Awareness-of-Postpartum-Depression-among-Mothers-in-Adapted-Barangaysof-College-of-Nursing-Public-Health-and-Midwifery Part 1
Awareness-of-Postpartum-Depression-among-Mothers-in-Adapted-Barangaysof-College-of-Nursing-Public-Health-and-Midwifery Part 1
Awareness-of-Postpartum-Depression-among-Mothers-in-Adapted-Barangaysof-College-of-Nursing-Public-Health-and-Midwifery Part 1
childbearing age and constitutes a significant public health problem globally (Obioha,
can have a profound impact on the well-being of both the mother and the infant.
among postnatal mothers is crucial for developing effective interventions and support
systems.
knowledge empowers women to seek help, access appropriate resources, and engage
While postpartum depression has been widely studied in various settings, there
postnatal mothers with lower levels of education and socioeconomic status were more
included a lack of partner support, stressful life events, and pre-existing mental health
conditions.
In the study of Obioha (2021b), the study found that there is a common lack of
postnatal mothers had good knowledge of postpartum depression, and only 11.0% had
a good attitude towards it. The prevalence of postpartum depression among the
researchers explored the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of pregnant and lying-
in women regarding postpartum depression (PPD). The study involved the use of a
knowledge, attitude, and practice were found to be generally low, with significant
variations based on age, education, and job status. While there were no marked
revealed that higher scores in knowledge and attitude were associated with better
awareness of postpartum depression among mothers has not been extensively studied.
However, research conducted in other settings provides insights into the importance of
understanding the level of awareness, we can identify gaps in knowledge and develop
targeted interventions to improve mental health support for these mothers. Ultimately,
this research has the potential to contribute to the overall well-being and resilience of
By exploring these factors, the researchers aim to contribute to the existing body
of targeted interventions and support systems and helping inform healthcare providers,
adapted barangays. The results will also guide the development of targeted
depression, ultimately improving the overall well-being of postnatal mothers and their
children.
Research Questions
This research aims to assess the level of awareness and attitude in postpartum
Health of Midwifery at Santiago, Isabela, which will serve as a basis for proposing an
intervention and action program aimed at increasing their knowledge and awareness of
postpartum depression.
1.1 Age
1.2 Religion
1.3 Ethnicity
1.5 Occupation
demographic profile?
Research Hypothesis
empower mothers’ awareness about potential challenges they may face. This
awareness can lead to early recognition of symptoms, timely intervention, and improved
workers valuable insights into the local dynamics of postpartum depression, enabling
them to enhance their role as frontline healthcare providers. Armed with a deeper
understanding, they can actively engage with mothers, identify at-risk individuals, and
facilitate timely interventions or referrals to promote mental well-being within the
barangay.
City Health Office. The study's results serve as a foundation for the City Health
depression at a broader citywide level. This information equips the office with data-
based policymaking at the community level. Insights into the prevalence and factors
aimed at promoting maternal mental health, ultimately contributing to the overall well-
Adapted Barangay as a Community. The study's results can directly benefit the
knowledge can reduce the stigma surrounding mental health issues, encourage
different cultural contexts. It provides a foundation for comparative studies and further
Theoretical Framework
The study is anchored to the Health Belief Model (HBM), commonly known as
Jorm's Framework, offering a theoretical foundation for comprehending the factors that
College of Nursing, Public Health and Midwifery. In alignment with the HBM, the
such as age, marital status, number of children, means of delivery, religion, educational
attainment, and job. Additionally, the model considers the perceived severity of
postpartum depression, emphasizing the impact on the well-being of both mothers and
necessary support. The framework extends its purview to healthcare system factors,
the specific context in adapted barangay of College of Nursing, Public Health, and
Midwifery.
In this study, the primary inputs consist of various factors relevant to postpartum
status, number of children, means of delivery, religion, educational attainment, and job,
about postpartum depression, cultural and social norms within the barangay, and
healthcare system factors and accessibility are essential inputs. The process involves
dissecting these inputs through specific lenses. The perceived susceptibility, severity,
depression awareness. Furthermore, the broader context takes into account the
insights into the factors influencing postpartum depression awareness, the development
awareness and knowledge levels among postnatal mothers, improved self-efficacy and
postpartum depression and its impact. This structured framework provides a systematic
Postpartum Depression
According to Burgut et al. (2013), they found that there is much less information
women. Postpartum women, especially those with maternal complications, need close
screening and quick access to mental healthcare within integrated reproductive health
services.
