DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL

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SECOND TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES

SUBJECT: VISUAL ART

CLASS: SS2

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC
1. Revision of last term work
2. Indigenous Crafts continue: (a) Types of Loom- Narrow horizontal Loom, Wide
vertical Loom, (b) Major cloth Weaving Centre in Nigeria and their products (Akwete,
Aso-oke, Sanyan, Anga of Tiv people etc.)
THEME: HISTORY OF ART
3. Modern Nigerian Art, Artists, Art Educators and Art Historians: (a) Modern
Nigerian Arts i.e. Painting, Sculpture, Ceramics, Textiles and Graphics
4. Modern Nigerian Artists 1900-1960: (a) Studio Artist e.g. Aina Onabolu, Akinola
Lasekan, Ben Enwonwu, Yusuf Grillo, Uche Okeke, Erhabor Emokpae, (b) Art
Educators: ( Kenneth Murray, Solomon Wangboje, T.A Fasuyi, J.B Akolo etc.
5. African Art History: (a) Major Art work of Cameroon, Upper Volta, Liberia, Mali,
Sierra Leone, Congo, Ghana etc.
6. African Art History: Ancient Egyptian Art- (Painting, Drawing and hieroglyphics found
on the walls of tombs pyramids and temples) Qualities, Purposes and functions of
paintings, drawing and hieroglyphics
7. MID-TERM BREAK

THEME: APPLIED DESIGN

8. Shapes and colours in Basic Design: (a) Basic Geometric Shapes- Square, Circle,
Triangle, Triangle, Cone, Rectangle. (b) Primary colours- Red, Blue,
Yellow (c) Block and pen lettering
9. Shapes and Colours in Basic Design: (a) Advertising Design Features of Book Cover
(b) Posters: (Colours, Distribution, Legibility and Composition)
10. Computer Graphic Design: (a) Corel Draw Windows Environment i.e. (Title bar, Menu
Bar, Status bar, Minimize button, Restore button, Close Button) (b) Corel draw tools
11. Textile Design Printing Process: (a) Relief Process (b) Silk Screen (c) Intaglio (d)
Planography
12. Revision.
13. Examination.
WEEK 1:

REVISION OF LAST TERM’S WORK

WEEK 2

SUBJECT: VISUAL ARTS

CLASS: SS2

DATE: ………………………………..

TOPIC: INDIGENOUS CRAFTS

CONTENT: Types of Loom-Narrow horizontal loom, wide vertical loom,

Major cloth weaving centre in Nigeria and their prophets
(Akewte, Aso-Oke, Sanyan, Anga of TIV people etc).

INDIGENOUS CRAFTS
Nigeria is not only rich in her Art and culture but is also known for her rich crafts. The various crafts
are produced locally using local materials. Various craft exist and are associated with different ethnic
groups in Nigeria. Crafts are the ancient traditional artistic Practices carried out with special
knowledge, skill and creative tendencies, transferred through informal learning.

Sub-Topic 1: TYPES OF LOOM-NARROW

Horizontal loom, wide vertical loom

The textile weave products are made possible by the weavers, looms and the textile mills machines.
The method for weaving is a universal one as the result desired is a woven fabric. Therefore weaving is
a process of interlacing threads on a loom to produce fabric materials. The materials needed for
weaving include raffia palm fronds, cane, planks, colours etc. Also basket weaving is the process of
marking sparsely woven containers from fronds of palm branches and also from cane through passing
the weft above and below the warps alternatively round to wedge the asterisk together.

The following are weaving terminologies:

Warp: means the vertical threads of a loom in weaving.

Weft: means the horizontal threads of a loom in weaving

3Shuttle: this is a small wooden device used to carry weft thread across the warp thread on the loom
during weaving.

Loom: This is a large machine used in weaving it is a prepared weaving from on which a set of threads
or strips are fixed.

TYPES OF LOOM
The following are the types of loom:

Narrow horizontal loom

Wide vertical loom
Narrow Horizontal Loom: refers to the loom commonly used by men in weaving.

Wide Vertical Loom: refers to the loom commonly used by women in weaving

Vertical Loom

Sub-Topic 2: major cloth weaving centre in Nigeria and their products (Akwete, Aso-Oke, Anga of
TIV people etc).

Akwete in Ukwa, Abia State

In Nigeria, textile weaving is practised at Akwete in Ukwa, Abia state, the most famous woven cloths
in Nigeria. The Akwete textiles weave are worn by women as wrapper skirt with light white blouse on
top. Other uses are in form of suite coats, waits jackets, shoes, head-tie, decoration’s tapestry.

Aso-Oke in Yoruba Land

Aos-Oke is a decorative woven material in long strips from Okene in Kwara state, Iseyin and Oyo, in
Oyo state.

The “Aso-Oke” weaves are packed in strips for sale at popular Oje market in Ibadan which was
founded in the year 1860.

“Aso-Oke” consists of Alari, Sanyan and Etu-dark indigo colour weave.

Anger of the TIV people of Benue state
In Nigeria, textile weaving is practiced by the Nupes, Hausas and Fulani’s of the Northern states and
highly decorated cloth from Bida, in Niger state. The cloth weaving are designs in a horizontal loom
for the men.

EVALUATION
1. What is Loom?
2. List two types of Loom
3. Mention four weaving centers in Nigeria and their products.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Weaving is usually associated _____ (a) Loom (b) painting (c) sculpture (d) drawing
2. One of the following statements is not correct of Nigerian (a) Nigerian crafts include woven fabric (b) cloth
dyeing is a common features (c) some Nigerian crafts are locally used (d) basketry is an England orientated craft
introduced to Nigerian
3. The act of making thread for weaving is called ____ (a) Loom (b) spinning (c) wrap (d) weft
4. The thread that is stretched on the Loom is also known as (a) yarn (b) raffia (c) fiber (d) weft
5. Activity in Ukwa in Abia state is popularly noted for (a) traditionally carving (b) blacksmithing (c) cloth
weaving (d) bead weaving

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Produce two (2) mats using improvised or conventional materials

PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT
Read about modern Nigerian art, artist, art educator and art historian.

