Nrf;fpohUk; nghpaGuhzKk;

jkpo; nkhopapy; fp.gp 5Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;Nj gf;jpg; ghly;fs;

Njhd;wpapWg;gpDk; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Mo;thh;fshYk;,
ehad;khh;fshYk; gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; mjpfkhf Njhw;wk; ngw;W
jkpo; nkhop tsh;r;rpf;Fg; nghpJk; JizGhpe;jd. xU ehzaj;jpd;
,uz;L gf;fq;fisg; Nghy; jkpOf;F irtKk;, itztKk;
Njhd;wp ngUik Nrh;j;jd. itztj;jpy; Mo;thh;fshYk;, irtj;jpy;
ehad;khh;fshYk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; mjpfk; Njhw;wk; ngw;W jkpo;
nkhop tsh;r;rpf;F nghpJk; JizGhpe;jd. gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
xd;whd nghpaGuhzk; mWgj;J %d;W ehad;khh;fisg; gw;wp
mike;j gf;jpg; ghly;fis jpwk;gl njhFf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzj;jpy; mUgj;J %d;W ehad;khh;fs;

tuyhWk; xd;gJ njhifabahh;fs; rpwg;Gk; mlq;fpAs;sd.
Nrf;fpohh; gilj;j ,g;nghpaGuhzj;jpy; Nrf;fpohh; tuyhW,
Nrf;fpohhpd; fhyk;, nghpaGuhzj;jpd; %yq;fs;, Nrf;fpohH rpwg;ig
tphpj;Jf; $Wk; njhd;kq;fs;, fhg;gpaf;$Wfs; Nghd;wtw;iw Ma;e;J
vLj;Jiug;gjhf ,t;tpay; mike;Js;sJ.

gf;jp ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk;

cyf nkhopfspd; jd;dpfuw;W tpsq;Fk; jkpo; nkhopapy;

md;W Kjy; ,d;W tiuAk; gy;NtW tifahd ,yf;fpa
tifikfs; Njhd;wp kf;fs; tho;tjw;fhd gy ew;fUj;Jf;fis
vLj;Jiuj;Js;sJ. fhyk; fhykhf kdpjh;fs; jk; tho;tpaiy
ey;y Kiwapy; Nkk;ghl;NlhL mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;,
,aw;ifapd; ,ay;G kPwypy; ,Ue;J jk;ikf; fhg;gjw;Fk; gy
nray;fspy; <Lgl;ldh;. mitNa ,yf;fpaq;fshf cUg;ngw;wd.

gpw nkhopfspy; ,Ue;J jkpo; nkhop gf;jp ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

nkhopnad cyfj;jhh; Nghw;wg;gLk; mstpw;F gf;jp ,yf;fpa
tsh;r;rp vy;iyapy;yhj mstpw;F jkpo;nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fspy;

6
tputpf; fple;jJ. mjidf;nfhz;Nl jkpo; nkhopia, gf;jpapd;
nkhop vdf; nfhz;ldh;.

rq;fk; itj;J jkpo; tsh;j;j rhd;Nwhh;fspy; Kjw; rq;fj;jpy;

jphpGuk; vhpj;j tphprilf; flTs; rptd;. Fd;wk; vwpe;j KUfd;
,Ue;jhh; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. Mf, ,iwapy;yhky; kf;fspd;
tho;T ,y;iy vd;gijNa r%f tho;tpay; ekf;F czh;j;jp
epw;fpwJ.

‘J}zpYk; ,Ug;ghd; JUk;gpYk; ,Ug;ghd;, Nfhapy; ,y;yhj

Chpy; FbapUf;f Ntz;lhk;’ vd;w gonkhopapd; ghq;F ghkudplk;
kpf vspikahf gutpf;fplf;fpwJ. rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,iw gw;wpa
fUj;J Mq;fhq;Nf gutpf;fplf;f, mjd; ePjp ,yf;fpa fhyj;jpy;
irtk;, itztk;, rkzk;, ngsj;jk; Mfpa ehd;F kjf;
fUj;Jf;fs; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; kl;Lkpd;wp kf;fsplj;jpYk; ed;F
gutpapUe;Js;sJ. ,jid md;iwa fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspd; topNa
mwpa KbAk;.

nre;jkpo; ehl;by; gy kjq;fs; NtW}d;wpdhYk; irtKk;,

itztkk; nropj;jpUe;jd. mjw;Fhpa mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fSs;
Kjd;ikahdJ nkhopNa MFk;. rkz kjk; ghyp nkhopiaAk;,
ngsj;j kjk; gpuhfpUj nkhopiaAk; nfhz;L rka kWkyh;r;rpapy;
jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ. fsg;gpuh; fhyj;jpy; fhY}d;wpait
gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; Nt&d;wpaJ. Vohk; E}w;whz;by; rkz
nry;thf;Fg; ngwj; njhlq;fpapUe;jJ. ,e;efh;T rka Gul;rpf;Nf
tpj;jpl;ld.

“fp.gp Vohk; E}w;whz;by; khngUk; rkag;Gul;rp Njhd;wpaJ.

gpwnkhop, gpw rkaq;fs; xLf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;ngUk; Gul;rpf;F %y
fhuzkhfj; jpfo;e;jth;fs; irt, itztg; nghpNahh;fNs.
,g;nghpNahh;fs; mhpAk;, muDk; vOe;jUspAs;s Myaq;fs;NjhWk;
nrd;W rka czh;T+l;Lk; gf;jpg; ghly;fisg; ghb rka

7
vOr;rpNahL jkpOzh;r;rpAk; Cl;bdh;. irtk; jiof;f %ykha;
epd;wth;fs; rkaf;Fwth;fs;.”1 vd;W m. n[ak; Fwpg;gLfpd;whh.

rkaf; Futh;fs; jkpofnkq;Fk; nrd;W jq;fs; rkaf;

fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jdh;. rkaf; fUj;Jf;fs; gy;yth; fhyj;jpy;
vy;iyapy;yhj mstpw;F kf;fSf;F gug;gg;gl;L rka vOr;rp
Njhd;wp rka kWkyh;r;rpf; fhykha; jioj;Njhq;fpaJ.

irt rkaj;ijg; nghUj;jkl;by; gy;NtW irt rkaf;

Futh;fs; Njhd;wpdhYk; rpyUila fUj;Jf;fis, ghly;
njhFg;Gfis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp mtw;iwg; gd;dpU jpUKiwfs;
vdj; njhFj;jdh;. mg;gd;dpU jpUKiwfs; xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU
jdpj;jd;ik cilajhFk;.

“rptngUkhid KOKjw; flTshff; nfhz;L topgl;l

mbath;fs; ehad;khh;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;. ,e;ehad;khh;fs; jkJ
gf;jpapd; MoKk;, Gyikj; jpwKk; Gyg;gLk; tz;zk; gukd; kPJ
gf;jpg; ghly;fisg; ghbf; Ftpj;jdh;. ,th;fSs; rpyUk; kw;Wk; rpy
rptdbahh;fSk; ghba ghly;fs; Nrho kd;dd; ,uhruhr Nrhodpd;
tpUg;gj;jpw;F ,zq;f ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gpapd; ngUKaw;rpahy;
jpUKiwfshfj; njhFf;fg;ngw;wd. Kjy; gjpndhU jpUKiwfs;
ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gpahy; njhFf;fg;ngw;wd. Nrf;fpohh; ngUkhdpd;
nghpaGuhzk; 12Mk; jpUKiwfshfg; gpwF Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW
irt rkaf; Futh;fshd jpUQhd rk;ge;jh;, jpUehTf;furh;, Re;juh;,
khzpf;fthrfh; Kjy; Nrf;fpohh; <whf 27 mbahh;fs; ghba
ghly;fs; gd;dpU jpUKiwfs; vdg; ngah; ngw;wd”2 vd;gh;
m.n[ak;.

vdNt gd;dpU jpUKiwfs; gy mbahh;fs; ghba

ghly;fspd; njhFg;ig njhFj;Jf; $Wtjhf mike;jpUg;gij
mwpaKbfpwJ.

8
Nrf;fpohh;

jkpo; ehl;bd; tlgFjpiag; gz;ila fhyj;jpy; njhz;il

ehL vd;W miog;gh;. ,e;j ehl;ilg; gy gFjpfshfg; gphpj;J
,Ue;jdh;. ,g;gFjpfisf; Nfhl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
mt;tpjk; ghpf;fg;gl;l 24 Nfhl;lq;fspy; (1.Goy; Nfhl;lk;
2.<f;fhl;Lf; Nfhl;lk;. 3.kztpw; Nfhl;lk; 4.Nrq;fhl;Lf; Nfhl;lk;
5.igA+h;f; Nfhl;lk; 6.Vapy; Nfhl;lk; 7.J}k];Nfhl;lk;
8.Cw;Wf;fhl;Lf; Nfhl;lk; 9.Fsj;J}h;f; Nfhl;lk; 10.Nrk;G+h;f; Nfhl;lk;
11Mk;G+h;f; Nfhl;lk; 12.ntz;Fd;wf; Nfhl;lk; 13.Gy;Fd;wf; Nfhl;lk;
14,yq;fhl;Lf; Nfhl;lk; 15.fypA+h;f; Nfhl;lk;16. Nrq;fiuf; Nfhl;lk;
17.gLT+h;f; Nfhl;lk; 18.Fb$h;f; Nfhl;lk; 19.nre;jpUf;iff; Nfhl;lk;
20.Fd;wtl;lhdf; Nfhl;lk; 21.Ntq;flf; Nfhl;lk; 22.NtY}h;f;
Nfhl;lk; 23.Nrj;J}h;f; Nfhl;lk;24. GypA+h;f; Nfhl;lk; vd;gd)
GspA+h; Nfhl;lKk; xd;W. ,g;GypA+h;f; Nfhl;lj;jpd; cl;gphpthfpa
Fd;iwts ehl;bd; jiyefuk; Fd;wj;J}h; MFk;. mt;T+hpy;
Ntshsh; Fyj;jpy; Nrf;fpohh; gpwe;jhh;. ,t;T+h; nrd;idapy;
Ngh&Uf;F mUNf mike;Js;sJ.

