Evidence 1 ST

1.
Choose the field of science that interests you the most: medicine,
genetics, telecommunications, ecology, social sciences,
anthropology, space research, or any other.
Field chosen: medicine.
2. Then think about a phenomenon or issue in your society and the

environment around you, as well as your body or any other concept
that is unknown in the world you live in.
Question: How do genetics affect on susceptibility, progression, and

treatment response in cancer patients?
3. Once you find a good research question, continue to describe the

problem answering all Wh- questions: What, When, Where, why,
How and How often.
What: This research tends to investigate how genetics influence the

detection, progression, and treatment process in cancer patients.
When: The research will be conducted in a time lapse of 1 year, in which

some cancer patients will be evaluated and studied in order to see their
specific cases and response to the disease according to genetical
factors.
Where: the research should be conducted in a series of diverse medical

centers geographically distributed, to collect data with multiple genetic
factors to test and investigate from.
Why: Investigating the effects of genetics and their relationship with

cancer symptoms, treatments and reactions, could be very useful in the
development of prevention techniques for susceptible people, as well as
have a great impact on the treatment methods employed, allowing the
specialization of treatment according to specific genetic cases of each
patient.
How: Trough a mixed research method, both quantitative and qualitative

data would be investigated to develop a full and complete analysis to
answer the question.
How often: Continuous data collection would be needed over the 1-year
investigation lapse in order to provide better analysis of the effects of
genetics and the evolution of the disease.
4. Identify the specific field of knowledge or science that is related to
the question you made.
Specific field: Oncology (cancer studies) and genetical science.
5. Describe what the objective of your research project is.
The main objective of this research is to provide prevention methods in

relation with cancer, as well as encourage the innovation of cancer
treatments according to the genetical accommodations and specialized
needs of every patient.
6. Decide what would be the approach that you will use: qualitative,
quantitative, or mixed. Do you want to do interviews, experiments,
collect data or some of these techniques? Try to briefly describe
what you plan to do.
The approach is mixed research, using both quantitative and qualitative

data.
 Quantitative: To investigate genomic sequences and analyze data

to see their genetic variance and progression in response to
cancer treatment.
 Qualitative: Conduct interviews and surveys in order to see the
insights of patients and their opinions about their progression,
treatment and specialized treatment.
7. Discuss why the research is important (justification) and if it can be

done (viability) with your resources.
With the advance of the disease worldwide, and the improvement in

genomic analysis, the study can be for the creation of new technological
and medical advances that benefit patients in treatment and detection of
cancer, not only benefiting society, but also the oncogenetic field.
The viability of the research could be achieved with the appropriate

technological (genomic and medical) resources, as well as the
collaboration of specialists in both fields and the help of several medical
institutions with a diverse sample of patients.
8. Choose at least ten sources (books, magazines, journals,

newspapers, website) regarding the problem you are investigating.
Write at least a three-page essay describing the theoretical
framework of your research. That is what exists at the moment in
the science or knowledge regarding the issue you chose.
Sources:
1. The Genetics of Cancer. (2022, August 17). National Cancer

Institute; Cancer.gov.
https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics
2. Demant, P. (2005). The Genetic Factors in Cancer Development

and their Implications for Cancer Prevention and Detection.
Radiation Research, 164(4), 462–466.
https://doi.org/10.1667/rr3333.1
3. Genetics and Cancer Risk. (2024). Cancer.org.

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/genetics.html
4. Cancer, C. (2014). Using genes in diagnosis, prognosis and

treatment. Canadian Cancer Society. https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-
information/what-is-cancer/genes-and-cancer/using-genes-in-
cancer-diagnosis-prognosis-and-treatment
5. Calzone, K., Wattendorf, D., & Dunn, B. K. (2010). The

Application of Genetics and Genomics to Cancer Prevention.
Seminars in Oncology, 37(4), 407–418.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2010.05.005
6. How Genetic Changes Lead to Cancer. (2024). National Cancer

Institute; Cancer.gov.
https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/
genetic-changes-infographic
7. Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and DNA Repair Genes.

(2024). Cancer.org.
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/understanding-cancer/genes-and-
cancer/oncogenes-tumor-suppressor-genes.html
8. Rosen, S. (2016, February 29). What Is Hereditary Cancer? |

Medical Genetics. Uconn.edu. https://health.uconn.edu/medical-
genetics/hereditary-cancer-program/what-is-hereditary-cancer/
9. Cross, D., & Burmester, J. K. (2006). Gene Therapy for Cancer

Treatment: Past, Present and Future. Clinical Medicine &
Research, 4(3), 218–227. https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.4.3.218
10. Cancer genome research and precision medicine. (2024). Ccg -
National Cancer Institute; Cancer.gov.
https://www.cancer.gov/ccg/research/cancer-genomics-overview
Theoretical framework: Genetics and cancer.
Cells are the fundamental unit that compose all known living organisms. They
contain DNA that carries the basic instructions for cellular function. These have
four chemical bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, forming base pairs.
Humans have 23 pairs; gene sequences may vary. All this is genetics.
Most of the known health affections are cause by them, changes in the DNA
sequence (mutations) cause thousands of diseases, one of the most common and
dangerous to human beings: cancer.
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and
spread to other parts of the body. (What Is Cancer? 2021). This is a genetic
disease caused as said before, by changes to the DNA, specifically in sections
called genes. These genetic changes can cause normal genes to evolve to
oncogenes, which are unable to turn off, causing the uncontrollable cell growth in
the organism, there are many types of genetic mutations in cancer, among them
we have: Missense mutations, Frameshift mutations, nonsense mutations and
chromosome rearrangements.
According to (Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and DNA Repair Genes,