As stated by Zakeri et al. (2022), with an increase in stress and anxiety and a
reduction in the quality of prenatal care, the risk of postpartum depression increases.
Therefore, attention to the quality of prenatal care and postpartum stress and anxiety
are recommended to promote the mental health of women before and after childbirth.
the first 12 months postpartum for both mothers and fathers (Escribà-Agüir & Artazcoz,
2013).
healthcare, quality prenatal care, psychological support, and interventions for both
mothers and fathers. By addressing risk factors, providing timely support, and promoting
mental health, the researcher can better prevent and manage postpartum depression
As stated by Nguyen et al. (2021), they found that in Vietnam, PPD is conducted
among women at and after 1-month delivery. The rate of PPD reported in Vietnam
among mothers at postnatal time points from 1 to 12 months ranged from 8.2 to 48.1%.
Risk factors can be clustered into three groups: personal factors, family factors, and
environmental factors.
ensuring timely access to mental healthcare, and prioritizing the quality of prenatal care.
This approach extends beyond mothers to encompass fathers, emphasizing the need
for psychological support and interventions for both parents. Early identification of PPD
is crucial, as it allows for targeted interventions that can mitigate the risk of long-term
that integrates various elements, including screening, mental healthcare, and support
for both parents, is essential for effectively addressing and managing postpartum
depression.
invasive interventions in the perinatal period for midwives to support maternal mental
health. Published in Midwifery, the study utilized a systematic review design and
focused on inclusion criteria for articles. Major findings highlighted various interventions
across the perinatal continuum. However, the authors concluded that integrating these
evidence. The study suggested areas for further research, including midwifery-led
health, emphasizing the need for ongoing investigation and strategies for midwifery
stillborn baby on maternal mental health and well-being. The research, which utilized a
for women who held their babies compared to those who did not. The study included
468 eligible responses from women who experienced stillbirth, with a response rate of
30.2%. Major findings indicated that women who held their stillborn babies reported
higher rates of mental health and relationship difficulties. After adjusting for
demographic and clinical factors, those who held their baby had significantly higher
odds of experiencing anxiety and relationship difficulties with family at 9 months. The
study contributes valuable insights into the emotional complexities following stillbirth and
The study of Maher et al. (2017), investigates the associations between maternal
mental health and well-being and objective monitor-based measures of physical activity
(PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in children. Focusing on 191 mother-child dyads from
the Mother's and Their Children's Health study, the research explored whether a
revealed a significant negative correlation between mothers' parenting stress and their
health and well-being did not show significant relationships with children's activity
patterns. This research contributes valuable insights into the nuanced dynamics
Mortazavi et al. (2015) conducted the study to validate the World Health
and explore changes in maternal well-being from pregnancy to postpartum. Using the
General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) as the data gathering tool, the study
demonstrated good internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.85 for
WHO-5 items. The WHO-5 cut-off score of <50 exhibited optimal sensitivity (0.84) and
found in mean WHO-5 scores between the third trimester and postpartum. Maternal
breastfeeding difficulty and maternal well-being scores during the third trimester
predicted postpartum well-being. This research provides valuable insights into the
factors influencing maternal well-being during the perinatal period, emphasizing the
during the perinatal period. Alderdice et al. (2013) conducted a systematic review
health, emphasizing the need for ongoing investigation and strategies. Redshaw et al.
(2016) explored the impact of holding a stillborn baby, revealing higher rates of mental
health and relationship difficulties among women who held their baby. Maher et al.
Mortazavi et al. (2015) validated the WHO-5 in pregnant Iranian women, identifying
predictors of maternal well-being during the perinatal period. Together, these studies
the importance of tailored support strategies in promoting maternal well-being during the
perinatal continuum.
