Ss 1 Geography Week 4 - 10

BUBENDORFF MEMORIAL GRAMMAR SCHOOL, ADAZI- NNUKWU
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY
TERM: THIRD
CLASS: SS1
WEEK 4
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
An Environmental problem or hazard is a substances, states or event which has
the potential to threaten the surrounding natural environmental or affect people’s
health. In other words, environmental hazards are disasters caused by nature or
man which pose a serious danger or risk to lives and properties of people in their
environment.
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS/ PROBLEMS
1) Drought
2) Desert encroachment
3) Pollution
4) Deforestation
5) Soil erosion
6) Flooding
7) Earthquakes
8) Volcanic eruption
9) Deforestation
10) Mining
11) Hail
12) Tornadoes
13) Blizzards
14) Hurricanes
15) Lightning
16) Oil spillage
17) Mass wasting
18) Coastal erosion.
BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

The environmental hazards common in West Africa are discussed in this

lesson.
Drought: It can be defined as a prolonged and abnormal moisture
deficiency and general states of dryness. Drought also refers to the
absences of rainfall which is long enough to cause total dryness in the
area.
CAUSES
1) Drought is mainly caused by lack of rainfalls
2) Presence of high temperature
3) Low humidity.
4) Low cloud cover.
5) Changes in weather and climate.
EFFECTS
1) Drought disturbs plants life which leads to crop failure.
2) It affects human beings and livestock
3) Stream or rivers may dry up
4) It can lead to migration of man and animals.
5) It can lead to desertification.
CONTROLS
1) Planting of trees i.e afforestation.
2) Planting of cover crops
3) Avoidance of over grazing
4) Drought resistant tree and crops should be planted
5) The use of fire wood should be discourage
6) Irrigation: Artificial application of water can be done to sustain the
growth of plants.
7) The green belt should be created.
DESERT ENCROACHMENT
It is the extension or spread of desert to area which was originally not
deserting before. It is common in area very close to desert e.g. Sahel regions in
Northern Nigeria like Maiduguri, Damaturu, Sokoto and Birnin- kebbi.

CAUSES
1) Overgrazing
2) Changes in climate
3)Bush burning
4) Deforestation
5)Prolonged drought
6) Over cultivation
7) High speed of wind
8) Shift in climatic belt
EFFECTS
1)It leads to displacement of people and settlement
2) It leads to crop failure or poor yield of crops
3) It leads to loss of vegetation
CONTROLS
1) The planting of trees could control this problem
2) Irrigation
3) Planting of legumes to cover the soil
4) Environmental education
5) legislation against bush burning.
6) Creation of Shelter belt.
7) Cover cropping
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
It is the release of harmful substances into the environment. The substances that
cause pollution in the environment are called POLLUTANTS.
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
1) Air pollution
2) Land pollution
3) Water pollution
Air pollution
Air pollution refers to the release or injection of substances into the air in
quantities or to the level that is harmful to man, animals and plants.
Causes
1) Discharge of substances like smoke, dust and soot from industries, machines
and coal the air.

2) Fumes from Industrial processes such as sulphuric acid, mist from coal
mining and cement factories.
3) Gases such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide from exhaust pipes.
4) Radioactive rays from industrial processes.
5) Spray of liquid (vapor) and gaseous herbicides and pesticides.
6) poor refuse disposal.
7) Volcanic eruptions can also cause dangerous air pollution.
Effects
1) It causes impaired health such as the irritation of eyes, lungs and skin
cancer.
2) It causes acid rain which can corrode materials and burn green plants.
3) It causes suffocation.
4) It causes the climatic variation.
5) It causes the destruction of the ozone layer.
Land Pollution
Causes
Dumping of refuse, sewage, metal scraps, plastic waste, chemicals, oil spillage,
toxic wastes, pesticides and fertilizers.
Effects
1) It causes offensive odour.
2) Some are poisonous to man and animals.
3) Some can make soil to be infertile.
Control
1) Refuse should be burnt in an incinerator.
2) Urban waste should be buried.
3) proper disposal of refuse.
4) pesticides, fertilizers, etc should be applied as instructed.
Water pollution.

Causes
1) Industrial effluents or waste
2) Oil spillage
3) Fishing with chemicals such as Gamaline 20.
4) Use of chemical fertilizers.
5)Acid rain
6) Volcanic eruption
Effects
1) It causes the death of aquatic animals and plants.
2) It reduces the recreational values of waters.
3) It causes water- borne diseases.
4) It impairs the of water domestic and industrial purposes.
Control
1) Proper legislation on use of water bodies.
2) Avoid dumping of untreated wastes into the water.
3) Public enlightenment.
4) Good fishing practices
5) Providing public utilities, e.g. toilets and incinerators.
6) Treatment of industrial wastes.
DEFORESTATION
It is the indiscriminate destruction of forest or felling of trees.
CAUSES
Deforestation is caused when:
1) Tree are cut for timber
2) Tree are cut for cultivation of crop
3) Bush is cleared for grazing purpose
4) Trees are used for firewood

