Chapter II
Chapter II
Chapter II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.0 Introduction
The purpose of a literature review is to place each work in the context of its
contribution to understanding the research problem being studied and describe the
ICT tools enhances the quality of in-service trainings and to minimize the time
duration and cost effective. This research focuses on the development of appropriate
model and evaluate the outcome of this model. Proposed model includes sequential
steps emphasizes the meta-learning of the participants and ensures the active
online” (p. 86). In this definition, as is the case with most definitions of hybrid
learning, there is no mention as to what percentage of the class should take place
online versus in the classroom. Therefore, variations in time allocations could have a
education and training (INSET) is considered a crucial issue for the implementation
been running since 1994 in a number of Cypriot primary schools. The provision of
training background and needs. This indicate that the majority of teachers are shown
piecemeal, focused mostly on off-site training and oriented towards the acquisition
of basic computer skills. However, teachers report that they prefer school-based
integration. Based on the outcomes, a national plan for teacher training in ICT is
the responsibility of the decision-making centres to make sure that sufficient in-
training.
Liou et al. (2003) incorporated listening, speaking, reading, writing, and
hybrid e-learning model used in this study, the process approach was used, combined
knowledge.
Ijab et al., (2004) highlighted the first hybrid e-learning model course of
hybrid e-learning model an integrated platform to fit the application was also
proposed.
Linn, Davis, and Bell (2004) were described that the providing learners with
support, guidance, and assistance, that then helps them complete the task
Brewer and Klein (2006) and Dewiyanti et al. (2007) described the benefits in
model used in this study an online workshop environment was built to facilitate
completely online, and through a hybrid class. The online and hybrid courses
utilized the same materials as the traditional format for consistency, with the online
and hybrid courses were implemented via an online platform. Student performance
was measured with examinations, short research papers, and discussions (online and
in class.) The results indicate exams between online and traditional formats were not
significantly different, but that traditional students did considerably better on the
research papers than online students. However, students in the hybrid classes did
that the hybrid classes consisted of honor students, which potentially skewed the
results. However, the authors indicated that subsequent testing of hybrid classes
with regular students yielded similar results. The traditional classes in this
Oh & Park, (2009) One relatively new method of instruction at the tertiary
level that helps to minimize the advantages of a pure online environment is the
was initially designed to ease students into the online transition and overcome
noted that with the elimination of face-to-face time with their teacher and peers, it
was posited learning usually gained from assimilating information and interacting
adaptation into education systems was improved. Following this approach, in the
hybrid e-learning model developed in this study, adaptive e-learning was realized
styles.
hybrid and completely online format for teacher education students. Surveys were
administered to determine how well the students learned the content and to
determine their overall satisfactions with the course. The results illustrated that
the completely online class. In addition, although the two hybrid classes varied in
the amount of traditional class time, they reported similar levels of content learned,
Ghavifekr, Afshari & Amla Salleh, (2012) stated that in this 21st century, the
because technology has become the knowledge transfer highway in most countries.
our societies that has totally changed the way people think, work and live . As part
of this, schools and other educational institutions which are supposed to prepare
curriculum.
Arnseth & Hatlevik, (2012) argued that the Integration of Information,
conjunction with preparing students for the current digital era, teachers are seen as
the key players in using ICT in their daily classrooms. This is due to the capability of
aim of ICT integration is to improve and increase the quality, accessibility and cost-
Process of adoption of ICT is not a single step, but it is ongoing and continuous steps
used as a tool to effectively teach content material to students with varying learning
to modify their course, and training students in the new format. In addition, the
towards this design. Since the emergence of online education, studies have been
equally as well.
A. Masson, Á. MacNeill, C. Murphy and V. Ross (2008) The Hybrid
influencing learner centred practice, enhancing the learning and teaching experience
William Young, Linda Allen, and Kimberly Warfield (2016) stated that
thought out and careful consideration must be given. Defining instructor roles and
to them takes patience, preparation, and education; none of which are quick or easy
habits to transform.
Poveda, Jorge & Benosman, Mouhacine & Teel, Andrew. (2017). This survey
paper studies deterministic control systems that integrate three of the most active
research areas during the last years: (1) online learning control systems, (2)
systems (HDSs). The interest for these types of systems has been motivated mainly
by two reasons: First, the development of cheap massive computational power and
the art in the area of online learning control in multiagent systems, presenting an
overview of the different types of problems that can be addressed, as well as the
Morrow, Donna & Bagnall, Richard. (2010). One approach to hybrid learning
interactivity. This chapter examines that possibility. After reviewing the nature of
by practising teachers. From that study emerges the importance and scope of
external interactivity between the learner and his or her local community of
online class. Building on that case study, and indications from the literature that its
engagements in the external learning communities that they bring to their studies.
