
School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University
Department of Archaeology, Durham University. Spe-
of Leicester, is author of History and Geography in Late
cializing in light and window glass in Byzantine church
Antiquity (); The Vandals () (with Richard
architecture and liturgy, her publications include Shaping
Miles); Roman Geographies of the Nile (). Editor of
the Sacred (); Experiencing the Light ().
Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late
Antique North Africa (). Angelika Neuwirth is Director of 'Corpus Coranicum'
(documentation and historical commentary on the
Nathaniel Miller completed his Ph.D. at the University of
Qur'an) at BBAW and Director of the Research Project
Chicago () and is currently a visiting lecturer in
'From Logos to Kalam' at FU Berlin. She is the author of
Classical Arabic at the University of Cambridge. His
The Qur'an: A Text of Late Antiquity ().
research focuses on tribalism in early Arabic poetry and
culture. Oliver Nicholson, formerly Associate Professor, Department
Marcus Milwright is professor of Islamic Art and Archae- of Classical and Near Eastern Studies, University of
ology in the Department of Art History and Visual Minnesota.
Studies, University of Victoria, Canada. The author of Philipp Niewöhner teaches at Göttingen University. Major
An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology (), he is cur- publications include Aezani, Germia, Miletus, and other
rently writing a history of Egyptian balsam. Byzantine cities and pilgrimage sites in modern Turkey.
Stephen Mitchell is Emeritus Professor of Hellenistic Cul- His most recent book is an edited volume on the Archae-
ture, University of Exeter, and Chairman, British Insti- ology of Byzantine Anatolia ().
tute at Ankara. Author of Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods David Noy is an Honorary Associate of the Open Univer-
in Asia Minor ( vols., ) and A History of the Later sity, and has published widely on the Jews in the Roman
Roman Empire (nd edn. ). Empire and Roman social history. His latest book is

xxviii
 Contributor biographies

Dr Johnson's Friend and Robert Adam's Client Topham Philip Pattenden is a Fellow and College Lecturer of Peter-
Beauclerk (). house, Cambridge, and teaches in the University in Clas-
Steven M. Oberhelman is professor of classics and holder of sics and Divinity. He is preparing a critical edition of the
the George Sumey, Jr., Professorship of Liberal Arts at Pratum Spirituale of John Moschus and has published on
Texas AM University, USA. His current research centres Classical and Byzantine topics.
on Greek healing manuals of the Tourkokratia, and Charles Pazdernik is Professor of Classics at Grand Valley
dreams in medicine. State University in Allendale, Michigan. His work
Elisabeth R. O'Connell is Curator in the Ancient Egypt and focuses on the political and legal history of the age of
Sudan Department, British Museum. Her research Justinian and on classical and classicizing historiography.
focuses on aspects of Late Antique social history and Recent publications include, as editor of Book , The
archaeology. She is editor of Egypt in the First Millen- Codex of Justinian: A New Annotated Translation ().
nium AD () and curator of 'Egypt: Faith after the Michael Penn is Teresa Hihn Moore Professor of Religious
Pharaohs' (–). Studies, Stanford University, and author of Envisioning
Manana Odisheli is an independent scholar researching the Islam: Syriac Christians in the Early Muslim World ()
art and archaeology of Georgia in Late Antiquity. She and When Christians First Met Muslims: A Source Book of
was a Senior Researcher at the Centre for Archaeological the Earliest Syriac Writings on Islam ().
Studies in Tbilisi, taught at Tbilisi State University, and Marco Perale is the Postgate University Teacher in Greek
was a visiting professor at the universities of Oxford, and Latin at the University of Liverpool. His major
Colorado, and Catania. research interests and recent publications centre on liter-
ary papyri and Hellenistic poetry. He is the author of
Mario C. D. Paganini is currently postdoctoral research
Adespota Papyracea Hexametra Graeca (forthcoming).
associate at the Österreichische Akademie der Wis-
senschaften, Vienna. His main research interests include István Perczel, Professor in the Department of Medieval
sociocultural history of Hellenistic and Roman Egypt, Studies, Central European University, Budapest, has
digital humanities, and the editing of unpublished Greek conducted research into Neoplatonism, Byzantine and
papyri. Eastern Christian spirituality and philosophy, as well as
into Indian Christianity. He has published The Nomoca-
James T. Palmer is Reader in Medieval History at the non of Abdisho of Nisibis () and The Eucharist in
University of St. Andrews. He has written Anglo-Saxons Theology and Philosophy ().
in a Frankish World () and The Apocalypse in the
Early Middle Ages (). He is also interested in early Patrick Périn is Conservateur général honoraire du Patri-
medieval science. moine, Directeur honoraire du Musée d'Archéologie
Antonio Panaino is full Professor of Iranian Studies at the nationale et Domaine national de Saint-Germain-en-
University of Bologna. His main scholarly interests con- Laye, and Professeur associé honoraire, Université de
cern the history of Ancient Iran with particular focus on Paris I/Panthéon-Sorbonne (Early Medieval Archaeology
Avestan studies, Zoroastrianism, and astral lore in and History).
Antiquity. Pheme Perkins is Professor of New Testament in the The-
Michael Papazian is Professor of Philosophy at Berry Col- ology Department of Boston College. Her research
lege. His research interests are in ancient philosophy, involves Johannine literature, New Testament theology,
philosophy of language, and Armenian theology. He is Gnosticism and Christian theology in the nd and rd
currently writing a book on the medieval Armenian centuries. Her books include Gnosticism and the New
theologian and poet S. Gregory of Narek. Testament (), Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels
(), and  Corinthians ().
Maria Parani is Associate Professor at the University of
Cyprus. Her research focuses on aspects of Byzantine Caroline Petit is a Wellcome Trust Assistant Professor at
daily life and material culture. She has published widely the University of Warwick. A former graduate of Paris
on Byzantine dress and accessories, and is currently IV-Sorbonne, she is an expert on ancient medical texts
exploring the ceremonial use of curtains. and their reception and currently runs a project on Late
Paul Parvis currently teaches Patristics and Church History Antique prognostic.
in the School of Divinity, University of Edinburgh. David Petts, Senior Lecturer in Archaeology, Department
Research at present focuses on Late Arianism, and pub- of Archaeology, Durham University, specializes in the
lications include a critical edition of the Apologies of archaeology of Northern West Europe in Late Antiquity
Justin Martyr, with textual commentary (). and the early medieval period. He works particularly
Sara Parvis is Senior Lecturer in Patristics at the University on Northern Britain with a focus on early medieval
of Edinburgh. She is the author of Marcellus of Ancyra and monasticism.
the Lost Years of the Arian Controversy (), and is David W. Phillipson retired in  from the University of
currently writing on the Council of Constantinople of . Cambridge, where he had been Professor of African
Jacqueline Pastis is Associate Professor of Religion, Emer- Archaeology and Director of the Museum of Archaeology
ita, at La Salle University. Her research focuses on & Anthropology. A past President of the British Institute
ancient Christian literary disputations against Jews. She in Eastern Africa, he is a Fellow of the British Academy
is co-editor of A Most Reliable Witness: Essays in Honor of and an Associate Fellow of the Ethiopian Academy of
Ross Shepard Kraemer (). Sciences.

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Contributor biographies

Jordan Pickett is a postdoctoral researcher at Florida State of Ge'ez for Students (), and two books in Finnish
University, working on the architecture and environmen- concerning EOTC (, ).
tal history of Late Antiquity. He has published articles Reinhard Pummer is Professor Emeritus, Department of
with the Journal of Archaeological Science and Quaternary Classics and Religious Studies, University of Ottawa,
Science Reviews (), and the Dumbarton Oaks Papers Canada. Among his publications are the books Early
(). Christian Authors on Samaritans and Samaritanism
Karl Pinggéra is Professor for Church History at the Uni- () and The Samaritans: A Profile ().
versity of Marburg (Germany). His field of interest is Gillian Pyke, Associate Research Scholar in the Department
theology and spirituality of the Syriac Christian tradition. of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Yale
Books: All-Erlösung und All-Einheit. Studien zum Buch University, is Archaeological Director for the Yale
des heiligen Hierotheos () and A Bibliography of Syriac Monastic Archaeology Project at the White Monastery.
Ascetic and Mystical Literature (, with Grigory Her main research interest is the materiality of Egyptian
Kessel). monasticism.
Johannes Platschek is professor for Roman law, ancient legal
I. Ramelli is Professor of Theology and K. Britt Chair (An-
history, and German private law at the University of
gelicum, University of the Sacred Heart), Senior Fellow
Munich. His current research interests are Roman pri-
(Princeton; Catholic University; CEU; Oxford), has been
vate law and civil procedure. He is the author of mono-
Professor of Roman History, Senior Fellow (Durham;
graphs on Cicero, Pro Quinctio () as well as on
Erfurt; Oxford), and Senior Visiting Professor (Harvard;
Roman credit law ().
Columbia), and published widely in ancient philosophy
Marcus Plested is Associate Professor of Greek Patristic and and patristics, including Apokatastasis () and Social
Byzantine Theology at Marquette University (Milwaukee, Justice ().
WI). He is the author of The Macarian Legacy: The Place of
Marguerite Rassart-Debergh, archaeologist, Egyptologist,
Macarius-Symeon in the Eastern Christian Tradition ()
and coptologue (Brussels) is Member of the Mission
and Orthodox Readings of Aquinas ().
Suisse d'Archéologie Copte de l'Université de Genève
Gregoire Poccardi is Maître de Conférences in classical and Fondation pour Recherches Archéologiques aux
archaeology (Roman specialization) at the University of Kellia and Missionary for the Institut Français d'Arché-
Lille. His research considers urbanism at Antioch in ologie Orientale, Caire. She has published articles relat-
Syria, Ostia, and the study of baths. He is currently ing to the Egyptian, French, and Swiss archaeological
Joint Director of the Italian-French expedition at excavations at Kellia.
Castrum Novum (Santa Marinella) near Civitavecchia.
Dominic Rathbone is Professor of Ancient History at King's
Peter E. Pormann is Professor of Classics and Graeco-Arabic College London. His main research interests are the
Studies at the University of Manchester. His research history of Roman Italy, Egypt as a Roman province,
interests include the history of melancholy, madness, and and the economic and fiscal history of the Roman world.
the mind-body interface in the medieval Arabo-Islamic
tradition. Andreas Rau, is senior researcher at the Centre for Baltic
and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schleswig, Germany.
Ute Possekel is Lecturer on Syriac at Harvard Divinity His research focuses on the archaeology of the Iron Age
School. She is author of Evidence of Greek Philosophical in Northern and Central Europe and on the sacrificial
Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian () and site of Nydam Mose, Denmark, in particular.
has published articles on diverse topics in Syriac Chris-
tianity. She is currently editing the treatises of Thomas Marcus Rautman is Professor of Art History and Archae-
of Edessa. ology at the University of Missouri. His current research
centres on the archaeology and material culture of Late
David Potter is Francis W. Kelsey Collegiate Professor of Antiquity in Asia Minor.
Greek and Roman History, Arthur F. Thurnau Profes-
sor, and Professor of Greek and Latin at the University of Eric Rebillard is professor of Classics and History at Cornell
Michigan. His recent books include Constantine the University and works on the religious transformations of
Emperor and Theodora: Actress, Empress, Saint. Late Antiquity. He published Greek and Latin Narratives
about the Ancient Martyrs (Oxford Early Christian Texts,
D. T. Potts is Professor of Ancient Near Eastern Archae- ).
ology and History at the Institute for the Study of the
Ancient World, New York University. He is a specialist Roger Rees is Reader in Latin at the University of St.
on Iran, Mesopotamia, and the Persian Gulf. Andrews. His research interests focus on Latin literature
of the imperial period and on panegyric in particular.
Richard Price, Professor of the History of Christianity, Hey-
throp College, University of London, is producing trans- Helmut Reimitz is Professor of History at Princeton Uni-
lations with commentary of the Acta Conciliorum versity focusing on social, religious, and political changes
Oecumenicorum (Berlin). The volumes on Chalcedon, of the Latin West. Recent publications include History,
Constantinople II, and the Lateran Synod of  have Frankish Identity and the Framing of Western Ethnicity
appeared. (); Motions of Late Antiquity: Essays on Religion,
Maija Priess, Lector for Ge'ez (–) and Amharic (–), Politics and Society in Honour of Peter Brown, ed. with
part of the team of Journal Aethiopica (–), J. Kreiner ().
Asien-Afrika-Institut, Universität Hamburg, is author Andrew Reynolds is Professor of Medieval Archaeology at
of Die äthiopische Chrysostomos-Anaphora (), Lexicon the UCL Institute of Archaeology. He researches social