EFFECTS
1) It exposes the land surface to erosion
2) It increases evaporation and lower the water tables
3) It decreases transpiration
4) It lowers the nutrients in the soil
5) It prevents the existence of wildlife.
6) It leads to deterioration of environment.
CONTROLS
1) Afforestation
2) Public awareness
3) Legislation against indiscriminate felling of tree
4) Development of other sources of fuel e.g. gas and kerosene
SOIL EROSION
It is the gradual removal of the top layer of the soil through the action of wind,
ice and water.
CAUSES
1) Deforestation
2) Bush burnings
3) Overgrazing
4) Absence of vegetation cover
5) Mining and construction
EFFECTS
1( It causes the loss of farmlands
2) Declines in agricultural production
3) Soil erosion causes the removal of top fertile soil which is meant for
crop production.
CONTROLS
1) Afforestation
2) Re-afforestation
3) Controlled grazing
4) Improved farming method
5 (Planting of cover cropping

FLOODING
It is the occurrence of excessive volume of water in areas not usually
waterlogged. It also be defined as the accumulation of an abnormal large
volume of water in an area which has refused to percolate or flow away.
CAUSES
1) Excessive rainfall in an area
2) Refuse dumping to block culverts or water channels
3) Poor drainage system.
4) Inadequate urban planning.
5) Erection of buildings on water sheds, roads and culverts.
6) Establishment of settlements along rivers channels.
EFFECTS
1) Flooding causes the loss of lives and properties
2) It causes the interruption of social-economics activities
3) It washes away roads and railways.
4) It can spread water- borne diseases.
5) It leads to destruction of farmlands
CONTROLS
1) Construction of wider gutter
2) Avoids refuse damping in water channel
3) Regular clearance of drainage system
4) Environmental sanitation to drain culverts.
5) Forest reserves on strategic waste sheds.
6) public enlightenment on effects of flooding.

WEEK FIVE
ENVIROMENTAL RESOURCES
Environmental resources refer to any useful thing (both living and non- living)
that occurs naturally in the environment and are beneficial to man. They are
resources within environment that are useful to man.
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
1) Atmospheric resources
2) Water resources
3) Vegetation resources
4) Human resources
5) Mineral resources
6) Land resources
ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCES
They are those elements such as wind, water, sunlight and gases which are
beneficial to man and other living things.
TYPES OF ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCES
1) Atmospheric gases e.g. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, Water
vapor, ozone layer etc.
2) Rain
3) wind
4) solar energy
IMPORTANCE OF ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCES

Oxygen
1) It supports animal life
2) Support burning of materials.
3) Oxygen combines with water vapour for chemical weathering.
4) It is used for industrial purposes.
Nitrogen
1) It is used by plant as food.
2) It is required by plants for the manufacture of protein.
3) Nitrogen gas is used in electrical industry.

WATER RESOURCES
Water resources refers to any useful materials (living or non-living) inside
water which are of benefit to man, animals and plants.
IMPORTANCES OF WATER RESOURCES TO MAN
1) Sources of food supply
2) Generation of hydro-electric power
3) Agricultural purpose-irrigations
4) Medium of transportation
5) Sources of mineral
VEGETATIONS RESOURCES
It includes all the resources one can get from the forest which is of benefit to
man. Vegetation resources include timber, root, barks of tree, fruit, firewood
and wild animals.
PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM EXPLOITATION OF VEGETATION RESOURCES
1) Soil erosion
2) Depletion of natural forest product
3) Soil leaching
4) Flooding
5) Disappearance of wild life
IMPORTANCES OF VEGETATION RESOURCES
1)Sources of food supply
2) Sources of timber
3) Medicinal herbs
4) Source of firewood
5) Employment and industrial use
HUMAN RESOURCES
All the resources in the environment are organized and harnessed by man. The
ability of man to make best use of these resources depends on his level of
education, technology and culture. Thus, development of human resources is
needed for other resources to well organized and harnessed.

Factors which determine the Size of Human resources.

1) Birth rate or natality: High birth rate generally leads to high
population or human resources.
2) Death rate(mortality): Low mortality rate leads to increase in
population while high mortality rate is vice versa.
3) Migration: Migration reduces the population while immigration
increases human resources in terms of population size.
4) Education: The higher the level of education, the growth of human
population. Civilization makes people to regulate the rate of child
bearing.
5) Political stability: A very stable political activities lead to increase in
human population than when a country is in political crises. Political
crises lead to loss of lives and properties
6) Technology: High level of technology leads to reduction of population
and vice versa.
IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RESOURCES
1) Labor supply
2) Control over other resources
3) Defence: Large population provide the required armed forces for
defence.
4) Development: Contributions of individual developed human beings,
who are healthy and educated brings about development of a country.
5) Power: Countries known to have large, educated population with
scientists are known to control world power more than others e.g. U.S.A.
MINERAL RESOURCES
Mineral, unlike other resources are non-renewable resources because once
they are exhausted. they cannot be replaced. Minerals are grouped into the
following:
1) Mineral fuels such as petroleum, coal and natural gas
2) Ferrous and non-ferrous metals such as iron, copper, tin, aluminum,
lead and zinc
3) Industrial metal example gold, mercury, diamond, silver, graphite,
limestone etc.
4) Ornamental minerals examples gold, silver, diamond etc.