Overall, these studies highlight various aspects of maternal health and well-being
during the perinatal period. Alderdice et al. (2013) emphasize the need for further
Redshaw et al. (2016) highlight the emotional complexities following stillbirth and the
impact of holding the baby on maternal mental health and relationship difficulties. Maher
et al. (2017) shed light on the relationship between maternal mental health and
in promoting child health. Mortazavi et al. (2015) validate the WHO-5 as a screening
tool for maternal well-being and identify predictors of well-being during the perinatal
period.
Awareness/Knowledge of Postpartum Depression
Poreddi et al. (2020) found that the mean scores on knowledge (18.92 ± 3.27)
and attitude (31.39 ± 4.91) scales suggest that a majority of the participants had a good
level of knowledge (54%) and positive attitudes (69.7%) towards women with
postpartum depression still prevail. Family members who had a good level of education
(χ2 = 4.21, p < 0.05) and had come across women with postpartum depression (χ2 =
13.27, p < 0.001) hold positive attitudes towards postpartum depression compared to
family members with a lower level of education and those who did not come across
The mean scores on knowledge (18.92 ± 3.27) and attitude (31.39 ± 4.91) scales
suggest that a majority of the participants had a good level of knowledge (54%) and
The findings of the present study suggest the need for educational campaigns to
improve perinatal mental health literacy and address prejudices and negative
2020)
knowledge and positive attitudes about postpartum depression, despite the existence of
some gaps in knowledge and some stereotypes. Personal contact with postpartum
depression was associated with higher levels of knowledge (p <.001) and more positive
attitudes towards postpartum depression (p <.001), and participants who assisted in
depression (p <.001). Lower levels of knowledge and more negative attitudes about
postpartum depression were found in men and older, less educated people.
In the study by Anokye et al. (2018), it was stated that postpartum depression
was prevalent among 7% of all mothers selected. The severity ranged from minimal
intervention (p = 0.001) that has been used by healthcare workers to reduce depressive
symptoms.
In the study of Abazie and Usoro (2021), the majority of participants (60.8%) had
depression.
According to the statement of Maimburg and Væth (2015), their research result
was that a difference in postpartum depression was found between those who attended
the intervention group and the reference group. Overall, being at risk of postpartum
depression was associated with preterm birth, unscheduled cesarean section, low
Apgar score, lack of pain relief during labour, experienced low attendance of the
midwife in the delivery room, unprepared for hospital discharge, none or minor
and Attitude between the Family Members of Postpartum Women finds that family
members, both husbands and female relatives, had positive attitudes and good
knowledge about the causes and risks of PPD. However, misunderstandings and wrong
beliefs concerning PPD were addressed. Therefore, health education on PPD should be
towards postpartum depression among family members. However, there are persistent
campaigns are associated with better understanding and attitudes. The findings
members to improve perinatal mental health literacy and reduce the stigma surrounding
postpartum depression.
In the study of Fonseca and Canavarro (2017), they found the need to
comprehensively assess women's cognitive variables during the postpartum period with
appropriate measures for the early identification of women with more dysfunctional
culture and stigma in the conceptualization of mental health within both the community
Bangladeshi communities.
As stated by Branquinho et al. (2019), their study results show the importance of
particularly focusing on people who can act as the postpartum women's support
network, to increase the level of knowledge and foster more positive attitudes towards
postpartum depression.
targeted at women with dysfunctional beliefs about motherhood. Recognizing the role of
culture and addressing stigma can help destigmatize mental health and improve support
population can increase knowledge and promote positive attitudes towards postpartum
depression. Taken together, these findings highlight the need for a multi-faceted
approach to effectively address postpartum depression and support the mental well-
The studies by Fonseca and Canavarro (2017), Williams et al. (2017), and
acknowledging cultural influences and combating stigma is crucial for fostering mental
Stated by Eliner et al. (2022), found that the risk of PPD was more than 20 times
higher for women with a depression history compared to women without. Gestational
diabetes was independently associated with a modestly increased PPD risk. Maternal
depression history also had a modifying effect on pre‐ and perinatal PPD risk factors.
