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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING – CC101

2
MIDTERM
WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM?

An operating system (OS) is a fundamental software program that manages a computer's

hardware resources and provides essential services for application software. It acts as
an intermediary between the computer's hardware components and the user's software
applications.

1. Resource Management: The OS oversees the utilization of a computer's physical

resources, such as the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory, storage, and
input/output devices. It provides a way for different applications to interact with these
resources effectively.
2. Process Management: It manages processes or tasks within the computer. It's
responsible for creating, terminating, and switching the execution of applications, as well
as scheduling processes to ensure fair access to the CPU.
3. Memory Management: The OS controls the use of memory to provide secure and
efficient access to RAM (Random Access Memory) for application software. It also
manages virtual memory to help accommodate more applications than can fit in physical
memory.
4. File System Management: The OS allows the organization and access of files and data
on storage devices. It provides utilities for managing, browsing, and restoring files.
5. Security: The OS has mechanisms for data and resource protection within the system.
It offers user accounts and passwords and restricts or allows access to specific
resources based on users' privileges.
6. User Interface: The OS presents the user interface, which allows users to interact with
the computer. This can be a command-line interface or a graphical user interface (GUI)
depending on the OS.
7. Networking: Modern operating systems include network protocols to establish
connections with other systems and servers. This is essential for internet access and
creating networked environments.

There are several types of operating systems, each designed for specific purposes and use
cases. Here are some of the common types:

1. Single-User Operating System: These operating systems are designed for a single
user and are typically found on personal computers. They manage resources for a single
user at a time and provide a user-friendly interface. Examples include Microsoft
Windows and macOS.
2. Multi-User Operating System: Multi-user operating systems are capable of managing
multiple users and their processes simultaneously. They are often used on servers and
mainframes where multiple users need to access resources concurrently. Examples
include Linux, Unix, and various server editions of Windows.
3. Desktop Operating System: These are operating systems designed for personal
computers and workstations. They typically include a graphical user interface and are
 optimized for desktop and laptop usage. Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux
distributions like Ubuntu.
4. Server Operating System: Server OSes are optimized for use on servers to provide
services and resources to clients over a network. They often lack a graphical user
interface and prioritize stability, security, and performance. Examples include Windows
Server, Linux server distributions, and FreeBSD.
5. Mobile Operating System: These operating systems are designed for mobile devices
such as smartphones and tablets. They are optimized for touch interfaces and mobile-
specific hardware. Examples include Android, iOS, and Windows Mobile (discontinued).

BOOTABLE FLASH DRIVE

A bootable flash drive, also known as a bootable USB drive or bootable USB stick, is a USB
flash drive that has been configured to function as a bootable device for a computer. When you
plug a bootable flash drive into a computer and start or restart the computer, it can be used to
launch and run an operating system or diagnostic tools directly from the USB drive, bypassing
the computer's internal hard drive.

HOW TO CREATE A BOOTABLE FLASH DRIVE?

Creating a bootable flash drive involves preparing a USB drive to be used as a bootable
medium for installing or running an operating system. The steps may vary slightly depending on
the operating system you want to make bootable on the flash drive, but here are the general
steps:

Note: Before you begin, back up any data on the USB drive, as the process will erase all
existing data on it.

1. Select a USB Drive: Choose a USB flash drive with sufficient capacity (typically 8GB or
more) and ensure it is empty or that you don't mind losing its contents.
2. Download the ISO Image: Obtain the ISO file for the operating system you want to
make bootable. You can typically find these files on the official website of the operating
system or from a trusted source.
3. Download Bootable Media Creation Tool: Some operating systems, like Windows,
offer a bootable media creation tool. Download and install the appropriate tool for your
operating system.

Use Third-Party Software: If your operating system does not have an official tool, you can
use third-party software. Popular choices include Rufus (for Windows) and Etcher (cross-
platform).