xxx
 Contributor biographies

and political organization in Anglo-Saxon England and Ages, specifically on the creation of religious and social
its neighbours. Publications include The Archaeology of identity in the funerary art of Late Antiquity.
Legal Culture (, ed. with K. P. Smith) and Detecting Benet Salway is a senior lecturer in Ancient History at
and Understanding Historic Landscapes (, ed. with University College London. He is co-director of the
Alexandra Chavarría Arnau). Volterra Roman law project and has contributed to The
Paul Reynolds, ICREA Research Professor, ERAAUB, Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy () and to the
University of Barcelona; Institució Catalana de Recerca English translation of The Codex of Justinian ().
i Estudis Avançats (ICREA). Author of Trade in the Alexander Samely, Professor of Jewish Thought, Centre for
Western Mediterranean, AD – and Hispania and Jewish Studies, Manchester University, works on the
the Roman Mediterranean, AD -: Ceramics and constitution and hermeneutics of ancient Jewish texts
Trade, his current research is into the pottery and econ- (Profiling Jewish Literature in Antiquity, ; Forms of
omy of Roman Greece and Islamic North Africa. Rabbinic Literature and Thought, ), and the phe-
Khodadad Rezakhani is an Associate Research Scholar at nomenology of reading (Jewish Studies and Reading, in
Princeton University and a historian of Late Antique Festschrift Stemberger, ).
Near East and Central Asia. He is the author of ReOri- Peter Sarris is Reader in Late Roman, Medieval, and Byzan-
enting the Sasanians ( ) and the Persian translator of tine History at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow
the Syriac Chronicle of Khuzistan (). of Trinity College. His most recent work (with David
Gisela Ripoll is Associate Professor in Archaeology (Uni- Miller) has been on a translation and commentary of the
versitat de Barcelona, Spain). She has made relevant Novels of the Emperor Justinian.
contributions with excavations and publications on Late Andrew Scheil is Professor of English at the University
Antiquity and early medieval periods emphasizing of Minnesota, author of The Footsteps of Israel: Under-
archaeology, architecture, and funerary practices. standing Jews in Anglo-Saxon England () and of
Efthymios Rizos is a postdoctoral researcher at the Faculty Babylon Under Western Eyes: A Study of Allusion and
of History of the University of Oxford, and a Junior Myth ().
Research Fellow of Linacre College. He has held post- Gesa Schenke is a Research Associate at the Faculty of
doctoral fellowships at Koç University and the Nether- History in Oxford specializing in Coptic studies and
lands Institute in Turkey. papyrology. Her publications include Das Testament des
Michael Roberts is the Robert Rich Professor of Latin at Iob (), Das koptisch hagiographische Dossier des Heiligen
Wesleyan University. He has published extensively on Kolluthos (), and Koptische Urkunden der früharabischen
the Latin poetry of Late Antiquity, including The Jeweled Zeit ().
Style: Poetry and Poetics of Late Antiquity () and The Jérémie Schiettecatte, archaeologist and researcher at the
Humblest Sparrow: The Poetry of Venantius Fortunatus French National Centre for Scientific Research (Paris),
(). focuses on the study of the settlement process in the
Majied Robinson is a Leverhulme Early Career Research Arabian Peninsula from the Bronze Age to the Islamic
Fellow at Edinburgh University. His principal research period. He directed the Saudi-French Archaeological
interests are Late Antique tribal networks, the evolution Mission in al-Kharj (Saudi Arabia), –.
of knowledge transfer in the first Islamic centuries, and R. J. Schork is Professor Emeritus of Classics at the University
the Arab genealogical literary tradition. of Massachusetts-Boston. He has published a volume of
Robert H. Rodgers is Lyman-Roberts Professor of Classics translations of Romanos, and other books on the classical
at the University of Vermont. He has published a Teub- tradition in James Joyce and Joyce's manipulation of
ner text and a study of the agricultural writer Palladius hagiography.
(both ), a text and commentary () and transla- Katia Schörle received a D.Phil. in Archaeology from
tion () of Frontinus De Aquae Ductu, and a text of Oxford. She is Visiting Assistant Professor at Brown
the agricultural writer Columella (). University, Assistant Editor of the Journal of Roman
Adam Rogers specializes in the archaeology of the Roman Archaeology (JRA), and Fellow of the University of
world and is currently a teaching fellow at the University Nice. Her interests include the archaeology of the
of Leicester. He has three monographs, including Late Roman provinces, the Roman economy, and the Indo-
Roman Towns in Britain (), and his current research Roman trade.
includes projects on Roman coin hoarding and theory in Ivančica Dvoržak Schrunk, Senior adjunct faculty in His-
Roman archaeology. tory, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN, has
H. Richard Rutherford, CSC, Holy Cross religious and researched into Roman maritime villas in Croatia, co-
professor emeritus of liturgical theology at the University authored reports annually published in Annales Instituti
of Portland in Oregon, has studied Christian funeral Archaeologici, Zagreb (–present), and is currently
liturgy for some  years. He remains active as a lecturer excavating a Late Antique villa on Sv. Klement Island.
and consultant on current issues surrounding the Cath-
Roger Scott is Principal Fellow (formerly Reader in Clas-
olic funeral.
sics), School of Historical and Philosophical Studies,
Sharon Marie Salvadori has been Adjunct Assistant Profes- Melbourne University. Main (jointly authored) publica-
sor of Art History, John Cabot University, since . tions include John Malalas: A Translation (), The
Her research and teaching focus on the visual culture of Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor (), and Byzantine
the Mediterranean in Antiquity and the early Middle Chronicles and the Sixth Century ().

xxxi
Contributor biographies

Denis Searby is Professor, Ancient Greek, at Department of journal Aramaic Studies, and author of Rabbis, Language
Romance Studies and Classics, Stockholm University, and Translation in Late Antiquity ().
and volume editor of Never the Twain Shall Meet: Greeks J. Warren Smith is Associate Professor of Historical The-
and Latins Learning from Each Other in Byzantium ology at Duke Divinity School, Durham, NC. Specializ-
(). He is currently working on the history and trans- ing in the th century, he focuses on theological
mission of ancient Greek culture through anthologies, anthropology and virtue ethics of Gregory of Nyssa,
school treatises, anecdotes, and sayings. Ambrose of Milan, and Augustine of Hippo.
Gareth Sears is a Senior Lecturer in Roman History at the Caroline Snively is Professor of Classics, Gettysburg College
University of Birmingham. He works on Roman Africa, (Pennsylvania, USA) and American Co-Director, Kon-
religious change, and urban life. His books include The juh Excavation Project, Republic of Macedonia. Publi-
Cities of Roman Africa () and as a co-author The City cation: 'Golemo Gradište at Konjuh: A New City or a
in the Roman West (). Relocated One?', in New Cities in Late Antiquity ().
Kristina Sessa is Associate Professor of History at the Ohio Claire Sotinel is Professor of Ancient History at Paris-Est
State University. Her research explores late Roman soci- Créteil Univeristy. She is currently working on political
ety and religion, and she is the author of The Formation of power and religious conversion in Late Antiquity. Part of
Papal Authority in Late Antique Italy: Roman Bishops and her work has been published in Church and Society in Late
the Domestic Sphere (). Antique Italy and Beyond ().
Carla Sfameni is Researcher at the CNR Institute for Studies Nicholas Sparks is an Honorary Associate with the Medieval
on the Ancient Mediterranean (Rome). Her research and Early Modern Centre, University of Sydney. His
interests are focused on Late Antique housing, domestic research centres on the study of Western literary manu-
cults, and magic. Her main works are Ville residenziali scripts, medieval manuscripts and their historical con-
nell'Italia tardoantica (); Magia e culti orientali (with texts, textual scholarship, and the transmission of texts
E. Sanzi, ); Residenze e culti in età tardoantica (). from the Middle Ages.
Jennifer Sheridan Moss is an associate professor of Classics Kelley Spoerl is Professor of Theology at Saint Anselm
at Wayne State University. Her research focuses on tax- College. She has written extensively on Apollinarius.
ation and on the lives of women in late Roman Egypt. Her With Markus Vinzent, she is the author of a translation
current research focuses on taxation in th-century Karanis. of Eusebius of Caesarea's final theological works, the
Robert Shorrock teaches Latin and Greek at Eton College, Against Marcellus and On Ecclesiastical Theology (,
Windsor. He is the author of The Challenge of Epic: Catholic University of America Press).
Allusive Engagement in the Dionysiaca of Nonnus () Dionysios Stathakopoulos is Senior Lecturer in Byzantine
and The Myth of Pagansim: Nonnus, Dionysus and the Studies at King's College London. His publications include
World of Late Antiquity (). Famine and Pestilence in the Late Roman and Early Byzan-
Petra Sijpesteijn is Professor of Arabic at Leiden University. tine Empire (); (co-edited) Liquid Multiple: Individuals
Her recent publications include Documents and the His- and Identities in the Thirteenth-Century Aegean ();
tory of the Early Islamic World with A. T Schubert () A Short History of the Byzantine Empire ().
and Shaping a Muslim State: The World of a Mid-Eighth- Roland Steinacher is a Roman historian living in Berlin. His
Century Egyptian Official (). major fields of research are Roman Africa, the transform-
Anna Silvas made her academic career chiefly in the study of ation of the Roman World, and the history of the
the Cappadocian Fathers, including an expedition to rd century. He is the author of Die Vandalen. Aufstieg
Turkey to locate Basil's ascetic retreat. Her current inter- und Fall eines Barbarenreichs () and Rom und die
ests are in mystical theology. She is currently a research Barbaren ().
adjunct at the University of New England, Australia. Andrea Sterk is Associate Professor of History at the Uni-
Alexander Skinner is Director of the Virtual Centre for Late versity of Minnesota. Her publications include Renoun-
Antiquity. His current research focuses on the provincial cing the World Yet Leading the Church: The Monk-Bishop
aristocracies of the later Roman Empire, and their pos- in Late Antiquity (). She is currently working on a
ition in relation to both imperial power and wider society. study of Eastern Christian mission, c.–.
Prods Oktor Skjærvø is Aga Khan Professor of Iranian Emeri- Columba Stewart OSB is Professor of Theology at Saint
tus at Harvard University. His current research is focused John's University, Collegeville, MN, and Executive
on Old and Middle Iranian languages and Zoroastrian and Director of the Hill Museum & Manuscript Library.
Manichaean texts. Publications include The Spirit of Zoro- His principal area of research is Late Antique Christian
astrianism (translations of Zoroastrian texts, ). asceticism and monasticism in the Syriac, Greek, and
Daniëlle Slootjes is Associate Professor of Ancient History Latin traditions.
(Radboud University Nijmegen). Her research focuses on Rachel L. Stocking is an Associate Professor of History at
Late Antiquity and the early Byzantine world, in particular Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Her current
on Late Roman administrative structures, early Christian- area of research is Iberian anti-Judaism in a Mediterra-
ity, and crowd behaviour in Rome and Constantinople. nean context. She published Bishops, Councils and Con-
Willem F. Smelik is Professor of Hebrew and Aramaic sensus in the Visigothic Kingdom in .
Literature in the Department of Hebrew and Jewish Bradley K. Storin is Assistant Professor of Religious Studies
Studies at University College London, editor of the at Louisiana State University. His research, focusing on