IMPORTANCE OF MINERAL RESOURCES

1) Sources of fuels
2) Construction purpose examples zinc, iron, aluminum
3) Sources of foreign exchanges
4) Provision of employment
5) Provision of raw-material for industry
PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM THE EXPOLITATION OF MINERAL

RESOURCES
1) Soil erosion
2) Environmental problems
3) Oil spillage
4) Loss of plants and animals live
5) Increased cost of production.
6) Land degradation.
7) Reduction in agricultural lands and production.

WEEK 6
POPULATION OF NIGERIA
Population is defined as the number of people living in area at a particular time.
Nigeria has the largest population in Africa. The current population of Nigeria is
206,139,589 people as at mid of this year according to UN data. Nigeria
population is equivalent to 2.64% of the total world population. Nigeria ranks
number 7 in the list of countries by population. The population density in Nigeria
is 226 per KM2 (586 people per Mi2 )
The total area of Nigeria (the sum of all land and water areas) is 923,768sq.km.
The total land area is 910,768sq.km
The total water areas are 13,000sq.km
The growth rate of Nigerian population as at mid of this year 2020, is 2.58%
according to UN data.
NOTE: the growth rate is the average annual percent change in the population
resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births, over deaths and the balance of
migrants, entering and leaving a country. The 52.0% of the Nigerian population
is urban (107,526 people in 2020)
POPULATION CONCEPTS
a. Over-population; This is a situation whereby the population is considered
too large for the available resources, for people to enjoy the highest
possible standard of living.
b. Under population; This occurs when the population of people is less than
the available resources of a country or an area. It means that the size of
the population is small to compare with available resources of the
country. Examples of under-populated countries are Canada, Vatican city,
etc.
c. Optimum population; optimum population is the number of people that
can be supported by the available resources in an area, so as to achieve
the highest possible standard of living.
d. Population density; This is defined as the number of persons per unit area
of land or per square kilometer of land.
Population = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐿𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IN NIGERIA

The population of Nigeria is not evenly distributed. There are areas of high,
moderate and low population densities.
Areas of high population densities (i.e. above 96 persons 1km2; there are four
main areas of high population densities in Nigeria. They are:
1. The Yoruba land of south-west which include Lagos, Ibadan, Akure and
Abeokuta
2. The Hausa land in the North-central which include Kano, Kaduna, Jos, and
Sokoto
3. The Igbo land in the south-east which include Enugu, Onitsha, Owerri, Aba
and Abakaliki
4. In south-south and mid-west include Port-Harcourt and Benin city.
The five largest cities with the highest population in Nigeria in Lagos, Kano,
Ibadan., Benin city and Port-Harcourt.
REASONS FOR HIGH POPULATION DENSITY

1. Favorable climate; the aforementioned areas have adequate rainfall
which support food production especially in the west and east and the
areas are also favorable for human habitation.
2. Fertile soils; this favors the cultivation of cocoa and kolanut in the west,
oil palm, yam and cassava in the east and groundnuts and cotton in the
north.
3. Natural attachment and historical factors; the growth of some empires
in the past like Kano and Oyo empires favors high population density in
the areas.
4. Administrative headquarters; Some towns like Lagos, Enugu, Ibadan and
Kano serve as administrative capitals which attracts people to the areas.
5. Employment opportunities; The availability of jobs in these towns
increases the population
6. Presence of minerals; The presence of coal in Enugu and tin in Jos
attracted people to the area.
7. Presence of industries; This creates job opportunities and attracts people
in the areas like Kano, Lagos, Ibadan etc.
8. Commercial activities; the presence of market attracts people to the area

9. Migration; rural-urban migration tends to increase. In Maiduguri, people

migrate from Niger republic to the area
ADVANTAGES OF HIGH POPULATION DENSITY
1. Large labor
2. Effective planning
3. Large market- it provides source of large market
4. Defense.
DISADVANTAGES OF GIGH POPULATION DENSITY
1. pressure on the natural resources
2. Increase in crime rate
3. Insufficient food
4. Unemployment/ underemployment
5. Inadequate housing
6. Traffic congestion
7. Environmental pollution
8. Pressures on social amenities
9. Inadequate health services
10. Development of slums and ghettos
AREAS OF MODERATE POPULATION DENSITY IN NIGERIA
These include Uyo, Ilorin, Sokoto, Warri, Calabar, Okene etc.
AREAS OF LOW POPULATION DENSITY IN NIGERIA (I.e BELOW 96
PERSONS/KM2)
1. The middle belt of Nigeria comprising Kwara, kogi, Benue, Niger areas.
2. The Niger Delta area e.g. Rivers state.
Note; Bayelsa state is the least populated state in Nigeria while Kano state
is the highest populated state in Nigeria.
3. The extreme north east of Borno and Yobe states.
REASONS FOR LOW POPULATION DENSITIES
1. Relief; The presence of rugged high lands in some of these areas leads to
low population
2. Drainage; the middle belt lies in the Niger-Benue valley and Delta areas
which make settlement difficult because of Niger-Benue rivers

