Fisheries and Food Security in The Commonwealth: A Briefing by The
Fisheries and Food Security in The Commonwealth: A Briefing by The
Fisheries and Food Security in The Commonwealth: A Briefing by The
a brieFing by the
Executive Summary
The state of marine capture fisheries, of concern to the 47 Commonwealth Member States which have shores facing the high seas, is extremely vulnerable1.
Fisheries are critical to the food security of many Commonwealth countries, for some providing as much as 65% of all animal protein consumed. Fisheries employ over 72 million people and providing 24% of all animal protein consumed. The FAO estimates that by 2050 the worlds population will reach 9.1 billion, and that in order to feed this larger population, food production must increase by 70%. Yet, it is estimated that 50% of marine fish stocks are fully exploited and 32% overexploited, depleted or recovering. Unsustainable fishing practices and Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing threaten global fisheries and the countries and communities that depend upon them. The losses due to IUU fishing are estimated to be between US$10 billion and US$23.5 billion per year, representing between 11-26 million tonnes of fish. The Commonwealth has a vital role in improving sustainable fisheries within its waters and supporting the initiatives of the wider global community. Strong measures to improve sustainable fisheries will directly benefit the food security, economic development and social stability of Commonwealth countries, particularly vulnerable developing countries that are most dependent on fisheries resources. At CHOGM 2009, Commonwealth Heads expressed concern at the plunder caused by Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IUU), in violation of, inter alia, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. They recognised that many developing states were particularly vulnerable to illegal fishing by foreign fleets. They agreed that urgent action was needed to strengthen fisheries and marine management in member states waters, particularly in the case of the more vulnerable member states. This strong statement was encouraging, but there is still much to do. In the two years since CHOGM 2009, EJF has identified numerous instances of damaging IUU fishing in the waters of Commonwealth countries. Commonwealth states, collectively and individually, can take meaningful actions that build on their ambitious statement.
Losses due to Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) or pirate fishing are estimated to be $US10 23.5 billion annually
EJF
The Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) seeks Commonwealth support to address the decline in global fisheries, thereby improving the food security of Commonwealth Member States. In particular, EJF seeks support for the following measures to improve the transparency and governance of international fisheries, prevent pirate fishing and protect threatened fish stocks: Improved transparency for global marine fisheries including a binding and comprehensive Global Record of fisheries vessels, as well as improved traceability of fisheries products; Binding standards for Flag State performance, an end to the exploitation of Flags of Convenience and sanctions for those states that fail to monitor and control their distant water fishing fleets; and Prioritising funding to developing countries to improve fisheries management and governance, to increase the contribution of fisheries to food security and economic development. Support for Trans-boundary enforcement actions will ensure that illegal pirate fishing operators cannot escape sanction and continue their illegal activities elsewhere.
Introduction
Fisheries are vital to global food security, providing 15% of animal protein consumed in 2007. An estimated 119 million people are directly dependent on fisheries for employment, 97% of whom are in developing countries2. However, fisheries are coming under increasing pressure from unsustainable fishing and the increasing demand for fish. Global production of seafood from wild stocks is at or close to its biological maximum3 and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 50% of marine fish stocks are fully exploited and 32% overexploited, depleted or recovering4. A growing threat comes from IUU fishing fishing activities that ignore national and international laws and regulations to sustainably manage fisheries. IUU fishing depletes fish stocks, destroys marine habitats, puts legitimate fishers at an unfair disadvantage and jeopardises the livelihoods and food security of some of the worlds poorest people. Current losses due to IUU fishing are estimated to be between US$10 billion and US$23.5 billion annually, representing between 11 26 million tonnes of catch. In some regions, IUU fishing reports more than a third of the total catch5. IUU fishing occurs in all oceans and is undertaken by fishing activities that range in size and sophistication from subsistence and artisanal fishers to large-scale international industrial operations. Disproportionate impacts of IUU fishing are borne by developing countries that lack the resources, management capacity and effective governance required to control their waters5, and where fish is one of the few resources available for employment and food security in coastal communities. Commonwealth countries are amongst those most at risk from declining fisheries. EJF considers that the Commonwealth has a key role in addressing the unsustainable exploitation of global fisheries, both within the waters of Commonwealth countries and those of the international community. Global fisheries have effectively reached their maximum sustainable yield and if strong action by world leaders is not taken now, there will be severe economic, social and ecological consequences. Vulnerable coastal communities in developing countries are most at risk, as they often depend on fisheries for their livelihoods and food security.
ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies / Marine Photo Bank
Fisheries make an important contribution to food security, both as a food source and by generating wealth that provides livelihoods and fuels economic growth. Fisheries are the main source of protein for an estimated one billion people. Fisheries are particularly significant for many developing countries, and in low income food deficit countries they provide 22% of animal protein consumed. In coastal areas this dependence is often higher9. Fish is of particular importance to povertystricken areas, where it can be one of the cheapest, most nutritious and most accessible sources of protein available. Fisheries can also act as a social safety net, preventing poverty-stricken groups and individuals from falling deeper into deprivation10. However, safety nets can become poverty traps if fisheries are not sustainably managed, with depleted fish stocks limiting long-term economic growth. Fisheries are equally significant to the food security of the Commonwealth. When combined, over 72 million people are employed in fisheries, which contribute on average 3.17% of GDP and an average of 24.4% of the total animal protein consumed in Commonwealth countries. Fisheries are particularly important to the food security of several regions and countries, as detailed in Table 1.
EJF
* Please note: Figures for Commonwealth countries are sourced from FAO Country Profiles from varying years, as a result some figures may be out of date. Updated GDP data for Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom was sourced from the International Monetary Fund44 and population and employment statistics for these countries sourced from their national Government websites45.
EJF
The data in Table 1 indicates that fisheries are particularly important to Commonwealth food security in West Africa, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific. While there are variations between countries, within these regions fish contributes significantly more than the worldwide average of 15% of total animal protein consumed. These regions also include a high proportion of developing countries where rates of undernourishment range from 10-21% (with the exception of the Western Pacific). The importance of fisheries to food security within these regions has been acknowledged by a number of regional and international forums, including: The Pacific Islands Forum in 2009 acknowledged the high importance of food security as an emerging issue and committed governments to immediate action to address food security issues nationally and regionally. The Pacific Islands Forum also reaffirmed the importance of securing the long-term flow of benefits from fisheries conservation and sustainability efforts17. The importance of fisheries to the Caribbean was highlighted by Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM) Executive Director at the 2011 Multi-Disciplinary Workshop on a Common Fisheries Policy for the Caribbean Community. His comments included the important role of fisheries regarding nutrition and food security in the Caribbean and that the sector provides employment and livelihood opportunities for some of the most socio-economically disadvantaged people in the region. He also noted that the Caribbean is a net importer of fish, accounting for an estimated 30% of total regional demand18. The special needs and vulnerabilities of artisanal, dependent coastal communities and Small Island Developing States, including their socio economic and food security, was considered a guiding principle for the allocation of tuna quota by a group of like-minded coastal states at the 2011 Indian Ocean Tuna Commission Technical Committee Meeting on Allocation Criteria19. Commonwealth countries that are most dependant on marine resources for food security and suffer the highest levels of undernourishment include: Mozambique Sierra Leone Bangladesh Cameroon Antigua & Barbuda Grenada Sri Lanka Solomon Islands.
Sufficient levels of fish in diets would alleviate many nutritional concerns plaguing developing countries
EJF
The effectiveness of the Nauru Agreement illustrates the benefits and progress that can be achieved through cooperative fisheries management, despite limited resources or levels of development.
Source data is from 2003 and does not include unregulated artisanal fishing. Values of IUU catches are extrapolated from a study of representative samples of fisheries in each region.
Of the areas most heavily impacted by IUU fishingboth in terms of proportion of total catch and value of catch lostthree have significent numbers of Commonwealth fishers: Eastern Central Atlantic, Western Central Pacific and Eastern Indian. Combined, there are over 67 million Commonwealth citizens employed in the fisheries sector in these regions. Many Commonwealth countries are particularly affected by IUU fishing. Sierra Leone, for example, loses an estimated US$29 million per year due to IUU fishing, which threatens the livelihoods of coastal communities33.
Fisheries are the main source of protein for an estimated one billion people EJF
Artisanal fishers in Sierra Leone face declining catches due to IUU fishing
EJF
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IUU fishing depletes fish stocks, destroys marine habitats and jeopardises food security
Greenpeace
Some Commonwealth countries are taking strong measures to address IUU fishing, which include improving MCS capacity, undertaking regional partnerships and supporting international initiatives. The following are just a few examples: Namibia de-flagging vessels implicated in illegal fishing25; Tanzania cancelling 69 licences held by foreign fishing vessels suspected of operating illegally in the Indian Ocean26; Sierra Leone announcing the planned closure of its open shipping registry to foreign-owned vessels in 201027; Canada leading cooperative international MCS initiatives in the North Pacific56; United Kingdom, championing the development and implementation of the EU fisheries regulation, Council Regulation (EC) No. 1005/2008, established to prevent IUU fishing; Australia undertaking strong cooperative MCS activities in the South Pacific57; and New Zealand recently expanding its patrol capacity to increase surveillance efforts in Antarctic waters28. These actions are commendable, but ongoing vigilance is required to protect global sustainable fisheries through both the individual actions of Member States and Commonwealth support of international initiatives.