WEEKEND ACTIVITY
Write short notes on three (3) modern Nigeria art

REFERENCE TEXTS
1. H.O. Babatunde, A comprehensive approach to creative arts for schools and colleges.
2. Certificate art for junior and senior secondary schools by Emu Ogumor
3. Basic Terms in visual art by O.K. Awokoya.

WEEK 3

SUBJECT: VISUAL ARTS

CLASS: SS2

DATE: ………………………………..

TOPIC: MODERN NIGERIAN ART, ARTISTS, ART EDUCATORS AND ART

HISTORIANS (HISTORY OF ART) IN NIGERIA

CONTENT: A modern Nigerian art i.e. painting, sculpture, ceramics, textiles and
graphics.

Sub-Topic 1: MODERN NIGERIAN ART, ARTISTS, ART EDUCATORS AND ART

HISTORIANS
HISTORY OF ART IN NIGERIA
Kenneth Cross White Murray, a great expatriate artist, came to Nigeria in 1928 as an education
principal of many government secondary schools.

He worked relentlessly to encourage talented young artists. His philosophy was to make Nigerian
art have its own natural identity. To achieve this, he encourages the use of traditional themes in
most pieces of art works. Some of his students include Uthman Ibrahim, Christopher Ibeto,
O.i.K. Nnachy, A.P. Umana and Ben Enwonwu. Contemporary art in Nigeria came to
prominence in the early sixties. These set of artists are the pioneer in the field of art and monitor
its survival through various consultations, personal and group efforts in producing classical and
master pieces of art works. The major pioneering leading groups and establishments that set the
pace are:

1. The Department of fine art of the college of arts, science and technology Zaria, Nigerian
(presently Ahmadu Bello university, Nigeria). In the late fifties.
2. The founding of the Mbari writers Artists Club at Ibadan in 1961.
3. The Art Department at the university of Nsukka, Nigeria.
4. The inauguration of the society of Nigerian Artist in 1964.
5. The Zaria school and society exists within 1958 and 1961. Its originators are artists like Yusuf
Grillo, Uche Okeke, Bruce Onnabrakpeya, Demas Nwoko, Simon Okeke, Jimoh Akolo, Felix
Ogbonnanya, Nwagbara, Okechukwu Odira, Olaosebikan and Ekeada. Their philosophy was
based on natural synthesis.

They believed that things should be allowed to change naturally and that art should be allowed to
change naturally and that art should reflect the past, present and future.

The Zaria school was the forerunner of the Mbari club. The name mbari is derived from the flat
earthenware bowl. The appellation belongs to the Igbos of Owerri. It stands for the goddess of
creativity. Mbari originally is a place that houses different mud sculptures of the goddess of
“Ala” but today, Mbari is a collective name for African writers and Artists, devoted to the
expression of African culture. Ullie Biere was the main motivator of the Ibadan Mbari club
which succeeded in bringing together all factrs of creativity in the arts in 1961. Some other
prominent artists of this age in the liberal section are Chinua Achebe who is a novelist,
Christopher Okigbo, a poet, Wole Shoyinka, a play wright, Demos Nwoko and Uche Okeke who
are fine artist others are J.P. Clark and Amos Tutuola. More branches of Mbari art centers were
later opened at Oshogbo, Enugu, Lagos, Ife and Benin. Ullie Biere and his wife Georgina
Susanne wenger later found the Oshogbo school of Arts where many of the contemporary
Nigerian artists were produced. Such artists are twin seven-seven, Jimoh Buraimoh, Jacob
Afolabi Akanbi and Lasisi, Rufus Ogundele, Muraina Oyelami, Adebisi.

Sub-Topic 2: MODERN NIGERIAN ART

Painting, sculpture, ceramics, textiles, graphics

1. Painting: painting can defined as the use of colours and brush for expression on a two
dimensional flat surface e.g. paper, wall board, fabric, canvas etc. Painting as an arm of fine art is a
discipline you can be identified with or make a special career of respectable and successful Nigerian
artists that have specialized in painting are Kolade Oshinowo, Taiwo O. Salami, Isola Akande, Sina
Yusuf, Aina Onabolu.
2. Sculpture: sculpture is the art of using certain medium such as clay, wood, cement, stone, metal,
etc. to represent human figures, animals, object, shapes, images, etc. through modelling, carving, welding
or construction. Nigerian artists that have specialized in sculpture are Felix Idubor, Prof. Ben Enwonwu,
Isiaka Osunde, Olajide Oshiga, Ovin Idan, Affi Ekong, Demas Nwoko, Ola Taiwo etc.
3. Ceramics: ceramics otherwise known as pottery is the art of making vessels like is the art of
making vessels like jug’s, vases, pots, cups, etc. with clay, which are then fired. Nigeian artists that have
specialised in ceramics are Ewule O., R.I., Ibigbami, B.F. Jenkins, R.I.Ibigbami, I.O. Aina, Olusegun
Aina, Dr. (Mrs). Ladi Kwali etc.
4. Textiles: textiles are an applied aspect of visual art. It involves wearing of cloth, tying and
dyeing, batik, embroidery, printing, and designing of fabrics,. Notable textile designers are Nigerians. Dr.
S.A. Adetoro, Dr. Toyin Ogunremi, C.I. Adun , Kunbi Ogunnaike, Ego Okadigwe, Godwin Imo, Agbo
Folarin etc.
5. Graphics: graphic is an applied aspect of visual art usually expressed in a two dimensional form,
its major function covers advertisement, publicity and information to the general public. Examples
include poster, designs, calendars, greeting cards, photography, etc. Akinagbe. P.F. calligraphy, etc.
Akinagbe. P.F. Tunde Olufowobi, Ebenezer A. Jidahun, Erapi Gabriel, etc.