3. Unfavorable climate; high temperature and low rainfall especially in

Borno and Yobe states encourages low population in these areas.
4. Poor soil; a Borno and Yobe have poor sandy soil which do not support
production of food. Hence, it does not attract people in the area.
5. Historical factors; the trans-sahara slave trade encouraged the
depopulation of the middle belt.
6. Presence of insects; presence of tsetse flies and blackflies encourages low
population in the middle belt and some parts of north
7. Inaccessibility; most areas in Delta and middle belts are inaccessible by
road, railway etc. hence, people are distracted from settling in these
areas.
ADVANTAGES OF LOW POPULATION DENSITY

1. Abundant resources; there will be abundant of resources for the available
population.
2. low crime rate
3. Adequate planning; adequate planning is very easy to achieve in these
areas
4. REGULAR FLOW OF TRAFFIC; there is no traffic congestion in these areas
5. low pressure on social amenities
6. High standard of living; goods and agricultural products are cheap and
easily gained due to low population
DISADVANTAGES OF LOW POPULATION DENSITY
1. Inadequate labor force
2. Under-utilization of infrastructures, electricity, pipe-borne water, etc will
be under-utilized due to low population
3. Disincentives to government; government does not feel like investing in
places of low population
4. Wastage of output; most of output produced either from industries or
agriculture may be wasted because of low population.
5. Low output
POPULATION QUALITY
Population quality refers to the average potential capability and potential work
capacity of its members. It also refers to as number of people in a particular

population that are capable of contributing to the wellbeing of the total

population. It is responsible for high standard of living of a population
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR POPULATION QUALITY
1. Quality education; population with educated citizens promote quality
population.
2. Large number of working populations; the population that has high
number of people working ensures equality population because they are
going to contribute meaningfully to ensure productivity
3. Absence of sickness / diseases; absence of sickness / diseases such as
HIV/AIDS do promote quality population
4. High standard of living; high population quality does result in better
standard of living of a population
5. High level of technology; high levels of technology do positively affect the
quality of a population. Poor technology of a population also leads to poor
quality of population
6. Presence of basic infrastructures; presence electricity, pipe borne water
and good roads do ensure better population quality in any given society
POPULATION DATA
Population data or population statistics is the use of statistics to analyze
characteristics or changes of population. National population statistics or data
are usually collected by conducting census.
Population census; it can be defined as the official head count of the people in
a country.
USES OF POPULATION DATA
It may be used for the following
1. Birth rate
2. Death rate
3. Migration
4. Level of education
5. Age distribution of a population
6. Occupation distribution
7. Population density
8. Sex or gender distribution
9. Geographical distribution

WEEK: 8
NIGERIA: LOCATION AND POSITION
Nigeria is located between 40N and 140N of the equator and between 3oE and
15oE of the Green which meridian. The latitude extends or stretches Nigeria
about 10o (14ON-4ON) while the longitudinal extends or stretch is 12o(15oE-3OE)
POSITION OF NIGERIA
Nigeria is in the West Africa. It is bounded in the west Benin Republic, in the
north by Niger Republic, in the East by Cameroun Republic, in the north- east by
Chad Republic and in the south by Atlantic Ocean.
SIZE; Nigeria is the fourth largest country in west Africa in terms of land area
after Niger, Mali and Mountainia. the total area of Nigeria (both land and water
areas) is approximately 923,768 square kilometers. The greatest distance from
east to west is approximately 1,300km while from north to south is about
1,100km.
Note: map of Nigeria showing location, position and states
POLITICAL DIVISION OF NIGERIA

Nigeria as a country was formed in 1914 as a result of the amalgamation of the
northern and southern protectorates. She got her independent in 1960. The
country had three regions as at independence namely; North, East and West.
The northern region had its headquarters in Kaduna, East in Enugu and West in

Ibadan. In 1960, after her independence the fourth region called mid-west was
created from the western region. The headquarters of the mid-west region was
in Benin city.
In 1967, the country was further divided into twelve states. In 1976, it was
further divided into 19 states. In September 23 rd 1987, two more states were
created making it total number of 21 states. Currently, Nigeria is divided into 36
states and a federal capital territory (FCT) Abuja which is the federal capital of
Nigeria.
Other notable features about Nigeria are;
1. Ethnic groups of about over 250: the number of ethnic groups in Nigeria
is over 250. The Yoruba, Ijaw, Efik and Edo live the south, while the Hausa-
Fulani, Kanuri, etc. found in the north
2. As giant of Africa; as a result of the nearly equal distance and easily
accessible locations from many African countries, a relatively large size,
as well as factors of population and many other resources, contribute in
making Nigeria a leading country in Africa.
3. Nigeria one hour ahead of GMT; based on the location of Nigeria, its local
time is one hour ahead of the Greenwich time (GMT).
4. Nigeria is located within the tropics; tropical region is 0oc-30oc of north
and south of equator.