Berry, Sharla. (2018). In this qualitative case study, the researcher draws on
pedagogical and content knowledge. Findings suggest that guided practice sessions
Biweekly meetings turned into a community of practice where newer and more
experienced faculty could build content knowledge. Faculty in the distance program
Lee, Gordon & Fong, Wilfred & Gordon, Jennifer. (2013) have been many
attempts to define blended learning or hybrid learning. The purpose of this article is
to present the views of the authors on defining the concepts of blended learning
the perspective model used, there can be implications on budgetary and support
sound institutional strategic plan. Best practices will be presented as reference for
Biddix, J. & Chung, Chung & Park, Han. (2014). College students
progressively come to campus with mobile devices and increasingly use them for
where students engage, network, and re-structure in-class learning. Such activities
and organically defined by students. This study represents a first step in identifying
and understanding this trend, we refer to as a hybrid shift, in which student use of
mobile technology restructures traditional face-to-face classes by adding a vibrant,
and organic, supplemental learning component. Data informing this research were
drawn from qualitative responses from 620 students in Korea and the U.S. Findings
purposes, their desire for more supportive structures and instructional practices, as
well as teaching and learning implications stemming from this practice. While
further research into this occurrence is needed, this study was intended as a
preliminary step at identifying the phenomenon to frame and guide continued work.
that the agility is vital to the innovation and competitive performance of firms in
enhance their agility. The purpose of this paper is to broaden understanding about
adaptation). We also propose that these dynamic capabilities and strategic processes
impact the ability of firms to launch many and varied competitive actions and that,
in turn, these competitive actions are a significant antecedent of firm performance.
learning service center with a hybrid learning system for improving management
Agrawal, Vipin & Agrawal, Vijay & Taylor, A & Chau, Ngan. (2019).
Studied the benefits claimed by cloud service providers, many organizations are still
uncertain about the implementation of cloud computing. The purpose of this study
is to gain a better understanding of the factors that are important to the usage
implications for organizations in the United States. Decision makers were surveyed
sectors in the United States multiple factors contributing to the recent growth in
cloud computing have been identified using factor analysis. Four factors emerged
from the data analysis include extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, perceived
excellent set of illustrative tools that proffer features like visualization of the
dynamic behavior of a real system, etc. Such products have great efficacy in
education and are known to be one of the first-rate student centered learning
network of facilities and distribution systems that carries out the task of
product was put to test during four semesters and results of the survey conducted
by the instructors and the students are presented. The results clearly suggest the
Nidumolu, Ram & Subramani, Mani & Aldrich, Alan. (2001). Knowledge is
now recognized as an important basis for competitive advantage and many firms are
market research firm, we apply the situated knowledge perspective to highlight the
factors responsible for the limited success of the initiative in the firm. This study
suggested that scenario learning was not easily applied to the digitalized transfer of
Gopu, Magesh & Muthuswamy, P. & Singh, Brijendra. (2015). The main
objective of this paper is to investigate the use of information technology among the
school students in Tamil Nadu education system, their interest in computer science
subject and their perception on computer science careers. The students are the future
of our world. The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools
and advance technologies can play a vital role in order to shape their academic
career. In this paper, we discuss the various Information Technology (IT) tools that
have been adopted by the students for their learning purposes. This paper
investigates the attitude of students towards computer science and related career
computer science. Positive attitude has been found among students in use of IT
tools. Students have a good knowledge and awareness towards computers and the
schools in Tamil Nadu, India. Questionnaires method was used for data collection.
principles with SPSS software were used for the analysis of the data. The study
reports that use of computer and internet exist between the teachers of different age
age group and location. The analysis also reports that there was no significant
difference in the use of ICT by the gender. Thus, the overall finding of the study
reports that teachers are moderately using ICT for professional purposes.
Vijaya, Ram. (2016). Described from the study that almost all the private
schools are having Information and Communication Technology (ICT) facilities and
their schools. Since it is the digital world and the children of present day are called
‘digital natives’ is very important to provide the ICT facilities to the poor children
who are having educational option none other than the Government schools which
offer cheap education to them. The Central and State Governments are taking
identify the status of ICT facilities and the gaps to be filled in terms of number of
2.4 Conclusion
readings of both the research and conceptual literature and pertains to published
reports of actual research studies done previously. The above cited studies paves