xxxii
 Contributor biographies

literary trends and self-fashioning techniques among Mainz University and has taught at the Free University
early Christian elites, has appeared in the Journal of Berlin since .
Early Christian Studies, Studia Patristica, and Studies in Shaun Tougher is Reader in Ancient History at Cardiff
Late Antiquity. University. He is the author of Julian the Apostate
Ilkka Syvanne (Syvänne/Syvaenne) is an Affiliated Professor () and The Eunuch in Byzantine History and Society
of the University of Haifa. He was the Vice Chairman of (), and is editing a volume on the Sons of
the Finnish Society for Byzantine Studies from  until Constantine.
. He has written extensively on ancient and medieval William Tronzo is professor of the History of Art, Archi-
topics. tecture, and Landscape, University of California, San
Hidemi Takahashi is a researcher in Syriac Studies and is Diego. He has published extensively on the art and
professor in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at architecture of the Mediterranean world from Late
the University of Tokyo. His publications include Aristo- Antiquity through the early Renaissance, as well as on
telian Meteorology in Syriac () and Barhebraeus: A Bio- problems of theory, method, and historiography.
Bibliography (). Dennis Trout is Professor of Classics at the University of
Peter Talloen specialized in the religious practices and Missouri. He is the author of Paulinus of Nola: Life,
Christianization of ancient Pisidia (south-west Turkey) Letters, and Poems () and Damasus of Rome: The
and is currently a postdoctoral researcher at Leuven Uni- Epigraphic Poetry (). He is currently writing a book
versity studying the urbanization process at the city of on late Roman verse inscriptions.
Sagalassos. Anthony Turner, an independent scholar, works on the
Jack Tannous is an Assistant Professor in the History social history of ideas during the Ancien Régime and on
Department at Princeton University. the history of scientific instruments, clocks, watches and
Liba Taub is Director of the Whipple Museum of the sundials. Recent publications include Metronomes and
History of Science, Head of the Department of History Musical Time () and Mathematical Instruments in
and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cam- the Collections of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France
bridge, and a Professorial Fellow of Newnham College. ().
Her most recent book is Science Writing in Greco-Roman Sam Turner is Professor of Archaeology and Director of the
Antiquity (). McCord Centre for Landscape at Newcastle University,
Paolo Tedesco is currently Excellent Junior Researcher at UK. His research interests include the landscape history
the University of Tübingen. His research concentrates on and early medieval archaeology of Britain, Europe, and
the social and economic history of Late Antiquity and the the Mediterranean.
Early Middle Ages. Recent publications include 'Explor- James Uden is associate professor of Classical Studies at
ing the Economy of Byzantine Italy', Journal of European Boston University. He is the author of The Invisible
Economic History  (); 'Economia monetaria e Satirist: Juvenal and Second-Century Rome (), and
fiscalità tardoantica', AIIN  (). numerous articles and book chapters on Late Antique
H. C. Teitler, formerly Senior Lecturer in Ancient History literature.
at Utrecht University, is co-author of the Philological and M. D. Usher, professor of Classics at the University of
Historical Commentaries on Ammianus Marcellinus. Vermont, has investigated centos and quotation in
He wrote, inter alia, The Last Pagan Emperor: Julian the Antiquity in various publications, including Homeric
Apostate and the War against Christianity (). Stitchings (), Homerocentones Eudociae Augustae
Abraham Terian is Emeritus Professor of Armenian The- (), and has composed two cento libretti for opera.
ology and Patristics at St. Nersess Armenian Seminary, Wout van Bekkum is professor of Middle East Studies at
New York, Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, the Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. His main research
Armenia, and of the Ambrosian Academy, Milan. He is interest is liturgical Jewish poetry and poetics. He is
the author of several books in Hellenistic, early Christian, currently preparing an edition of hymns composed by
and medieval Armenian studies. the th-century Baghdadi poet Eleazar ha-Bavli.
Peter Thonemann is the Forrest-Derow Fellow and Tutor Thomas Ernst van Bochove is a Researcher at the Depart-
in Ancient History at Wadham College, University of ment of Legal History, Faculty of Law, Groningen
Oxford. His research focuses on Hellenistic, Roman, and University, the Netherlands. His current area of research
Byzantine Asia Minor. His publications include The is Byzantine law.
Maeander Valley () and The Hellenistic Age (). Raymond Van Dam is Professor emeritus in the Depart-
Christopher Timm is an art historian who has worked on ment of History at the University of Michigan. His many
the visual propaganda of imperial power in Middle books include Rome and Constantinople: Rewriting
Byzantine art. He is the recipient of the Getty Library Roman History during Late Antiquity (), and
Research Grant and the Byzantine Studies Conference Remembering Constantine at the Milvian Bridge ().
Graduate Student Prize. Rena van den Bergh is Professor of Latin and Roman Law
Isabel Toral-Niehoff studied History, Islamic, and Arabic at the University of South Africa (retired), Professor
Studies in Tübingen. Her main research fields are Arabia Honorarius at the School of Law of the University of
in Late Antiquity; literature; and Al-Andalus. Since KwaZulu Natal, and Editor-in-Chief of the legal histor-
September  she has been scientific coordinator at ical journal Fundamina.

xxxiii
Contributor biographies

Michel van der Hoek specialized in the development of knowledge. She has published translations of Isidore of
palatalization of consonants in the historical dialects of Seville and Bede, and is editing the medical writings of
German, Dutch, and English. Since  he has been the th-century teacher Bartholomaeus of Salerno.
working as a linguist in the private sector. Benedicta Ward is a member of the Community of the
Lieve Van Hoof is Research Professor at Ghent University, Sisters of the Love of God. She was the Reader in
Belgium. Interested in the interplay between culture and Christian Spirituality in the University of Oxford and is
power, she authored Plutarch's Practical Ethics (), now an emeritus fellow of Harris Manchester College.
edited Libanius: A Critical Introduction (), and is Bryan Ward-Perkins is Professor of Late Antique History at
currently working on Late Antique epistolography. the University of Oxford. He is the author of The Fall of
Theo Maarten van Lint is Calouste Gulbenkian Professor of Rome and the End of Civilization (), and co-editor of
Armenian Studies at the University of Oxford (–). The Last Statues of Antiquity ().
His research currently comprises the letters of Grigor John Watt is an Honorary Research Fellow at Cardiff Uni-
Pahlawuni Magistros (th cent.) and the poetry of versity. Arising from his research interests in Syriac lit-
Grigor Narekac'i (th cent.). erature his publications include Aristotelian Rhetoric in
Peter Van Nuffelen is Professor of Ancient History at Syriac () and a collection of articles entitled Rhetoric
Ghent University (Belgium). His main research interests and Philosophy from Greek into Syriac ().
are history and historiography of Late Antiquity and Edward J. Watts is the Alkiviadis Vassiliadis Professor of
early Christianity. His latest book is Penser la tolérance Byzantine History at UC San Diego. His work explores
durant l'Antiquité tardive (). the social, religious, and intellectual history of the Roman
Dorothy Verkerk is an associate professor of art history at imperial and Late Antique worlds. His most recent book,
the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her Hypatia, was published by OUP in .
current research interests include Late Antiquity material Rebecca Harden Weaver is Professor Emerita of Church
culture, early Christian Ireland, and Celtic studies. History at Union Presbyterian Seminary in Richmond,
Ute Verstegen is Professor of Early Christian Art VA. She is the author of Divine Grace and Human Agency
and Archaeology, Friedrich-Alexander University of () and associate editor of The New Westminster
Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. Her research areas Dictionary of Church History ().
comprise early Christian art and archaeology, religious Peter Webb is a University Lecturer in Arabic literature and
architecture and its liturgical use in Late Antiquity and culture at Leiden University. He researches the literatures
the Middle Ages, as well as Digital Humanities applica- of early Islam, Arab ethnogenesis, and Muslim histori-
tions and legal aspects in art history and archaeology. ography. He is author of Imagining the Arabs: Arab Iden-
Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw Vevaina is the Bahari Associate tity and the Rise of Islam ().
Professor of Sasanian Studies at the University of Oxford. Ruth Webb is Professor of Greek at the University of Lille
He is the co-editor of The Wiley Blackwell Companion to and a member of the research team UMR  STL.
Zoroastrianism () and is completing a monograph on She has published widely on theatre, dance, and per-
Zoroastrian hermeneutics in Late Antiquity. formance and on rhetorical theory in Late Antiquity and
Tim Vivian is Professor of Religious Studies at California Byzantium.
State University, Bakersfield, and Priest-in-Charge at Daniel S. Weiss is an archaeologist at the University of
St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Bakersfield, California. Virginia. He is currently researching interaction along
He has published numerous books and articles on early and across the Danube from the Roman occupation to
Christian monasticism, including The Life of Antony. Late Antiquity. Publications: 'The Danubian Dilemma:
Joanita Vroom is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Conduits and Obstacles in Upper and Lower Moesia'
Archaeology, Leiden University (the Netherlands), spe- (); The Dynamic Frontier: Romans and Dacians on the
cializing in medieval and post-medieval archaeology in Digital Map ().
the eastern Mediterranean and the Near East. She takes Peter S. Wells is Professor of Anthropology at the University
an interest in the social-economic (production and dis- of Minnesota. His research focus is European archae-
tribution) and cultural aspects (cuisine and dining habits) ology. Publications include The Barbarians Speak: How
of ceramics. the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe () and
David Wagschal is an occasional lecturer at Trinity College, How Ancient Europeans Saw the World ().
Toronto School of Theology. He is author of Law and Susan Wessel is Associate Professor of Theology and Reli-
Legality in the Greek East () and works primarily on gious Studies at the Catholic University of America. She
the history of Byzantine church law. is the author of Passion and Compassion in Early Chris-
Rose Walker is the author of Art in Spain and Portugal from tianity ().
the Romans to the Early Middle Ages () and Associate Susan Whitfield is a scholar of medieval central and east
Scholar at the Courtauld Institute of Art. Her current Asia, focusing on the history, art, and archaeology of the
research centres on Romanesque art in th-century Silk Road. Her latest book is Silk, Slaves and Stupas:
Iberia. Material Culture of the Silk Road ().
Faith Wallis is a professor in the Department of History and Marlena E. S. Whiting, NWO Veni Early Career Fellow,
Classical Studies at McGill University. Her research Department of History, University of Amsterdam, is
focuses on the transmission of medical and scientific currently researching gender and early Christian