1. Insert the USB Drive: Plug your USB drive into an available USB port on your
computer.
2. Run the Bootable Media Creation Tool: If you are using a third-party tool, open it. If
you are using an official tool, follow the instructions for creating bootable media.
3. Select the ISO Image: Locate and select the downloaded ISO file in the bootable media
creation tool.
4. Choose the USB Drive: In the tool, select the USB drive you want to make bootable. Be
very careful to select the correct drive, as this process will erase its contents.
5. Configure Settings (if available): Some tools may offer options for formatting,
partitioning, or other settings. Make the necessary configurations according to your
needs.
 6. Start the Process: Begin the process of creating the bootable drive. This may take
some time, depending on the size of the ISO file and the speed of your USB drive.
7. Completion and Ejection: Once the process is complete, you will receive a notification
or message indicating that the bootable flash drive is ready. Safely eject the drive from
your computer.

Your bootable flash drive is now ready to be used. To boot from it, restart your computer and
access the boot menu or BIOS/UEFI settings. Choose the USB drive as the boot device, and
your computer will start from the operating system on the flash drive. This is useful for installing
or repairing operating systems, or for running live versions of operating systems.

REQUIREMENTS:

Creating a bootable flash drive is a useful process for installing or repairing an operating system
on a computer. The specific requirements and steps can vary depending on the operating
system you want to install or run from the flash drive. Here are the general requirements and
steps to create a bootable flash drive:

1. Flash Drive: You'll need a USB flash drive with sufficient capacity to hold the operating
system and any additional files. Generally, an 8GB or 16GB flash drive is sufficient for
most Linux distributions or Windows operating systems.
2. Operating System ISO or Installation Files: You need the installation files or an ISO
image of the operating system you want to create a bootable drive for. Make sure you
download these files from a trusted source.
3. Computer: You need a computer with a working USB port where you can create the
bootable flash drive.
4. Bootable Software: You will need a bootable USB creation tool, which varies depending
on the operating system you're creating the bootable drive for. Some popular options
include Rufus, UNetbootin, and the built-in tools provided by the operating system.

INSTALLATION OF OPERATING SYSTEM:

Installing Windows operating system using a bootable USB flash drive is a common and
straightforward process. Here are the general steps to install Windows using a bootable USB
drive:

Prerequisites:
 A bootable USB flash drive with a Windows installation image. You can create one using
the Windows Media Creation Tool or Rufus if you don't have one already.
 A computer or device where you want to install Windows.
 Backup any important data from the device as the installation process will erase the
existing data.

Installation Steps:
1. Insert the Bootable USB Drive:
 Insert the bootable USB flash drive into an available USB port on your computer.
2. Power On the Computer:
 Power on or restart your computer. You may need to change the boot order in the
BIOS/UEFI settings to boot from the USB drive.
3. Access the BIOS/UEFI Settings:
  During the initial boot-up process, press the key (usually displayed on the
screen) to enter the BIOS or UEFI settings. Common keys are F2, F12, ESC, or
DEL.
4. Change Boot Order:
 In the BIOS/UEFI settings, navigate to the Boot or Boot Order section.
 Change the boot order to prioritize the USB drive. This ensures that the computer
boots from the USB drive instead of the internal hard drive.
5. Save Changes and Exit:
 After changing the boot order, save your changes and exit the BIOS/UEFI
settings. This action will restart the computer.
6. Windows Setup Begins:
 The computer should now boot from the USB drive. Windows Setup will begin,
and you'll see the Windows logo.
7. Select Language and Region:
 Choose your language, time, currency, and keyboard preferences.
8. Click "Next" and "Install Now":
 Click "Next" on the initial setup screen, and then click "Install Now" to start the
installation.
9. Enter Product Key:
 Enter your Windows product key when prompted. You can also skip this step and
enter the key later.
10. Accept License Terms:
 Read and accept the Microsoft Software License Terms.
11. Select Installation Type:
 Choose between "Custom: Install Windows only (advanced)" and "Upgrade:
Install Windows and keep files, settings, and applications" (if upgrading an
existing installation).
12. Partition and Format:
 If you chose the Custom installation option, you'll need to select a partition for the
installation. You can create new partitions or use existing ones. Format the
selected partition.
13. Installation Progress:
 Windows will copy files, install features, and update settings. The computer may
restart during this process.
14. Set Up Windows:
 Follow on-screen prompts to set up your region, keyboard layout, and create or
sign in with a Microsoft account.
15. Finalize Settings:
 Configure additional settings, such as privacy options and computer name.
16. Complete Setup:
 Once setup is complete, you'll be taken to the Windows desktop. Install device
drivers and software, as needed.
17. Windows Updates:
 It's essential to check for and install Windows updates after the installation is
complete.