Nrf;fpohh; vd;w ngah; vUJ thfdk; nfhz;l rptngUkhidf;

Fwpf;Fk;. Nrf;fpohh; Fd;wj;J}hpy; Njhd;wpr; rptngUkhd;
jpUg;ngaiuf; nfhz;L tpsq;fpdhh;. Nrit fhtyuhfpa mbahh;
tuyw;iwg; ghbdhh;. ‘Nr’ vd;w nrhy; vUijf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;.
vUijf; nfhz;L Vh;j;njhopy; nra;Njhh; Ntshsh.; Vh;njhopYf;Fg;
gad;gLtJ vUJ. Nrf;fpohh; ,aw;ngah; mUz;nkhopj;Njth;
vd;gjhFk;.

gioaD}hpy; tho;e;j ePyp vd;gtis xU tzpfd; kzk;

nra;tjhff; $wp Vkhw;wpdhd;. mjdhy; mts; jw;nfhiy
nra;Jnfhz;lhs; mts; mg;gFjpapy; Ngaha; cytpdhs; Nga;
ngz;zhfp tzpfidj; jd; fztd; vd;wJ. tzpfd; Nga; vd
czh;e;J kWj;jhd;. ePyp Ntshsh;ghy; tof;Fiuj;jhs;. tzpfd;

9
jd;Daph;f;F ,wg;G tUjy; cWjp vd;whd;. gioaD}h; Ntshsh;
cd; caph;f;F ,wg;Gthpd; ehq;fs; ,wg;Nghk; vd;wdh;. tzpfidg;
Nga; nfhd;wJ. gioaD}h; Ntshsh; mj;jid NgUk; caph;
Jwe;jdh;. thf;Fj; jtwhjth; Ntshsh;. mj;jifa Ntshsh; kugpy;
Njhd;wpath; Nrf;fpohh; vd;gjid,

“khWnfhL gioaD}h; ePyp nra;j tQ;ridahy;

tzpfd; caph; ,og;gj; jhq;fs;,
$wpanrhy; gpioahJ Jzpe;J nre;jPf;
FopapnyO gJNgUk; KOfpf; fq;if,
MwzpnrQ; rilj;jpUth yq;fhl; lg;gh;
mz;lKw epkph;e;jhLk; mbapd; fPo;nka;g;,
NgWngWk; Ntshsh; ngUik vk;khy;
gpwpj;jstpl; btsntdg; Ngr yhNkh.”3 (Nr-G gh-15)
,g;ghly; ghly; %yk; mwpayhk;.
Nrf;fpohh; thf;Fj; jtwhj Ntshsh; kugpy; Njhd;wpath;.
,thpd; Ez;khd; EioGyk; fz;l Nrho kd;dd; mtiuj; jdJ
mikr;rdhf;fpf; nfhz;lhd;. Nrf;fpohh; ,iwtDf;Fj; njhz;L
nra;j njhz;lh;fs; tuyhw;iwj; njhFj;Jj; jpy;iyapy;
jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; vd;w E}iyg; gilj;J muq;Nfw;wk; nra;jhh;.
nghpaGuhzj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpy; rptngUkhd; ‘cynfyhk;’ vd;W
mb vLj;Jf; nfhLf;f jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; ghbdhh;. muq;Nfw;wk;
eilngw;w Mz;L KOtJk; muq;Nfw;wj;jpy; gq;F nfhz;l
midtUf;Fk; %d;W NtisAk; tpUe;J itj;J cgrhpj;jhd;
Nrhokd;dd;.

Nrf;fpohh; fhyk;
Nrf;fpohh; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Nrho kd;dd; ngah; meghad;
vd;gjhFk;. ,k;kd;dd; Nrf;fpohiu Mjhpj;jikahs; gj;J
ghly;fspy; mth; ngaiu gjpT nra;Js;shh;.

10
 ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoDila kfd; ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhr
Nrhod; Mthd.; ,tdJ Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; jpUkog;ghb
rptd;Nfhapypy; fy;ntl;L xd;W nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,f;fy;ntl;by;,

“[aq;nfhz;l Nrho kz;lyj;J…….

Fd;wj;J}h;r; Nrf;fpohd; khNjtbfs;

uhkNjtdhd cj;jk Nrhog; gy;ytuhad;.”4

vd;w njhlh; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,j;njhlhpy; cs;s Fd;wj;J}h;

vd;gJ ,t;T+hpd; ngah;. ,t;T+hpy; jhd; Nrf;fpohh; gpwe;jhh;. vdNt
,f;fy;ntl;L nghpaGuhz Mrphpah; Nrf;fpohiuNa
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
vdNt,

“Nrf;fpohh; ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpYk; mtd; kfd;

,uz;lhk; ,uhruhr Nrhod; fhyj;jpYk; tho;e;jth; vd;gJ
njhpfpd;wJ. ,th;fSs; Nrf;fpohh; Fwpg;gpLk; meghad; vd;w
ngaiuAilatd; ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fNrhod; Mthd;. vdNt
,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy; nghpaGuhzj;ij ,aw;wpa
Nrf;fpohh; mk;kd;ddpd; kfd; fhyj;jpYk; tho;e;Js;shh; vd;gJ
mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; fhyk; fp.gp. 1133
Kjy; 1146 tiu MFk;. ,td; fhyj;jtNu Nrf;fpohh; vd;w
fUj;ij tuyhw;wwpQh; kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.”5

NkYk; Nrf;fpohh;,

“,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; Ml;rpapd; ,Wjp fhyj;jpy; njhlq;fp

mtd; kfd; ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd; fhyj;jpYk;, ,tdJ kfd;
%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; Ml;rpapd; Kw;gFjpapYk; tho;e;Js;shh;.”6
vd;W tuyhw;W mwpQh; f. nts;isthuzhh; $Wfpd;whh;.

11
 vdNt Nrf;fpohhpd; fhyk; 12Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gJ
cWjpnra;ag;gl;L ,e;j E}w;whz;by; jhd; Nrf;fpohh; nghpaGuhzk;
,aw;wpdhh; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.
Nrf;fpohh; Ez;zwpT
“nja;tr; Nrf;fpohhpd; je;ij muritf;Fr; nrd;wpUe;jhh;
mg;NghJ murd; muritapy; %d;W Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;lhd;
mit kiyiatplg; nghpaJ vJ? kz;iztpl nghpaJ
vJ? fliy tplg; nghpaJ vJ? ,e;j %d;W Nfs;tpfSf;Fk;
kWehs; tpil $w Ntz;Lk;. vd;W $wpapUe;jhd;’’7
‘tpisAk; gaph; KisapNy njhpAk;’ vd;w gonkhopf;Nfw;g
,sikapNyNa Nrf;fpohh; Ez;zwpT cilatuhfj; jpfo;ej
; hh;.
‘kiy, fly;, cyF Mfpatw;iw tplg; nghpad ahit?’ vd;w
tpdhtpw;Fr; Nrf;fpohh; gpd;tUkhW tpil $wpdhh;. jd;dpiyapy;
jphpahky; mlq;fpatd; Gfo; kiyia tplg; nghpaJ vd;W
“epiyapy; jphpah jlq;fpahd; Njhw;wk;
kiyapDk; khdg; nghpJ”8
(Fws;-124)
vd;w jpUf;Fwisr; Rl;bAk;,
vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; cjTk; nghJ mwk; cyfpy; kpfg; nghpaJ.
vd;gjid
“fhyj;jpdhy; nra;j ed;wp rpwpnjdpDk;
Qhyj;jpd; khdg; nghpJ’’9
(Fws;-102)
vd;w Fwisr; Rl;bf; fhl;bAk;
gad; fUjhJ nra;Ak; nghJ mwk; kioePiu vjph;ghh;f;Fk;
fliytplg; nghpaJ vd;W.
“gad;J}f;fhh; nra;j cjtp ead; J}f;fpd;
ed;ik flypd; nghpJ’’10 (Fws;-103)
vd;w Fwisr; Rl;b tpsf;Ffpd;whh;.
,jd; %yk; Nrf;fpohhpd; Ez;zwpit mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
12
Nrf;fpohh; rpwg;G
Nrf;fpohh; njhz;lh; rPh; ghbajhy; ‘njhz;lh; rPh;guTthh;’ vd;w
rpwg;Gg; ngw;whh;. Nrhokd;dd; jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; muq;Nfw;wk;
epiwT ngw;wJk; Nfl;l thd;thf;F tUkhW
‘cynfyhk;’ vd;W mb vLj;Jf; nfhLf;f E}y; muq;Nfw;wk;
,dpJ Kbj;jdd;’ vd;w ,iwthf;Fk; Mlty;yhd; jpUtbr;
rpyk;nghypAk; midtUk; Nfl;ldh;. ,jid,

“Nrf;fp ohd; ekJ njhz;lh; rPh;gut ehk;kfpo;e;(J)‘cyfk;’vd;W ek;,

thf;fpdhy; mb naLj;J iuj;jpltiue;J E}y; nra;J Kbj;jdd;;

fhf;Fk; Nty;tyt! eP ,ijf; fbJNfs; vdf; fdf ntspapNy

Cf;f khdjpU thf;nfOe;jJ; jpUr;rpyk;nghypAk;’ clneo’’11

vd;w ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. (Nr.G gh- 64)

Nrf;fpohh; jpUj;njhz;lH Guhz E}y; muq;Nfw;wj;jpw;F Kd;G
ehd;kiw Kof;fKk; mg;gh; Qhdrk;ge;jh;, Re;juh; vd;W %th;
NjthuKk; thidg; gpse;jJ jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhz tpUj;jq;fis
klq;fspy; ghlf; Nfl;l fps;isfs; ghbd g+itfs; Nfl;ld.
,jid,
“njs;S jpiuf;fly; kPJ kpje;j jpUj;Njhzp

ts;siy md;Gnra; md;gh; klq;fs; njhWk; ghyh;

nks;s ,Ue;J kpow;W Guhz tpUj;jj;ijf;

; +it’’12
fps;isfs; ghb ciug;gd Nfl;gd nka;gg

(Nr.G gh-70)
,g;ghly; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
fhg;gpaj; Njhw;wk;
kf;fs; midtUf;Fk; tho;f;ifapy; xU Fwpf;NfhSld; tho
Ntz;Lk; vd;w cz;ikiag; Nghjpf;fTk; rptdbahh;fs; njhz;bd;

13
ngUikiag; giwrhw;wTk; Nrf;fpohuhy; gilf;fg;gl;lJ
nghpaGuhzk;.

“nghpaGuhzk; XU rkaE}y; kl;Lkd;W rKjha tho;tpay;

E}y;. rhjp Ngjq;fisr; rhb ,iwtd;Kd; midtUk; rkk; vd
typAWj;jk; E}y;. nry;tj;ijg; gfph;eJ
; tho typAWj;jk; rkjh;k
E}y;. FLk;gj;jpy; xU jha; vg;gb ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;? je;ij vg;gb
,Uf;fNtz;Lk;? ey;y gs;isfs; vg;gb ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;? ey;y
rNfhjhp vg;gb ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;? xU kidtp vg;gb ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;?
kidawk; vg;gb mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gijAk; xU murd; ehl;il
vg;gb MsNtz;Lk; mjw;F mikr;rd; vt;thW Jizepw;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w newpKiwfisf; Rl;bf; fhl;b rKjhak; gaDw
mtw;wpYs;s Fiwfis ePf;FtNj rkag;gzp vd;W typAWj;Jk;
cah; E}y; nghpaGuhzkhFk;.”13 vd;gh; Gyth; t. Qhdg;gpufhrk;.

Nrhod; rkzE}yhfpa rPtfrpe;jhkzpiag; gbj;Jf;

nfhz;bUe;jhd;. Nrf;fpohh; ,Uikf;Fk; gad; jUk; rptd;
mbath;fs; tuyhw;iwg; gapYjy; ed;W vd;whh;. Nrhod;
Nrf;fpohiu mbahh;fs; tuyhw;iwj; njhFj;J toq;FkhW $wpdhd;.