xxxiv
 Contributor biographies

pilgrimage. She has published on travel and pilgrimage in Witold Witakowski is Associate Professor of Semitic Stud-
Late Antiquity and has worked on archaeological exca- ies at Uppsala University, Sweden, retired. His main
vations in Syria and Jordan. research interests are in Syriac literature, particularly his-
Nancy L. Wicker is Professor of Art History at The Uni- toriography, and Classical Ethiopian literature, e.g.
versity of Mississippi and a National Humanities Center 'Cain, Abel and their Sisters in Ethiopian tradition', in
Fellow. She co-directs a digital humanities project and Studies in Ethiopian Languages, Literature, and History:
examines the reception of Roman art in Scandinavia, Festschrift for Getatchew Haile ().
Viking art, and ancient jewellery techniques. Jamie Wood is Principal Lecturer in History at the Univer-
Johannes Wienand is a German historian and currently a sity of Lincoln, researching the social, cultural, and reli-
fellow at the Historisches Kolleg Munich. He has pub- gious history of the Iberian Peninsula in Late Antiquity.
lished widely on Graeco-Roman history. His books In  he co-edited Isidore of Seville and his Reception in
include Contested Monarchy (), Civil War in Ancient the Early Middle Ages with Amsterdam University Press.
Greece and Rome (), and Morphogrammata (). David Woods is Senior Lecturer and Head of the Depart-
Josef Wiesehöfer is Professor of Ancient History (retired) at ment of Classics at University College Cork, Ireland. He
Kiel University (Germany). His current research is has had numerous articles published in the areas of
focused on Pre-Islamic Iran and the History of Scholar- numismatics, hagiography, and the military and political
ship. Publications include (ed.) Megasthenes and his Time history of Late Antiquity.
() and (ed.) Parthika (). Alex Woolf is currently Senior Lecturer in Dark Age Studies
John Peter Wild did doctoral research in Cambridge and at the University of St. Andrews. He has published
Bonn and spent his academic career in Manchester Uni- widely on British and Irish history of the pre-Norman
versity, retiring as Reader in Archaeology. His research period.
output centres on the Roman textile industry and the Ilya Yakubovich is a Leading Researcher at the Russian
archaeology of the Nene Valley (Peterborough). State University for the Humanities, a specialist in
Kevin W. Wilkinson is Assistant Professor of Classics in the Ancient Anatolian Languages, and the author of Socio-
University of Toronto. He has published on a variety of linguistics of the Luvian Language ().
topics and produced the editio princeps of a Late Antique Ann Marie Yasin is Associate Professor of Art History and
papyrus codex of Greek epigrams (ASP ). Classics at the University of Southern California. Her
Megan H. Williams, Associate Professor of History at San publications include Saints and Church Spaces in the Late
Francisco State University, is the author of The Monk and Antique Mediterranean (), and her current research
the Book: Jerome and the Making of Christian Scholarship examines temporality in the built environment.
() and, with Anthony Grafton, of Christianity and Bailey K. Young is Distinguished Professor of History
the Transformation of the Book: Origen, Eusebius and the at Eastern Illinois University and Co-Director of the
Library of Caesarea (). Walhain (Brabant Wallon, Belgium) Archaeology
Michael Stuart Williams is Lecturer in Ancient Classics at Project. A recent publication is 'France, Medieval
Maynooth University. He is the author of Authorised Archaeology' in C. Smith, ed., Encyclopedia of Global
Lives in Early Christian Biography () and The Politics Archaeology ().
of Heresy in Ambrose of Milan (). Arash Zeini is a postdoctoral research fellow and lecturer at
Lain Wilson is digital content manager at Dumbarton Oaks the Institute of Iranian Studies, Freie Universität Berlin.
Research Library and Collection. He is a contributor to His main research interests include various aspects of
the online catalogue of Byzantine lead seals and has pub- Zoroastrianism from Antiquity through to early Islamic
lished on the seals of middle Byzantine military officers. times as well as Old and Middle Iranian languages.

xxxv
CONTRIBUTOR INITIALS

AA Agustí Alemany BBA Brouria Bitton-Ashkelony

AAB Alyssa Bandow BC Brian Croke
AAl Anthony Alcock BD Bruno Dumézil
AAr Antti Arjava BH Basema Hamarneh
AB Anne Boud'hors BKS Assistant Bradley K. Storin
ABA Alexander Angelov BKY Bailey K. Young
AC Altay Coşkun BMG Benjamin Garstad
ACDP Antonio Panaino BN Bronwen Neil
ACFC Anna Collar BW Benedicta Ward SLG
ACM A. C. Murray BWA Benjamin Anderson
ACMc Adam McCollum BW-P Bryan Ward-Perkins
ACR Adam Rogers CARM Carlos Machado
AD Alain J. Desreumaux CAS Columba Stewart OSB
ADi Albrecht Diem CD Christine Delaplace
ADier Alain Dierkens CFP Charles Pazdernik
ADL Doug Lee CG Carl Griffin
AF Alberto Ferreiro CH Catherine Hezser
AFVD Alain Delattre ChB Charalambos Bakirtzis
AG Alkiviadis Ginalis CHT Christopher Timm
AGS Alexander Skinner CHu Caroline Humfress
AHa Amir Harrak CJ Christelle Jullien
AHi Alexandra Hilgner CJB Caroline Brett
AHM Andrew Merrills CJG Caroline Goodson
AHS Alice Hutton Sharp CJH Christopher Haas
AJD Adrian De Gifis CK Chrysi Kotsifou
AJH Andrew Hicks CM Christina Maranci
AJM Andrew J. Martin CMC Catherine Chin
AJT Anthony Turner CMG Céline Martin Gevers
AK Anthony Kaldellis CMK Christopher Kelly
AKJ Andreas Juckel CMS Claire Sotinel
AKo Anne Kolb CN Claire Nesbitt
AL Andrew Louth CP Caroline Petit
ALB Aaron Beek CRD Christine Davison
ALS Andrea Sterk CS Carla Sfameni
AM Andrew Marsham CSS Caroline Snively
AMA Ahmad Al-Jallad CTH Christopher Heath
AMB Aaron M. Butts DAC David Cherry
AMC Anthony Comfort DAP David Petts
AMcG Andrew McGowan DD Danielle Donaldson
AMH Alfred M. Hirt DdH Daan den Hengst
AMS Anna Silvas DET Dennis Trout
AN Angelika Neuwirth DFB David F. Bright
APJ Aaron P. Johnson DFC Daniel Caner
APS Andrew Scheil DFW David Wagschal
AR Andreas Rau DG David Ganz
ARD Aileen Das DGH David G. Hunter
ARe Andrew Reynolds DHV Dorothy Verkerk
ARH A. Richard Heffron DK Dimitra Kotoula
AS Alexander Samely DL Detlef Liebs
AT Abraham Terian DMG David Gwynn
AW Alex Woolf DMS Denis Searby
AY Ann Marie Yasin DN David Natal
AYH Alexander Y. Hwang DNo David Noy
AZ Arash Zeini DRB Douglas Boin
Contributor initials

DRL David Lambert HRR Richard Rutherford

DSl Daniëlle Slootjes HT Hidemi Takahashi
DSP David Potter IA Isabella Andorlini
DSt Dionysios Stathakopoulos IAPS Ilkka Syvänne
DSW Daniel S. Weiss IDS Ivančica Schrunk
DTP Daniel Potts IJ Ine Jacobs
DW David Woods IL Ilya Yakubovich
DWP David W. Phillipson ILER Ilaria Ramelli
DWR Dominic Rathbone IMG Isaiah Gafni
EAI Eric A. Ivison IP István Perczel
EB Edel Bhreathnach IT-N Isabel Toral-Niehoff
ECD Eric C. De Sena JAC J. A. Cerrato
ECDH Erica Hunter JB Jonathan Bardill
ED Elizabeth Dawson JBe John Behr
EE Evelyn Edson JC Jonatan Christiansen
EFD Elizabeth Davidson JCE James Evans
EGC Gillian Clark JCNC Jon Coulston
EJ Edward James JCr James Crow
EKK Elif Keser-Kayaalp JDH Jill Harries
EL Emma Loosley JDK Joel Kalvesmaki
ELT Ella Landau-Tasseron JDW Jutta Dresken-Weiland
EM Eric McGeer JEF James E. Fraser
EMB Erica Buchberger JEG James E. Goehring
ER Efthymios Rizos JEH John Hanson
ERe Eric Rebillard JEM Jane E. Merdinger
ERO Elisabeth R. O'Connell JFB John Baldovin SJ
ESB Elizabeth Bolman JFC J. F. Coakley
ETH Erika T. Hermanowicz JFG James Gerrard
EW Edward J. Watts JFU James Uden
FA Fabio Acerbi JGK James Keenan
FBC Francoise Briquel-Chatonnet JHFD Jitse Dijkstra
FC Filippo Carlá-Uhink JHi Julia Hillner
FJ Florence Jullien JHo Julia McConville
FKH Fiona Haarer JJA Jonathan Arnold
FSK Fergus Kelly JJD Juliette J. Day
FW Faith Wallis JKA James Aitken
GAF Georgia Frank JLB Johanna Beck
GAJK Gavin Kelly JLL Jane L. Lightfoot
GBG Geoffery Greatrex JM Judith McClure
GDB Graham Barrett JND John N. Dillon
GED George Demacopoulos JNSL Jeanne-Nicole Mellon Saint-Laurent
GF Greg Fisher JP Johannes Platschek
GH Gregory Hays JPC Jonathan Conant
GIH Gregory Halfond JPH Jonathan Harris
GK Gregor Kalas JPW John Peter Wild
GMB Guido Berndt JRL Rebecca Lyman
GMS Gareth Sears JS Jérémie Schiettecatte
GPo Grégoire Poccardi JSM Jennifer Sheridan Moss
GPy Gillian Pyke JT Jack Tannous
GR Gisela Ripoll JTP James Palmer
GRH Gerald Hawting JTPi Jordan Pickett
GS Gesa Schenke JUB Jens Barschdorf
GSN Geoffrey Nathan JV Joanita Vroom
HAHC Heather Hunter-Crawley JW Johannes Wienand
HBR Harith Bin Ramli JWC Jeff W. Childers
HCT Hans Teitler JWH J. William Harmless
HE Hugh Elton JWi Josef Wiesehöfer
HF Hubert Fehr JWo Jamie Wood
HFF Helen Foxhall Forbes JWS J. Warren Smith
HJH Hans Hummer JWW John Watt
HJWD Jan Willem Drijvers JZP Jacqueline Pastis
HK Hubert Kaufhold KA Khaled Anatolios
HR Helmut Reimitz KB Katharina Bracht

xxxviii
 Contributor initials

KD Ken Dark MPC Matthew Canepa

KDB Kees den Biesen MPe Marco Perale
KDm Kirill Dmitriev MPP Michael Penn
KETB Kevin Butcher MR-D Marguerite Rassart-Debergh
KF Kevin Funderburk MSB Shane Bjornlie
KGH Kenneth G. Holum MSW Michael Stuart Williams
KH Kyle Harper MTG Mark Gustafson
KJe Kristina Jennbert MTGH Mike Humphreys
KMcS Kelley Spoerl MVDH Michel van der Hoek
KMDD Katherine Dunbabin MWHe Michael W. Herren
KMK Konstantin Klein MWHo Michael Holmes
KMS Kristina Sessa NA Nikoloz Aleksidze
KP Karl Pinggéra NAM Nathaniel Miller
KR Khodādād Rezakhani NAS Nicholas Sparks
KRL Rowena Loverance NB Nikolas Bakirtzis
KS Katia Schörle NC Nicola Clarke
KSH Kristian Heal NFH Nicholas Hudson
KTMcG Kieran McGroarty NJBB Nicholas Baker-Brian
KWW Kevin W. Wilkinson NJC Neil Christie
LA Levon Avdoyan NJE Nicholas J. Evans
LCT Liba Taub NK Nancy Khalek
LDS Leah Di Segni NLW Nancy L. Wicker
LHCG Lucy Grig OPN Oliver Nicholson
LJH Linda Jones Hall PA Pamela Armstrong
LL Lee Levine PAl Pauline Allen
LLe Lukas Lemcke PAW Peter Webb
LSBM Leslie MacCoull PB Pietro Bortone
LVH Lieve Van Hoof PBC Paul B. Clayton
MAH Mark Handley PBG Peter Golden
MAK Michael A. Knibb PEP Peter E. Pormann
MAP Maija Priess PFi Pau Figueras
MBP Michael Papazian PFr Paula Fredriksen
MC Marco Conti PH Paul Heck
MCDP Mario C. D. Paganini PHB Philip Burton
MCE Matthew Edwards PHe Peter Heather
MCh Malcolm Choat PhN Philipp Niewöhner
MCM Marcus Milwright PHo Peregrine Horden
MD Michael Decker PJC P. J. Casey
MDe Muriel Debié PJF Paul Fouracre
MDi Maximilian Diesenberger PJT Peter Thonemann
MDN Marie-Dominque Nenna PM Pelli Mastora
MDU M. D. Usher PMB Peter Brennan
MEH Martin Henig PMP Paul Parvis
MESW Marlena Whiting PMS Petra Sijpesteijn
MFC Martin Connell PNB Peter Bell
MFH Malcolm Heath POS Prods Oktor Skjærvø
MG Michèle Gaillard PP Pheme Perkins
MGP Maria Parani PPat Philip Pattenden
MGPe Marcus Plested PPé Patrick Périn
MH Melanie Holcomb PR Paul Reynolds
MHei Marc Heijmans PRA Philip Amidon SJ
MHen Matthias Henze PS Peter Sarris
MHW Megan H. Williams PSB Paul Barnwell
MJD Michael Dewar PSW Peter S. Wells
MJR Michael Roberts PT Paolo Tedesco
MJRo Majied Robinson PTa Peter Talloen
MLD Mark Dickens PVN Peter van Nuffelen
MLR Marcus Rautman PWMF Philip Freeman
MM Marije Martijn RA Rodney Ast
MMA Margaret Andrews RAF Richard Flower
MMos Muriel Moser RAK Robert A. Kaster
MO Manana Odisheli RAKi Robert Kitchen
MPB Michelle Brown RB Ralf Bockmann