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Case Study: West Africa the importance of fish to food security in the worlds IUU hotspot
West Africa
Marine fisheries make an important contribution to the economies and food security of West African coastal states. In 2006 Cape Verde, The Gambia, Guinea, Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone and Cote d Ivoire exported US$587 million in fisheries products, and fish provide as much as 64% of daily animal protein intake and 9.4% of GDP for some West African countries55. West Africa is one of the poorest and most vulnerable regions of the world, with most countries considered to be Least Developed Countries24. West African waters are believed to have the highest levels of IUU fishing in the world, with the illegal catch in the wider Eastern Central Atlantic estimated to be worth between US$828 million US$1.6 billion per year, or 37% of the regions total catch5. Illegal pirate fishing operators target this region and take advantage of the limited capacity of West African governments to effectively monitor and control their waters. With some exceptions, West African fisheries governance is under-resourced and ineffective, resulting in fisheries being over-exploited economically and beyond sustainable limits. Policy objectives are often ill-directed and have unintended consequences that result in unsustainable fishing and longer-term economic losses.
Sierra Leone
Fisheries are also critical to the lives and livelihoods of many coastal communities in Sierra Leone, which is recovering from a brutal civil war that resulted in more than 50,000 deaths, the displacement of one third of the total population and the destruction of schools, hospitals and food production capacity29. Sierra Leone is ranked 158th in the 2010 UN Human Development Index, making it one of the least developed nations in the world. Currently 70% of the population lives below the national poverty line, 58% are severely deprived in terms of health and 46% are undernourished30. Most Sierra Leoneans lack access to healthcare, education, sanitation, clean water or sufficient nutrition.
An estimated 119 million people are directly dependent on fisheries for employment, 97% of who are in developing countries
EJF
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Fisheries are one of the few sources of income and livelihoods for many coastal communities. In 2006 the fisheries sector contributed 9.4% of GDP and in 2005 employed 243,500 people. Of these, 30,000 were artisanal fishers and 200,000 employed in the artisanal secondary sector. Fish is the most affordable and widely available protein source in Sierra Leone, contributing 64% of animal protein consumed31. Sierra Leone lacks sufficient resources to monitor and control their waters and is targeted by illegal industrial pirate fishing operators. It is estimated that illegal fishing in Sierra Leone is as high as 26% of the total catch32, with economic losses estimated to be US$29 million per year33. IUU fishing by artisanal fishers is also a significant issue that undermines sustainable fisheries in Sierra Leone. The use of illegal fishing gear and the targeting of key breeding and spawning grounds by some fishers is of particular concern. EJFs engagement with coastal communities in Sierra Leone has exposed the impacts of IUU fishing. Communities are struggling to cope with declining fisheries resources, destruction of their fishing equipment and local fishers have in some cases been attacked by the crew of pirate fishing vessels. Declining inshore fish stocks are forcing artisanal fishermen to fish further out to sea and for longer periods, in small craft that are unsafe in offshore waters. The threat of harm and loss of livelihoods is forcing some artisanal fishers to abandon fishing altogether, further impacting food security. Sierra Leone also suffers from a lack of effective fisheries management and governance. The Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources has limited capacity and a lack of fisheries data limits effective management of the countrys fisheries54.
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Improving Transparency
A chronic lack of transparency in global marine fisheries is hampering attempts to sustainably manage fish resources and address IUU fishing. In addition to a lack of transparency in vessel licensing and fisheries access agreements, it is extremely difficult for authorities to identify and prosecute IUU vessels that range freely across the worlds oceans. Many IUU vessels rarely come into port, are seldom subject to inspection and the owners are hidden behind shell companies. There is no universal identification system for fishing vessels, which makes it almost impossible to assess their numbers, activities and to whom they belong. Penalising the actual beneficial owners of IUU vessels is extremely difficult, and sanctions are often a small risk in comparison with the profits of IUU fishing. The lack of traceability in many fisheries products further compounds the lack of transparency and accountability.