“Nrf;fpohh; Nrhodplk; ,Uf;ifapy; Nrhod; ird Ehyhfpa

rPtf rpe;jhkzpiaf; Nfl;Lf; fspg;Gld; ,Uf;ifapy; ,th;
ntWg;Gld; ,Uf;ff; fz;l Nrhod; mt;tif ,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzk;
tpdtr; Nrf;fpohh; rpe;jhkzp ngha;f;fij nka;fij Nfl;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;whh;. murd; mf;fij ahnjdr; Nrf;fpohh; mJ
jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhznkd;whh;.”14

,t;thW Nrho kd;dDk; Nrf;fpohUk; ciu epfo;j;jpajpd;

tpisthy; nghpaGuhzk; Njhd;wyhapw;W.

nghpaGuhzj;jpd; %yq;fs;
Nrf;fpohh; nghpaGuhzj;ij ,aw;Wtjw;F %y juTfs; gy
cs;sd. Njthug; gjpfq;fSk;, Re;ju%h;j;jp ehadhh; ghba

14
jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifAk;, ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp ghba jpUj;njhz;lh;
jpUte;jhjpAk;, nghpa Guhzj;jpw;F Kjd;ikr; rhd;Wfs; MFk;.
“fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; ghba %j;j jpUg;gjpfk;, ,ul;il
kzpkhiy, mw;Gjj; jpUte;jhjp. Nrukhd;ngUkhs; ,aw;wpa
jpUf;fapyha Qhd cyh, nghd;tz;zj; je;jhjp, jpUth&h;
Kk;kzpf;Nfhit. NkYk; gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwapy; cs;s ef;fPuh;
E}y;fs;, fy;yhlh; E}y;fs;, gl;bdj;jhh; E}y;fs;, ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp
E}y;fs;.”15 NkYk;>
“Nrf;fpohUf;F Kd;dNu ehad;khh;fs; tuyhW jkpof
vy;iyiaf; fle;J fUehlfk;, Me;jpuk; Kjypa ,lq;fspYk;,
fk;Nghbah Kjypa ehLfspYk; tof;fpy; ,Ue;jd. ,itAk;
Nrf;fpohUf;F %yq;fshfg; gad;gl;bUf;fyhk;.”16 Nghd;w E}y;fs;
JizGhpe;jd vd;W m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd; mth;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
NkYk;,
“ehad;khh; tho;e;j Ch;fSf;Fk;, Nfhapy;fSf;Fk; Nrf;fpohh;
Nehpy; nrd;W mq;Fs;s kf;fspilNa toq;fp te;j mbahh; gw;wpa
fijfisAk; Nrf;fpohh; jpul;bapUf;f Ntz;Lk.;”17 vd;W Nguhrphpah;
itahGhpg; gps;is Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;,
Nrf;fpohh; jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifia Kjy; E}yhff; nfhz;L
jpUKiwfs;, jpUf;Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;Lfs;, nrg;NgLfs;, rPh;fhy;
rhrdq;fs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J mfr;rhd;Wk; nrtptopr; nra;jpfshy;
mike;j Gwr; rhd;Wk; Mfpa nghpaGuhzk; ,aw;w JizGhpe;jd.
vdNt Nrf;fpohh; nghpaGuhzk; ,aw;Wtjw;F ,k;%y E}y;fs;
JizGhpe;jd vd;W Nkw;$wpa rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L cWjp nra;a
Kbfpd;wJ.
,iwaUs; ngw;wikAk;, muq;Nfw;wKk;

rpjk;guj;jpy; nghd;dk;gydhh; Nfhapy;Kd; Nrf;fpohh; epd;whh;.

,iwtidj; njhOjhh;. ‘cynfyhk;’ vd;W ,iwtd; mb vLj;Jf;
nfhLf;fr; Nrf;fpohh; ghlj;njhlq;fpdhh;. Re;juH ghba

15
jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifapidAk; ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp ghba
jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUme;jhjpiaAk; Kjy; E}yhfTk; topE}yhfTk;
nfhz;L jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; ghbdhh;. rpj;jpiu jpUMjpiu
njhlq;fp kW Mz;L rpj;jpiu jpUMjpiu md;W E}iy epiwT
nra;jhh;. E}y; muq;Nfw;wk; rpj;jpiu jpUMjpiuapy; njhlq;fpaJ.
muq;Nfw;wj;jpd; NghJ ehs;NjhWk; gq;F nfhz;l mwpQh;fSf;F
czTk; nghd;Dk; nghUSk; toq;fg; ngw;wd. Nrf;fpohh; ‘njhz;lh;
rPh; guTthh;’ vd toq;fg; ngw;whh;. Nrf;fpohh; ,e;E}Yf;F ,l;l
ngah; jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;; MFk;.

“md;WKjy; ehs;NjhWk; ehs;NjhWk’ mz;zy; mbah;

Ms tpwe;j ngah; te;jth;f nsy;yhk;,

nrd;Wiwaj; jpUklq;fs; jpUklq;fs; NjhWk; jpUtpsf;fq;;

fth;rhj;j cs;SilNkw; Nghh;it

Jd;wpanre; neypd;mbrpy; fd;dy; eWq; fdpfs; JhamW

Ritf;fwpnea; japh; jpuz;l ghy;Njd;,

ed;WjpUg; gz;zpae;jz; zPh;mKjk; milf;fha; eugjpV

18
typd; mikr;rh; ehNlhUk; elj;j” (Nr.G- gh-82)

muq;Nfw;wk; ele;j ehl;fs;NjhWk; te;Njhh;f;nfy;yhk; nre;ney;

NrhW, gotiffs;, mWRitf; fwp, nea;, japh;, ghy;, gytifg;
gyfhuq;fs; ntw;wpiy, ghf;F Nghd;wd kd;dd; Mizg;gb
toq;fg;ngw;wd.

fhg;gpak; Kbf;fg; ngw;w nra;jpawpe;j Nrhokd;dd; jpy;iyia

mile;jhd;. Nrf;fpohUk; jpy;iytho; me;jzh;fSk; kd;did vjph;
nfhz;L mioj;jdh;. Nrf;fpohhpd; rptNtlg; nghyptpidf; fz;l
kd;dd; mtUila jpUtbfspy; tpOe;J tzq;fpdhd;. mg;NghJ

16
“tstNd Nrf;fpohh; nra;j mbahh; tuyhw;iw eP Nfl;ghahf” vd;W
thdj;jpy; Xh; xyp vOe;jJ. mjidf; Nfl;L midtUk; gutrk;
mile;jdh;. vd;gjid,

“Nrf;fpohd; ekJ njhz;lh; rPh;gut ehk;kfpo;e;(J)‘cyfk;’ vd;W ek;,

thf;fpdhy; mb naLj;J iuj;jpltiue;J E}y; nra;J Kbj;jdd;;
fhf;Fk; Nty;tyt! eP ,ijf; fbJNfs; vdf; fdf ntspapNy
Cf;f khdjpU thf;nfOe;jJ; jpUr;rpyk;nghypAk;’ clneo’’19
(Nr.G- gh-64)
MWfhy; gPlk; mikf;fg;ngw;W mjd; Nky; gr;irg;gl;L
tphpf;fg; ngw;wJ. mjd; Nky; nts;isj; Jzp tphpf;fg;ngw;W kyh;
J}tg;ngw;W eWe;J}gk; fhl;b jpy;iyg; Mlty;yhd; ngUq;Nfhapypy;
cs;s Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgj;jpy; E}y; muq;NfwpaJ.

jpUnewpj; jkpowpQh;fs;, rpthfkk; gbj;Njh;;, fUnewpg;gif

QhdE}y; fw;Nwhh;, ehd;kiw fw;Nwhh;, FUnewpf;FhpNahh;;, ,yf;fz
,yf;fpa ty;Yeh;;fs; gy fhtpak; fw;Wg;Ngrty;y ehtd;ik
nfhz;l ey;ywpQh;fs; Nghd;Nwhh; nghpaGuhz muq;Nfw;wj;jpy;
gq;Nfw;wdh;. ,jid,

“jpUne wpj;jkpo; ty;y Ngh;fs; rpthf kq;fs; gbj;j Ngh;

fUnewpg; gif Qhd Ehy;gy fw;w Ngh;kiw fw;wNgh;
FUne wpf;Fhp Nahhpyf;fz yf;fp aq;fs;F wpj;jNgh;
ngUne wpg;gy fhtp aq;fij Ngr ty;yth; midtUk;’’20
(Nr.G- gh-77)
,jid ,g;ghly; %yk; mwpayhk;.

muq;Nfw;wj;jpy; gq;F ngw;w midtUk; Mlty;yhd; jpUtUs;

,d;gk; ngw;wdh;. clYf;F czTk;, nrtpf;FzTk;, kdjpw;F Qhd
czTk; ngw;wdh;. jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; gbj;NjhWk; Nfl;NlhUk;
,Utpid ePq;fpg; gpwtpg; ngUq;fly; flf;Fk; Mw;wy; ngWth; vd
ek;gpdh;. ,jid,

17
 “mz;lthzh; njhOjpy;iy mk;gyth; mb vLj;(J) ‘cynfyhk;’ vdj;

njhzlh; rPh;guT Nrf;fpohd; thpif Jd;W Fd;iw ef uhjpgd;,

jz;l fhjpgjp jpUne wpj;jiyik jq;F nra;if Kfpy; igq;foy;

21
Gz;l uPfkyh; njz;l dpl;L tpid Nghf;F thh; gpwtp ePf;Fthh;’’

(Nr.G- gh-103)

vd;w ghly; %yk; mwpayhk;.

nghpaGuhzk; ngah;f;fhuzk;

Guhzk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F gioa my;yJ gz;ila vdg;

nghUs; gLk;. Guhzq;fs; vd;gJ Ntjq;fspy; cs;s
fUj;Jf;fisj; njspthff; $WtjhFk;. Guhzq;fspy;
ngUk;ghyhdit fhyk; fhykhf ek;Kila kugpy; ,Ue;Jte;j
fijfshFk;. El;gkhd ed;ndwpfisAk;>Md;kPf jj;Jtj;ijAk;
vspa Kiwapy; tpsf;Ftjw;fhf ,iwtid ikakhff; nfhz;L
$wpaJjhd; Guhzq;fshFk;.

jpUj;njhz;lh;j;njhif, jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp Mfpa

,uz;bid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jhk; ghba E}Yf;F
jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; vd;Nw Nrf;fpohh; ngahpl;lhh;.

“Guhzk; vd;gJ goikAilaJ vd;gdthfypd; <z;L

mr;nrhy; gioa fij vd;Dk; nghUl;lha; E}w;Fk;
ngauhapw;nwd;f.”22

vd;W nrh.gukrptk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

“nghpaGuhzk; Nfl;l tsth; gpwhd;”23

vd;W ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh; jk; Nrf;fpohh; Guhzj;Js;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,jdhy; mth; fhyj;jpNyNa nghpaGuhzk; vd;Dk;
ngah; tof;fpy; ,Ue;jik njhpfpd;wJ.
“nra;tjw;hpa nra;thh; nghpah; rpwpah;
18
 nraw;fhpa nra;fyh jhh;.”24 (Fws;- 26)
vd;W ts;StUk;
“nghpaJ Nfl;f;fpd; vhpjto; Ntyha;

nghpJ nghpJ Gtdk; nghpJ

GtdNkh ehd;Kfd; gilg;G

ehd;kfd; fhpakhy; ce;jpapy; te;Njhd;

fhpakhNyh miyfly; Japd;Nwhd;

miyfly; FWKdp mq;ifapy; mlf;fk;

FWKdpNah fyrj;jpy; gpwe;Njhd;

fyrNkh Gtpapw; rpWkd;

GtpNah mutpDf;F xUjiyg; ghuk;

muNth cikats; rpWtpuy; Nkhjpuk;

cikNah ,iwtd; ghfj;J xLf;fk;

,iwtNuh njhz;lh; cs;sj;J xLf;fk;

njhz;lh; jk; ngUik nrhy;yTk; nghpNj.”25

vd;W njhz;lh;fspd; ngUikia xst;itahUk;,

“nfhs; vdf; nfhLj;jy; cah;e;jd;W mjnejph;

nfhs;Nsd; vd;wy; mjdpDk; cah;e;jd;W.”26

(
Gwk; 1-3:4 g-206)

vd;W GwehD}Wk;,
,iwtNd cid tzq;FtNj vd; tho;tpd; gad; eP tPL
Ngw;iwj; je;jhYk; ehd; Vw;f khl;Nld; vd;W njhz;lh;fs;
$WtjhYk;
19
 “$Lk; md;gpdpy; Fk;gplNy md;wp

tPLk; Ntz;lh tpwypd; tsq;fpdhd;.”27

vd;fpwhh; Nrf;fpohh;.

tPL Ngw;iwf; nfhs;nsdf; nfhLf;Fk; ,iwtd; cah;e;jtd;.

mjidf; nfhs;Nsd; vd kWf;Fk; mbath;fs; mtdpDk;
cah;e;jth;fs; mj;jifa nghpath;fisg; gw;wpa Guhzk;
vd;gjhYk; NkYk;