High life stress, lack of social support, current or past abuse, prenatal
depression, and marital or partner dissatisfaction are identified as common risk factors
for PPD (Google Scholar, n.d., 2019). Prenatal depression and current abuse emerge
as the strongest risk factors for PPD. This emphasizes the importance of addressing
these risk factors and providing appropriate support and interventions during the
In the study conducted by Hain et al. (2016), found that predictors for APD were
high DSC, high concerns about one’s appearance, low resilience, and low social
support. Resilience buffered (weakened) the impact of DSC on APD and affected PPD-
pregnant women, depending on the stress level experienced in the relationship (Banker
dynamics and providing support for couples during the perinatal period to reduce the
risk of PPD.
gestational diabetes, high life stress, lack of social support, abuse, prenatal depression,
promoting resilience and providing appropriate support during the perinatal period are
considering these factors, healthcare Professionals and support systems can better
depression.
short-term and long-term outcomes, better understanding of PPD risk factors serves to
improve maternal and child outcomes and limit the damage done by “the thief that
steals motherhood.”1 Systematic and adequate attention to PPD and its risk factors can
bolster maternal-child outcomes and ensure more opportunities for women and children
to thrive.
In the largest population-based study to date, the risk of PPD was more than 20
times higher for women with a depression history, compared to women without.
Gestational diabetes was independently associated with a modestly increased PPD risk.
Maternal depression history also had a modifying effect on pre- and perinatal PPD risk
These studies reveals that a history of depression significantly elevates the risk
Additionally, gestational diabetes and various psychosocial factors such as high life
stress, lack of social support, abuse, and prenatal depression contribute to PPD risk.
Relationship dynamics play a dual role, acting as both a risk and protective factor.
Resilience proves crucial in buffering the impact of distress on PPD. Addressing these
factors during the perinatal period is essential for prevention and management.
Untreated PPD poses risks to both mothers and children, emphasizing the importance
of systematic attention to mitigate the negative outcomes and ensure maternal and child
well-being.
Health Education/Intervention
In the study of Lui et al. (2022), they found that the mobile health application may
help to improve perceived social support, and maternal self-efficacy and reduce
postpartum depressive symptoms. The finding of the mobile health application's effect
extends our understanding of the integrative effects of mindfulness and perceived social
the prevention and treatment of PPD. Additional high-quality, large-scale, cohort, and
developing mobile technology, researchers should pay more attention to mobile apps,
which could be one of the most important potential and effective methods among
In the study of Onogwu et al. (2023), during the 6-month follow-up assessment,
even men in the control group did not have significant symptoms of PPD as their scores
dropped below the threshold. On the contrary, women in the control group still had high
PPD, indicating that PPD lasted longer in women than in men. Also, women whose
husbands received family counseling on spousal support reported PPD scores below
the threshold. However, women whose husbands did not receive spousal counseling
still had PPD scores at the threshold, even though their scores marginally dropped
According to the study of Almutairi et al. (2023), the integration of mental health
services into maternal services that are provided to women needs to be considered in
the context of Saudi Arabia. This integration will result in high-quality holistic maternal
care.
and psychosocial support has been the most effective intervention in its management.
Postpartum depression may affect socialization behaviors in children and the mother,
and it may lead to thoughts of failure leading to deeper depression. Frequent screening
exercises for postpartum depression should be organized by the authorities of the
In the studies included in this review, health workers integrated mental health
interventions into their regular work activities, which may prove less stigmatizing to
women. Maternal mental health and infant development interventions appear to act
integrated fashion. The studies also give an important lesson in terms of intervention,
groups. As most of the studies were conducted in a home set up, the interventions can
In their study, Poreddi et al. (2021) discovered that only 50.7% of postpartum
income, and occupational status. This highlights the importance of improving awareness
targeting those who may be younger, have lower income levels, or hold specific
occupational roles.
campaigns can help create a more supportive environment for mothers dealing with
postpartum depression.
depression often had relatives with mental health histories. Additionally, those with a
This highlights the importance of considering personal and family mental health
backgrounds when identifying individuals at risk and providing appropriate support and
intervention.