WEEK: 9
PHYSICAL SETTING OF NIGERIA RELIEF;
Relief refers to the surface features of the land above the sea level. Nigeria relief
is grouped into two main classes;
1. Lowlands
2. Highlands
Areas of lowlands in Nigeria;
1. The Sokoto plain in the north west (200-3000m)
2. The Niger-Benue trough / valley (100-300m)
3. The Chad basin or Bornu plain (100-300m)
4. The Niger delta (0-100m)
5. The cross-river basin (120-180m)
6. The interior coastal lowland of western Nigeria (100-300m)
7. The coastal plain (0-100m)
Rocks associated with lowlands;
1. Coastal plain; sedimentary rocks of alluvial deposits.
2. Niger-Benue trough; sedimentary rocks of limestones, sandstone and
shale
3. Sokoto plain; sand, clay, sandstone and limestone
4. Chad basin; made up of sand and clay
Note; rocks, generally known to be associated with lowlands are the
sedimentary rocks.
Importance of lowlands;
1. Plains, especially level ones are good for human habitation
2. Some plains are rich sources of minerals like petroleum and coal
3. Plains especially depositional plains have rich fertile soils which favour
intensive agriculture
4. Plains favour the construction of roads, railways, airports because level
lands are regulated for their construction.
5. In areas of low rainfall like northern part, rearing of animals are carried
out in plains as it favours the growth of pasture.
6. Rivers in plain provide water for drinking and transportation
7. Rivers in plain provide job opportunities

Disadvantages of plain
1. Some plains especially in delta areas may be flooded with water
2. Some may pose serious barrier to communication, especially in areas
flooded by excess water either from river or after rain
2, HIGHLANDS; highlands refer to areas over 300m above the sea level.
areas of highlands in Nigeria;
1. The north – central highlands. It is the centre of northern Nigeria around
Kano, Kaduna, Bauchi, Jigawa and Plateau states. Jos plateau (200-1500m)
is found in highlands. It Hadeija, Kaduna and Sokoto rivers take the
sources from this highland. The highest point of Jos plateau is shere Hills
(1650m)
2. The western highlands; this is found around Ondo, Oyo, Kwara and Osun
states.
Important hills in this area include;
1. Idunre hill (highest point) – 950m
2. Apapa hill (400-700m)
3. Epeme hill (350-600m)
Three important rivers that have their sources from these highlands are Ogun,
Osun and Osse rivers.
3, The Eastengaar highlands; these are found in the borders between Nigeria
and Cameroon. They represent the highest zone in Nigeria.
The important mountains found in this zone are:
i. mandara mountain (1200 – 1500m)
ii. biu plateau (800 – 1000)
iii. adamawa mountain (1800 – 2400m)
iv. alantika and shebshi hils (1600 – 200m)
v. obudu and oban Hills (1200m)
The area has rivers such as River Gana, Ngoda and yedseram which flow to lake
chad.
4. The Estern Scarpland. This is found within the eastern region of Nigeria
especially a1igh land in this area is the udi – Nsukka plateau (300 – 600m)
Rivers have their sources from this scarp land.

Major Rock Types in Highlands

i. North – central plateau, western high-lands, mandala mountain,
shebshi, Alantika, Obodu and Oban hills are made of upr basement
complex rocks (combination of igneous and metamorphic rocks)
ii. Jos plateau is made up of volcanic rock
iii. Udi Hills are made of carboniferous sedimentary rocks.
Importance of Highlands
1. Sources of minerals: Some mountains are sources of minerals like Tin,
gold diamond etc.
2. Formation of rainfall: High mountains aid the formation of rainfall
(orographic or relief rainfall), especially on the windward side of the
mountain.
3. For transhumance: Some low mountains provide pasture which aid
transhumance. Transhumance is the practice whereby cattle move from
the valley during Rainy season to highlands where they feed on pasture
till the end of rainy season, after which they return to the valley.
4. Climatic barriers: Some mountains serve as climatic barriers because,
their two sides may have different climates.
5. For defense
6. As tourist centres
7. As sources of rivers: Mountains are the sources of many rivers and
streams.
8. Construction of Hydro-electric power (H.E.P) The nature of some rivers
with their steep at the source aid the construction of H.E.P to generate
electricity.
9. As wind – breaks: Some mountains, as a result of their location do serve
as wind breaks.
10. Settlement sites: some are suitable sites for human habitation e.g Jos
Plateau.
11. Creation of communication masts
12. Growth of special crops: Some highlands are good cultivation and growth
of special crops such as tea, apple in mambila plateau
13. Sources of building materials such as granite.
14. Moderation of climate: Some high lands areas help to moderate climate
by making cool for animal and human habitation.
Disadvantages of mountains
1. Barriers to communication: Mountains obstruct the construction of roads,
railway and airport.
2. Prevent human habitation: High Mountains are associated with cold
weather which prevents goods human and animal habitation.