“Guhzj;ij njhlq;Fq;fhy; Mrphpah; ‘vLf;Fk; khf;fij’

vd;W mUSfpd;whh;. ,j;njhlhpy; ‘kh’ vd;gJ nghpa vd;Wk; ‘fij’
vd;gJ ‘Guhzk;’ vd;Wk; gpd;dh; te;jth;fs; nghUs; nfhz;L
nghpaGuhzk; vdg; ngah; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.”28
vdW Gyth; t. Qhdg;gpufhrk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
Nrf;fpohh; jkJ fhg;gpaj;jpw;F jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; vd;W
ngahpl;lhh;. nghpNahh; tuyhw;iwf; $WtjhYk;, XJNthUf;Fk;
Ngrhpa ngUik Nrh;g;gjhYk;, gpwthahf;ifg; nghpNahd;
ngUikia vLj;Jiug;gjhYk;, mg;nghpNahd; mbahh;f;F
vspatdhf vOe;jUspa mUikia tpsf;FtjhYk;, Kd;Dk;
gpd;Dk; ,iznahj;j ngUE}y; Njhd;whikahYk; ,J
nghpaGuhzk; vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
nghpaGuhzk; vd;W ngahpl;likf;F ,r;rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L
mwpayhk;.
E}y; mikg;G
nghpaGuhzk; irt rkaj;ijNa KjYk; Kbtkhff; nfhz;L
,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,g;Guhzk; ,uz;L fhz;lq;fshfTk; gjp%d;W
rUf;fq;fshfTk; tFj;J ehyhapuj;J ,UE}w;W vz;gj;jhW (4286)
jpUtpUj;jg; ghf;fshy; mike;Js;sJ.. Mdhy;

“<z;Liuj;j Guhzj;jpy; jpUtpUj;jk; ehyhapuj;J ,UE}w;W

Ik;gj;J %d;W (4253) vd;whf mikj;J”29 vd;Wk;,
20
 “MWKf ehtyh; gjpg;G (1951) jpU.tp.f gjpg;G (1934). rkh[g;
gjpg;G (1950) = itFz;lk; =Fku FUgud; rq;fj;jhuhy;
ntspaplg; ngw;w fhrp klj;Jg; gjpg;G (1970) Mfpatw;Ws;
ehyhapuj;J ,UE}w;W vd;gj;jhW (4286) ghly;fNs cs;sd. (4253)
ghly;fs; vdf; nfhz;lhy; 33 ghly;fs; ,ilr; nrUfy; vd;gJ
30
njhpfpd;wJ.”

vd;W ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh; $wpAs;sJk; Nehf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.

fhz;lq;fs;

nghpaGuhzk; ,uz;L fhz;lq;fisAk;, gjp%d;W

rUf;fq;fisAk; nfhz;ljhf mikfpwJ.

Kjw;fhz;lj;jpy; jpUkiyr; rUf;fk; Kjy; jpUepd;w rUf;fk;

tiu cs;s Ie;J rUf;fq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

1.jpUkiyr;rUf;fj;jpy; 349 ghly;fSk;. 2.jpy;iytho; me;jzh;

rUf;fj;jpy; 201 ghly;fSk;. 3.,iykype;j rUf;fj;jpy; 422
ghly;fSk;, 4.Kk;ikahy;cyfhz;l rUf;fj;jpy; 298 ghly;fSk;,
5.jpUepd;w rUf;fj;jpy; 633 ghly;fSk; Nrh;j;J nkhj;jk; Ie;J
rUf;fq;fspy; cs;s 1903 ghly;fs; nfhz;ljhf Kjw;fhz;lk;
mikfpd;wJ.

jpUQhd rk;ge;juhy; ghlg;ngw;w 1, 2, 3Mk; jpUKiwAk;,

jpUehTf;furuhy; ghlg;ngw;w 4, 5, 6 Mk; jpUKiwfisAk;
cs;slf;fp nkhj;jk; MW jpUKiwfisf; nfhz;ljhf
Kjw;fhz;lk; mike;Js;sJ.

,uz;lhk; fhz;lj;jpy; tk;gwhthptz;Lr; rUf;fk; Kjy;

nts;shidr; rUf;fk; tiu cs;s vl;L rUf;fq;fs;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

21
 1.tk;gwhthp tz;Lr; rUf;fj;jpy; 1737 ghly;fSk;,
2.thh;nfhz;l td Kiyahs; rUf;fj;jpy 301 ghly;fSk;,
3.ngha;abik ,y;yhj Gyth; rUf;fj;jpy; 116 ghly;fSk;,
4.fiwf;fz;ld; rUf;fj;jpy; 41 ghly;fSk;, 5.fly; R+o;e;j
rUf;fj;jpy; 51 ghly;fSk;, 6.gj;juha;g; gzpthh; rUf;fj;jpy;
27ghly;fSk;, 7.kd;dpa rPh;r; rUf;fj;jpy; 57 ghly;fSk;,
8.nts;shidr; rUf;fj;jpy; 53 ghly;fSk; Nrh;j;J nkhj;jk; vl;L
rUf;fq;fspy; cs;s 2383 ghly;fs; nfhz;ljhf mikfpwJ
,uz;lhk; fhz;lk;.

“cynfyhk; vd;wpiwth; vLj;Jf; nfhLj;jUspa Kjiy

,g;Guhzj;jpd; Kjy;,,il,fil vd;W %d;W ,lq;fspSk; itj;Jg;
Nghw;Wk; tifapDs; eLtpd;fz; itj;Jg; gjpf;Fk; ,lk;
mJthjyhYk; Ntjnewp irtnewp jiof;f te;jhuJ
GuhzkhjypYk; gpwtw;whDk; MSila gps;isahh; Guhze;
njhlq;fp ,uz;lhk; fhz;lnkd tFf;fg;gl;ljhnkd;f.”31
vd;W nrh.gukrptk; $Wfpd;whh;.
rUf;fq;fs;
nghpaGuhzk; 13 rUf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L mike;Js;sJ.
1.jpUkiyr; rUf;fk;, 2.jpy;iytho; me;jzh; rUf;fk;, 3.,iy
kype;j rUf;fk;, 4.Kk;ikahy; cyfhz;l rUf;fk;, 5.jpUepd;w
rUf;fk;, 6.tk;gwhthp tz;Lr; rUf;fk;, 7.thh;nfhz;l tdKiyahs;
rUf;fk; 8.ngha;abik ,y;yhj Gyth; rUf;fk;, 9.fiwf; fz;ld;
rUf;fk;,10fly; R+o;e;j rUf;fk;, 11.gj;juha;g; gzpthh; rUf;fk;,
12.kd;dparPh;r; rUf;fk;, 13.nts;shidr; rUf;fk; vd;w 13
rUf;fq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
irtj; jpUKiwfs;

jkpopy; gd;dpuz;L capnuOj;Jg; Nghyr; irtj;

jpUKiwfisg; gd;dpnuz;lhfg; gFj;Js;sdh;. jpUQhd rk;ge;jh;

22
Njthuk; 1, 2, 3 Mk; jpUKiw, jpUehTf;furh; Njthuk; 4, 5, 6
Mk; jpUKiw, Re;juh; Njthuk; 7Mk; jpUKiw, khzpf;f thrfh;
jpUthrfk; 8 Mk; jpUKiw, 1.Kg;NghJk; jpUNkdp jPz;Lthh;
2.jpy;iytho; me;jzh; 3.ngha;abikapy;yhjth; 4.gj;juha;g;
gzpthh; 5.gukidNa ghLthh; 6. rpj;jj;ij rptd;ghy; itj;jth;
7.jpUth&h; gpwe;jhh; 8.KOePW G+rpa Kdpth; 9.mg;ghYk;
mbr;rhh;e;jhh; Mfpa xd;gjpd;kh; ghba ghRuf; Nfhit 9 Mk;
jpUKiw, jpU%yh; jpUke;jpuk; 10Mk; jpUKiw, ek;gpahz;lhH
ek;gp 2.fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;. 3.jpUMytha; cilahh; 4.fy;yhlh;
5.ef;fPuh; 6.fgpyh; 7.guzh; 8.mjpuh mbfs; 9.,sk; ngUkhdbfs;
10.Iabfs; fhlth;Nfhd; 11.gl;bdj;jhh; Kjypa 12 Ngh; ghba
ghRuq;fs; 11Mk; jpUKiw, Nrf;fpohu; nghpaGuhzk; 12Mk;
jpUKiw MFk;. ,jid

“%tNuhJ jpU Kiwf NsOjpU thj T+uh;Kiw xd;wpirg;,

ght iue;jKiw xd;W %yh;Kiw xd;W ghRuk jhjpahf;,

Nfhit nra;jKiw xd;W Nritah; Fyhjp ePjpKiw xd;Wld;,

ghit ghfh;jpU tUs; rpwe;jKiw gd;dpuz; nld tFj;jgpd;’’32

(Nr-G-gh-96)

vd;Dk; ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

Kjy; E}y; Re;ju%h;j;jp ehadhh; ghba jpUj;njhz;lh; njhif

MFk;. topE}y; jpUehiuA+h; ek;gpahz;lhh;ek;gp Mf;fpa
jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUme;jhjp ,e;j ,U E}y;fisAk; mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L gjpNdhU jpUKiwfisAk; ed;F gapd;W Nrf;fpohh;
nghpaGuhzj;ij gilj;Js;shh;. Mrphpa tpUj;jk;, fyptpUj;jk;,
tQ;rp tpUj;jk; Kjypa tpUj;jg;ghf;fshy; mike;Js;sd.
fl;lisf; fypj;Jiwg; ghf;fSk; nghpaGuhzj;jpy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sd.

23
tpUj;jk;

nghpaGuhzj;jpYs;s ghf;fs; ahTk; tpUj;jg;ghf;fshFk;.

mtw;Ws; fyptpUj;jk;, fl;lisf; fyptpUj;jk;;. Mrphpa tpUj;jk;
Mfpa tpUj;jq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mstb ehd;fha; tUtJ fyptpUj;jk; ehw;rPh; nfhz;l mb MFk;.

mstb

“Neub <uPuz;lha;

tpbdJ thFk; tpUj;jk; jpUj;jF nky;ypaNy’’33 (ahg;G- gh

-34:3-4)

vd;W ahg;gWq;fyf;fhhpif $Wfpd;wJ.

“cynf yhKzh;e; Njhjw; fhpatd;

epyT yhtpa ePh;kyp Ntzpad;

myfpy; Nrhjpad; mk;gyj;jhLthd;

kyh;rp yk;gb tho;j;jp tzq;Fthk;’’ (nghpa .Guhz gh-1)

,g;ghly; fypj;Jiwapy; mike;Js;sJ.

fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw

gf;jp ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gy gilg;Gfs; fyptpUj;jg; ghf;fshy;

mike;Js;sd. rptg;gpufhrhpd; jpUntq;iff;NfhitAk;,
ngha;ahnkhopg; Gythpd; jQ;irthzd; NfhitAk;,
khzpf;fthrfhpd; jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; NfhitAk;, mkph;jrhfuhpd;
ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpifAk;, Rg;gpukzpag;gl;lhpd; mgpuhkp me;jhjpAk;,
fl;lisf; fypj;Jiwg; ghf;fshy; Mdit.