xxxix
Contributor initials

RBr Raymond Brulet SFT Shaun Tougher

RC Raffaella Cribiore SG Susanne Greiff
RCB Roger C. Blockley SGB Shane Brennan
RCW Lain Wilson SHi Steven Hijmans
RD Reyhan Durmaz SJJC Simon Corcoran
RDF Richard Finn SJL-R Sophie Lunn-Rockliffe
RDR Roger Rees SL Stéphane Lebecq
RDS Roger Scott SM Stephen Mitchell
RECS Robert Shorrock SMa Sonja Marzinzik
REF Rebecca Flemming SMcG Scott McGill
RHob Richard Hobbs SMO Steven Oberhelman
RHos Rasheed Hosein SMS Sharon Salvadori
RHW Rebecca Weaver SP Sara Parvis
RJL Ryan J. Lynch SSF Simon Samuel Ford
RJM Robert McEachnie STL Simon Loseby
RJS R. J. Schork SVL Sean V. Leatherbury
RJW Rose Walker SVLa Sergio La Porta
RLB Roger Beck SW Susan Wessel
RLG Richard L. Gordon SWh Susan Whitfield
RLi Richard Lim TAJM Thomas McGinn
RLJ Régine Le Jan TD Touraj Daryaee
RLS Rachel Stocking TF Thomas Fischer
RM Roberta Mazza TH Thomas Hofmeier
RMF Robert Frakes ThEvB Tom van Bochove
RMJ Robin Jensen TIC Theresa Chresand
RMP Richard Price TLA Tara Andrews
RP Reinhard Pummer TMvL Theo van Lint
RR Robert H. Rodgers TV Tim Vivian
RRD Rebecca Darley TWGF Thomas Faulkner
RSB Ra'anan Boustan UEV Ute Verstegen
RSt Roland Steinacher UG Ulrich Gehn
RVD Raymond Van Dam UP Ute Possekel
RvdB Rena van den Bergh VD Vicente Dobroruka
RW Ruth Webb VN Vrej Nersessian
RWB R. W. Burgess WA William Adler
RWBS Benet Salway WB William Bowden
RWM Ralph W. Mathisen WCB Warren C. Brown
SAB Scott Bradbury WEK William E. Klingshirn
SAH Susan Ashbrook Harvey WEM Wendy Mayer
SAHK Stefanie A. H. Kennell WFS Willem F. Smelik
SB Sebastian Brock WJvB Wout J. van Bekkum
SC Stefano Costa WLT William Tronzo
SCT Sam Turner WW Witold Witakowski
SDC Serena Connolly WWM William Malandra
SEB Sarah Bond YH Yitzhak Hen
SEI Sarah Insley YSDV Yuhan Vevaina

xl
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS

AD anno Domini fol(s). folio(s)

ad ann. ad annum (Lat. at the year) in fr(s). fragment(s)
chronicles etc., whether AD or FT French Translation
AM or other ft. foot/feet
A.Gr. anno Graecorum, Year of the g gram/s
Greeks (see ERAS) Geo. Georgian
AH anno Hegirae, Year of the Hijra Gk. Greek
(see ERAS) GT German Translation
AM anno Mundi (see ERAS) ha hectare/s
Ar. Arabic HE Historia Ecclesiastica (Lat.
Arm. Armenian Church History)
AUC Ab Urbe Condita (Lat. From Hebr. Hebrew
the Foundation of the City, scil. i.a. inter alia (Lat. among other
of Rome) things)
Avest. Avestan ibid. ibidem (Lat. in the same place
b. born or work)
b. (in Arabic names) ibn, bin 'son of ' id. idem (Lat., the same person)
BC before Christ introd. introduction
Bd. Band (German volume) Iran. Iranian (Iranian group of
BL British Library, London languages)
BM British Museum, London IT Italian Translation
BN Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris kg kilogram/s
bp. bishop km kilometre/s
bt. (in Arabic names) bint 'daughter of ' l., ll. line, lines
c. circa Lat. Latin
cent. century lb pound (avoirdupois)
cf. confer (Lat. compare) LT Latin Translation
chron. chronicle LXX Septuagint
cm centimetre/s m metre/s
cod. codex mod. modern
col(s). column(s) MP Middle Persian
comm. commentary ms(s). manuscript(s)
cos. consul (with date, if any, as n., nn. note, notes
year AD) n.d. no date
d. died NF Neue Folge
diss. dissertation no., nos. number, numbers
DT Dutch translation NP New Persian, Farsi
ed(s). editor(s), edited NP T New Persian translation
edn. edition NS New Series, nouvelle série
ep(p). letter(s) NT New Testament
esp. especially Ol. Olympiad
ET English Translation OP Old Persian
et al. et alii (and others) orig. original
f., ff. and following OT Old Testament
fasc. fascicle oz ounce/s
fl. floruit (i.e. approximate age of p.a. per annum
 years old) Pahl. Pahlavi
General abbreviations

Patr. Patriarch s.a. sub anno (under the year)

pl. plate s.n. sub nomine (under the name)
plur. plural s.v. sub verbo (under the word)
pref. preface schol. scholiast or scholia
prol. prologue scil. scilicet (Lat. that is to say)
prov. province sed. sedit (held office as bishop)
ps.- pseudo- sel. selected
pt. part ser. series
q.v. quod vide (Lat., which see) sg. singular
Q. *Qur'ān SpT Spanish Translation
r. reigned Syr. Syriac
ref. reference tr. translation, translated by
Reg. (Monastic) Rule viz. videlicet (Lat. namely)
repr. reprint, reprinted vol. volume
rev. revised/by vs. versus
S(s). Saint(s)

xlii
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL
ABBREVIATIONS

AAE Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy (–) Acta CIAC Acta Congressus Internationalis Archaeologiae
AArchArSyr Les Annales archéologique arabes de Syrie: revue Christianae
d'archéologie et d'histoire syriennes (–; previously Acta Hyperborea Acta Hyperborea: Danish Studies in Clas-
AArchSyr) sical Archaeology (–)
AArchSyr Les Annales archéologiques de Syrie: revue d'arché- ActaIRNorv Acta ad Archaeologiam et Artium Historiam
ologie et d'histoire syriennes ( vols., –; after , Pertinentia, Institutum Romanum Norvegiae (–)
AArchArSyr)
ActAntHung Acta Antiqua Academicae Scientiarum Hungar-
AASS J. Bollandus et al. plur., eds., Acta Sanctorum quot- icae (–)
quot Toto Orbe Coluntur: Vel a Catholicis Scriptoribus
ActArch Acta Archaeologica (–)
Celebrantur quae ex Latinis & Graecis, Aliarumque Gen-
tium Antiquis Monumentis (Antwerp, –; Brus- Actes historiens médiévistes Actes des congrès de la Société
sels, –, –, and ff.; Tongerloo, ; des historiens médiévistes de l'enseignement supérieur public
and Paris, –) (–)
ABD D. N. Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary () ActOrHung Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hun-
Abh. (Bayr.) Abhandlungen der philosophisch-philolo- garicae (–)
gischen (und historischen) Klasse der (königlich) bayer-
ACW Ancient Christian Writers (–)
ischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (–)
Adamantius Adamantius: Newsletter of the Italian Research
Abh. (Berl.) Abhandlungen der (königlichen) preussischen
Group on Origen and the Alexandrian Tradition (–)
[from  deutschen] Akademie der Wissenschaften
(–; philosoph.-hist. Kl., ibid., –) Adam, Construction Romaine J.-P. Adam, La Construction
romaine: matériaux et techniques ()
Abh. (Gött.) Abhandlungen der (königlichen) Gesell-
schaft (Akademie) der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Adams, Regional Diversification J. N. Adams, The
Philolog.-hist. Kl. (–) Regional Diversification of Latin  BC–AD  ()
Abh. (Heid.) Abhandlungen der Heidelberger Akademie Adontz, Armenia in the Period of Justinian N. Adontz,
der Wissenschaften. Philosoph.-hist. Kl. (–) Armenia in the Period of Justinian: The Political Conditions
Based on the Naxarar System (ET and ed. N. Garsoïan,
Abh. (Köln) Abhandlungen der Rheinisch-Westfälischen
).
Akademie der Wissenschaften
Abh. (Mainz) Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wis- Adumatu Adumatu (–)
senschaften in Mainz, geistes- und sozialwissenschaf- AE L'Année épigraphique (– published as a sec-
tliche Klasse tion of Revue archaéologique with title: Revue des publica-
Abh. (Sächs.) Abhandlungen der philologisch-historischen tions épigraphiques; –, issued as a supplement to
Klasse der (königlich) sächsischen Gesellschaft (Akademie) Revue archaéologique)
der Wissenschaften (Leipzig, –; Berlin, –) Aegyptus Aegyptus: rivista italiana di egittologia e di papir-
Abr-Nahrain Abr-Nahrain: An Annual under the Auspices of ologia (–)
the Department of Semitic Studies, University of Melbourne Aethiopica Aethiopica: International Journal of Ethiopian
(–), succeeded by Ancient Near Eastern Studies Studies (edited in the Institut für Afrikanistik und Äthio-
(–) pistik der Universität Hamburg, –).
ABSAthens Annual of the Bristish School at Athens (–) Agathang. Agathangelos, History of the Armenians, ET
ACHCByz monographies Monographies, Association R. W. Thompson ().
des Amis du Centre d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance Agathias, Hist. *Agathias, Histories
(–). See also TM
Age of Spirituality K. Weitzmann and M. E. Frazer, The
ACO E. Schwartz et al., eds., Acta Conciliorum Oecumeni- Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art,
corum, iussu Societatis Scientiarum Argentoratensis (–) Third to Seventh Century, based on the catalogue to the
ACOR Publications American Center of Oriental Research exhibition, Age of Spirituality, The Metropolitan
Publications (–) Museum of Art ()
ACT Ancient Christian Texts (–) AHR American Historical Review (–)
Bibliographical abbreviations

