The document provides a certificate for a student certifying the completion of a chemistry project on dyes. It includes the student's name, class, roll number, and confirms the project was completed under supervision of the chemistry department teacher. The student expresses gratitude to the teacher and laboratory assistant for their guidance and help with the project. It introduces the concepts of qualitative analysis and lists various acid radicals, basic radicals, and group reagents used for analysis. It then details a series of tests performed on salt samples to detect different cations and anions present. Preliminary tests were used to infer the radicals, followed by group tests to detect specific cations. Chemical reactions involved in each test are also provided.
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The document provides a certificate for a student certifying the completion of a chemistry project on dyes. It includes the student's name, class, roll number, and confirms the project was completed under supervision of the chemistry department teacher. The student expresses gratitude to the teacher and laboratory assistant for their guidance and help with the project. It introduces the concepts of qualitative analysis and lists various acid radicals, basic radicals, and group reagents used for analysis. It then details a series of tests performed on salt samples to detect different cations and anions present. Preliminary tests were used to infer the radicals, followed by group tests to detect specific cations. Chemical reactions involved in each test are also provided.
The document provides a certificate for a student certifying the completion of a chemistry project on dyes. It includes the student's name, class, roll number, and confirms the project was completed under supervision of the chemistry department teacher. The student expresses gratitude to the teacher and laboratory assistant for their guidance and help with the project. It introduces the concepts of qualitative analysis and lists various acid radicals, basic radicals, and group reagents used for analysis. It then details a series of tests performed on salt samples to detect different cations and anions present. Preliminary tests were used to infer the radicals, followed by group tests to detect specific cations. Chemical reactions involved in each test are also provided.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
The document provides a certificate for a student certifying the completion of a chemistry project on dyes. It includes the student's name, class, roll number, and confirms the project was completed under supervision of the chemistry department teacher. The student expresses gratitude to the teacher and laboratory assistant for their guidance and help with the project. It introduces the concepts of qualitative analysis and lists various acid radicals, basic radicals, and group reagents used for analysis. It then details a series of tests performed on salt samples to detect different cations and anions present. Preliminary tests were used to infer the radicals, followed by group tests to detect specific cations. Chemical reactions involved in each test are also provided.
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Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled Dyes has been submitted by Soumya Subhra Dutta a student of class XII-A under the Roll no.__________ for the academic session 2009-2010. He has completed the project work Chemistry Department under direct supervision of the undersigned as per the requirement for the Board Examination.
(----------) Department of Chemistry ----------------------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We want to express our sincere gratitude to our Chemistry teacher Miss Rimpa Mukherjee for her guidance, encouragement and kind co-operation without which my chemistry project wont have been possible. We are also grateful to Mr. Manojeet Das, LABORATORY ASSISTANT, CHEMISTRY
DEPARTMENT for his valuable help during the preparation of this project.
SOUMYA SUBHRA DUTTA XII-A Roll No.________________
GENERAL INTRODUCTION Qualitative Analysis: The type of analysis that deals with the methods which are used to determine the constituents of a compound. Radical: A radical is defined as an atom or group of atoms which carries charge and behaves as a single unit in chemical reactions. Radicals carrying positive charge are called Basic Radicals and radicals carrying negative charge are called Acidic radicals. Sublimation: It is a process by which a salt directly changes into a gaseous phase without melting when heated. On cooling, vapours condense back to the solid state. Importance of Preliminary test in qualitative analysis Preliminary tests give authentic information about an ion in the salt. For example, golden yellow color in flame test shows the presence of sodium. In a charcoal cavity test, brown residue shows the presence of cadmium in a salt and so on.
Groups reagents for different groups
Group I Dilute HCl Group II H2S in the presence of dil. HCl Group III NH4OH in presence of NH4Cl Group IV H2S in presence of NH4OH Group V (NH4)2CO3 in presence of NH4Cl and NH4OH Group VI NO specific reagent.