WEEK 4

SUBJECT: VISUAL ARTS

CLASS: SS2

DATE: ………………………………..

TOPIC: MODERN NIGERIAN ARTISTS 1900-1960

CONTENT: (a) Studio Artist e.g. Aina Onabolu, Akinola Lasekan, Ben Enwonwu, Yusuf Grillo,
Uche Okeke, Erhabor Emokpae
(b) Art Educators: (Kenneth Murray, Arts, Solomon Wangboje, T.A. Fasuyi, J.B. Akolo etc.

Sub-Topic 1: STUDIO ARTIST E.G. AINA ONABAOLU, AKINOLA LASEKAN, BEN

ENWONWU, YUSUF GRILLO, UCHE OKEKE, ERHABOR EMOKPAE

Aina Onabolu
Chief Aina Onabolu was born in the year 1882. He was the first Nigerian artist and he had no formal
training in art at the beginning of his career. He started to practice art in 1890 during which he mastered
the subjects of painting landscapes and portraits. In 1920, when he went to England and Paris to study
art, returned with more knowledge of painting. At the completion of his training, he was awarded a
diploma in fine arts.

He was the first Nigerian trained artist to teach art in school received first commission between 1902
and 1903. Taught art in many schools in Nigeria and encouraged government to employ expatriate
teachers to teach art. He is Regarded as the father of the Nigerian modern and contemporary art.
Honoured with chieftaincy titles and most distinguished order of British Empire in 1956 Onabolu’s
philosophical belief was that art as a universal human language which goes beyond ethnic and cultural
barriers. Died in 1963 was an accomplished portrait painter and he was the one who produced the
portrait of Rt. Rev. O. Oluwole.

Akinola Lasekan
Akinola Lasekan was born in Ipeile Ondo state in the year 1916. He was one of the pioneers of art in
Nigeria, a self-taught painter, a renowned artist, author, book illustrator and the first newspaper
cartoonist in Nigeria started his career as a textile designer, with a French company in Lagos before he
started book illustration. After he established an art studio and became an art teacher towards the end of
1941.

At the age of 30 he went to study commercial Art in England where he held a one-man exhibition in
1945. In 1962, he became a fellow in 1945. In 1962, he became a fellow of the Royal society of arts and
later became a lecturer in Art at universities of Ife and Nigeria Nsukka. He died in 1972 his works
include cocoa farmers at work in Oil, A Yoruba girl in oil on canvas, a Nigerian solider on colonial
uniform painted in oil, Atilogu dancers, the story of Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe in oil in colour paper.

Ben Enwonwu
Renowned sculptor and painter. Born in Onitsha in 1921 to a traditional carver. He taught traditional
carving by father in his early years, got more inspiration from Kenneth Murray at government colleges
at Umuahia and Ibadan. Studied art both in Nigeria and abroad. More into sculpture than painting, using
mostly bronze and wood for his sculpture. His style is between naturalism and abstract. Expresses
Nigerian culture using western technique commissioned to do many projects e.g. bronze statues of
Sango at Power Holdings Ltd. Head Quarters Lagos. Anyanwu outside the National Museum, and
Queen Elizabeth II, all in Lagos. Another is the Risen Christ – wooden door panel at UI Ibadan. His
literary and practical works are used as reference materials.

Yusuf Grillo
Grillo is a renowned artist who specializes in painting, wall murals and mosaic design. He trained at the
Nigeria college of Arts and science now known as Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. He has also
undergone various short-term course on Art in Britain and other European countries and USA where he
had also exhibited some of his works.

He was also the chairman, Lagos State Arts Council and Visual Art sub-committee for National
Participation Committee of FESTAC ’77. He retired as Director, school of Art and printing Yaba
college of Technology, Yaba, Lagos.
His works include Humra oil on canvas, Eyo oil on canvas, seefe oil on canvas, drummers return oil on
canvas etc.
His style is highly meditative and expressive paintings.

Uche Okeke
(Art Historian and Painter)
Prof. Uche Okeke is a renowned artist from Anambra. He was born in 1933 in Nimo. He is a painter and
illustrator. Uche okeke had his art training from Nigerian college for arts and Technology (ABU) where
he specialized in painting.

Okeke loves painting which reflects Ibo folklore with strict attention to scenes in igbo life styles,
Landscape and abstracts. Uche Okeke is a Professor and head of fine art department, University of
Nigeria, Nsukka. He has taken part in many art exhibitions including one man and joint ones in
Salisbury, France, USA, Czechoslovakia, and other African countries. Works includes:
1. Mural designs of 35 x 89 ft on Nigerian Independence Exhibition standing 1960.
2. Mural work in Mbari clubs at Ibadan which was commissioned in 1961.
3. Stage costumes for plays
4. Illustration of many books including take of land of death, and Igbo folk tales.

Erhabor Emokpqe
Was born in 1934 in Benin city to a Traditional chief, early education at Benin Government School and
Western Boys High School. He was trained at the Yaba Technical Institute Lagos. He specialized as
sculptor, painter and graphic artist. He worked at the information ministry Enugu as Graphic artist after
his in-service training between 1954 and 1959 stated with Western style and later introduced African
Stylized forms into his works.
Some of his sculptural works are the Grief, the seeker, acrobat, eternity etc. his painting portrayed a lot
of textural variation and design typical of graphically included painters. He helped in organizing the
eastern region festival of arts at Enugu. Art works found in many private homes and public places in and
outside Nigeria. A coordinator at West African publicity now Lintas died on the 17th of February, 1984.

Sub-Topic 2: ART EDUCATORS: (KENNETTH MURRAY, SOLOMON WANGBOJE, T.A.