Ahrweiler, Byzance et la mer H. Ahrweiler, Byzance et la AnBoll Analecta Bollandiana (–)

mer: la marine de guerre, la politique et les institutions AncCommAristotle Ancient Commentaries on Aristotle
maritimes de Byzance aux VIIe–XVe siècles (Bibliothèque (–)
byzantine, études , )
AncHistBull Ancient History Bulletin (–)
AIEMA Bull. Bulletin de l'Association Internationale pour
l'Étude de la Mosaique Ancienne (–) ANCL Ante-Nicene Christian Library ( vols., –)
ÄIH Ägyptologisches Institut Heidelberg, University of Ando, Imperial Ideology C. Ando, Imperial Ideology and
Heidelberg Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire ()
AION Annali dell'Istituto universitario orientale di Napoli Anecdota Parisina Crameri J. A. Cramer, ed., Anecdota
(–), NS (–) Græca, e codd. MSS. Bibliothecæ regiæ Parisiensis ( vols.,
–).
AJA American Journal of Archaeology: The Journal of the
Archaeological Institute of America (–) Anejos de AEspA Anejos de Archivo Español de Arqueo-
logía (–)
AJP American Journal of Philology (–)
AnIsl Annales islamologiques (Le Caire: Institut français
AJPhysAnth American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The d'archéologie orientale, –), previously Mélanges isla-
Official Journal of the American Association of Physical mologiques ( vols., –)
Anthropologists (–)
Annales de Bretagne Annales de Bretagne (–),
AJS Review Association for Jewish Studies Review (–) then Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'ouest (–)
AKM Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes (–) Annales: ÉSC Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations
Akroterion Akroterion [electronic resource]: Journal for the (–)
Classics in South Africa = Tydskrif vir die Klassieke in Suid- AnnHistConc Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum: Internation-
Afrika (–) ale Zeitschrift für Konziliengeschichtsforschung (–)
Albani and Chalkia, Heaven and Earth J. Albani and Ann. Mettenses B. de Simon, ed., Annales Mettenses Priores
E. Chalkia, eds., Heaven and Earth: Cities and Country- (MGH, SS rer. Germ. , )
side in Byzantine Greece ()
Anon. Hist. Abb. Historia abbatum auctore anonymo.
Alchimistes grecs R. Halleux et al., eds., Les Alchimistes grecs C. Plummer, ed., Venerabilis Baedae Opera Historica,
(–) vol. , – ()
Alétheia Alétheia: Revista de estudos sobre Antigüidade e ANRW H. Temporini et al., eds., Aufstieg und Niedergang
Medievo (–) der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel
Alföldy, Noricum Geza Alföldy, Noricum () der neueren Forschung (–)
Allen et al., 'Let us die that we may live' P. Allen, AntAfr Antiquités africaines (–)
B. Dehandschutter, J. Leemans, and W. Mayer, 'Let us AntClass L'Antiquité Classique (–)
die that we may live': Greek Homilies on Christian Martyrs
from Asia Minor, Palestine and Syria c.–c. AD AnthGraec Anthologia Graeca, *Greek Anthology
() AnthLatin SB D. R. Shackleton Bailey, ed., Anthologia
ALMA Auteurs latins du Moyen Âge Latina, I fasc. : Libri Salmasiani Aliorumque Carmina
()
Ambrose, In Pss. *Ambrose, Commentary on Twelve
Psalms of David AnthLat R A. Riese, F. Buecheler, and E. Lommatzsch,
eds., Anthologia Latina: Sive Poesis Latinae Supplementum
Ambrose, Theod. *Ambrose On the Death of the Emperor ()
Theodosius (ed. O. Faller, CSEL  (), –)
Anth. Pal. Anthologia Palatina (i.e. *Greek Anthology I–XV)
AMG Annales du Musée Guimet (–)
Anth. Plan. Anthologia Planudeana, Planudean Appendix
AMI Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran (–: –; (printed as AnthGraec XVI)
NF –: –/), continued by AMIT (q.v.)
Antigüedad y Cristianismo Antigüedad y Cristianismo:
Amidon, Rufinus: HE P. R. Amidon (ET, annotated), Monografías históricas sobre la Antigüedad tardía (–)
The Church History of Rufinus of Aquileia, books  & 
Antike Welt Antike Welt: Zeitschrift für Archäologie und
()
Kulturgeschichte (–)
AMIT Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan
Antiquity Antiquity: A Quarterly Review of Archaeology
(–: –), continuing AMI (q.v.) (and its numbering)
(–)
Ammianus *Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae
AntJ The Antiquaries Journal (–), formerly Proceedings
AMS Asia Minor Studien (–) of the Society of Antiquaries of London
AmStudPap American Studies in Papyrology (–) Antonopoulos, Petros Patrikios P. Antonopoulos, Petros
AnatSt Anatolian Studies: Journal of the British Institute of Patrikios: ho Vyzantinos diplōmatēs, axiōmatouchos kai
Archaeology at Ankara (–) syngrapheas ()
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Anatolian Studies Presented to Sir William Mitchell Ram- Tarda Antichità (–)
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magnificence of central Africa. She came out to meet the kafila,
along with several of her countrywomen, from whom she was nowise
distinguished in attire. The dress of Bornouese women consists of
one or two turkadees, blue, white, or striped, as before described.
The turkadee is wrapped rather tightly round the body, and hangs
down from the bosom, below the knees. If a second is worn, as by
women of some consideration, it is commonly flung over the head
and shoulders. Their sandals are the same as those of men, of
tanned leather, or of the undressed hide, according to their
circumstances. The hair is plaited in five close tresses,—one like a
crest along the crown, and two at each side, and thickly bedaubed
with indigo. They dye their eyebrows, hands, arms, feet, and legs of
the same colour, except the nails of the fingers and toes and the
palms of the hands, which are stained red with henna. They blacken
the eyelashes with crude antimony in powder. The ornaments for the
ear are not pendent like ours, but little green studs, or buttons, fixed
in the lobe. The very poorest wear strings of glass beads round the
neck, and the wealthy are adorned with armlets and anklets of horn
or brass. Ornaments of silver are very rare, and of gold hardly ever
seen.
Dec. 31.—At sunrise the thermometer was 42°. Being market day,
I took a stroll to see what was going on. The market-place was on a
rising ground, a little to the south of Sansan Birnee. The place of
itself is a little village. The goods were exposed for sale in booths, or
houses, open at the side next the street. The different wares were
arranged each in its particular quarter,—knives, scissors, needles,
and beads; silken cords and pieces of silk; sword slings and koghel
cases; gubga tobes and turkadoes; beef, mutton, and fowls; gussub,
beans, Indian corn, &c. They have four different kinds of Indian corn,
—the yellow, the red, the white, and the Egyptian. The last is
reckoned the best. There were stalls, besides, for making and
mending every thing in common use. Bands of music, composed of
drums, flutes, and a kind of guitar, with strings of horsehair, called
the Erbale, each after its own rude fashion, were parading from
booth to booth, to attract the attention of customers.
 Jan. 1, 1824.—Dr. Oudney was now very unwell. This morning we
had a visit from an ex-governor, of the name of Jesus, who had left
the army last night. He told us the commanders would to-day
commence their return to their different governments, as they were
unable to penetrate into the Bede territory. This person gave us
several broad hints to make him a present; but we found ourselves
too poor to understand him. At eight o’clock in the morning we
resumed our journey, over a level country. The winding road was
little broader than a footpath. We passed numerous small towns and
villages, with plantations of cotton, gussub, and Indian corn. There
was more wood as we re-approached the Yow, and the villages and
cotton plantations were also more numerous. We halted at a village
called Obenda, not above a quarter of a mile distant from the Yow.
We could procure no milk for Dr. Oudney, and his appetite was much
worse. We had nothing but kouskasoo and dweeda. The former is a
well known preparation of wheaten flour steamed over meat, and in
very general use among the Moors and Arabs. The dweeda is also
of wheaten flour, and a kind of coarse macaroni.
Jan. 2.—Dr. Oudney was this morning in a very weak state. I
bought a pound of coffee for three dollars from one of the merchants
of our kafila, as a cup of coffee was all that he could take. To-day we
followed a very troublesome zigzag track, for regular road there was
none. We passed many villages, adjoining to which were long double
rows of granaries. At first we were much puzzled with the novelty of
their appearance; but on a closer examination we found they were
constructed of matting in the usual way, and raised on poles to
prevent white ants and grubs from getting at the grain. Near the Yow
there were large fields of wheat, and plantations of cotton. The
people were then raising the second crop of wheat, by means of
irrigation.
A little before mid-day we crossed the Yow. Its channel is here
about 150 yards in breadth; but the stream of water was almost dry.
In order to take fish, the river was barricadoed by a row of fish-pots,
made of split bamboos. They are of a conical shape, about five feet
in diameter at the mouth, and secured by poles and spars at the
distance of three feet from one another, the interval being filled up
with reeds to prevent the escape of fish. At this period not more than
a third of the aperture was covered with water. The city of Katagum
stands about half a mile from the river, which we had no sooner
crossed than we were met by a servant of the governor on
horseback. He presented us with a small basket of Goora nuts,
called, by the Arabs, the coffee of Soudan. After delivering the
present, the servant returned at full speed to a party of horsemen at
a little distance, who appeared to be the attendants of some great
personage. The party then came to us at a gallop, brandishing their
spears. Their leader remained behind, as well as their band of
music. The horsemen, after saluting us, wheeled round, and rode on
before us, the drummers beating their drums, and two bards singing
the praises of their master in the following ditty, which I took down in
writing; one responding in a clear shrill voice the words of the
chorus, while the other sang, or rather bawled aloud:—
 Bi, kora, nama, da birkin safay:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Bokri mi tugiamasso:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Manoganinka wykigani:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
My daikee ya fruss undunga:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Fuda da goma baka soranko.
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Kazibda goma bindiga da bia:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Gewa nagege avana do dona:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Camaraka hamen sirkino:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Girtho magaje wali:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Allahu Akber you do dona:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Allahu Akber you Zaramina:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.

Which may be thus translated:—

 Give flesh to the hyenas at day-break:
Oh! the broad spears.
The spear of the sultan is the broadest:
Oh! the broad spears.
I behold thee now—I desire to see none other.
Oh! the broad spears.
My horse is as tall as a high wall:
Oh! the broad spears.
He will fight against ten, he fears nothing:
Oh! the broad spears.
He has slain ten—the guns are yet behind:
Oh! the broad spears.
The elephant of the forest brings me what I want:
Oh! the broad spears.
Like unto thee—so is the sultan:
Oh! the broad spears.
Be brave! be brave! my friends and kinsmen:
Oh! the broad spears.
God is great!—I wax fierce as a beast of prey:
Oh! the broad spears.
God is great!—To-day those I wished for are come:
Oh! the broad spears.