Tang et al. (2020) conducted a study exploring how mothers in China perceive
the causes of postpartum depression and their preferred coping strategies. Through
semi-structured interviews, they found that these mothers often attributed postpartum
depression to external factors that could potentially be changed, such as lack of support
from in-laws, as well as internal factors that were expected to diminish over time, such
as hormonal fluctuations. This suggests the need for comprehensive support that
The study conducted by Adams et al. (2023) offers crucial insights into
postpartum care practices and challenges faced by women in the Sagnarigu District,
postpartum danger signs and barriers to accessing care underscore significant gaps in
necessity for tailored interventions and educational programs to improve postnatal care
in similar settings.
depression (PPD) within the Israeli Jewish Orthodox community. The research uncovers
factors influencing the utilization of professional and informal help, emphasizing the
addressing to enhance support systems for women experiencing PPD in this specific
cultural context.
utilization of postpartum care among young mothers in Bangladesh. The study reveals
seeking behaviors. The identified multifaceted barriers and facilitators call for
Cindy-Lee Dennis and Leinic Chung-Lee's systematic review delves into barriers
emphasizing the need to address barriers such as women's reluctance to disclose their
feelings and lack of knowledge about the condition. Maternal treatment preferences,
particularly favoring "talking therapies," offer valuable insights for developing woman-
Nan et al.'s (2020) study on professional support during the postpartum period
services, the likelihood of health care professional help-seeking behavior, and the
demands for new health care services. The study underscores the insufficiency of
existing maternal and child health care services, advocating for tailored interventions
The research studies conducted by Adams et al. (2023), Rena Bina (2014), Md
Mosiur Rahman et al., and Cindy-Lee Dennis and Leinic Chung-Lee collectively enrich
studies delve into various aspects, including postpartum care practices, help-seeking for
postpartum depression (PPD), and the utilization of postpartum care among young
mothers. Together, they emphasize the imperative for comprehensive, woman-centered
approaches to postpartum care, taking into account cultural, educational, and social
factors. The insights derived from these studies offer valuable guidance for developing
practices to enhance maternal well-being during the postpartum period across diverse
revealed salient characteristics that reflected the most frequently used terms associated
with the concept. Guided by Walker and Avant’s method, three defining attributes
search highlight that studies on Iranian adolescents’ self-care have mostly focused on
adolescents with specific physical or psychological health problems. The large gap
between the real needs and the sporadic self-care programs for adolescents can be a
activities. Martínez's study identifies key attributes like awareness, self-control, and self-
studies, emphasizing the need for comprehensive programs addressing real needs
beyond specific health issues. Integrating these insights could pave the way for
According to the study of Simhi, M. et al. (2023), health belief model components
and social support are important mediating components that help explain mothers’ PPD
should increase awareness of women at risk for PPD and elicit their preferred treatment
options.
The inclusion of cognitive variables in risk assessment and preventive efforts for
PPD may hold potential to increase its clinical efficacy (Fonseca A. & Canavarro M.
2020).
In the study of Thorsteinsson, E. et al. (2018), results showed that there were no
effects for type of intervention on either personal or perceived PPD stigma scores. No
effect was found for help-seeking propensity. Males had higher personal PPD stigma
than females and older age was associated with lower personal PPD stigma. Familiarity
with PPD was associated with perceived PPD stigma in others but not personal PPD
maternal and child health care services were insufficient and could not meet
primiparous mothers’ need. The results also indicated that identifying barriers and
and the cultural adaptability of health care services should be considered during the
In the study of Colman, L. et al. (2021), the results reveal that causal beliefs
psychosocial beliefs associate with less stigma. This study highlights the importance of
Research Design
This study will utilize a descriptive design to study and describe the distribution of
one or more variables without regard to any causal or other hypotheses (Aggarwal
2019). It is the most common and popular methodology used in health research to
gather informative data and accurately define the population or situation. A researcher
can only observe and collect valid and reliable responses and analyze them according
to Voxco (2021). This is aligned and appropriate for this study, as it focuses on
assessing the level of awareness and attitude in postpartum depression among the
Santiago, Isabela.
and measure the various aspects related to postpartum depression in this specific
population. This design allows for a comprehensive understanding of the level and
intervention and action program aimed at increasing the knowledge and awareness of
Health, and Midwifery of University of La Salette, Inc. These barangays are Barangay
Balintocatoc, Mabini, and Divisoria, Santiago City. These barangays offer various
healthcare services for the residents. By choosing these barangays as the primary
source of information for the study, the researchers can access a diverse population of
postnatal mothers, engage with the local community, and utilize existing resources. This
enabling the development of targeted interventions and support systems to address the
Balintocatoc, Mabini, and Divisoria, Santiago City. The inclusion criteria for participation
were mothers who are currently residing in the barangay. Mothers from diverse
sample.