FASUYI, J.B. AKOLO)
Solomon Wangboje
Born in 1930 and died in 1997 Hailed from Avbiosi, Owan local government, Edo State. He attended
Edo College, Benin for his secondary school education and later trained at the Nigerian College of Arts,
Science and Technology Zaria with Diploma in Fine Arts in 1959. Got M.F.A and Doctorate degree, in
Art from the United States, of America. A graphic artist, painter and art educator/administrator. Founder
of Ori-olokun Art workshop at Ife. Worked as a Lecturer at Yaba College of Technology. Ahmadu Bello
University and finally at the university of Benin as the Dean of the Faculty. Wrote books on Art for use
in secondary schools in Nigeria, had series of exhibitions in Nigeria and abroad. Active member of SNA
and INSEA works include:
Romans of Head Load, Desert Journey, Two women and Music Maker.

J.B. Akolo
Jimoh Akolo was born in 1934 in Egbe, Kwara state of Nigeria. He is a painter, having studied fine arts
at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria specializing in painting and also has a master’s degree in education.
Akolo was a lecturer at the Institute of Education, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. He has done a lot of
painting and mural designs, especially in the Northern state. His works include:
1. Dye-pit one in oil 122 cm x 91cm
2. Hausa herdsmen in oil on board 82.5 x 119.5
3. Sallah Day
4. Emirs progression
5. My music oil on board

T.A. Fasuyi
Fasuyi was born in Ilesa, Osun state in 1935. He trained as an artist in the former Nigerian college of
Arts, science and Technology Zaria where he specialized in painting in 1959. He also did a post-
graduate course in Art education. He joined the government service as a Federal Art Adviser and rose to
the rank of assistant director of education before he retired in 1985.
Fasuyi loves architecture and dancing, and admires those who are versatile in more ways than one.
He has held a number of one-man exhibitions and participated in many group shows in Nigeria,
Australia etc.

His works includes meeting of Elders and the offering exhibited in 1985.

Kenneth Murray
Kenneth Cross White Murray, a great expatriate artist, came to Nigeria in 1928 as an Education Officer
and eventually became the principal of many government secondary schools. He worked relentlessly to
encourage talented young artists. His philosophy was to make Nigerian art have its own natural identity.
To achieve this he encourages the use of traditional themes in most pieces of art works. Some of his
students include Uthman Ibrahim, Christopher Ibeto, D.I.K. Nnachy, A.P. Umana and Ben Enwonwu.

EVALUATION
1. Who was recognized as father of all among the pioneers of Nigeria Art?
2. What is the simple translation of “Mbari”?
3. Discuss briefly the life and work of the pioneering father mentioned.
4. Who was the first Newspaper Cartoonist in Nigeria?
5. Discuss the life and work of the artist mentioned.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. The First Nigerian trained artist to teach art in schools was (a) Prof. Ben Enwonwu (b) Prof.
Latunde Lawal (c) Late Chief Akinola Lasekan (d) Late Chief Aina Onabolu
2. “The return of Ajaka Owo and Nigeria’s independence” rendered in oil painting was produced
by (a) Late Akinola Lasekan (b) Late Prof. Ben Enwonwu (c) Prof. Y. Grillo (d) Dr. Dele Jegede
3. Who among these Artists is NOT a Nigerian? (a) Abayomi Baber (b) Irein Wongboje (c) Ben
Enwonwu (d) Vincent Kofi
4. The famous Nigerian painter, Erhabor Emokpae died in (a) 1984 (b)( 1976 (c) 1989 (d) 1981
5. All the following are formal art training institutions in Nigeria except (a) University of Nigeria
(b) Yaba College of Technology (c) Ahmadu Bello University (d) Osogbo Mbari School

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Write short notes on three of the following modern Nigeria Art
(a) Aina Onabolu
(b) Ben Enwonwu
(c) Kenneth Murray
(d) T.A. Fasuyi
(e) J.B. Akolo

PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT
Read African Art History

WEEKEND ACTIVITY
1. List 5 purposes of African Arts
REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Cultural and Creative Arts made easy for schools and colleges by Ibrahim Banjoko.
2. New Trends and Techniques and techniques of art for secondary school by Oyedun Y.F.
3. A comprehensive Approach to creative Arts for schools and College by H.O. Babatunde MSNA.

WEEK 5

SUBJECT: VISUAL ARTS

CLASS: SS2

DATE:………………………………..

TOPIC: AFRICAN ART HISTORY

CONTENT: (1) Definition: Art History, meaning of African Art and Methods

(1) Major art works of Cameroon

(2) Upper Volta

(3) Liberia

(4) Mali

(5) Sierra Leone

(6) Congo

(7) Ghana

Sub Topic 1: DEFINITION OF ART HISTORY

Art History deals with the recording, examination classification and interpretation of art events.

MEANING OF AFRICAN ART

African Art means the art of the black complexioned people of the southern Sahara. African art were
expressed either as decoration of utilitarian objects or ancestral figures in form of masks, statues to
project their religious belief.
The main media of expression by Africans is wood and clay; stone.
In African arts some parts of the body are given special attentions because of the role they play in
human body and life. e.g.
(a) The head is enlarged in most works because it is believed to be the seat of power
(b) The navel is believed to be the source of life. The eye as the mirror and carriage of the entire
body.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRICAN ARTS
(i) Willful distortion of shapes, form and figures to attract the ancestral figure.
(ii) Imbalance of proportion due to exaggeration or reduction of shapes and figures
(iii) Super naturalism of some artworks
(iv) The use of geometric shapes in carving or moulding in either high or low reliefs on walls and
door panel or post.
Purpose of African Arts: The following are purposes of African arts
1) Religious purpose
2) Magical purpose
3) Aesthetic purpose
4) Historical purposes
5) Social purpose
6) Economic
7) Political purpose
8) Symbolic purpose
9) Utilitarian purpose
10) Therapeutic
Sub-Topic 2:

(a) CAMEROON: BAMILEKE ARTS

Bamileke is one of the major grassland groups of Cameroon. Their sculpture show crude naturalism but
strong impressive vitality.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARTS

(1) The chiefs sit is elaborately carved beaded thrones.
(2) Masks are greatly exaggerated with puffed-out cheeks, open eyes in deep hollow, double arches
representing the eye brows.
(3) There is the use of symbolic designs derived from bats, chameleons, toads spiders elephants etc.
(b) THE ART OF UPPER VOLTA (BURKINA FASO)
The Mossi Arts: The Mossi kingdom flourished between 11th and 15th century. Apart from few portrait
masks which were in bronze. Arts and crafts in metal leather and textiles were greatly developed.

Characteristics of the art works

(1) The mask is usually colorfully decorated with pattern bearing a frontal pair of antelope horns
which determines the sex of the mask.

(2) The nose is represented by a ridge running down the centre of the front and the eyes by a
triangular or circular hole close to it on either side.
Cameroon; Bamileke artist Cameroon; Bamileke peoples
Pipe with leopard head Figure
Early to mid-20th century Wood
Wood, earthenware H. 59.1 cm (23 ¼”)

(c) LIBERIA: DAN NGERE ARTS

Dan Ngere tribes with other smaller sub-tribes spread across Liberia to guinea and Ivory Coast. The Dan
is savannah tribes speaking Mande while the Ngere are the Kuru forest farmers both governed by the
powerful poro secret societies.

The functions of the mask are as follows:

(a) Channel of communication with their high god.

(b) Invoking the spirit of their dead ancestors.

(c) Used during circumcision

(d) Used by the poro society during initiation.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ART WORKS

(i) Dan Masks are simple and oval shape with slight slit or a hole for the eye

(ii) Ngere masks are grotesque and strong

(iii) The culture also produces the “pro” spoon which serves as royal symbol. These spoons have motif
forms of animal and human.
(d) MALI

(i) Bambara Arts

The Bambara are the Mandingo origin that dwells in the savannah grassland of Mali in the western
Sudan.

Their political strong secret societies includes the:

a) N’tomo society
b) Komo society
c) Kule society
d) The flankuru society
e) Kore society
Their art works consist of ancestral figures, masks and fertility figures

Characteristics of the art works

(i) The ancestral figures are highly stylized from shoulder to breast with faces reduced to simple
planes.
(ii) The figures are rigid with short arms
(iii) They are straight thin and pole-like
(iv) Some are angular while some are cubic.
(v) The female figures are characterized by heavily protruding cone-line breast.
(vi) Some masks are very colourful decorated with geometric motifs e.g. “N’tomo mask”.
(ii) Dogon Arts
The Dogon tribe lives on the plateau area of Timbuktu in Mali. The figures are called “Tellem”.

The “Kanpa” masks possess the human form with arms raised.

Characteristics of the art works

(1) The pose is rigid pair seated on a stool with the hands palms turned inward and placed on the kneel
or thighs.

(2) The hair is crested

(3) The figures wear a small goatish beard on the chin (both male and female).

(4) The specialist carvers work on ancestral figures while the masks were produced by less skilled
individual owners.

(e) SIERRA–LEONE: Mende, Sharbro and Kissi.

1. Mende: the mendes are natives of serra-Leone; mainly farmers who are politically strong and
having many secret societies which include:

(i) The pore society (for men)

(ii) The sande society (for women)

(iii) The Yassi society (for healing)

Characteristic of the art works

(i) The poro society masks are coarse in style and less impressive artistically.
(ii) The Bundu mask are usually worn during the “sande” initiation ceremony for girls; reflecting the
concept of beauty

(iii) The Bundu mask has creased neck, small mouth and heap fatness.

(iv) The hair is arranged in heavy crests lower eyelid with delicate face.

(v) The neck is fat in spiral form.

2. Sherbro: Sherbro is also a tribe in Sierra–Leone with stone figure tradition known as
“Nomoli”. They occupied the mainland in Sierra–Leone before driven away to occupy Sherbro island
by the Mende.

Characteristics of the art works

(1) They also produce ivory object such as ivory spoon, bowl with Janus heads or tip and four
lizards in relief.
Nomoli are expressive fixtures and head from Steatite, chrome state, granite which are memorials
figures for dead nobles.
(2) The works are used in royal ancestor cult.
(3) The works have large protruding eyes, broad lips nose and inflated nostrils.
3. Kissi: The Kissi tribe occupies the North-East of Sierra–Leone and sought west of Guinea.
They produced store figures called “pomdo” (plural “Pomtan”) associated with the dead.
Characteristic of the arts
(i) The stone figure are abstract, tubular in shape and rich adorned.
(ii) The eyes are flat and drawn as a curve with pointed chin.
(iii) In Nomoli stone figures, the protrusion if the lower jaw is extreme that it carries the head out of
the vertical plane.
(e) CONGO
The Congo art covers central Africa up to Angola and the coastal area of the south guinea.

There are many tribes having its own style and tradition which includes Bakuba, Baluba, Basongo,
Bambala, Bapende, Bauka.

We will discuss Baluba, Fang, Bakwere.

Baluba: Baluba is a great kingdom with a court culture. The classical style is characterized by the
following

(a) Round head with smooth vaulted forehead.

(b) The eyes are bean-shaped with tiny cat-like ears.

(c) They produce ivory and mask used by the secret society called kfwebe also known as the
Kefwebe masks.

(d) The neck rest with caryatid figures carved the long faced style are common with the royal
settings.
The MPangwe (Fang)
The Pangwe lived North of the Rivers Ogowe and Ivindo. The Northern MPangwe (i.e.) the Bulu,
Yaunde, Eton and Nygumba in Southern Cameroon.