‘mbabNjhW ikQ;rP uhfp

24
 Kjw;rPh; ehd;Fk; ntz;lis gpioahf;

filnahU rPUk; tpsq;fh ahfp

Neh;gjp ehNw epiwgjp Ndnod;

Nwhjpdh; fypj;Jiw Nahubf; nfOj;Nj’’34

(ahg;G -g-200)

vd;W ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

“ek;kho;thh; fl;lisf; fypj;Jiwiaj; jpUtpUj;jk; vd;gh;.”35

vd;W Nr.J. ,uhkypq;fk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

fl;lisf; fypj;Jiwapd; ,yf;fzk;

fl;lisf; fypj;JiwahdJ nebyb ehd;fha; tUk;.

mbNjhWk; <w;Wr;rPh; fUtpsq;fha; $tpsq;fha; vd;w tha;g;ghl;by;
mikAk;. Neh; mirapy; njhq;fpdhy; xw;W ePf;fp Xubf;F vOj;Jg;
gjpdhW tUk;. epiuairapy; njhq;fpdhy; xw;W ePf;fp Xubf;F
vOj;Jg; gjpNdO tUk;. Neuirapy; njhq;fpa fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw
xw;W ePf;fp ehd;fbfSk; mWgj;J ehd;F vOj;Jg; ngw;W tUk;.
epiwairapy; njhq;fpa fl;lisf; fypj;Jiwg;gh xw;W ePf;fp
ehd;F mbfSk; mWgj;njl;nlOj;jpy; tUk;. ,t;tpyf;fpaj;jpd;gb
fl;lisf; fypj;Jiwg;ghf;fs; nghpaGuhzj;jpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,jid,

“kw;Wk; ,izad tz;lkpo; khiyfs; ghbitfp

ntw;wp kotpil tPul;lh; ghjk; kpf epidthy;

cw;wnjhh; fhjypd; mq;GFepd; Nwfpxd; dhh;Guq;fs;

nrw;wth; thOe; jpUtjp ifg;gjp nrd;wilthh;’’

nghpa -Guhz gh-1405)

25
 ,q;F fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw Neh; mirapy; njhq;fp xw;W
ePf;fp mWgj;J ehd;nfOj;ijf; nfhz;L te;Js;sJ.

“kzpneLe; Njhuzk; tz;Fiyg; G+fk; klw;fjyp

,izAw ehl;b vOepiyf; NfhGue; njw;wpvq;Fk;

jzptpy; ngUnfhspj; jhkq;fs; ehw;wpr; nrQ;rhe;JePtp

mzpefh; Kd;id mzpNky; mzpnra;(J) myq;fhpj;jhh;’’

(nghpa -Guhz gh-1408)

,q;F fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw epiwairapy; njhq;fp xw;W

ePf;fp mWgj;njl;L vOj;Jg; ngw;W te;j fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw
MFk;.

Mrphpa tpUj;jk;

fopnebyb ehd;fha; tUtJ Mrphpa tpUj;jk; MWrPh;fisAk;

my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l rPUk; nfhz;L tUtJ fop nebyb
Mrphpa tpUj;jkhFk;.

“Fiwtpy; njhy;rPh; mfty;

tpUj;jk; fopneby; ehd;F ,WtJ nky;ypaNy’’36

(ahg;G –gh 30:3-4)

vd;W ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

“gj;jdha;g; ghl khl;Nld; vd;W Kd;ndLj;Jg; gz;zhy;

‘mj;jh! cd; Mly; fhz;ghd; mbaNdd; te;j’

thnwd;(W) ,j;jpwk; Nghw;wp epd;Nw ,d;wopo; khiy ghbf;

ifj;jpUj; njhz;L nra;Aq; fhjypw; gzpe;J Nghe;jhh;’’

26
 (nghpa Guhz gh-1439)

,g;ghly; Mrphpa tpUj;jkhFk.; ,q;F nghpaGuhzj;jpYk; gy

Mrphpa tpUj;jg;ghf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nghpaGuhzk; xU ngUq;fhg;gpak;

mwk;, nghUs;, ,d;gk;, tPLNgW Kjypatw;iwf; nfhz;L

miktNj ngUq;fhg;gpakhFk;. ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa
,yf;fzj;ij jz;bayq;fhuk; Rl;bAs;sJ.

vd;W tpsf;fp ciuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jkpopy; fhg;gpaf; nfhs;if gw;wpa fUj;jpay; goe;jkpo;

E}yhd njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; tphpthff; Fwpg;gplg; gltpy;iy
tlnkhopiaj; jOtp vOjg;gl;l jz;bayq;fhuNk Kjypy; fhg;gpa
,yf;fzj;ijg; gw;wp tpthpf;fpwJ.

“ngUq;fhg;gpa epiy NgRq;fhiy

tho;j;J, tzf;fk;, tUnghUs; ,tw;wpndhd;W

Vw;Gilj; jhfp Kd;tuT ,ad;W,

ehw;nghUs; gaf;Fk; eilnewpj; jhfpj;

jd;dpfH ,y;yhj; jiytid Ailj;jha;

kiyfly; ehL tsefH gUtk;

,UflHj; Njhw;w nkd;wpidad Gide;J,

ed;kzk; GzHjy;, nghd;Kb ftpj;jy;

G+k;nghopy; EfHjy;, Gdy; tpisahly;

Nkjk;gpop kJf;fsp rpWtiug; ngWjy;

Gytpapy; Gyj;jy;, fytpapy; fypj;j nyd;W

27
,d;dd Gide;j ed;dilj; jhfp

ke;jpuk; J}J nryT ,fy; ntd;wp

re;jpapy; njhlHe;J rUf;fk; ,yk;gfk;

ghpr;Nrjk; vd;Dk; ghd;ikapd; tpsq;fp

neUq;fpa RitAk; ghtKk; tpUk;gf;

fw;NwhH GidAk; ngw;wpaJ vd;g’’37

(jz;b –gh -8)

,g;ghly; czh;j;Jk; ,yf;fz Kiwahtd

1. tho;j;J, tzf;fk;, tUnghUs; Mfpatw;wpy; xd;iwg; ngw;W

tUk;.
2. mwk;, nghUs;, ,d;gk;, tPLNgW Mfpa 4-cWjpg;
nghUl;fisf; nfhz;likAk;.
3. jd;Ndhpy;yhj jiytid cilajhf mikAk;.
4. kiy, fly;, ehL, gUtk;, ,URlh; Mfpatw;iw
cs;slf;fpathW fUj;Jf;fs; mike;J tUk;.
5. ed;kzk; Ghpjy;, nghd;Kb ftpj;jy;, Gdy; tpisahl;L,
rpWtiug; ngWjy;, Gytpapy; Gyj;jy;, fytpapy; fyj;jy;
Mfpa epfo;r;rpfs; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
6. ke;jpuk;, J}J, nryT, Nghh;, ntw;wp Mfpad Fwpj;J tUk;.
7. rUf;fk;, ,yk;gfk;, gupr;Nrjk; vd;Dk; cl;gphpTfspy; VNjDk;
xd;iwg; ngw;W tUk;.
8. ,yf;fpa eaKk; ghtKk; ngw;W tpsq;Fk;.
9. fw;Nwhuhy; ,aw;wg; ngw;wjhf mikAk;.

Nrf;fpohH $j;jH ngUkhd; jpUtb njhOJ E}iyj; njhlq;FtH.

“Cd ile;j clk;gpd; gpwtpNa

28
jhd ile;j cWjpiar; rhUkhy;

Njd ile;j kyHg;nghopy; jpy;iyAs;

khe lQ;nra; tujh;nghw; whs;njho’’ (nghpa. Guhz gh-2)

vd;W ,e;E}w;ghtpy; $wg;gl;l ahTk; ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa

,yf;fzkhFk;.

tUnghUs; tzf;fk;

fly; ePiu ms;sp Chpy; cs;sth;fSf;Fj; juepidj;j

ehapid xj;j ehd; kpfg; ngUe;njhz;lHfspd; Gfo; nghUe;jpa
tuyhw;iwr; nrhy;yj; njhlq;Ffpd;Nwd; vd;W Nrf;fpohh;
$wpAs;shh;. ,jid>

“njhpt Uk;ngU ike;jpUj; njhz;lh;jk;

nghUt UQ;rPH GfyYw; Nwd;Kw;wg;

ngUF njz;fly; Cw;Wz; ngUeir

xUR zq;fis xf;Fk; jifikNad;.” (nghpa Guhz gh-6)

vd;w ghly; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ.

ehdpy tsk;

FwpQ;rp; epyj;jpy; tz;bdk; aho;Nghy; xypf;Fk;> Ky;iy

epyj;jpy; fhHfhyj;jpy; Ky;iy kyH kzk;tPRk;. kUjkuj;jpy;
cs;s kuq;fspy; fpspfs; ,dpJ jq;Fk;. nea;jy; epyj;jpy; jhio
kyHfs; kzk; gug;Gk; vd;gjid,

“Foy;nra; tz;bdq; FwpQ;rpaho; Kuy;td FwpQ;rp;

KoT fhHnfhs Ky;iyfs; Kifg;gd Ky;iy;

koiy nkd;fpsp kUjkH Nrf;ifa kUjk;;

29
epoy;nra; ifijR+o; nea;jyq; fopad nea;jy;.”

(nghpa -Guhz gh- 1092)

vd;Dk; ,g;ghly; czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.

Qhapw;wpd; Njhw;wk;

,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,iwtidAk;, ,aw;ifiaAk; tzq;Ftij

goe;jkpoh; nfhs;ifahfNt nfhz;bUe;jdh;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd;
njhlf;fj;jpNyNa “QhapW Nghw;WJk; QhapW Nghw;WJk;,
jpq;fisg; Nghw;WJk; jpq;fisg; Nghw;WJk;, khkiog; Nghw;WJk;
khkiog; Nghw;WJk;” vd;W tho;j;jp njhlq;Ftijf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.
fjputid md;W Kjy; ,d;W tiuAk; tzq;Fk; Nghf;F cyf
kf;fspilNa epyTfpwJ. ,k;kuG nghpaGuhzj;jpYk;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

jpUehtY}hpy; Ntj tpjpg;gb Kjy; ehs; ,utpy; kq;fs

thj;jpq;fs; Koq;fpd kyh; khiy khh;gd; Re;juhpd; kzf;Nfhyk;
fhz Mty; nfhz;ltd; Nghy fjputDk; Njhd;wpdhd; vd;gij,

“khkiw tpjpt ohky; kzj;Jiwf; fld;fs; Mw;wpj;

J}kiw %J}Hf; fq;Fy; kq;fye; Jtd;wp MHg;gj;

NjkU njhilay; khHgd; jpUkzf; Nfhyq; fhzf;

fhKW kdj;jhd; Nghyf; fjputd; cjak; nra;jhd;.”