3. Mountains promote soil erosion: Areas close to mountains are usually

associated with soil erosion due to speed of running water down the
steepé slopes of mountain
4. mountains occupy good land
5. Mountainous soil are poor in nutrient: Mountainous area are not good for
agriculture as the soils are poor in nutrients and difficult to work on.
Drainage of Nigeria
Drainage refers to water bodies like rivers and lakes. It also defined as the
natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surfaces water from a given area.
Two main Rivers - River Niger and River Benue
River Niger – It is the largest river in Nigeria. Its source is from highlands in
Guinea. It passes through Mali and Niger Republic to Nigeria
River Benue has its source from eastern highlands and joints the Niger at Lokoja.
Because of this, Lokoja is known as a confluence town
Other rivers in Nigeria take their sources from highlands in Nigeria are
known as Hydrological centre. These are:
i. Western Highlands: Rivers in the area are: Ogun, Osun and Osse Rivers
ii. North-central Highlands: Kaduna, Hadeinja zamfara, yobe, Gana,
Gongola and Rima Rivers.
iii. Eastern Highlands: Donga and Kastina-Ala
iv. Eastern scarp lands: Anambra and Cross Rivers.
Characteristics of Nigeran Rivers
1. The volume of the river’s changes with season.
2. Presence of rapids and cataracts: Most rivers have rapids and
cataracts which impedes or disturb inland navigation.
3. Presence of debris: Most Nigerian rivers do have hosts of debris like
dead leaves, mud and wood when they flow through the forest.
4. Short courses with high speed: Most rivers are usually very short
and flow rapidly or swiftly e.g. River Ogun, Osun and cross river
5. Shallowness: Most rivers are very shallow and full of silt associated
with high evaporation and seepage of water into the soil.
6. Specific direction of flow: Rivers in the south flow in the north-
south direction into sea while rivers in the north flow in a radial
pattern to difference direction.
7. Seasonality: Most rivers flow during rainy season and stop or
reduce flowing during the dry season
8. The colour changes with season

Importance of Nigeria Rivers

1. Medium of transportation
2. Generation of Hydro-electric power (H.E.P). Many rivers are dammed in
areas of water fall and rapids for the purpose of generating electricity
3. irrigation purpose
4. domestic uses
5. Industrial uses: Water from rivers is required by many industries such as
textile, brewery and chemical industries.
6. Provision of employment: provide job opportunities for people such as
fishermen, canoe and ship builders.
7. Sources of food supply- They provide food such as fish, prawns, crayfish
and crab
8. Recreation / Tourism: Some rivers are centres of tourist attraction
9. Construction of ports: Some rivers are good sites for the construction of
seaports and river ports.
10. Formation of fertile alluvial plans: formation of flood plains by rivers also
provides fertile soil for agricultural activities
Problems Encountered in the utilization of Nigerian Rivers
i. Seasonal fluctuation of the water volume.
ii. Rapids and falls on the rivers
iii. Growth of water weeds
iv. Narrow channels
v. River pollution
vi. Inland drainage into lakes
vii. Silting at river mouths
viii. Shallow channel
ix. Shortness of rivers.
River Basins: River basin refers to the area generally drained by a river and
its tributaries. Rivers basins are naturally depressed low land areas. River
basin is also called catchment area:
In Nigeria, there are five major river basin: There are
i. The Niger Basin
ii. The Benue Basin
iii. The chad Basin
iv. The Cross River Basin
v. The south Atlantic Basin. The rivers in these basins are grouped into
three classes of:
1. Long rivers with large basin: these rivers flow to the sea across long
distance through land e.g. Rivers Niger and Benue

2. Short rivers with small basin: These rivers also flow to the sea but are
very short e.g. Rivers Osun, Ogun and cross river
3. Rivers in basins of in land drainage: These Rivers do not reach the sea but
rather they flow into Lake Chad e.g. Rivers Yobe, Hadeija and yedseram
and Gana.
Importance of River Basins

1. Good sites for settlement
2. Suitable land for agricultural purposes.
3. Medium of communication
4. River basins serve as deposits for minerals eg petroleum
5. Sites for water supply.
Lakes in Nigeria: A lake is a body of water surrounded by land. They are grouped
into two:-
1. Man-made or artificial lakes: Theses lakes are constructed by man eg Lake
Kainji on River Niger and shiroro lake on River Kaduna
2. Natural lake example lake Chad

10th week
CLIMATIC MAP OF NIGERIA

Climate of Nigeria
Climate is defined the average weather condition of a place over a long period
of time (35 years). Weather is the atmospheric condition of a place over a short
period (days, weeks, hours, months)
Elements of climate
Elements of climate and weather include:
i. Temperature
ii. Rainfall
iii. Wind
iv. Relative humidity
v. Cloud cover
vi. Pressure
vii. Sunshine.
a. Temperature:
Temperature is defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of a place in
Nigeria, temperature varies from place to place and has the following
characteristics:
i. It varies from place to place due to nearness of an area to sea or
water. In the south, temperature is low (24oc) because of the cooling
effects of the Atlantic ocean while it is high in the north withy over 280c
because of the distance from the sea.
ii. It varies with attitude: Places on high altitude like Jos, Obudu, and
Adamawa etc. tend to have lower temperature (200c) while the
neighbouring low lands have temperature of over 270c.
iii. It varies with seasons: Temperatures are usually higher during the
rainy season in the north but low in the south during