The central Pangwe (i.e.) Mvaee and Ntumu in Spanish Guinea and northern Gabon, and the southern
panwe (ie.) fang in Gabon.

Fang is the usual term applied to the art of the various Pangwe tribes.

Characteristics of the Arts

(i) The Fang have wooden Bieri figures.
(ii) The Bieri are boxes with lids containing the skull of the founder of the village.
(iii) The Bieri are used for healing and sacrificial purposes.
(iv) The figures are rounded bodies with short legs.
The Bakwale
The Bakwale lived along the upper courses of the River Ivindo, Sangha and Likwele in Easter Gabon,
south-eastern Cameroon and parts of the democratic republic of the Congo.

Characteristics of art works

(i) The works are masks of wood
(ii) The human faces have 3-dimensional narrow almond. Shape eyes set diagonally in a heart
shaped face.
(iii) Some mask have animal motif worked into a cubist pattern
(g) GHANA: Ashanti Art

The Ashanti are the most powerful of the Akan group of Ghana.

Their king is represented by the sun and its symbol is in Gold.

The queen mother represents the moon and is symbolized in silver.

The Ashanti carved different golden stools which are symbol of authority. One of their important
carvings is the Akua-ba (fertility doll).
Characteristics of Akuaba Doll
(i) The Akuaba Doll is a figure with a head that is disk-like.
(ii) The nose is slender with pierced ears having earnings. The mouth is usually slit.
(iii) The neck is slender, ringed and decorated with beads. The breast serves as a symbol of fertility.
STOOLS IN ASHANTI
Stools in Ashanti are in different forms namely:
(i) Golden stool
(ii) Black stool
(iii) Domestic stool
(1) The Golden stool is made of gold and rest on another carved stool.
(2) The golden stool has another bell which is used to summon ancestral spirits during religious
ceremonies.
(3) The stool has its origin and legend that it floated from heaven and landed on Osei tutor’s lap.
(4) The Golden stool is so sacred that it must not touch the earth.
(5) The basic features of Ashanti stools are the symbolical rectangular seat cylindrical hollow pillar
and flat base.
(6) The edges of the seats are slightly turned upwards.
(7) The Golden stools are symbol of power health, riches among the Ashanti people.

EVALUATION
(1) Give a general characteristics of Africa Arts
(2) List 5 purposes of African Arts
(3) List 3 characteristics of Bamileke arts of Cameroon.
(4) a. State the origin Dan Ngere Arts of Liberia.
b. State the origin Dan Ngere Arts of Liberia. (b) State 2 characteristics of the arts.
Explain
(5) The origin Bambara Arts list 3 of their secret societies and 3 characteristics of the art works.
(6) List 6 and explain 3 secret societies of the Mende tribe of Sierra–Leone and any 3 characteristics
of the art.
(7) Give a detailed explanation of the Ashanti Golden stools.
(8) Write on any of the following art forms (i) Sherbo (ii) Kissi (iii) Baluba (iv) Messi
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
(1) The Golden stools of Ashanti are symbols of ___, ____ and _____ (a) health, riches and power (b)
shame, struggles and chaos (c) all of the above (d) none of the above

(2) The edges of the Ashanti stools are slightly turned (a) down wards (b)side ways (c) forward (d)
upwards

(3) _____ is believed to be the seat of power in African arts of its enlarged (a) Navel (b) Hand (c) Head
(d) Leg

(4) The main media of African arts is ____ and ____ (a) clay and wood (b) plastic and pold (c) fibre
glass and pop (d) all of the above

(5) The figures called “Tellen” are from ____ arts (a) Dan Ngore arts (b) Dogon Arts (c) Mossi Arts (d)
Bambara Arts

(6) The Bakuba, Baluba pangwe (fang) Bakwele are all tribes of ____ (a) Mali (b) Liberia (c) Congo
(d) Ghana

(7) In Ghana Ashanti, the king is represented by the sum and its symbol is ____ (a) clay (b) Gold (c)
silver (d) moon

(8) All these are purposes of African arts except (a) religious (b) political (c) cultural (d) educative

REFERENCES
(1) Art of Black Africa by Elsy Leuzinger

(2) Cultural and creative Arts for sec schools by Ibrahim-Banjoko

(3) New Trends and Techniques of Arts for Secondary Schools book 3 by Oyedun, Y.F.

WEEK 6

SUBJECT: VISUAL ARTS

CLASS: SS2

DATE: ………………………………..
TOPIC: ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART

CONTENT: African Art History Cont.

Egypt occupies a great expanse of land located close to the Nile which empties into the Mediterranean
Sea.
Egypt is known as the cradle of civilization. The country is surrounded in the north by the
Mediterranean Sea in the east by the red sea. In the west by the Nubian desert in the south by the
cataracts of River Nile waterfalls.

Egypt started at around 4000 B.C and they are polytheistic in nature; most of their works are arts
depicting their gods.

Egyptians are renowned astronomers’ warriors. They invented styles of pictorial communicative writing
called Hieroglyphics.

They made paper from rashes and their kings are titled Pharaoh who is held with the highest esteem.

The Egyptian believes in life after death at the expense of the slaves and the common people.

When the king died, he was buried with slaves and all other royal belongings with the belief that he will
use them in his abode; and as such his tomb is highly decorated with sculpture, painting and history in
hieroglyphic writings.

EGYPTIAN PAINTINGS AND DRAWING

Egyptian painting and drawing is

(1) Morals: Egyptian arts are in mural decoration of temples, palaces and tombs.

(2) Painting: most painting is well organized style is had to be learnt by the artist from his youth
and they draw from memory.

(3) The painting and drawing are done according to strict rules, not as seen from observation.

(4) In every painting and drawing of prominent persons must be shown bigger than servants.