Meanwhile, the leader with his horsemen proceeded before us to

the city. We halted at a place allotted to us and the Arabs, the
Bornouese having left us to pursue their journey, as the dangers of
the road were past. About three in the afternoon, we saw the
governor, with all his attendants, coming to visit us. Mohamoud El
Wordee had mats spread under a tree for his reception, and
requested us to remain a few minutes in our tents. When sent for, we
found the governor sitting on the mats, surrounded by the Arab
merchants and his armed attendants. He received us in the kindest
manner, and said it was quite an ayd, or feast, for him to see us, and
would also prove highly gratifying to his master, the Sultan of the
Felatahs, who had never seen an Englishman before. He assured
us, we should find every thing here the same as at Kouka, with the
sheikh of Bornou. Dr. Oudney now presented the sheikh’s letter,
which he handed to one of his attendants. The Arab merchants were
loud in our praises, and particularly expatiated on the circumstance
of our nation being ever in strict alliance with the Sublime Porte, and
of having frequently assisted the Grand Signor. The governor, who
was named Duncowa, was a stout, tall fellow, blunt and good
natured, and lavish in his promises. We shook hands at parting,
which is the custom of the Felatahs, or Felanees, as they call
themselves. On his return home he sent us some wheat, of which we
were in great want, with honey, and Goora nuts. By the advice of
Mohamoud El Wordee, we sent a present of a few cloves, and a little
cinnamon, in return; which, however small, is every where the proper
acknowledgment on such occasions. On account of the scantiness
of our own stock of every thing, we now heartily wished for no more
presents.
After the governor left us, we were waited upon by a Tripoline
merchant, of the name of Hameda, a good-looking, civil sort of man,
and extremely rich. He possessed no less than five hundred slaves,
and had a great number of horses. He was second only to the
governor in all Katagum, and had served with the Felatahs in most of
their wars. Referring to the result of the recent expedition, I remarked
it would have been better if the Felatahs had not gone at all against
the Bedites, who would now be emboldened in their depredations.
He replied, the Felatahs had become rich, and were now afraid of
blows: it was otherwise with them when poor; their head men then
led them to battle, dauntlessly braving danger and death, whereas
now-a-days their chiefs lagged behind, and sent their people forward
to the combat, who, in turn, dreaded a broken head as much as their
superiors, and would no longer fight, if it might anywise be avoided.
—Hameda had occasion to consult Dr. Oudney, who strongly
recommended his immediate return to Tripoli, to undergo a surgical
operation. He seemed very grateful, and offered us his house, and
whatever the country afforded. He sent milk for Dr. Oudney, and
bazeen, or flour-pudding, for me. Bazeen is made of wheat, barley,
or Guinea corn, and eaten with butter or sauce.
 Dr. Oudney underwent here, as usual, much fatigue,—more,
indeed, than his strength was equal to; for the news of our arrival
spread before us, and at the different towns and villages through
which we passed, they brought to us all the sick to be cured. Nor
was it the sick alone who sought advice, but men and women, of all
descriptions; the former for some remedy against impotency, and the
latter to remove sterility. Many came for preventives against
apprehended or barely possible calamities; and, in anticipation of all
the imaginable ills of life, resorted to us in full hope and confidence
of our being able to ward them off. The women were particularly
fanciful in these matters, and were frequently importunate to receive
medicines that would preserve the affections of their gallants, ensure
them husbands, or, what was highly criminal, effect the death of
some favoured rival. The governor made us a present of three
sheep, and sent the Arab merchants eight bullocks.
Jan. 3.—Dr. Oudney was a little better, but still very weak. Having
early prepared our presents, which consisted of one of our tea-trays,
ten yards of red silk, an Indian palempore, or bed coverlet, a piece of
white linen cloth, with gold stripes, of Egyptian manufacture, a pound
of cinnamon, and a pound of cloves, we waited on the governor at
eight o’clock in the morning, accompanied by Mohamoud El Wordee.
We stopped about a quarter of an hour in the house of Hameda, till
the governor was ready to receive us. When introduced, we found no
parade of armed men, as at Kouka, and the other towns in Bornou.
Duncowa was sitting under a rude canopy, on a low bank of earth
about six feet square. There were only three old men with him. We
shook hands, and sat down on the floor before him. He
importunately laid hold of me, and wished me to sit by his side. I,
however, declined so high an honour. We were presented with
Goora nuts, and he repeated the promises he had made yesterday.
When we displayed our presents, and explained the use of the tray,
and what it was made of, he was highly delighted; and asked us if
we wanted slaves, or what else, for every thing he had or could
procure was at our disposal. With regard to slaves, we told him a
slave was unknown in England, and the moment one set foot on our
shores, he was instantly free. We also explained our great
endeavours to put a stop to the slave trade on the seacoast, and that
our king and master (to use the African idiom) had given immense
sums to have it abolished; besides sending, every year, several large
ships to capture vessels engaged in that traffic, and to set the slaves
at liberty. “What, then, do you want?” he asked, with some surprise.
We answered, we only desired his friendship, and condescending
permission to collect the flowers and plants of the country, and to
visit its rivers. “Wonderful!” he exclaimed, “you do not want slaves,
you do not want horses, you do not want money, but wish only to see
the world? You must go to the sultan Bello, who is a learned and
pious man, and will be glad to see men who have seen so much.
You shall have all, and see all, that is in my province; and I am sure
my master will grant every thing you wish.” He then descended from
the seat of honour, sat down on the floor by our side, and shook
hands with us. This is the greatest compliment one man of rank can
pay to another in this country.
One of their lucky omens took place at the moment. My servant,
who had assisted in bringing the presents, got up to receive the
Goora nuts presented to me by the governor’s orders, and in rising
he overturned a pot of honey which had also been given to us, but
without breaking it, the honey running out on the floor. Had the pot
been broken, the omen would have been unfortunate. As it was, the
governor was highly elated, and graciously ordered the poor to be
called in to lick up the honey. They immediately made their
appearance, equally rejoiced at the lucky omen, and upon their
knees quickly despatched the honey, not without much strife and
squabbling. One man came off with a double allowance, happening
to have a long beard, which he carefully cleaned into his hand for a
bonne bouche, after the repast on the ground was finished.
We took leave of the governor and returned to our tents, where a
great concourse of men and women flocked to Dr. Oudney for
medicines. In the evening we had boiled dried meat, with bazeen,
and excellent bread, sent us by our friend Hameda; also milk from
the governor, and a live sheep from a black shreef, who had applied
to Dr. Oudney for advice. To-day the Doctor felt himself very weak, in
consequence of a diarrhœa, and the want of proper comforts in his
infirm condition. At noon I took an observation of the sun. At first the
natives eagerly crowded round me, but sat down very quietly at a
little distance, on telling them they were in my way. I was asked the
old question every where repeatedly, if I was looking at my country. I
explained to them, as well as I was able, that I merely ascertained in
this manner how far south I had come from home.
Jan. 4th.—The weather cold and hazy,—thermometer 48°.
Mohamoud El Wordee having gone to a city called Hadeeja, one
day’s journey to the northward, where he was to remain a day or
two, it was agreed beforehand we should go into the town and live in
Hameda’s house until El Wordee’s return, as the kafila was to
proceed to Kano the following day. At sunrise the governor sent to us
to come into town, but on account of Dr. Oudney’s illness, we waited
till the heat of the day. About noon we had the camels loaded, and
Dr. Oudney and I rode forward, accompanied by the governor’s
people and Hadje ben Hamed, the sheikh of the kafila, or chief who
regulates its march, stage, and route. On entering the town, we were
conducted to a house that adjoined Hameda’s, which we supposed
to be his. The people around us, after consulting together, told us we
had better go and see the governor. Dr. Oudney assented, but
wished first to wait for our baggage. The people, however, urged us
to go without further delay; and we complied with their entreaties.
The governor met us at the gate of his residence, took us by the
hand, and led us first to one coozee, then to another, saying, “This is
for you,—that is for the Doctor,—there is a place for your horses.”
Seating himself on a mat, he bade us sit down. Our baggage was
brought to us in a few minutes. “Abdullah,” said he, addressing me
by my travelling name, “show me the glass with which you look at
the sun.” It seemed the people had told him what they saw me doing
yesterday. I had now to explain to him the use of my compass,
sextant, spy-glass, and other instruments. He begged of me a little of
the quicksilver used for an artificial horizon in taking observations.
This was like asking me to part with my heart’s blood; but as he was
a governor, and evidently a man of considerable influence, I could
not refuse him. I took much pains to make him understand the use of
the watch and sextant. I easily made him comprehend the latter, by
telling him it was to enable me to find out the distance north or south,
from any other place: illustrating the matter, by telling him the north
star was higher in the heavens at Mourzuk than here, and still higher
at Tripoli; a circumstance the natives of these countries all
confirmed, to whom I shifted the trouble of making further
explanations. The telescope next was an object of surprise. He said
all the places he saw were brought near to him, and ascended the
walls and house tops to have a better view. Each of his attendants
also had a peep; but an old shreef would on no account look through
it, but ran away as if from a serpent ready to sting him. As to these
shreefs, or alleged descendants of the Prophet, some of whom are
as black as jet, I wonder what Mahomet, were he to rise from the
dead, would say to his sable progeny, not merely black in colour, but
with the true Negro features! The phenomenon, however, is less
wonderful, when we consider how soon an intermixture, whether
black or white, is lost in the course of a few generations, although
the lineal descent continue uninterrupted.
We received a plentiful supply of provisions from Hameda. The
governor also sent us fish and ficcory. The latter consists of pounded
Guinea corn dried in the sun, mixed with water or milk, and
seasoned with pepper, but has a sour, disagreeable taste.
Katagum, the capital of a province of the same name, is in lat. 12°
17′ 11″ north, and in long. about 11° east. This province formed the
frontier of Bornou before the Felatah conquest. At present it includes
the subject provinces of Sansan and Bedeguna. It extends nearly
one day’s journey to the northward, and five days’ journey to the
southward, where it is bounded by an independent territory, called
after the inhabitants Kurry-kurry. On the east it is bounded by the
kingdom of Bornou, and on the west by the neighbouring province of
Kano. From the best information I could obtain, the whole province
can send into the field about 4,000 horse and 20,000 foot, armed
with bows, swords, and spears. The principal productions are grain
and bullocks, which, with slaves brought from the adjoining territories
of the Kafirs, are the staple articles of trade. Here we found, for the
first time, kowrie shells in circulation as money; for hitherto native
cloth, or some other commodity of standard price, had been the
common medium of exchange. This city was the strongest we had
seen since we left Tripoli. It is in the form of a square, the sides
facing the cardinal points of the compass, with four corresponding
gates, which are regularly opened and shut at sunrise and sunset. It
is defended by two parallel walls of red clay, and three dry ditches,
one without, one within, and the third between the two walls, which
are about twenty feet high and ten feet broad at the base, gradually
decreasing upwards to a breadth just sufficient for a narrow footpath.
This is protected by a low parapet, and is ascended by flights of
steps at convenient distances. Both walls are of the same height,
without loopholes or towers, and, instead of being crenelated,
terminate in a waving line. The gates are defended by a platform
inside over the entrance, where a body of townsmen take their
station to repel assailants. The three ditches are of equal
dimensions, each about fifteen feet deep and twenty feet wide.
There is only one mosque, and this almost in ruins. The governor’s
residence is in the centre of the city, and occupies a space of about
500 yards square. The governor and principal inhabitants have
houses made entirely of clay, besides the coozees already
described. They are flat-roofed, in the Turkish style, and sometimes
of two stories, with square or semicircular openings for windows. The
city may contain from 7,000 to 8,000 inhabitants; including all
merchants and tradesmen, together with the servants or slaves of
the governor.
Not far to the southward of Katagum is the country of Yacoba, of
which I shall mention a few particulars, collected from natives who
were here in slavery, as well as from Hameda. It is called by the
Mahometan nations Boushy, or country of infidels. It is extremely
hilly: the hills, consisting of limestone, are said to yield antimony and
silver. The inhabitants have received the name of Yemyems, or
cannibals; but with what justice I know not. Most probably the
imputation is an idle Arab tale, and undoubtedly the more suspicious,
from the well known Moslem abhorrence of Kafirs. On interrogating
the Arabs more strictly, they allowed they had never witnessed the
fact; but affirmed they had seen human heads and limbs hung up in
the dwellings of the inhabitants. At Mourzuk, when we first arrived, a
similar report was circulated to our defamation; whether in jest or
earnest, I could not ascertain; but the prejudice soon wore off when
we were better known.
 The river Yow, which is within a quarter of a mile of Katagum, is
said to take its rise to the southward among the hills of Boushy,
between Adamowa and Jacoba, and after passing Katagum, to turn
abruptly to the eastward; it finally empties itself into the Tshad. Its
waters were dull and sluggish, as far as we observed; and during the
middle of the dry season the naked channel and a few pools of
water, sometimes far apart, are all that remain of the river. The
breadth of the channel, at the place where we last crossed, was, as
above mentioned, about 150 yards; and this may be taken as a fair
average breadth from that spot downwards as far as the lake, where,
however, the depth seemed considerably increased. There is a
prevalent opinion among the inhabitants and Arab merchants that,
during the rainy season, the waters of this river rise and fall
alternately every seven days; which notion, perhaps, originates in a
kind of vicissitude in the fall of rain that I have remarked myself
during my residence in Bornou.
Jan. 5.—Dr. Oudney thought himself a little better, but the
diarrhœa still continued. The kafila left us this morning for Kano. We
had a visit from the governor; I happened to be from home, and was
sent for. On my return the governor was gone, and had left a
message for me to follow him with the compass, spy-glass, &c. as he
wished me to show them to some men of rank: I followed, and found
him seated in the company of two or three Felatahs, to whom I had
to explain the use of the instruments over again; but a good deal of
trouble was taken off my hands by the governor himself, and his
Fezzanee servants. I was then taken to visit his favourite wife, who
pretended, of course, to be much frightened at the sight of a
Christian; she was a jolly, good looking, black wench. The governor
had a great number of other women besides, whose dwellings were
all very clean and neat. I was next conducted through other quarters
of the residence; and, on reaching the stables, we all sat down in an
open court, where the cadi and another learned Felatah joined us.
The same explanations had again to be repeated. The cadi, who had
made the pilgrimage of Mecca, and was acquainted with Arabic
learning, appeared to be a man of sense and discernment, and
explained the use of the watch to his countrymen with much
perspicuity; he was a Felatah, about fifty years of age,—his
complexion coal black,—with a hook nose, large eyes, and a full
bushy beard. The office of cadi or judge, I may remark, is frequently
hereditary, and there is one in every town to administer justice: his
sole qualification is a competent knowledge of the Koran, although
his decisions can be reversed only by the governor of the province,
or the sultan of the country.
The governor resides in a large square, surrounded by a wall of
red clay, at least thirty feet high, and divided by lower walls into four
principal quarters: besides several flat-roofed houses of clay, it
contained a number of coozees, for the most part ranged in a single
row, just within the great walls. These are principally for the slaves
and guards attached to the governor’s establishment; it was here we
were lodged, the entrance being guarded night and day. Near the
eastern gate there was a sort of council or audience hall, from which
a passage led to the women’s apartments, on the north side of the
square. The stables occupied one quarter, each horse having a hut
to itself. The pillars that supported a room over the western gate
were superior to any I had seen in central Africa; they were formed of
the trunks of the palm tree, fashioned into columns, with rude
pedestals and capitals of no inelegant appearance, all incrusted with
clay.
Jan. 6.—Dr. Oudney was much better to-day. In the afternoon we
had a visit from the governor: I had again to show him the sextant
and other instruments. He was particularly inquisitive about the
rockets we had given to the sheikh of Bornou; he persisted we had
still some of them remaining, and when convinced of the contrary,
seemed exceedingly desirous I should make him a few. I assured
him, with regret, of my inability; while I professed it to be an express
duty imposed on me by the king my master, to instruct him and his
countrymen in every thing useful and curious. Among many other
questions, he asked me if I ever prayed; I said, I should not be a
good man if I did not pray, but that we usually prayed alone: at which
answer he was highly amused.
Hadje Ali Boo Khaloom (the brother of the late commander of our
escort from Mourzuk) arrived here to-day, with a kafila from Kouka:
they left that place seven days after us. I heartily wished never to
see the face of this arrant rogue.
Jan. 7.—The governor paid us an early visit this morning; he
came at once into my tent, while I was writing, and I was again
obliged to show him my instruments. On opening my chest, there
was a small box of powder I had brought from England, still
untouched; I was very loth to tell him what it was, but it attracted his
attention, and I was compelled to yield to his solicitations for a small
supply. To humour him further, I attended him to fire at a mark; I fired
twice with my rifle, and happened to hit the mark both times, at a
distance of sixty or seventy yards, when he called out “Ouda billa
min Sheateen a rajeem,”—“The Lord preserve me from devils!” yet,
in token of his approbation, he threw over my shoulders, with his
own hands, a very handsome tobe.
Jan. 8.—I was indisposed all day, having caught cold.
Jan. 9.—This morning Hadje Ali Boo Khaloom left us for Kano. He
tried all in his power to induce us to accompany him, but we knew
him too well of old: he even asked the governor to send one of his
people with him, but was only laughed at for his assurance.
Our servants caught a female rat, or bandicoot, as it is called in
the East Indies, which measured two feet seven inches from the
nose to the tip of the tail. The colour of the body was light grey, the
tail black, and covered with long hairs, and the head much rounder
than that of the common rat.
The diarrhœa of Dr. Oudney had ceased, but the cough was no
better, and he was otherwise extremely ill: he had himself cupped on
the left side of the chest by one of the natives. This operation is
dexterously performed by them; they make the scarifications with a
razor, and afterwards apply a perforated horn, from which they first
extract the air by suction, and then stop the aperture with the thumb.
We had a visit from the wife of the cadi, a sister of Duncowa, I
gave her a brass ring, a pair of scissors, and some beads.
In the afternoon, I was not a little astonished at a message from
the governor, brought us by El Wordee, acquainting us that Hadje Ali
had told him we were spies and bad people, and wishing to know
from us if it was true. I did not think proper to disturb Dr. Oudney by
relating to him this calumny, and merely desired El Wordee to say to
the governor, that as we were in his power he could do with us as he
pleased; at the same time referring him particularly to the letter of the
sheikh of Bornou. El Wordee came back almost immediately, and
assured me the governor was satisfied.
Jan. 10.—To-day we left Katagum; the governor having furnished
us with a guide. We had a bassoor, or frame of wood, put on a
camel, and spread Dr. Oudney’s bed upon it, as he was now too
weak to ride on horseback; I also felt myself unwell. The governor
accompanied us four miles out of town. At half past three o’clock in
the afternoon we were obliged to halt, on account of Dr. Oudney’s
weakness; he was quite worn out, and could proceed no further; the
road, too, being crooked and entangled, and lying along a large
swamp to the south. We passed a number of villages.
Jan. 11.—At eight o’clock in the morning we proceeded on our
journey; but, at noon, were obliged to stop at the town of Murmur, on
account of the alarming situation of Dr. Oudney, who had now
become so feeble and exhausted, that I scarcely expected him to
survive another day. He had been wasting away in a slow
consumption, ever since we left the hills of Obarree, in Fezzan;
where he was seized with inflammation of the chest, in consequence
of sitting down in a current of cold air after being overheated.
Jan. 12.—Dr. Oudney drank a cup of coffee at day-break, and, by
his desire, I ordered the camels to be loaded. I then assisted him to
dress, and, with the support of his servant, he came out of the tent;
but, before he could be lifted on the camel, I observed the
ghastliness of death in his countenance, and had him immediately
replaced in the tent. I sat down by his side, and, with unspeakable
grief, witnessed his last breath, which was without a struggle or a
groan. I now sent to the governor of the town to request his
permission to bury the deceased, which he readily granted; and I
had a grave made about five yards to the north of an old mimosa
tree, a little beyond the southern gate of the town. The body being
first washed, after the custom of the country, was dressed by my
directions, in clothes made of turban shawls, which we were carrying
with us as presents. The corpse was borne to the grave by our
servants, and I read over it the funeral service of the church of
England, before it was consigned to the earth; I afterwards caused
the grave to be enclosed with a wall of clay, to keep off beasts of
prey, and had two sheep killed and distributed among the poor.
Thus died, at the age of 32 years, Walter Oudney, M. D., a man of
unassuming deportment, pleasing manners, stedfast perseverance,
and undaunted enterprise; while his mind was fraught at once with
knowledge, virtue, and religion. At any time, and in any place, to be
bereaved of such a friend, had proved a severe trial; but to me, his
friend and fellow traveller, labouring also under disease, and now left
alone amid a strange people, and proceeding through a country
which had hitherto never been trod by European foot, the loss was
severe and afflicting in the extreme.