iv. Variation in annual range: The annual range of temperature in the

south is between 2-30 while that of the North is 90c
Wind
Wind is defined as air in motion. Four Local types of winds in Nigeria:-
i. Tropical maritime Air mass (south-West trade wind: This trade wind
is responsible for rainy season it blows across the Atlantic Ocean
towards the coast of Nigeria. The wind is warm and wet; hence, it
brings rainfall to Nigeria with the wettest part in the delta region-
Warri and Port Harcourt having twelve months of rainfall. It started
around march and ends around October
ii. Tropical continental Air mass (North East trade wind): This trade wind
is responsible for the dry season. It blows across the Sahara desert
towards Nigeria. It is cold, dusty and dry; hence, it does not bring rain.
It brings harmattan. It starts from November and ends around
February.
iii. Equatorial Easterlies: This blows around the equator from the east. It
has some influence on the N.E and S. W trade wind when they meet.
The N.E and S.W trade winds meet along a slanting surface where they
continuously rub against each other. This surface is called inter tropical
front: The area above this front, where the two air masses mix to some
extent as a result of the rubbing, is called the intertropical
convergence zone (ITCZ)
This zone is not fixed. It moves north or south depending on which of the two
air masses is stronger. When the equational taster lies cut below the S.W
trade wind, they cause torrential rainfall accompanied by lightning and
thunder. This rainfall is called line squall
iv. Land and sea Breezes: Theses local winds are restricted to the coasts
of Lagos, Warri, Port Harcourt etc.
Rainfall Distribution on Nigeria
i. Rainfall in not uniformly distributed

ii. It is high in the south due to its nearness to the sea and the effect of
south west (S.W) trade wind while it is lighter or lesser in the north.
iii. Rainfall decreases from the south (3000mm) towards the north
(300mm)
iv. High land areas like Jos, Adamawa etc. receive higher rainfall than
neighbouring areas as a result of relief or orographic type of rainfall.
v. In the south there are two peaks of rainfall also called double maxima)
which are around June/ July and September/ October while the north
has only one peak rainfall (single maxima)

Types of climate in Nigeria

There are four main types of climate in Nigeria
1. Sub-equatorial climate
It is found in the south in places like Warri, Lagos, Calabar, Port Harcourt
etc.
Characteristics
1. It has heavy rainfall of over 2800mm per annum
2. It has high temperature of about 270c
3. It has double maxima of rainfall
4. It has low annual range temperature i.e. 2-30c
5. It has low period of wet or rainy season between 6-8 months and 3-4
months of dry season.
6. It has a high relative humility of over 90%
Effects of sub-equatorial climate on Agriculture
i. Heavy rainfall favours the growth of tree crops like cocoa, rubber, oil
palm and Kolanuts.
ii. Heavy rainfall also favours the growth of tuber crops like yam, cassava,
potatoes etc.
iii. It gives rise to double cropping i.e. two planting seasons in march and
September
iv. Heavy rainfall causes leaching and soil erosion
v. Heavy rainfall and high humidity which favours the growth of forest,
hinder rearing of cattle because of the lack of grasses.
2. Tropical Hinterland (wet climate)
This is found in the forest areas of like Ibadan, Ilorin, Akure/ Oshogbo, Enugu
etc.
Characteristics
1. It was moderate rainfall of 2000 – 3000mm.
2. It has 4-5 months of little rainfall
3. It has double maxima of rainfall in the southern boundary
4. It has annual range of temperature of 60c
Effects of Tropical Hinter land on Agriculture
i. Moderate rainfall favours the growth crops such as yam, cassava, coco-
yam, millet sorgum etc.
ii. High rainfall in the northern boundary favours the livestock production.
3. Tropical continental (Dry climate)
This is also called the sudden climate it is found in Sokoto, Bauchi, Kano,
Bornu etc.

Characteristics
i. Rainfall is between 500-1000mm per annum
ii. There is a long period of little or no rainfall (4-8 months of dry
seasons)
iii. The relative humidity is low (20 – 40%/m January and (50 -60%/m
in July.
iv. High temperature throughout the year
v. It has high range of temperature (110c)
Effects on Agriculture
i. Little rainfall brings about irrigation farming around in Kima – Sokoto
basin etc.
ii. It favours the growth of grain crops like millet isorghum, etc.
iii. It supports the livestock production
iv. It encourages wind erosion
4. High plateau climate
This is found around Jos, Adamawa, Obudu, Mambilla plateau.
Characteristics
1. It has heavy rainfall of about 2000mm
2. It has moderate temperature between 210c and 260c
3. It has a high relative humidity
4. Temperature range is between 80c and 120c
Effects on Agriculture
1. Heavy rainfall leads to contour ploughing
2. Heavy rainfall supports the growth of tree crops like coffee
3. Absence of pests eg tse-tse flies promotes livestock
4. Moderate rainfall in the lowlands favours the growth of grasses for cattle
rearing.
Vegetation of Nigeria
It is grouped into three major zones these are:
1. Forest zone or vegetation
This contains namely trees and has the following forest belts.
i. Mangrove swamp forest (salt and fresh water swamp)
ii. Rainforest
2. Savanna zone or vegetation
The Savana zone is made up mainly grasses and is further sub-divided into
three belts. These are (i) Guinea savanna (ii) Sudan savanna (iii) Sahel
savanna
3. Montana vegetation or zone: This is found in high land areas like Jos and
Adamawa with trees and grasses.