(5) Seated persons had to have hands on their knees.

(6) The Egyptian paints with naturally occurring material for colours like soot.

(7) The men flesh must be reddish brown while the woman must be yellow.

Drawing
(1) The human figures are shown in profile

(2) The full face eye is drawn in the side view of the faces.

(3) The drawings are always showing shoulder in front view with the head of the figure in profile
view.

They draw only the clean outline of the two big toes upwards and facing one direction and mostly the
direction of the left foot making the feet look as if they have two left feet.

The pictures of Egypt lock the principles of perspective and it makes the drawing and paintings look flat.
HIEROGLYPHICS
Definition: Hieroglyphic is a style of writing invented by the Egyptians. It simply means figure of an
objects; standing for a word or pictures used to express words.

These forms of writing were found in the tombs, temples in the pyramids.

Sub-

Topic 1: FUNCTIONS OF EGYPTIAN PAINTINGS

(1) The arts of painting are used for various purposeful such as

(i) Domestic arts: this relates to the production of painting household utensils; home decoration,
clothing, murals, on private and public buildings.

(ii) Art for adoration: this area of Egyptian art is deeply rooted in their belief in “life after death”.
Under this features tomb building practices tomb decoration, mask painting and modelling of all
apparels used during lifetime of the decreased.

(iii) Painting in Egyptian arts has put a stop to inhuman customs of burying slaves, wives of kings
with corps. When burial custom was later limited to drawing of their pictures and statutes.

(iv) The painting of tombs, temples and mummies has created a trade for artist who are involved in
this art of embalming corps.
(v) The painting of Egypt has served the function of preserving the culture or customs of ancient
Egyptian kingdom.

(vi) The drawing and painting of Egypt which lacked the principles of perspectives has given future
generation of artist concepts to work and develop upon.

(vii) The introduction of a form of writing hieroglyphics and paper from rushes has set the pace for
advancement in these areas.

(viii) The Egyptian paintings were painted and written on paper.

(ix) Spaces between figures in Egyptian painting were usually filled with hieroglyphics to fill the
gaps, to create unity in finishing looks and touch.

(x) The walls are also covered with illustrations of peoples trade such as gain harvesting, cattle
rearing etc.

(xi) The Egyptian paintings are in rigid forms.

(xii) The colours used by the Egyptians to paint are pigment made from soot and black powdered
from smoke, earth colours, water and gun mixed together.

EVALUATION
(1) What is hieroglyphics
(2) Describe the qualities of Egyptian painting.
(3) Explain the origin of Egypt arts.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Test
(1) Egyptians made paper from _____ (a) clay (b) rushes (pyrus leaves) (c) rock (d) bronze

(2) Seated persons had to have their hand on _____ in Egyptian paintings. (a) head (b) nose (c) knee
(d) legs

(3) _____ writing was developed by the Egyptian (a) hieroglyphic (b) A-Z (c) tombs (d) Egypt

(4) The paintings of Egyptians lack _____ which makes them to look flat (a) perspective (b)
pointillism (c) temples (d) none of the above

(5) The male colour in painting is usually reddish brown while the female must be _____ (a) brown
(b) green (c) yellow (d) red

READING REFERENCE TEXTS

Certificate Arts for Junior and Senior Secondary Schools by EMU Ogumor pages 85-87.

Cultural and Creative Arts made easy Text book by Ibrahim-Banjoko pages 376-380.

REFERENCE TEXTS
(1) Certificate Art for Schools by Emu Ogumor.

(2) New Trends and Techniques of Arts book 3 by Oyedun Y.F.

(3) A Comprehensive Approach to Creative Arts for Schools and Colleges by H.O. Babatunde MSNA.

(4) Cultural and Creative Arts Made Easy Text book for Schools and Colleges by Ibrahim Banjoko.

WEEK 7 MDTERMBREAK

WEEK 8

SUBJECT: VISUAL ARTS

CLASS: SS2

DATE: ………………………………..

TOPIC:

CONTENT: Shapes and colours in Basis Design:

(a) Basic Geometric shapes – square, Circle, Triangle, Cone Rectangle.
(b) Primary colours – Red, Blue, Yellow
(c) Block and pen lettering.
BASIC GEOMETRIC SHAPES
All lines are used to form shapes and drawing is the art of putting lines together.
Geometric shapes are regular shapes whose forms are used for designs in art e.g. basic designs.
CLASS ACTIVITIES
TEACHER SHOULD
1. Demonstrates how to create a design with various geometric shapes.
2. Describe the areas of an object using selected colours.
3. Leads students to practice block and pen letters.
4. Demonstrates of block and pen letters.
Examples of block and pen letters.
 Pictures of basic shapes
EVALUATION
Students submit their design work for assessment.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Produce a design using geometrical shapes size 30cm x 45cm
REFERENCE TEXT
Cultural and Creative Art for Schools and Colleges by Ibrahim Banjoko Page 53
WEEK 9

SUBJECT: VISUAL ARTS

CLASS: SS2

DATE: ………………………………..

TOPIC:
CONTENT: Shapes and colour in Basic design.
Advertising design (poster design)
Book cover.
Principle of a Good Design
i) A good design should have a leading motive or centre of interest.
ii) It should have rhythm.
iii) It should be harmonious. That is related objects should be used to form the elements.
iv) There should be a balanced arrangement of the design element so that one part of it does not
swallow the other part.
Steps for Good Design
i Have a good theme as given by your Educator.
ii Choose the caption and the type of lettering suitable for your design
iii Prepare your layout very well because the success of finished work depend on it
iv Choose attractive and pleasant colours to use.
v Carry out colour matching
vi Stretch the cardboard/paper to use on board.
vii Map out your design on the sheet following your layout with the pencil.
viii Transfer your pictorial illustration to its position.
ix Test your colours on separate paper before application to get the correct colour scheme.
x Carefulness when working so as to get good and neat design.
xi Do the finishing.
xii Remove from the board.
EVALUATION
Teacher collects student work for assessment.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Student to provide a package design/book cover of their own design with size 50cm x 70cm.
REFERENCE TEXT
Visual Arts made Easy for junior secondary school by Ibrahim Banjoko pages 95-96

WEEK 10

SUBJECT: VISUAL ARTS

CLASS: SS2

DATE: ………………………………..