Population, Sample Size, and Sampling Method
barangay of Divisoria, Mabini, and Balintocatoc in Santiago City, Isabela. The table
below reveals the total number of mothers residing in the barangay Divisoria, Mabini,
and Balintocatoc.
select the sample. Firstly, the adapted barangays of Divisoria, Mabini, and Balintocatoc
can be randomly selected. This approach ensures that the sample represents the
There are total of 267 mothers residing in barangay Balintocatoc, 756 mothers in
barangay Balintocatoc, and 636 in barangay Divisoria. This study utilized the Raosoft
sample size calculator to calculate the sample size with a 5% margin of error and a 95%
level of confidence, 311 out of 1,659 mothers residing in barangay Balintocatoc, Mabini,
(strata)
Balintocatoc 1,453 50
Mabini 2009 74
Divisoria 4,621 41
Baluarte 1,664 59
Sinsayon 778 23
Raniag 1,690 60
N=12,215 n= 307
Research Instrument
The main instrument utilized in the research to gather data was a survey, which
regarding the awareness of the mother in terms of their belief, knowledge on seeking
information and professional help and attitude. The 31-item questionnaire was adapted
from the study of (Mirsalimi et al., 2020). The questionnaire is divided into two sections,
the section one comprises the demographic profile of the respondents whereas the
second section which contains the 31- item questionnaire is divided into 7 categories
that attributes to the Postpartum Literacy Screening Scale (PoDlis). The distribution of
the questions were dividedly according to their attributes to the Postpartum Literacy
depression and appropriate help seeking, 12-16 allotted to the knowledge and beliefs of
postpartum depression, 19- 20 attributes to the belief about professional help available,
21-26 attribute to the knowledge about professional help available and lastly 27- 31
attribute to the Knowledge of risk factors and causes of postpartum depression. Each
item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 (1 = strongly disagree or not
likely at all and 5 = strongly agree or very likely, reverse items score oppositely.
Scale was .78 and for ability to recognize postpartum depression was .77 and for risk
factors and causes, knowledge and beliefs of self-care activities, knowledge about
professional help available, beliefs about professional help available, attitudes which
The process for gathering the needed data in the study is described in the
following steps:
1. The researcher shall seek the permission of their research teacher to validate the
questionnaire.
2. The researchers will secure permission of the dean to obtain the number of
mothers from which the samples will be selected. Also, a permission to conduct
4. Questionnaires shall be received the same day as they were given to ensure a
Data Analysis
gathered data;
For research question 1, the study utilized frequency and percentage distribution
ethnicity, level of education, occupation, number of children, marital status, and means
of delivery.
As for research question 2, we will use a Likert scale analysis to understand the
professional help available, and knowledge of risk factors and causes. 39 items were
provided and subjected to psychometric evaluation. The questionnaire was named the
Postpartum Depression Literacy Scale (PoDLiS). Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert
scale ranging from 1 to 5 (1 = strongly disagree or not likely at all and 5 = strongly agree
or very likely, reverse items score oppositely). Scores for each subscale and the whole
questionnaire determined by summing items dividing into the number of items for each
subscale and for the whole questionnaire giving a score of 1 to 5 either for each
Ethical Considerations
1. Informed Consent
This study ensured that all participants fully understand the purpose, procedures,
and potential risks of the research before agreeing to participate. This is especially
important in sensitive topics like postpartum depression where participants may feel
vulnerable or distressed.
2. Confidentiality
data. Protecting their identities and personal information is crucial, particularly in a small
significant repercussions.
3. Cultural Sensitivity
This research recognized and respected the cultural beliefs, norms, and
differences, ensuring that the methods and interventions are appropriate and respectful
4. Beneficence
This study strived to maximize the benefits of the research while minimizing any
potential harm to participants. This involves designing the study in a way that
among mothers in the adapted barangay, while also ensuring that any interventions or
recommendations made are ethically sound and beneficial to the participants and the
community as a whole.