List of Acid Radicals ClBrINO3CH3COOC2O42SO42PO43CO32SO32S2NO2-
List of Basic Radicals NH4+ Pb2+ Cu2+ As3+ Fe3+ Co2+ Ni2+ Mn2+ Zn2+ Ba2+ Sr2+ Ca2+ Mg2+
PART I Test Observations Inference Gas Dil. H2S04 test: To a small quantity of salt , 1 -2 ml of dil. H2SO4 is added. 1) Colorless, odorless gas with brisk effervense
Radical CO32-
CO2
turns water milky. 2) Colorless gas, pungent smell, turns acidified
SO2
SO32-
K2Cr2O7 paper green. 3) Colourless gas with
rotten egg smell, turns lead acetate paper black. 4) Reddish brown gas, pungent smell, turns
PART II Test To a small quantity of slat 2-3 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid is added. 1)Colorless gas with
Observations
Inference Gas Radicals Cl-
pungent smell, white fume with aqueous ammonia
HCl
NH4OH white ppt. AgNO3 2) Reddish brown vapors with pungent smell, turns starch paper yellow. It doesnt turn FeSO4 soln black. 3) Deep violet vapors with
Br2
Br-
I2
I-
pungent smell turn starch paper blue. 4) Reddish brown gas with pungent smell turns FeSO4 soln black. 5) Colorless gas which turn lime water milky and a gas which flame. burns with blue
To the salt soltn few brown color is due to the drops of Nessler reagent formation of were added. Mercuric Amido Iodide [NH2.HgO.HgI] ).
Chemical reactions involved in it are: Nessler Reagent test: 2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH NH2.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O
Group 1 Detection of Pb2+ ion Test Observation Inference
1) HCl test: To the salt White ppt. of is formed Pb2+ is present. soln , dil. HCl is added to which is soluble in water. the solution. 2) K2CrO4 test: To the Yellow ppt. is formed due Pb2+ is present. salt solution chromate, added. 3) KI test: To the salt Yellow ppt. is formed due Pb2+ is present. soln Potassium Iodide is to the formation of PbI2 added. which is soluble in hot water reappears as Golden cooling. spangles on Potassium to formation of PbCrO4. is
Potassium Ferro cyanide test: To the sample, few drops of K4[Fe(CN)6] is added.
Observation Chocolate Brown ppt. of Cuprous Ferro cyanide
Inference Cu2+ is present
Cu[Fe(CN)6] is obtained.
Chemical reactions involved in it are: Potassium Ferro cyanide test: 2CuSO4 + [Fe (CN)6] + 2 K2SO4.
Group II A Detection of As3+
Test Observation Inference As3+ is present.
1) Ammonium molybdate A yellow ppt. is formed. test: To a part of the soln, add ammonium
molybdate and heat it. 2) Magnesia mixture A white ppt. is formed. As3+ is present.
test: The second part of the soln is made alkaline with NH4OH solution and magnesia added. 3) H2S gas test: The Yellow ppt. is formed. salt soln is added with dil H2S gas. As3+ is present. mixture is
cyanide test: To the ferric ferro cyanide is sample, few drops of formed. K4[Fe(CN)6] is added.
Chemical reactions involved in it are: 4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] 12KCl + Fe[Fe(CN)6]3.
Group III Detection of Al3+ Test
1) Lake ppt. Reaction: Al(OH)3
Inference A A blue lake is seen is
Observation Al3+ is present
white
dissolved in dil HCl and drop wise NH4OH is
added till the blue color develops. 2) Cobalt Nitrate test: Blue mass is produced. The salt is acted with cobalt nitrate. Al3+ is present
Chemical Reactions involved in it are: Lake test: AlCl3 + 3NH4OH NH4Cl + Al(OH)3
Group IV Detection of Ni2+ Test Observation Inference
is present and
DMG test: To a small Rose red coloration or Ni2+ amount of salt solution, ppt. is formed. few drops of NH4OH is added along with a few drops Glyoxime) DMG(Dimethyl
confirmed.