(nghpa-Guhz gh-159)

vd;Dk; ,g;ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.

fhg;gpag; gad;

ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,lk; ngWk; fhg;gpaf; $Wfshd mwk;,

nghUs;, ,d;gk;, tPL vd;Dk; ehd;F cWjpg; nghUs;fSk;

30
nghpaGuhzj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ ‘mwk;’ nghpaGuhzj;jpy;
Kjd;ik ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. rKjha eyDf;fhf ew;nray;fisr;
nra;jy;, rptdbahh;fis cgrhpj;jy;, ,iwtDf;Fk;
,iwabahh;fSf;Fk; mwk; nra;jy; Nghd;w mwr; nray;fSk;
nghpaGuhzj;jpy; mikag; ngw;ws;sd. ‘nghUs;’ vd;W Nehf;fpdhy;
Re;juh; kzpKj;J Mw;wpy; Nghl;l nghd;id jpUth&h; Fsj;jpy;
NjLtjhf tUfpwJ. Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhhpd; nghUs;gw;wpAk;,
megha kd;ddpd; nghUs; gw;wpAk; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gijf;
fhzKbfpwJ. ‘,d;gk;’ vd;W ghh;j;jhy; ,y;yw ,d;gk;, gf;jp
,d;gk;, mbahh; ,d;gk;, murh; ,d;gk;, Mz;ltd; ,d;gk; vd;W gy
epiyfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ‘tPL’ Re;juh; tPLNgW miltJk;,
guit ehr;rpahh;, rq;fpyp ehr;rpahh; ,UtUk; tPLNgW miltJk;,
Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh; tPLNgW miljy; Nghd;w epfo;Tfs;
nghpaGuhzj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

jz;bayq;fhuk; $Wk; fhg;gp ,yf;fzk; midj;Jk;

nghpaGuhzj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

njhd;kq;fs;

mbg;gilapy; njhd;kk; vd;gij ‘goik’ vd toq;fg; ngWk;.

tpf;fpgPbahtpy; njhd;kk; vd;gjw;F gpd;tUkhW tpsf;fk;
jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

‘goik vd;gij tlnkhopapy; ‘Guhzk;’ vd;Wk; Mq;fpyj;jpy;

‘kpj;’ (MYTH) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. njhy;fhg;gpah;
njhd;kq;fs; Fwpj;J

“njhd;ik jhNd nrhy;Yq; fhiy

ciunahL Gzh;e;j goik Nkw;Nw”38 (njhy; ngh gh -538)

31
 vd;W ciuf;fpd;whh;. njhd;kj;ij fw;gid vd;Wk;, r%fj;jpd;
fdTfisAk;, vz;zq;fisAk; gpujpgypf;fpwJ vd;W $Wth;.

mbg;gilapy; goikia fhyk; fhykhf kuG topg;gl;l

gz;ghl;L mbg;gilf; fUj;Jf;fs; njhd;kq;fshf cynfq;Fk;
epiwe;J fplf;fpwJ. ,/J mbg;gilapy; flTs;, flTspd;
nray;fs;, kf;fisf; fhj;j Kiw Nghd;wtw;iw vLj;Jiuj;Jr;
nry;fpwJ. jkpofj;jpy; tof;fhWfs; kpf mjpfkhf fijfs; gy
cz;L. mtw;iw njhd;kk; vd;Nw $Wth;. ,f;fijfs; ngUk;ghYk;
irt, itztk; fUj;jpid kf;fSf;F vLj;Jiug;gjhf mikAk;.
nghpaGuhzk; gy njhd;kf;fijfis jkpOf;F toq;fpapUf;fpwJ.

rptngUkhd; fq;if, ehfk;, ahidj;Njhy;, Gypj;Njhy;

mzpe;jik, rptngUkhd; kzpfz;ld; Mdik, cik
jOtf;Fioe;j tisj;jOk;G ngw;wik, ,uhkgpuhd; gpukfj;jp
ghtk; ePq;fpaik, rptk; jphpGuk; vhpj;jik, rptd; rilapy; jpq;fs;
mzpe;jik, khYk; maDk; mwpjw;fhpah; Md rptd; ngUik,
rptd; fq;ifia jiyapy; mzpe;jik, rptngUkhd; fhyidf;
fhyhy; cijj;J khh;fz;Nlaidf; fhj;jik, thkd mtjhuk;,
rptngUkhd; khnjhU ghfd; Mdik, rptd; gpr;ir Vw;wik, rptd;
kd;kjidf; fha;ej
; ik Kjypa njhd;kr; nra;jpfs;
nghpaGuhzj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

ahidNjhy;, GypNjhy;, ehfk;, khd;, kO

Mfpatw;iwr; rptngUkhd; Ve;jpaik
jhUfhtdj;J Kdpth;fSk;, kidtpaUk; Mzt kyj;jpy;
%o;fp ,Ue;jdh;. mth;fis tpLtpj;jw; nghUl;Lr; rptngUkhd;
gpr;rhld tbtpy; gpr;ir Nfl;fr; nrd;whh;. jhUfhtd Kdpth;fs;
gj;jpdpaH ngUkhd; mofpy; <Lgl;L tisay; ,oe;jdh;. nra;jp
mwpe;j jhUfh tdj;J Kdpth;fs; rptngUkhd; kPJ rpdk; nfhz;L
mopT Nts;tp nra;jdh;. me;j Nts;tpapy; ehfk;, ahid, Gyp,

32
khd;, kO Mfpa nghUs;fs; Njhd;wp rptid mopf;f te;jd.
ehfj;ij fOj;jpy; mzpahf mzpe;jhh;. ahidj; Njhiy chpj;J
khh;gpy; Nghh;j;jpf; nfhz;lhh;. Gypj;Njhiy ,Lg;gpy; cLj;jpdhh;.
vhpAk; kOg;giliaf; ifapy; Ve;jpdhh;. ,b Kof;fj;NjhL te;j
khid ,lf;ifapy; jhq;fpdhh;. Nghd;w njhd;kq;fis gy
ghf;fspy; Nrf;fpohh; jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzj;jpy; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

“mj;jpU %J}h;Nktpa ehTf; fuRk; jk;

rpj;jk; epiwe;Nj md;G njtpl;Lk; njspnts;sk;

nkha;j;J,op jhiuf; fz;nghop ePh;nka;k; KOJMug;

igj;jiy ehfg; G+z; mzp thiu”

(nghpa. Guhz gh-1508)

“jpUehNfr;ruj;J mkh;e;j nrq;fdfj; jdpf;Fd;iwf;

fUehfj;J chpGize;j fz;Zjiyr;nrd;W ,iwQ;rp

mUQhdr; nre;jkpopd; jpUg;gjpfk; mUs; nra;J

ngUQhd rk;ge;jh; ngUF Mh;tj;J ,d;Gw;whh;.”

(nghpa.Guhz.gh- 2314)

“jpy;iytho; me;jzUk; cld;nry;yr; nrd;Wva;jpf;

nfhy;iykhd; kwpf;fuj;jhh; NfhGuj;ijj; njhOjpiwQ;rp

xy;iyNgha; cl;GFe;jhh; cyF ca;a elk; MLk;

vy;iyapidj’ jiyg;gl;lhh; ahthfSk; fz;byuhy;”

(nghpa-Guhz gh-1080 )

,g;ghlybfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j njhd;kq;fis vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

33
kzpfz;ld; ngah;f;fhuzk;

Njth;fSk; mRuh;fSk; ke;ju kiyia kj;jhfTk;, thRfpia

ehzhfTk; nfhz;L ghw;fliy file;jdh;. mg;NghJ ghw;flypy;
Njhd;wpa nghUs;fSs; eQ;Rk; xd;W eQ;R cyif mopf;Fk;
nfhba jd;ik cilaJ. vd;gij czh;e;j Njth;fs;
rptngUkhdplk; Kiwapl;ldh;. rptngUkhd; ghw;flypy; Njhd;wpa
eQ;rpid cz;lhh;. eQ;R fOj;jpw;Ff; fPo; nry;ypd; ngUkhd;
mq;fj;jpy; mlq;fpa caph;fs; midj;Jk; mopAk; vdf; fUjpf;
fOj;jpy; eQ;ir epUj;jpdhh; cikak;ik. fOj;J ePyfz;lk;
MdJ. ,jdhy;jhd; rptngUkhd; jpUePyfz;lh; vd;w ngah;
ngw;whh;. ,jid,

“igQ;QPypapdpy; mkh;e;jUSk; gukh;Nfhapy; nrd;Wva;jp

ikQ;QPyj;J kzpfz;lh; jk;ik tzq;fp kfpo;rpwe;J

nkQ;QPh; ikapdpy; md;GcUf tpUk;Gk; jkpo;khiyfs; ghbf;

ifQ;QPba jk;jpUj;njhz;L nra;J fhjYld; ,Ue;jhh;.”

(nghpa Guhz gh -1580)

vd;w ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.

ijay; jOtf; Fioe;jik

rptngUkhd; Qhd cgNjrk; nra;jNghJ ghh;tjpNjtp

ghuhKfkhf ,Ue;jhh;. ngUkhd; fhQ;rpapy; jtk; nra;a
Mizapl;lhh;. gy Kdpth;fs; gyAfk; jtk; nra;J ngwNtz;ba
Qhzj;ij ngUkhd; mUSk; NghJ ghuhKfkhf ,Ue;j guhrf;jp
fhQ;rpGuf; fk;ig Mw;wpy; jtk; nra;jhh;. Mw;W kzypy; ypq;fk;
mikj;J topgl;lhh;. ngUkhd; jpUtUshy; fk;ig Mw;wpy; nts;sk;
te;jJ. nts;sk; ypq;fj;ij mbj;Jf; nfhz;L Nghfh tz;zk;
ckhNjtp jOtpdhh;. nts;sk; tpyfp XbaJ. ,jid,

34
“nra;aIah; jpuXj;J}h; Vj;jpg;Nghe;J nrOk;Gtdk;

Ca;aeQ;R cz;L mUSkth; ciwAk;gjpfs; gytzq;fpj;

ijay; jOtf; Fioe;j gpuhd; jq;Fe; nja;tg; gjpvd;W

itak; KOJe;njhO Njj;Jk; kjpy; R+o;fhQ;rp kUq;fize;jhh;’’

(nghpa Guhz gh -1587 )

vd;w ,g;ghly; czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.

,uhkgpuhd; gpukfj;jp ghtk; ePq;fpaik

kiwNahh; Mfpa Gyj;jpah; kfd; tprputR. tprputRf;Fk;

khiaf;Fk; kfTfshf ,uhtzd;, Fk;gfh;zd;, tPlzd;, R+h;gzif
MfpNahh; Njhd;wpdh;. khuPrid kha khdhf;fp ,uhkid
jpirj;jpUg;gptpl;Lr; rPjhgpuhl;bia ,uhtzd; fth;e;jhd;. ,uhtzd;
tpUg;gkpy;yhj ngz;izj; njhl;lhy; jiy ntbf;Fk; vd
gpuk;kNjth; Kd;Ng rhgk; ,l;Ls;shh;. vdNt rPijia ,uhtzd;
njhlKbatpy;iy.

vd;whtJ xUehs; rPij kdk; ,uq;Fths; vd;w ek;gpf;ifahy;

,uhtzd; rPijia mNrhftzj;jpy; muf;fpah; fhtypy; itj;jhd;.
,uhtzdpd; jk;gpfshd Fk;gfh;zd;, tPlzd; MfpNahhpd;
mwpTiuf;F ,uhtzd; nrtp rha;ftpy;iy. rPijia rpiwapy;
,Ue;J tpLtpf;f kWj;jhd;. Nghhpy; ,uhtzidf; nfhd;W rPijia
rpiw kPl;lhh; ,uhkgpuhd;. ,uhtzd; gpuhkz Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jtd;
vdNt ,uhkgpuhid gpukfj;jp Njhrk; gpbj;jJ. mij ePf;f
,uhkgpuhd; <Rtudhfpa rptid topgl ypq;fk; nfhz;L tUkhW
mDkid mDg;gpdhh;. mDkd; ypq;fk; nfhz;Ltu jhkjpf;fNt
chpa Neuk; KbAk; Kd; xU ypq;fj;ij gpujp\;il nra;jhh;.
,uhkd; <\;tuid topgl;l ,lNk ,uhNk\;tuk;. ,jid,

“njd;dpyq;if ,uhtzd; jd; rpukPiue;Jk; Jzpj;j

35
kd;dtDk; ,uhkDf;F tUk; ngUk;gh jfe;jPhj
; ;j

gPQ;Qfiuj; njhOtjw;F epide;J Ngha;g; ngUkfpo;r;rp

Jd;dpkzq; fiue;JUfj; njhOnjOe;jhh; nrhy;yurh;’’

(nghpa Guhz gh- 1678 )

“Njth; njhOe; jdpK jiyj; jpUtpuh Nkr;Ruj;J

Nktparq; fuidvjph; epd;w tpUg;GW nkhopahy;

ghtjpU Nehpirfs; Kjyhd jkpo;ghb

ehturh; jpUj;njhz;L eyk; ngUfr; nra;jkh;e;jhh;’’