FOOTNOTES:

[65]It is much to be regretted that the state of the thermometer

was not here noted; more particularly as a question has arisen as
to the correctness of this statement, which is however repeated
by Dr. Oudney almost in the same words.
 SECTION II.
FROM MURMUR TO KANO.

At day-break, on the following morning, I resumed my journey,

trusting to the salutary effects of change of air and abstinence, as
the best remedies both for mind and body. The road was swampy,
and we crossed a narrow stream called Shashum, that falls into the
Yow, near the town. There were numerous villages on all sides.
Jan. 14.—Thermometer 52°. Our road lay through a well
cultivated country; at nine o’clock, A.M., we came to the town of
Digoo, having an indifferent double wall, and a triple ditch nearly
filled up. The town contained very few houses, but date trees were in
great abundance; outside the walls, however, there were several
villages, or rather detached clusters of houses. The country
afterwards began to rise into ridges, running nearly east and west;
our road lying along one of them, gave me an excellent view of
beautiful villages all around, and herds of cattle grazing in the open
country. In the evening we halted under the walls of a town called
Boogawa; this is the last town in the province of Katagum: I did not
enter it.
Jan. 15.—The road to-day was through a thickly wooded country.
Before mid-day, we again crossed the Shashum, which here runs
nearly due north. The camel-drivers brought me a quantity of wild
figs, which they found on the trees by the road side, near the river.
We next entered an open, well cultivated country, and in the evening
halted at a town called Katungwa, which is surrounded by a wall, and
has a number of fine date trees. This was the first town I entered in
the kingdom of Haussa Proper. I was visited by a Felatah, who had
been at Bagdad, Constantinople, Jerusalem, and Mecca, and
belonged to the order of Dervishes. He was a chattering little fellow,
and told me he had seen the Wahabees at Mecca, who, he said,
were the same people and spoke the same language as the
Felatahs. I made him a present of a pair of scissors and a snuff-box,
of which he seemed very proud, and sent me a bowl of bazeen in the
evening. I here saw a range of low rocky hills, stretching nearly
south-west. They are called, in the language of Haussa, Dooshee, or
The Rocks, from which a large town on one of the roads leading
from Katagum to Kano takes its name. Since we left the Wells of
Bellkashiffra, on the southern borders of the great desert, we had not
met with rocks, or even pebbles, till now, the very channels of the
rivers being destitute of stones, and the whole country consisting of
soft alluvial clay. The camels were missing, and I sent all the
servants after them; they were not brought back before midnight,
being found on their return to Bornou.
Jan. 16.—The country still open and well cultivated, and the
villages numerous. We met crowds of people coming from Kano with
goods. Some carried them on their heads, others had asses or
bullocks, according to their wealth. All were armed with bows and
arrows, and several with swords; the Bornouese are known by
carrying spears.
El Wordee and I having advanced before the cavalcade were
waiting for it under a tree, near a town called Zangeia, when a man
from Katagum went, of his own accord, and told the governor of
Zangeia that a friend of the governor of Katagum was close at hand.
The governor of Zangeia sent the man to tell us he would come and
meet us on horseback, and show us a proper place to pitch our
tents. We mounted our horses, and, led by the Katagumite who was
so anxious for the honour of the friend of his master, we met the
governor, about a quarter of a mile from the tree under which we had
reposed ourselves. He was mounted on a very fine white horse, gaily
caparisoned, and had seven attendants behind him, also on
horseback, besides being accompanied by several men on foot,
armed with bows and arrows. He advanced to us at full gallop, and,
after many courteous welcomes, placed himself at our head, and
rode before us into the town. On reaching his own house, he desired
us to pitch our tents before his door, observing, “Here is a place of
great safety.” The camels arriving with the baggage, I presented him
with a razor, a knife, a pair of scissors, and some spices. He sent
me, in return, some milk and bazeen, with grass and gussub for the
horses. Although a governor, I found out he was only a eunuch,
belonging to the governor of Kano. He was in person fat, coarse, and
ugly, with a shrill squeaking voice, and kept me awake half the night,
laughing and talking among his people.
Zangeia is situate near the extremity of the Dooshee range of
hills, and must have been once a very large town, from the extensive
walls which still remain. The inhabitants were slaughtered or sold by
the Felatahs, and plantations of cotton, tobacco, and indigo now
occupy the place where houses formerly stood. Indeed the town may
be said to consist of a number of thinly scattered villages. Within the
walls there is a ridge of loose blocks of stone, connected with the
range of hills in the neighbourhood. These masses of rock may be
about two hundred feet high, and give a romantic appearance to the
neat huts clustering round the base, and to the fine plantations of
cotton, tobacco, and indigo, which are separated from one another
by rows of date trees, and are shaded by other large umbrageous
trees, of whose names I am ignorant. The prospect to the south was
bounded by high blue mountains. It was market day; plenty of beef,
yams, sweet potatoes, &c. for sale.
Drawn by Captn. Clapperton. Engraved by E. Finden.

VIEW INSIDE THE TOWN OF SANGIA.

IN HOUSSA.
Published Feb. 1826, by John Murray, London.

Jan. 17.—The country still highly cultivated, and now diversified

by hill and dale. We passed a remarkable range of little hillocks of
grey granite; they were naked rocks, flattened or rounded at top, and
appeared like detached masses of stone rising singly out of the
earth. We also passed several walled towns quite deserted, the
inhabitants having been sold by their conquerors, the Felatahs.
Women sat spinning cotton by the road side, offering for sale, to the
passing caravans, gussub water, roast meat, sweet potatoes,
cashew nuts, &c. In the afternoon, we halted in a hollow, to the west
of a town, or rather a collection of villages, called Nansarina, where it