Detection of Zn2+ Test 1) Sodium
Observation
Inference
Hydroxide White ppt is formed that Zn2+ is present
test: To the salt soln, is dissolved in excess few drops of NaOH are NaOH. added. 2) H2S gas test: To the White ppt is formed salt soln, few drops of NH4OH soln. are added and then H 2S gas is Zn2+ is present
passed. 3) Potassium test: few Ferro White ppt is formed of Zn2+ is present To the Zinc Ferro cyanide. drops of
cyanide sample,
K4[Fe(CN)6] is added.
Chemical reaction involved in it is: NaOH test: ZnCl2 + NaOH ZnOH +NaCl
K4[Fe(CN)6] test: ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] Zn[Fe(CN)6]
Detection of Co2+ Test Inference Observation
Ammonium thio cyanate Blue coloration of organic Co2+ is present. ether test: To the salt layer. soln, crystals of NH4SCN are added and 1 ml of amyl alcohol.
Chemical Reactions involved in it are: Ammonium thiocynate ether test: CoCl2 + NH4SCN (NH4)2[Co(SCN)4] + 2 NH4Cl.
Detection of Mn2+ Test
1) and Sodium Bromine
Observations
Inference
Hydroxide A white ppt. was formed. Mn2+ is present test: To But after addition of Br2
the salt soln, NaOH soln water it turned black or is added and well shaken brown. and then Br2 water is added. 2) Lead Peroxide test: Pink colored soln is Mn2+ is present.
To a black ppt. conc. observed. HNO3 and lead peroxide are added. It is boiled, cooled and allowed to settle down.
Chemical reactions involved in it are: 1) NaOH and Br2 water test: MnCl2 + 2NaOH Mn(OH)2 + 2NaCl
1) (NH4)2CO3 test: To a A white ppt. soluble in Ba2+ is present small soln, quantity few of salt acetic acid is formed. of
drops
NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 is added. 2) K2CrO4 test: To the A yellow ppt. is formed. salt solution chromate, added. 3) (NH4)2SO4 test: To a A white ppt. is formed. small of salt soln, Ba2+ is present. Potassium is Ba2+ is present
Group VI Detection of Mg2+ Test Observation Inference
Mg2+ is present.
1) Ammonium Phosphate A white ppt. is formed. test: To the salt soln, some solid NH4Cl and NH4OH is added. Then ammonium soln. added. 2)Charcoal cavity test: A pink mass is obtained. Perform charcoal cavity cobalt nitrate test with phosphate
Mg2+ is present.
the salt soln.
Chemical reactions involved in it are: 1) Ammonium phosphate test: MgCl2 + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4
Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NH4Cl + H20
Detection of Na+ Test
1) Potassium
Observation pyro- A white milkiness
Inference is Na+ is present
antimonate test: To the observed. salt soln, potassium pyro antimonite soln is
added. 2)Flame test: Perform Persistent golden yellow Na+ is present. flame invisible through blue glass.
flame test the salt soln.
Chemical reactions involved in it are: Potassium pyro-antimonate test: 2NaCl + K2H2Sb207 2KCl +
Na2H2Sb207
Detection of K+ Test Observation Inference
K+ is present.
1) Sodium Cobalt nitrile A yellow ppt. is formed. test: To the salt soln NaOH soln is added and then sodium freshly cobalt prepared nitrite
soln is added. 2) Picric acid test: To Yellow shining crystalline K+ is present. the salt soln, picric acid ppt. is formed. is added. 3)Flame test: Perform A pale violet flame is K+ is present.
flame test with the salt observed and it is pink soln. through the blue glass.
Chemical reactions involved in it are: 1) Sodium cobalt nitrite soln: 3KCl + Na3[Co(NO2)6] 3NaCl + K3[Co(NO2)6] 2) Picric acid test:KCl + C6H2(NO2)3OH HCl + C6H2(NO2)3OK.