5. Honesty
Researchers ensured that all information in the research paper are reported in all
honesty. Researchers followed the rules in gathering and analyzing the data. Moreover,
researchers clearly and honestly stated all the methods and procedures used while
This chapter explains why the research findings are important for improving mental
health support for mothers in the targeted community. By turning these findings into
practical plans, this study adds to the conversation about postpartum depression
awareness and care. The goal is to make mothers' lives better and reduce the impact of
Socio-Demographic Background
Table 1
Age f %
16-25 53 17.2
36-45 82 26.6
46-55 47 15.3
56-65 15 4.9
respondents fall within the age bracket of 26-35 years, comprising 35.1% of the total
population with 108 individuals. The next largest group is aged 36-45 years, accounting
for 26.6% with 82 respondents. Those aged 16-25 years make up 17.2% with 53
Respondents aged 56-65 years constitute 4.9% with 15 individuals, and those aged 66
years and above represent the smallest group at 1% with only 3 respondents.
Table 2
Religion f %
Others 21 6.8
The table illustrates the socio-demographic breakdown based on respondents' religious
the total population with 223 individuals. The next largest group belongs to Iglesia ni
represent 5.8% with 18 individuals, while other religious affiliations make up 6.8% with
21 respondents.
Table 3
Ethnicity f %
Ifuago - -
Tagalog 80 26.0
Visayans 1 0.3
Others 3 1.0
on their ethnicity. It reveals that the majority of respondents, constituting 72.7% of the
total population, identify as Ilocanos. Following this, Tagalogs make up 26% of the
Table 4
Education
Level of Education f %
Undergraduate 92 29.9
their highest educational attainment. The majority of respondents, accounting for 35.1%
of the total population, are High School graduates. Following this, Undergraduates
comprise 29.9% with 92 individuals. College Graduates represent 24% of the total
Occupation f %
Teacher 16 5.2
Farmer 14 4.5
Nurse 4 1.3
Police 1 0.3
Others 85 27.6
by their occupation. The data indicates that the largest group of respondents,
comprising 61% of the total population (188 individuals), reported having no occupation.
Another significant segment, consisting of 27.6% (85 individuals), fell into a different
Table 6
Number of Children f %
(3-5) 99 32.1
(6-8) 7 2.3
(8 above) 1 0.3
This table illustrates how respondents are distributed based on the number of
children they have. The majority (65%) of respondents, which is 201 individuals, have 1-
individuals, have 6-8 children, while a very small number (0.3%) of respondents have 8
or more children.
Table 7
Marital Status f %
Single 96 31.2
Widowed 18 5.8
This table reveals the respondents’ socio-demographic background in terms of
their marital status. It was shown that 194 of the respondets are married which is 63%
of the total population. 96 or 31.2%are Single while only 18 or 5.8% are widowed.
Table 8
Delivery
Means of Delivery f %
Cesarean 50 16.2
based on their method of delivery. The majority of respondents, comprising 83.8%, had
Post-Partum Depression
Table 9
Postpartum Depression
Indicators M INTERPRETATION
Sometimes/
Sometimes/
Often/Commonly
3.40
Category Mean Encountered
This table shows the postpartum depression literacy of mothers in terms of ability
affects person’s memory and concentration” got the highest mean of 3.66 which is
literacy of mothers with post partum depression got an overall mean of 3.40 which is
interpreted as Often/Commonly Encouraged. This suggests that mothers are often able
(PPD) and barriers to seeking treatment. The study found that while mothers recognized
common PPD symptoms like mood changes and fatigue, they often overlooked less
seeking included stigma, fear of judgment, and practical challenges like childcare
literacy and address obstacles to treatment for better maternal mental health outcomes.
Table 10
Indicators M INTERPRETATION
Rarely/Slightly
2.38
Category Mean Encountered
This table illustrates the level of awareness among mothers regarding postpartum
depression, specifically focusing on attitudes that aid in recognizing this condition. The
statement "Most women who have postpartum depression are violent" received the
Conversely, the statement "I would rather live with postpartum depression than go
through the ordeal of getting psychiatric treatment" received the lowest average score of
postpartum depression among respondents. This underscores the need for targeted
or misconceptions surrounding PPD. This underscores the urgent need for targeted
depression.