2024)
The main types of genes that play a role in cancer are:
 Oncogenes: cells activated when its not supposed to be, oncogenes can be
activated in cells in different ways.
1. Gene variants/ mutations
2. Epigenetic changes
3. Chromosome rearrangements
4. Gene duplication
 Tumor suppressor genes: normal genes that slow down cell division or
make cells die at the right time (apoptosis). If they don’t work properly cells
can go out of control and cause cancer.
 DNA repair genes: They help fix mistakes in the DNA, and if they cant repair
it, they trigger the cell to die, with the objective of avoiding further problems.
Cancer is not a hereditary disease, but the genetic changes that increase cancer
risk can be inherited. Hereditary cancer stems form mutations in the genes leading
to uncontrollable cell growth between 5-10% of the cancers are hereditary. The risk
of getting cancer increases when one of those genes is passed through
generations. Some signs of hereditary cancer include: several generations
affected, early ages of cancer diagnosis, generations with a common type of
cancer among others.
According to (Demant, 2005) Recent epidemiological data findings indicate that

susceptibility to certain human cancers is due to multiple genome factors. This data
demonstrates that besides the hereditary cancer, sporadic cancer is also controlled
genetically However the identification of specifical genes is complicated due to the
multiple factors that intervene, such as numerous genes, environmental exposures,
and small family sizes.
Knowing all these data and considering the deep connection between genomics
and cancer disease, cancer genomics is introduced, this field seeks to get
advances through new technologies, to a molecular level. A fundamental key is to
know DNA’s, RNA’s, and proteins’ roles in cancer causation. Cancer genomics
integrates clinical data and experimental findings with the aim of unraveling
cancer’s molecular basis, to use it later resistance understanding and aid in
treatment.
Furthermore, (Cancer, 2014) states that the study of genes of people with cancer
has led to:
• New ways of cancer classification

• The use of genes as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis
• Aid in the prediction and monitoring of cancer treatment response.
• Tailor treatment according to patient’s gene mutations
• New drugs that target specific gene changes
Nowadays cancer genomics plays a fundamental role in today’s medicine, since

the information it provides helps in the development of better diagnoses and
strategies to increase precision in medicine.
Genetics and genomics have had a new impact on cancer prevention due to the
advances in technology. These discoveries have enabled a way to identify at-risk
individuals, basing on genetic variation to improve processes such as
interventions, screening, treatment, and drug selection, offering personalized risk-
management, going beyond genetical disorders, and integrating as well personal
factors and interactions with the environment.
One of the latest advances in cancer genomics is the development of drugs that
fight the disease in several ways, it also defines cancer types and subtypes based
on the genetics, since they found out several links between genes and many types
of cancer.
With technological innovations and the constant development of new machines

and research techniques, that revolutionize to a higher-level cancer genomics.
(Cross & Burmester, 2006) State that some of the transformations that future
genomics can give are:
 Liquid biopsies
 Multi-omics data integration
 AI and machine learning
 Patient-centric care
In conclusion, all this investigation demonstrates the importance of genetics in the

susceptibility, progression, and treatment in cancer. Encouraging more extensive
research and development of cancer genomics according to the potential it shows
to revolutionize the field of oncology.
9. Finally, formulate a hypothesis of the research problem you picked.

This hypothesis shall try to explain that problem, according to the
information you found. You will try to prove this hypothesis in your
research work.
Hypothesis: Genetic variants play a fundamental role in determining cancer

susceptibility, progression, and treatment response, all with specific genetic
profiles associated with distinct cancer types and patients.

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1.

Field chosen: medicine.

2. Then think about a phenomenon or issue in your society and the

Question: How do genetics affect on susceptibility, progression, and

3. Once you find a good research question, continue to describe the

What: This research tends to investigate how genetics influence the

When: The research will be conducted in a time lapse of 1 year, in which

Where: the research should be conducted in a series of diverse medical

Why: Investigating the effects of genetics and their relationship with

How: Trough a mixed research method, both quantitative and qualitative

Specific field: Oncology (cancer studies) and genetical science.

5. Describe what the objective of your research project is.

The main objective of this research is to provide prevention methods in

The approach is mixed research, using both quantitative and qualitative

 Quantitative: To investigate genomic sequences and analyze data

7. Discuss why the research is important (justification) and if it can be

With the advance of the disease worldwide, and the improvement in

The viability of the research could be achieved with the appropriate

8. Choose at least ten sources (books, magazines, journals,

1. The Genetics of Cancer. (2022, August 17). National Cancer

2. Demant, P. (2005). The Genetic Factors in Cancer Development

3. Genetics and Cancer Risk. (2024). Cancer.org.

4. Cancer, C. (2014). Using genes in diagnosis, prognosis and

5. Calzone, K., Wattendorf, D., & Dunn, B. K. (2010). The

6. How Genetic Changes Lead to Cancer. (2024). National Cancer

7. Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and DNA Repair Genes.

8. Rosen, S. (2016, February 29). What Is Hereditary Cancer? |

9. Cross, D., & Burmester, J. K. (2006). Gene Therapy for Cancer

Theoretical framework: Genetics and cancer.

According to (Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and DNA Repair Genes,

The main types of genes that play a role in cancer are:

According to (Demant, 2005) Recent epidemiological data findings indicate that

• New ways of cancer classification

• Aid in the prediction and monitoring of cancer treatment response.

• Tailor treatment according to patient’s gene mutations

• New drugs that target specific gene changes

Nowadays cancer genomics plays a fundamental role in today’s medicine, since

With technological innovations and the constant development of new machines

In conclusion, all this investigation demonstrates the importance of genetics in the

9. Finally, formulate a hypothesis of the research problem you picked.

Hypothesis: Genetic variants play a fundamental role in determining cancer

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