Different types of forest vegetation

1. Mangrove swamp forest
This found in delta and coastal areas like Port-Harcourt, Warri, Uyo and
Calabar
Characteristics
i. It has tall, woody trees
ii. It has evergreen trees with broad leaves
iii. Trees found include white mangrove, red mangrove and some raffia
palms
iv. It has aerial roots
Importance
1. Raffia palm is used for making baskets, bags, brooms, cane chairs and the
production of palm wine.
2. Mangrove trees are used for boat building
3. Family activities such as swamp rice cultivation is carried on this type
vegetation
2. Rain forest
This is found in southern part of Nigeria in Benin, sapele, Akure, Ibadan,
Abeokuta, Aba etc.
Characteristics
1. It has fall trees with but trees roots, evergreen and broad leaves
2. Trees exist in different heights, storage or layers
3. Presence of little undergrowth due to canopy of the forest
4. Presence of climbers, creepers, epiphytes and parasitic plants
5. It has numerous heterogeneous species of trees like Iroko, Obeche,
mahogany etc.
6. Plant species are not in pure stand I.e. trees are scattered.
Importance
1. It provides tropical hardwood like Iroko, Obeche, and mahogany timber
for construction purposes.
2. Lumbering of these trees provides employment
3. It favours the cultivation of tree crops in plantation e.g rubber, cocoa and
oil palm
4. It provides wood as sources of fuel.
Different types of Savanna vegetation

1. Guinea Savanna
This found in Enugu, Lokoja, Ilorin, Markudi, Oshogbo etc. it is largest of
all vegetation
Characteristics

1. It has tall grasses and few scattered trees

2. Trees found in it are oil palm, dum palm, shear butter, Isoberlina etc.
3. Trees are deciduous and have thick barks
4. The trees have umbrella shaped canopy
5. Guava forest along the river banks.
2. Sudan Savanna
This is found in Sokoto, Kastina, Kaduna, Kano, Dutse, Bauchi, etc.
Characteristics
i. It has short numerous grasses.
ii. It has scattered and short deciduous trees
iii. Plant species that grow on it include: acacia date palm, silk cotton
plants, baobab etc.
iv. Some trees have thorns while others have thick barks.
v. Some trees wither in dry season and spout at the beginning of rainy
season
3. Sahel Savanna
This Savanna is found in Maiduguri and Damaturu
Characteristics
i. It has short scanty grasses
ii. Presence of short and tough shrubs / trees
iii. It has many drought resistant and scattered plants
iv. Common plants found include: acacia, gum Arabic, date palm and
baobab
Montane vegetation
Characteristics
i. It is associated with high land areas
ii. It has varied trees at its wind word side.
iii. It has grasses at its leeward side
iv. Presence of short, scattered and deciduous trees
Importance
i. Livestock production especially transhumance is carried on it
ii. Cultivation of crops also take place
Contributions of forest vegetation to Economic growth of Nigeria
1. Provision of food
2. Provision of timber
3. Foreign exchange
4. Employment
5. Raw materials for industries
6. Provision of fuel wood
7. Tourism and wild life

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BUBENDORFF MEMORIAL GRAMMAR SCHOOL, ADAZI- NNUKWU

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

The environmental hazards common in West Africa are discussed in this

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

IMPORTANCE OF ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCES

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

Factors which determine the Size of Human resources.

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

IMPORTANCE OF MINERAL RESOURCES

PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM THE EXPOLITATION OF MINERAL

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

Population = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IN NIGERIA

REASONS FOR HIGH POPULATION DENSITY

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

9. Migration; rural-urban migration tends to increase. In Maiduguri, people

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

3. Unfavorable climate; high temperature and low rainfall especially in

ADVANTAGES OF LOW POPULATION DENSITY

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

population that are capable of contributing to the wellbeing of the total

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

Note: map of Nigeria showing location, position and states

POLITICAL DIVISION OF NIGERIA

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

Major Rock Types in Highlands

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

3. Mountains promote soil erosion: Areas close to mountains are usually

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

Importance of Nigeria Rivers

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

Importance of River Basins

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

CLIMATIC MAP OF NIGERIA

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

iv. Variation in annual range: The annual range of temperature in the

i. Rainfall in not uniformly distributed

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

Types of climate in Nigeria

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

Different types of forest vegetation

Different types of Savanna vegetation

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

1. It has tall grasses and few scattered trees

BMGS – Greatness through Hard work

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