You may watch the following link below for the demonstration:

https://youtu.be/0_BJ2KPJ7qY?si=XToWH_YZbU1T5EYe

You should now have Windows installed on your computer using the bootable USB drive.
Please note that these steps are for a typical installation of Windows, and specific details may
vary depending on the version of Windows you are installing. Be sure to back up any important
data and consult your device manufacturer's instructions if needed.

DEVICE DRIVERS

After installing an operating system, you may need to install various device drivers to ensure
that your hardware functions correctly. These drivers allow the operating system to
communicate with and control the hardware components of your computer. Here are common
types of device drivers you might need to install:
1. Graphics Drivers: Graphics drivers are essential for the proper functioning of your
display. They ensure that your monitor can display the correct resolution and colors. On
most computers, you'll need to install drivers for your graphics card or integrated
graphics chipset.
2. Network Drivers: These drivers enable your network adapter to connect to the internet
or local network. Without network drivers, you won't be able to access the internet or
network resources. This includes drivers for Ethernet (wired) and Wi-Fi (wireless)
connections.
3. Audio Drivers: Audio drivers are necessary for your computer's sound card to produce
sound. Without these drivers, you won't hear any audio, such as music or system
sounds.
4. Chipset Drivers: The chipset driver is crucial for communication between the various
components on your motherboard. It can affect system stability and performance, so it's
important to install this driver.
5. Storage Drivers: Depending on your storage configuration, you may need specific
drivers. For example, if you have a Solid-State Drive (SSD) or a RAID array, you may
need drivers to optimize performance and compatibility.
6. USB and Peripheral Drivers: Drivers for USB ports and peripheral devices like printers,
scanners, and webcams are often necessary for proper functionality. These drivers
enable the operating system to recognize and interact with these devices.
7. Bluetooth Drivers: If your computer has built-in Bluetooth capabilities, you'll need to
install Bluetooth drivers to connect and use Bluetooth devices like keyboards, mice, and
headphones.
8. Touchpad or Pointing Device Drivers: Laptops often require drivers for the touchpad
or pointing device to enable features like multi-touch gestures and accurate cursor
control.
9. Camera Drivers: Built-in webcams on laptops or external webcams may require drivers
for video conferencing, video recording, and other camera-related functions.
10. Printer and Scanner Drivers: These drivers are necessary for the functioning of
printers and scanners. Without them, you won't be able to print or scan documents.
11. Additional Hardware-Specific Drivers: Some computers or devices may have
specialized hardware components that require specific drivers. This can include
specialized sensors, controllers, and more.

To install these drivers, you'll typically need to follow these steps:

1. Visit the website of your computer's manufacturer or the hardware component's
manufacturer. They often provide driver downloads.
2. Locate and download the appropriate drivers for your specific model and operating
system version.
3. Run the downloaded driver installer, which typically guides you through the installation
process.
4. Follow any on-screen instructions and reboot your computer when prompted.
After installing these drivers, your hardware should work optimally, and you'll have access to all
the features and functions these devices provide. Keep in mind that some drivers might be
automatically installed by the operating system, but it's a good practice to ensure you have the
latest and most compatible drivers installed for your hardware.

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. Why is Operating System very important to computers?
2. What are the requirements of flash drive that will you use if you are creating a bootable
flash drive?
3. For you, is creating bootable flash drive is easy? If yes why, if no what makes it difficult?
4. Without copying the given definition above, what do you think is the difference of the
Single-User Operating System and Multiple-User Operating System?
5. Without copying the given definition above, what do you think is the difference of the
Desktop Operating System and Mobile Operating System?
6. Why are device drivers important after the installation of the Operating System?
7. According to what you have watch, what is partitioning?
8. What is BIOS setting?

Prepared by:
Eddie U Agbayani Jr., MSIT