EJF
EJF
Global Record
The adoption of a Global Record of fishing vessel information would increase the transparency of the global fishing fleet considerably, making it easier for authorities to identify and prosecute the beneficial owners of IUU fishing vessels. The 29th UN FAO Committee on Fisheries considered the adoption of a Global Record in 2011, but determined that it should be a voluntary, long-term initiative34. EJF considers that a binding and comprehensive Global Record is required to prevent the beneficial owners of large, organised, illegal fishing operations from continuing their activities. A voluntary agreement would not compel noncooperating countries and operators to improve the transparency of their fishing fleets.
Flags of Convenience
Flags of Convenience (FoC) are a major loophole in international law that are exploited by IUU fishing operators. FoC involve vessels flagging to an open registry operated by a country that lacks the capacity or will to enforce its international fisheries management obligations. FoC are a common way that IUU operators avoid detection and sanctions for illegal fishing activities. Backed by shell companies, joint ventures, hidden owners, and by flag-hopping (where vessels frequently change their flag), FoC are a considerable obstacle to authorities when combating IUU fishing.
Panama: A Flag of Convenience EJF
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Ending the exploitation of FoC requires international pressure on FoC States to operate their registries responsibly and comply with international fisheries management obligations. If FoC States lack the capacity to do so, closure of their open registries to foreign-owned fishing vessels represents a simple and achievable solution.
Caught fishing illegally: the Sima Qian Baru 22, current flag and owner unknown
NZ Herald
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EJF
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Recommendations:
The Commonwealth has a vital role in improving sustainable fisheries within its waters and supporting the international consensus that is required to protect global fisheries. EJF recommends that the following actions be taken to protect fisheries and ensure their vital contribution to Commonwealth food security: That Commonwealth Heads of Government address the importance of sustainable fisheries to food security through a joint statement, addressing, in particular: Improved transparency for global marine fisheries including a binding and comprehensive Global Record of fisheries vessels, as well as improved traceability of fisheries products; Binding standards for Flag State performance, an end to the exploitation of Flags of Convenience and sanctions for those states that fail to monitor and control their distant water fishing fleets; and Prioritising funding to developing countries to improve fisheries management and governance, to increase the contribution of fisheries to food security and economic development.
The Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) works internationally to protect the natural environment and human rights. Our campaigns include action to resolve abuses and create ethical practice and environmental sustainability in cotton production, shrimp farming & fisheries. We work to stop the devastating impacts of illegal fishing operators, prevent the use of unnecessary and dangerous pesticides and to secure vital international support for climate refugees. EJF has provided training, equipment, support and know-how to grassroots campaigners in Sierra Leone, Cambodia, Vietnam, India, Mali, Guatemala, Indonesia and Brazil, helping them stop the exploitation of their natural environment.
The Environmental Justice Foundation is a UK-based environmental and human rights charity registered in England and Wales (1088128). PDF versions of this briefing can be found at www.ejfoundation.org/reports Comments on the report, requests for further copies or specific queries about EJF should be directed to info@ejfoundaion.org. This document should be cited as: EJF (2011) Fisheries and Food Security in the Commonwealth. Environmental Justice Foundation: London ISBN No. 978-1-904523-24-6 This report was researched, written and produced by the Environmental Justice Foundation. Printed on 100% post- consumer recycled paper.
The EJF Save the Sea campaign has been generously supported by:
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References
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[online] http://www.illegal-fishing.info/item_single.php?item=news&item_ id=3307&approach_id= [Accessed 10 August 2011] 27. Smith L., (2010). Sierra Leone cracks down on pirate fishing, Fish2Fork [online] (Updated 31 October 2010) http://www.fish2fork.com/news-index/Sierra-Leonecracks-down-on-pirate-fishing.aspx [Accessed 10 August 2011] 28. MercoPress, (2011). New Zealand incorporates second Antarctic patrol vessel with flying colours, (Updated 2 March 2011) [online] http://en.mercopress.com/2011/03/02/ new-zealand-incorporates-second-antarctic-patrol-vessel-with-flying-colours [Accessed 10 August 2011] 29. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), (2007). Global Environmental Outlook 4, p.19. 30. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), (2010). Human Development Report 2010, New York. 31. Laurenti, G. (comp.), (2008). 19612007 fish and fishery products: world apparent consumption statistics based on food balance sheets. In FAO yearbook. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. 2008/FAO annuaire. Statistiques des pches et de laquaculture.2008/FAO anuario Estadsticas de pesca y acuicultura. (note: 65% figure updated from 85% quoted in previous EJF reports). 