Table 11
of self-care activities
Indicators M INTERPRETATION
14. Seeking help with task like infant care and house
Often/Commonly
3.95
Category Mean Encountered
This table presents the self-care knowledge and beliefs of the participants. It was found
that the belief that "Religious practices, prayers, and visiting holy shrines are helpful for
4.07, indicating it is commonly encountered. Conversely, the belief that "Physical activity
average score of 3.83, also indicating it is commonly encountered. Overall, the table
Based on these findings, it can be inferred that there is a prevalent belief among
participants that religious practices and prayers play a significant role in preventing or
physical activity suggests a potential area for increased awareness and education
regarding alternative self-care strategies. Overall, these results highlight the importance
A study by Smith and colleagues (2020) explored the self-care beliefs of individuals
systems. The findings revealed a prevalent belief among participants that religious
practices and prayers are effective for preventing or managing PPD, as indicated by a
activity for PPD prevention or management suggests a potential gap in awareness and
Table 12
seek information
Indicators M INTERPRETATION
Sometimes/Moderately
3.25
Category Mean Encountered
knowledge on how to seek information. It was revealed that “I can appraise the
accuracy of information about postpartum depression on the radio and television.” got
while “I can appraise the accuracy of information about postpartum depression on the
internet.” got the highest with 3.28 which is also interpreted as Sometimes/Moderately
Sometimes/Moderately Encountered.
Based on these findings, it can be inferred that mothers have a moderate level of
information appraisal skills across different media platforms, particularly in the context of
postpartum depression.
revealed that mothers exhibited a moderate level of literacy in appraising the accuracy
Table 13
Indicators M INTERPRETATION
Often/Commonly
3.45
23. Antidepressants are addictive. Encountered
Often/Commonly
3.46
24. Antidepressant cause brain damage. Encountered
Often/Commonly
3.46
Category Mean Encountered
This table shows the level of postpartum depression literacy among mothers regarding
their beliefs about professional help availability. The belief that "Antidepressants cause
brain damage" received a mean score of 3.46, while the belief that "Antidepressants are
addictive" received a mean score of 3.45. Both of these beliefs are commonly
mothers in terms of beliefs about professional help available received a mean score of
The findings suggest that there are common misconceptions among mothers regarding
antidepressant medications and their potential side effects. This highlights the
literacy, particularly focusing on beliefs about professional help availability. The study
encountered among mothers. These findings underscore the need for targeted
Table14
Indicators M INTERPRETATION
25. Treatment for postpartum depression, provided by Often/Commonly
3.87
mental health professional, can be effective. Encountered
Often/Commonly
3.97
Category Mean Encountered
This table presents the level of postpartum depression literacy among mothers
regarding their knowledge about professional help availability. It was found that the
encountered. Similarly, the belief that "Treatment for postpartum depression provided by
a mental health professional can be effective" received a mean score of 3.87, also
the need for healthcare providers and educators to continue supporting and
encouraging mothers to seek appropriate professional help, as it is widely recognized
health services for affected mothers. The findings of the study emphasized that
Table 15
and causes
Indicators M INTERPRETATION
Often/Commonly
3.64
Category Mean Encountered
This table presents mothers' postpartum depression literacy regarding knowledge of risk
factors and causes. The belief that stressful life circumstances, such as the death of a
loved one or divorce, might contribute to postpartum depression received the highest
mean score of 3.94, indicating it is commonly encountered. Conversely, the belief that
knowledge of risk factors and causes received a mean score of 3.64, indicating it is
often encountered.
The results highlight that mothers commonly recognize the influence of stressful life
events as a risk factor for postpartum depression, while genetic factors are less
postpartum depression risk factors and causes. The study found that mothers frequently
identify stressful life circumstances as potential contributors to postpartum depression,
aligning with the findings of this table. However, the study also highlighted a need for
increased awareness and education about genetic factors and their role in postpartum
depression development.
Table 16
Age
N M SD df F p-value
Postpartum Depression Literacy
The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether there were
were not significantly different in their Postpartum Depression Literacy based on age (F
(5) = 0.849, p = 0.516). This means the respondents have the same Postpartum
Depression Literacy.
Table 17