(nghpa Guhz gh- 1679)

vd;w ghly;fs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

jphpGuk; vhpj;j tphprilf; flTs;

nghd,; nts;sp, ,Uk;G Mfpa %d;W cNyhfq;fshy; Nfhl;il

nra;j %turh;, epidj;j ,lj;jpy; gwe;J epidj;j ,lj;jpy;
Nfhl;ilfis mkh;j;jp cyf caph;fis mopj;J te;jdh;.
,jidj; Njth;fs; rptngUkhdplk; Kiwapl;ldh;. rptngUkhd;
NkUkiyia tpy;yhfTk;, thRfpia ehzhfTk,; jpUkhiy
mk;ghfTk;, gpukidr; rhujpahfTk;, G+kpiaj; NjuhfTk;,
ehd;kiwfisg; ghpfshfTk; Mf;fp Kg;Guk; vhpf;fr; nrd;whh;.
jpUkhyhfpa mk;Gf;F Mztk; cz;lhapw;W. rptngUkhd;
Gd;KWty; G+j;Nj Kg;Guk; vupj;jhh;. ,jid,

“mt;T+h; epd;Wk; jpUth&h; mjid milthh; mbahh;Nky;

ntt;CW mfw;Wk; ngUkhd;jd; tpiuR+o; kyh;j;jhs;

gzptWjy;

vt;T+jpakk; vdf;nfhs;Sk; vz;zk; cilahh; gyehSk;

36
njt;T+h; vhpj;j tiur; rpiyahh; jpUg;ghjq;fs; tzq;fpdhh;’’

(nghpa Guhz gh- 1876)

vd;w ghly; Md;khf;fspd; Kk;kyk; mopf;Fk; jj;JtNk

jphpGuk; vhpf;Fk; tuyhW vd;gij czh;j;JfpwJ.

jpq;fis rilapy; mzpe;jik

jl;rdpd; 27 kfs;fis kze;j re;jpud; Nuhfpdpapd; kPJ

mjpf md;G nra;jhd;. ,jdhy; Vida ngz;fs; jd; je;ij
jl;rdplk; Gfhh; nra;jdh;. mjdhy; jl;rd; re;jpudpd; fiyfs;
Njar; rhgk; ,l;lhd;. re;jpud; rptngUkhd; jpUtb gzpe;jhd;.
rptd; jpUKbapy; ,lk;ngw;W mtd; fiyfs; tsh;ej
; d. jl;rd;
rhgk; ngha;f;fhky; jpq;fspd; fiyfs; Nja;e;jd. rptngUkhd;
rhgk; ngha;f;fhky; re;jpudpd; fiyfs; tsh;e;jd. vd;gij>

“nrOe;jusg; nghd;dpR+o; jpUed;dp

gs;sp cs;Nshh; njhOJ jpq;fs;
nfhOe;jzpAQ; rilahiu vq;fs; gjp
apdpy;Fk;gpl;L mUs; mq;Nf
vOe;jUs Ntz;Lk;vd ,ire;JmUspj;
NjhdptPw;wpUe;jhh; ghjk;
njhOk; jifik ahy,iwQ;rp mUs;ngw;Wg;
gpwgjpAk; njhoKd; nry;thh;.”
(nghpa .Guhz gh- 2015)
,jid ,g;ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.

NjLk; khy; maw;fhpatd;

gilj;jy; njhopYf;F mjpgjpahd gpukDk;, fhj;jy;

njhopYf;F mjpgjpahd jpUkhYk; jj;jk; njhopiy nghpnjd
kjpj;jdh;. rptngUkhd; jkJ jpUtb my;yJ jpUKbiaf;
fhz;gtNu nghpath; vdf; $wp Nrhjptbthff; fhl;rp je;jhh;.

37
jpUkhy; gd;wp tbT nfhz;L ghjkyh; Njbr; nrd;whh;. gpukd;
md;dk; tbtk; nfhd;L rptngUkhdpd; rilKbiaf; fhzj;
Njbr;nrd;whh;. gpukd; jhok;G+ xd;iwg; ngUkdplk; nfhLj;Jj;
jpUKbiaf; fz;ljhfg; ngha; $wpdhh;. jpUkhy; jpUkfs; jiytd;
gpukd; ehkfs; jiytd; nry;tj;jpw;fjpgjp jpUkhYk; gpuk;kDk;
rptngUkhdpd; jpUtbiaAk; jpUKbiaAk; fhzKbatpy;iy.
fy;tpr; nrUf;fhYk; nry;tr; nrUf;fhYk; ,iwtidf;
fhzKbahJ vd;gJ jj;Jtk;. ,jid,

“ePLk; mg;gjp ePq;Fthh; epfo;j;jpU ey;Y}h;

MLthh; jpUtUs; ngwmfd;WNghe;J mq;fz;

khLk; cs;sd tzq;fpNa gutpte;J mize;jhh;

NjLkhy; maw;F mhpath; jpUf;fUT+h;.’’

(nghpa .Guhz gh- 2274)

vd;w ghly; top mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,f;fUj;jpiz
khzpf;fthrUk; Rl;bAs;shh;.

“khywpah ehd;KfDk; fhzhkiyapid ehk;

Nghy;mwpNthk; vd;Wcs;s nghf;fq;f NsNgRk;

ghy;CW Njd;tha;g; gbwP filjpwtha;

QhyNk tpz;Nz gpwNt mwpTmwpahd;

Nfhykk; ek;ikMl; nfhz;LmUspf; Nfhjhl;Lk;

rPyKk; ghbr; rptNd rptNdnad;W

Xyk; ,bDk; czuha; czuha;fhz;

Vyf; Foyp gupRVNyhh; vk;ghtha;.”39

(jpUntk;ghit gh-4 )

38
 vd;Dk; jpUntk;ghit ghly; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ.

rptd; fq;ifiar; rilapy; jhpj;jik

rfGj;jpuh;fspd; je;ij m];tNkj Nts;tpahfpa E}whtJ

Nts;tpapidr; nra;jhd;. E}whtJ Nts;tp Kbj;Njhh; ,e;jpug; gjtp
milth;. vdNt ,e;jpud; Fjpiuia xU Kdpth; jtg; gs;spapy;
fl;b tpl;lhd;. rfGj;jpuh; Kdpth;jhd; Fjpiuiag; gpbj;J fl;bdhh;
vd Kdptdpd; jtk; fiyj;jdh;. jtk; fiye;j Kdpth;
rfGj;jpuiur; rhk;gyhFk;gb rhgkpl;lhh;. rfGj;jpuh;; eufk; mile;jhh;.
rfGj;jpuh; topte;j gfPujd; fq;if ePiuf; nfhzh;e;J jk; Kd;Ndhh;
nte;j rhk;gypy; njspj;jhy; tPLngWthh; vd mwpe;jhd;.

rptngUkhid Nehf;fp gfPujd; jtk; nra;jhd; rptngUkhdplk;

fq;if ePiu jk; Kd;Ndhh; kPJ gLk;gb tuk; Nfl;lhd;. rptngUkhd;
mUshy; fq;if cyif mopf;Fk; Ntfk; nfhz;L te;jJ. gfPujd;
fq;if Ntfj;ij jLf;f Ntz;bdhd;. fq;ifiar; rilapy; rptd;
fue;jhh;. xU nrhl;L ePh; $l tutpy;iy kPz;Lk; rptid Nehf;fp
gfPujd; fLk; jtk; Ghpe;jhd;. fq;if ePh; Ntfk; jzpe;J tUkhW
tpLj;jhh;. gfPujd; fq;if ePh; nfhz;L jk; Kd;Ndhh; ghtk;
ePf;fpdhd;. fq;ifiaf; nfhz;L te;j gfPujd; ngauhy; fq;if
gfPujp vd miof;fg; ngw;whd;. ,jid,

“mq;fz; ,dpJmkUk; ehs;mly;nts; Vdj;JcUtha;r;

nrq;fz; neLkhy; gzpAk; rptGuj;Jr; nrd;Wmile;J

fq;ifrilf; fue;jth;jq; foy; tzq;fp fhjypdhy;

Nghq;Fk; ,irj;jpUg;gjpfk; Kd;epd;W Nghw;wpirj;jhh;. “

(nghpa Guhz gh- 2307 )

vd;Dk; ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.

39
rptngUkhd; fhyidf; fhyhy; cijj;jik

kpUfz;L Kdpth; rptngUkhid Nehf;fp kfT Ntz;b jtk;

Ghpe;jhh;. ,iwtd; 16 tajsNt thOk; ey;y kfg;NgW xd;W
Ntz;Lkh? E}W taJ tiu thOk; jPa Gjy;th;fs; E}WNgh;
Ntz;Lkh? vdf; Nfl;f kpUfz;L Kdpth; 16 taJ msT thOk;
xU ey;y kfit Ntz;bdhh;.

khh;fz;Nlad; vdg; ngahpl;L tsh;j;jhh;. 16 taJ neUq;fpaJ.

jha; je;ijah; Jd;gk; czh;e;j khh;fz;Nlad; jpUj;jyq;fs;
NjhWk; nrd;W ekrptha vd Ie;J vOj;J ke;jpuk; Xjpdhd;.
jpUf;flT+h; <rid topgl;lhd;. fhyd; te;jhd;. khHfz;Nlad;
rptypq;fj;ij jOtpdhd;. fhyd; rptypq;fj;jpw;Fk; Nrh;j;J
ghrf;fapw;iw tPrpdhd;. jd;dbahh;f;F cw;wjPq;if tpyf;fr; rptdhh;
fhyidf; fhyhy; cijj;jhh;. khh;fz;NlaDf;F vd;Wk; 16 taij
mUspdhh;. ,jid,

“kw;Wmtz; gjp mize;J tPul;lj;J

kotpil ahh; Nfhapy;
Rw;W khspif tyk;nfhz;L
fhyid Aijj;JUl;ba nra;a
nghd;rp yk;G mzp jhkiu
tzq;fpKd; Nghw;ca;e;J vjph;epd;W
gw;W mWg;gth; rilAil
ahd; vDk; gjf,d; ,irghb.”
(nghpa Guhz gh- 2437 )

vd;w ghly; top mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

thkd mtjhuk;

khgypr; rf;futh;j;jp E}whk; Nts;tpahd nfhil Nts;tp

nra;jhd;. E}W Nts;tp nra;jth; ,e;jpug; gjtp milth;. tpz;zth;
khgyp Nts;tpia jLf;fj; jpUkhiy Ntz;bdh;. khgyp mRur;
40
rf;futh;j;jpaplk; jpUkhy; $dpf; FWfpf; Fs;s tbtpy; thkddhf
te;jhh;. jtk; nra;a %d;wb kz; Nfl;lhh;. khgypapd; FUthd
Rf;yhr;rhhpahh; jLj;jhh;. khgyp %d;wb kz; jhiu thh;j;Jf;
nfhLf;Fk; NghJ Rf;fpud; fkz;lyj;jpd; thia tz;L cUf;
nfhz;L milj;jhd;. thkdd; jh;ig nfhz;L fkz;ly thapy;
Fj;jpdhd;. nfhil jLj;j Rf;fpud; FUldhdhd;. Rf;fpud; rptid
Nehf;fp jtk; nra;J fz; ngw;whd;. tpz;iz XubahfTk; kz;iz
XubahfTk; jpUkhYf;F %d;whk; mbf;F khgyp jd; jiyiaf;
nfhLj;jhd;. khgyp jpUkhy; jPl;ir ngw;W tPL ngw;whd;. khz;Gs;s
gpuk;kr;rhhp tbtpy; te;J khgypia Ml;nfhz;l ,lk; ‘khzpf;Fop’
vdg; ngw;wJ.