TOPIC:
CONTENT: Computer Graphic Design:
(a) Corel Draw Window Environment (i.e. Title bar/menu bar, status bar minimize button,
restore button.
(b) Corel draw tools.
Sub- Topic:
TITLE BAR: This is located at the top of every window; it display the name of the current
document and the name of the application package
MENU BAR: Generally found directly below the title bar.
Menu bar displays the main options.
Menu bar helps us to select operations or give instructions that will be performed on the
document.
STATUS BAR: This displays the page number of the current page the different ways you can
view the document and as well as the total number of pages.
MINIMIZE BUTTON: This allow you to reduce your application to an icon that will be placed
on the Task bar.
RESTORE BUTTON: allow you to maximize window.
CLOSE BUTTON: allow you to quickly exit the window
EVALUATION
1. Define Title Bar
2. Mention Three Corel draw window Environment.

Sub-Topic 2: COREL DRAW TOOLS

 Pick tool
 Shape tool
 Zoom tool
 Text tool
 Rectangle tool
 Outline tool
 Eraser tool
 Pen tool
 PICK TOOL: used for selection of object on the screen
 SHAPE TOOL: use to sharpen soft edges in an image.
 ZOOM TOOL: used to magnifies and reduce the view of an image
 TEXT TOOL: is for adding text to a drawing.
 RECTANGLE TOOL: is for drawing a rectangle.
 OUTLINE TOOL: is for applying or changing the outline of an object.
 ERASER TOOL: erases pixels and restores part of an image to a previously saved state
 PEN TOOL: used to draw smooth – edged paths.

EVALUATION
1. State 5 Corel draw tools and their functions.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. ______ are used to determine the size and position of object in a drawing.
A. Rulers
B. Status bar
C. Printable Area
D. Drawing window
2. What feature of the Corel draw contains shout cuts to menu and commands?
A. Menu bar
B. Title Bar
C. Tool bar
D. Property bar
3. What features of Corel draw contains the tools for modifying objects?
A. tools bar
B. tool box
C. rectangle tool
D. polygon
4. Which of the following is not a feature of Corel draw?
A. Menu bar
B. property bar
C. formula bar
D. tool bar
5. Tool used to draw smooth – edged paths is called
A. pen tool
B. Eraser tool
C. Zoom tool
D. shape tool
6. Tool used to select object on the screen is __________
A. pick tool
B. shape tool
C. zoom tool
D. shape tool

ESSAY QUESTION
State 5 Corel Draw tools and their uses.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Read Cultural and Creative Arts made Easy Text Book for Schools and Colleges by Ibrahim
Banjoko page 100-114

WEEK 11

SUBJECT: VISUAL ARTS

CLASS: SS2

DATE: ………………………………..

TOPIC:
CONTENT: Textile Design Printing Processes.
 Relief process
 Silk screen
  Intaglio
 Planography.
RELIEF PROCESS OF PRINTING
It is a process in which design or images are cut out or modeled on a flat surface for printing
purpose.
Picture of relief printing.
MATERIALS FOR RELIEF PRINTING
i. Linoleum, wood or just flat rubber.
ii. Paper or cardboard
iii. Pencil
iv. Printing silk
v. Lino cutter
vi. Flat solid object or glass sheet improvise as palette
vii. Chisel/mallet
viii. Turpentine/kerosene
ix. Stanley knife
x. Adhesive (e.g. erostic gum).
STEPS IN RELIEF PRINTING WITH LINOLEUMN
i. Cut your lino sheet to the desired size and amount on another flat wood of the same size
ii. Prepare your design layout on paper after choosing your theme
iii. Transfer the design into the linoleum and differentiate the areas to be chipped off from
those to be retained with some shading
iv. Use the correct size of lino cutter to cut through the outlines of your design first before
chopping off the negative parts.
v. Get other materials ready for the exercise.
vi. Mix your colour properly on a sheet of glass using the roller to do the blending.
vii. Apply the ink on the lino block evenly with the roller and run some sample prints on a
separate surface for necessary adjustment in colour mixing etc.
viii. Register your prints on the fabric or any other surface, exerting enough pressure evenly.
ix. Repeat ink application at intervals to avoid faint colours on the book.
x. Avoid overlapping of motif as well as too mush gap between each registration.
xi. Allow the work to get dry properly before removing or folding it.
xii. Wash all tools with turpentine or kerosene.

Picture of relief printing

SILK SCREEN PRINTING
Printing by forcing paint or ink through the openings on a silk screen. This is a process in which
silk or organdie mesh is tightly stretched over a wooden frame, while paint is forced through
some pre-determined areas into another surface like paper, fabric, plastic etc.
Silk screen printing picture
Intaglio
It is a process by which image or designs are created on a hard plate with incised lines. Such
lines are then filled with ink, which are deposited through pressure on the paper spread on the
plate. In intaglio process the ink is transferred into the paper through the deep lines while the
raised part of the block does a similar thing in relief printing.

PLANOGRAPHY PRINTING
(Printing from plain/flat surface). This is basically a process by which prints are reproduced from
drawings or image created with greasy ink upon limestone or aluminum surface.
Limestone surface is noted for its sensitivity to both water and grease.

EVALUATION
Assess student work.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Students divided into groups to do a silk screen printing.

WEEK 12 REVISION
WEEK 13 EXAMINATION