32. Marine Resource Assessment Group (MRAG), (2005). Review of Impacts of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing on Developing Countries, p. 44. 33. Marine Resource Assessment Group (MRAG), (2005). Review of Impacts of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing on Developing Countries, p. 53. 34. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (2011). Report of the Twenty Ninth Session of the Committee on Fisheries (31 January 4 February 2011), Rome. 35. Thursday, 7 April 2011, 2:59 pm, Press Release: New Zealand Government, Hon Murray McCully: Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Hon Phil Heatley: Minister of Fisheries and Aquaculture. 36. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), (2011). Combined Vessel IUU Blacklist. [online] http://www.ccamlr.org/pu/E/sc/fish-monit/iuu-list-09.pdf [Accessed 13 June 2011] 37. Oceana, (2008).Oceana asks EU and Xunta de Galicia to stop subsidising fishing pirates. Stop Illegal Fishing, [online] (Updated 1 Febuary 2010) http://www.stopillegalfishing.com/news_article.php?ID=169 [Accessed 18 August 2011] 38. Caroline McDonald, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Response to EJF correspondence, (23/06/2011). 39. Marine Resources Assessment Group (MRAG), (2006). Fisheries Management Science Programme Fisheries Policy Brief 5: Fisheries and Governance. [online] http://www.mrag.co.uk/Documents/PolicyBrief5_Governance.pdf [Accessed 18 August 2011] 40. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (1995). Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, Rome, p.4. 41. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (2011) Food Security Data and Definitions. [online] http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/fs-data/ess-fadata/en/ [Accessed 28 September 2011] 42. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (2009). FAO Fish Products Imported: FAOSTAT - The relative importance of trade in fishery products in 2008 [online] ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/STAT/summary/a7ybc.pdf [Accessed 18 August 2011] 43. National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Science and Technology (NMFS NOAA), (2009). Fish Consumption: Fisheries of the United States 2009. [online] http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st1/fus/fus09/08_perita2009.pdf [Accessed 10 August 2011] 44. International Monetary Fund (IMF), (2011) World Economic Outlook Database 2011. [online] http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/index.aspx [Accessed 18 August 2011] 45. Australia - Fishery Contribution to GDP & Employment: http://www.daff.gov.au/__data/ assets/pdf_file/0004/1284511/Fishery_status_reports_2008.pdf, Population: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0; Canada - Fishery Contribution to GDP & Employment: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/stats/ commercial/cfs/2008/CFS2008_en.pdf, Population: http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/indi01b-eng.htm; New Zealand - Population: http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/ QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/nzs-population-and-dwellings/population-counts.aspx; United Kingdom Fishery Contribution to GDP: http://marinemanagement.org.uk/ FISHERIES/statistics/documents/ukseafish/2009/tables/1-2.xls, Employment: http://www.marinemanagement.org.uk/fisheries/statistics/documents/ ukseafish/2010/structure_activity.pdf, Population: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=6 46. Fishery Employment and GDP figures from: Government of Brunei, (2005) Fish Processing in Brunei Darussalam [online] http://www.fisheries.gov.bn/publications/fish_processing.htm [Accessed 18 August 2011] 47. Gross value of fisheries used as contribution of fisheries to GDP unavailable. 48. Gross value of fisheries used as contribution of fisheries to GDP unavailable. 49. Gross value of fisheries used as contribution of fisheries to GDP unavailable. 50. Fishery Employment figures from: Diffey, S. (2005). Market and Market Linkages Study. Rural Coastal Fisheries Development Project, National Fisheries Authority. 51. Fishery Employment and GDP figures from: R. Bourne and M. Collins (Eds.) (2009), From Hook to Plate: The State of Marine Fisheries A Commonwealth Perspective, London: Commonwealth Foundation, p, p. vii. 52. Gross value of fisheries used as contribution of fisheries to GDP unavailable. 53. Fishery Employment and GDP figures from: World Resource Institute, (2007) Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Singapore [online] http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/coa_cou_702.pdf [Accessed 19 August 2011] 54. Watts, N., Bourne, R., (2009)., Establishing the Context for Enhanced Commonwealth Support of Small Fisheries, In Bourne, R. and Collins, M (eds). From Hook to plate: the State of Marine Fisheries. A Commonwealth Perspective. London: Commonwealth Foundation, p. 109. 55. Marine Resource Assessment Group (MRAG), (2010). West Africa Regional Fisheries Project: Estimation of the Cost of Illegal Fishing in West Africa Final Report. 56. CNW Group, (2011). Aerial Surveillance Patrols Curb Illegal Fishing in North Pacific, (Updated 9 August 2011) [online] http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/August2007/09/c5489.html 57. Hon Kevin Rudd, Australian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Joint Media Release, Australia and France send strong message to illegal fishing operators (7 January 2011) [online] http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2011/kr_mr_110107.html
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