khgypapd; Mztk;, fd;kk;, khia vd;w Kk;kyKk; %d;wb

kz;zhf thq;fg; ngw;wjhy; khgyp tPL ngw;whd;. khzpaha; te;j
jpUkhy; rptid topgl;l ,lk; khzpf;Fop vdg;gl;lJ. ,jid,

“mq;fziu mbNghw;wpm q;F mfd;W kw;Wme;jg;

nghq;Fejpj; njd;fiwg; Nghh;typj;Njhs; khtypjd;

kq;fyNts;tpapy; gz;L thkddha; kz; ,ue;j

nrq;fz; mtd;topgl;l jpUkhzpf; Fopmize;jhh;’’

(nghpa Guhz gh- 236 )

vd;w ghly; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ.

ngUkhNd te;J gpr;ir Nfl;Fk; ngUik ngw;wtd;

khgypr;rf;futh;j;jp vd;w fUj;jpid,

”Xq;fp cyfse;j cj;jkd; Ngh; ghb’’40

vd;W Mz;lhs; ghitg; ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

41
rptngUkhd; khnjhU ghfd; Mdik

gpUq;fp Kdpth; rptidNa topgl;lhh;. rf;jpia topglhjth;.

ckhNjtp ,iwtid Ntz;b ,iwtd; clk;gpy; ghjp ,lk;
ngw;whh;. gpUq;fp Kdpth; tz;L cUtpy; Jisj;Jr; rptid kl;Lk;
tyk; te;jhh;. ckhNjtp gpUq;fp Kdptd; rf;jpia thq;fNt
gpUq;fp vd;GUthfp mirah epiyAw;whd;. gpd; rf;jpia tzq;fpr;
rf;jpiag; ngw;whd;. ,jid,

“kw;W,dpehk; Nghw;WtJvd;? thNdhh; gpuhd; mUisg;

gw;wyh;jk; ifthshy; ghrk; mWj;jUsp

cw;wtiu vd;Wk; cld;gphpah md;GmUspg;

nghw;nwhbahs; ghfdhh; nghd;dk; gyk; mize;jhh;.’’

(nghpa Guhz gh- 648)

vd;w ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.

rptd; gpukfghyk; ePq;fpaik

ehd;Kfd; Mfpa gpukd; Ie;J jiyfNyhL tpsq;fpdhd;.

rptngUkhd; NghyNt jdf;Fk; Ie;J jiyfs; ,Ug;gjhf Mztk;
nfhz;lhd;. ,iwtd; gilj;jy; njhopy; ,iwf;F Mztk;
$lhnjd xU jiy fps;sg; ngw;wJ. gpukdJ jiyahjypd; mJ
ngUkhd; ifapy; xl;baJ. gpukd; jiy fps;spa ghtk; Nghfg;
gpr;ir vLf;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. rptngUkhd; cyfj;jth;
ghtq;fisg; gpr;ir Vw;gjhfj; jj;Jtk; cs;sJ. Kdpth; gj;jpdpah;
gpr;ir ,l;lJk; gpuk;k fghyk; iftpl;L mfd;wJ. ,jid,

“Ch;njhWk; gypnfhz; La;f;Fk; xUtd jUsp dhNy

Ghhpdpy; Mh;e;j nry;tk; cilauhk; gz;gpy; ePbr;

rPh;cil mbrpy; ey;y nroq;fwp japh; nea; ghyhy;

42
 Mh;j;jU fhjy;$u mbath;f;F cjTk; ehspy;.”

(nghpa Guhz gh –857 )

,g;ghly; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

rptd; kd;kjidf; fha;j;jik

rptngUkhd; mbahh;f;F Qhd cgNjrk; nray;gLj;jpf; fhl;b

nksd epiyapy; ,Ue;jhh;. R+ugj;kd; nfhLik cr;r fl;lj;ijf;
fle;jJ. rptngUkhd; nksd epiyapy; ,Ug;gpd; rf;jpNahL Nrh;e;J
KUfd; mtjhuk; vg;NghJ epfo;tJ vd tpz;zth;;fs; ftiy
cw;wdh;. tpz;zth;fs; kd;kjdplk; rptngUkhd; nksd epiyiaf;
fiyf;f Ntz;bdh;. kidahs; Ntz;L NfhisAk; kWj;J kd;kjd;
fUk;G tpy;ypy; Ky;iy mNrhF khe;jsph; Kjypa kyh; mk;Gfs;
njhLj;jhd;. rptdhh; new;wpf;fz; jpwe;jJ. kd;kjd; vhpe;jhd;. ujp
rptngUkhdplk; kq;fy ehizg; gpr;irahf Nfl;lhs;. rptngUkhd;
ujpapd; fz;fSf;Fkl;Lk; njhpthd; vd;W jpUtha; kyh;e;J
mUspdhh;. rptngUkhd; new;wpf; fz;zpy; ,Ue;J te;j MW
nghwpfs; rutzg; ngha;ifj; jhkiu kyh;fspy; Foe;ijfshapd.
mf;Foe;ijfis fhh;j;jpifg; ngz;fs; tsh;j;jdh;. rf;jpapd;
mUshy; MW Foe;ijfSk; xd;whapd. MWKfd; mtjhuKk;
kd;kjd; kPz;Lk; caph;ngw;whd;. ,jid,

“fUk;Gtpy; Nyhidf; $w;iwf; fha;ej

; th; flT+h; kd;dp

tpUg;GcWk; md;GNky;Nky; kpf;FvOk; Ntl;if $u

xUg;gLk; cs;sj;jd;ik cz;ikahy; jkf;FNeh;e;j

jpUg;gzp gyTk;nra;J rptgj epoypy; Nrh;e;jhh;.”

(nghpa Guhz gh -869)

vd;w ghly; %yk; mwpayhk;.

43
 nghpaGuhzj;jpy; njhd;k epfo;Tfs; %yk; khepy kf;fSf;F
kdpjNeaj; jd;ikiaAk;, ,iwj;jd;ikiaAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtij
ehk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

njhFg;Giu
Nr vd;gJ fhisiaf; Fwpf;Fk; XnuOj;J xU nkhop MFk;.
fhis thfdk; nfhz;l rptdhH Nrf;fpohH vd miof;fg; ngw;whH.
rptngUkhd; ngauhfpa Nrf;fpohH vd;w ngaUk; ngw;Nwhuhy; ,lk;
ngw;w mUz;nkhopj; NjtH vd;w ngaUk; nfhz;ltH Nrf;fpohH
ngUkhd;.

Nrf;fpohhpd; Ez;khd; EioGyk; mwpe;j Nrhod; Nrf;fpohiu

mikr;ruhf mkh;j;jp cs;shh;.

Nrhokd;dH rptdbahHfs; tuyhw;iw njhFf;FkhW

Nrf;fpohiu Ntz;l Nrf;fpohH jpy;iyf; $j;jg; ngUkhd; jpUtb
gzpe;jjhy; jpy;iyf; $j;jg; ngUkhd; ‘cynfyhk;’ vd mb
vLj;Jf; nfhLf;fj; jpUj;njhz;lH Guhzk; ghlj; njhlq;fpAs;shh;

,th; jpy;iy $j;jg; ngUkhd; NfhapypNyNa jq;fpr; rpj;jpiu

jpU Mjpiu ehspy; E}iy Kbj;Js;shh;. jpy;iyapy; Mapuq;fhy;
kz;lgj;jpy; rpj;jpiu jpU Mjpiu jpUehs; md;W E}y; muq;Nfw;wk;
njhlq;fp muq;Nfw;wk; rpj;jpiu jpUMjpiu jpUehs; md;W
epiwTw;wjhFk;. muq;Nfw;wj;jpy; gq;F nfhz;l mwpQHfSf;F
Mz;L KOtJk; mKjspf;f kd;dd; Mtd nra;jhd;.

Guhzk; ,uz;L fhz;lq;fSk; gjpd;%d;W rUf;fq;fSk;

nfhz;lJ. Nrf;fpohH Guhzk; gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiwahf itf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ.

jpUj;njhz;lH Guhzj;jpy; ngUq;fhg;gpa mikg;gpidf;

nfhz;L tpsq;Ffpd;w ghq;F tphpthf ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

44
 rptdhH ehfk;, kjp mzpe;j tuyhW, kzpfz;ld; Md
tuyhW, ckhNjtp jOt tisj;jOk;G ngw;wik, ,uhkd;
<Rtuid topgl;Lg; gpukfj;jp ePq;fpaik, jphpGuk; vhpj;jik,
khyad; Njlhpa rptd; ngUik, rptd; fq;if mzpe;jik, thkd
mtjhuk;, khnjhU ghfd; Mdik, rptd; kd;kjidf; fha;e;jik
Nghd;w njhd;kq;fs; jpUj;njhz;lH Guhzj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

45
 rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;

1. m.nIak;. jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW, g.104

2. NkyJ g-105
3. ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh; Nrf;fpohh; Guhzk; gh -15
4. kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhh; nghpaGuhz Muha;r;rp g – 22
5. NkyJ – 23
6. f.nts;isthuzhh; Nrf;fpohh; fhyk; g- 27
7. ,uhkypq;fk;.muq;f., jpUj;njhz;lh; tuyhW g- 456
8. rPdpthrd;.r.(g.M) ghpNkyofh; (c.M) jpUf;Fws;. - 124
9. NkyJ - 102
10. NkyJ - 103
11. ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh; Nrf;fpohh; Guhzk; - gh- 64
12. NkyJ - gh- 70
13. Qhdg;gpufhrk;.t Nrf;fpohh; fhl;L;k; jpUj;njhz;L newp g-31
14. rpq;fhuNtY Kjypahh;, m.fiyf;fsQ;rpak; g- 889
15. m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd; nghpaGuhzk; Xh; Ma;T g–19
16. NkyJ -21
17. r.itahGhpg;gps;is Gwj;jpul;L g–21
18. ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh; Nrf;fpohh; Guhzk; gh -82
19. NkyJ –gh- 64
20. NkyJ –gh- 77
21. NkyJ – gh -103
22. gukrptk;.nrh Nrf;fpohh; ,yf;fpaj; jpwd; -g-37
23. ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh; Nrf;fpohh; Guhzk; g-48
24. rPdpthrd;.r.>(g.M)ghpNkyofh;(c.M) jpUf;Fws; -26

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25. t.Qhdg;gpufhrk; Nrf;fpohh; jpUj;njhz;L newp g-16
26. m.g.ghiyad; (c.M) rhujh gjpg;gfk; GwehE}W 1-3:4 g-206
27. t..Qhdg;gpufhrk; Nrf;fpohh; jpUj;njhz;L newp g-47
28. NkyJ g-18
29. ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh; Nrf;fpohh; Guhzk g-49
30. NkyJ g-49
31. gukrptk;.nrh Nrf;fpohh; ,yf;fpaj; jpwd; -g - 37
32. ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh Nrf;fpohh; Guhzk; gh- 96
33. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh;.e.K. v];.nfskhhP]t
; hp(g.M)
ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif %yKk; ciuAk; gh -34:3-4
34. NkyJ g-200
35. NrJ ,uhkypq;fk;gps;is.tP Kidth; jfty; g- 31
36. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh;.e.K. v];.nfskhhP]t
; hp (g.M)
ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif %yKk; ciuAk; gh -30 3-4
37. Re;ju%h;j;jp.F ckh gjpg;gfk; jz;bayq;fhuk;
%uKk; ciuAk; -gh -8
38. m.g.ghiyad;. (g.M) ,yk;G+uzh.; (c.M) njhy;fhg;gpa
nghUsjpfhuk;; - gh – 538
39. Rg;gpukzpag;gps;is.(c.M)jpUthrfk; %uKk; ciuAk;
jpUntk;ghit gh – 4
40. ,uhk];thkp ,uhkD[jh]h;.Mh;. (c.M)
ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop gh 3:1

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