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Feeding broiler chicken with diets containing whole cassava root meal
fermented with rumen filtrate

Article in Archivos de Zootecnia · January 2008

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 FEEDING BROILER CHICKEN WITH DIETS CONTAINING WHOLE
CASSAVA ROOT MEAL FERMENTED WITH RUMEN FILTRATE

ALIMENTACIÓN DE POLLOS CON DIETAS A BASE DE HARINA INTEGRAL DE RAÍZ DE

YUCA, FERMENTADA CON FILTRADO RUMINAL

Adeyemi, O.A.1, D. Eruvbetine2, T. Oguntona2, M. Dipeolu3 and J.A. Agunbiade1

1
Department of Animal Production. College of Agricultural Sciences. Olabisi Onabanjo University. Yewa
Campus. P.M.B. 0012 Ayetoro. Ogun State. Nigeria. olajideadeyemi@yahoo.com
2
Department of Animal Nutrition. College of Animal and Livestock Production. University of Agriculture.
P.M.B. 2240 Abeokuta. Ogun State. Nigeria.
3
College of Veterinary Medicine. University of Agriculture. P.M.B. 2240 Abeokuta. Ogun State. Nigeria.

ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS PALABRAS CLAVE ADICIONALES

Manihot esculenta. Growing. Nutrient retention. Manihot esculenta. Crecimiento. Retención de
nutrientes.

SUMMARY
234 two week-old broilers, that were floor these two choice retail cuts. Serum total protein
bred, were distributed into 18 groups of 13 birds was depressed with increasing level of CCLW but
each after balancing for live weights, randomly not affected by the form of feed presentation. The
allocated to six dietary treatments in which 0, 12.5 data obtained from these series of studies indicate
and 25% of maize was replaced on a weight for that CCLW is a potentially useful feed material for
weight basis with cassava enhanced with dried monogastric feeding.
cage layer waste and fermented with rumen
filtrate (CCLW). Each inclusion level was fed as RESUMEN
mash and pellet form for duration of 6 weeks. The
experiment was carried out as a 2x3 factorial Doscientos treinta y cuatro pollos broiler de
design. A nutrient retention trial was carried out in dos semanas, criados sobre el suelo, fueron
the last week of the trial. Increasing the level of distribuidos en 18 grupos de 13 aves cada uno
CCLW significantly reduced average daily weight después de equilibrar pesos. Aleatoriamente fue-
gain (ADG) and average final weight (AFW) when ron asignados a seis tratamientos alimenticios en
fed in mash form (p<0.01). The retention of crude los cuales, 0, 12,5 y 25% del maíz, fue reemplaza-
protein (CP), crude fibre (CF) and ether extract do (peso por peso) por yuca enriquecida con
(EE) were depressed significantly (p<0.01) with gallinaza desecada y fermentada con un filtrado
increasing level of CCLW in broiler diet. Pelleting ruminal (CCLW). Cada nivel de inclusión fue sumi-
significantly (p<0.05) improved nutrient retention nistrado como harina o gránulos durante seis
compared to mash form (68.70 vs. 60.52% for CP, semanas. El experimento se realizó con arreglo a
72.03 vs. 60.41% EE and 71.64 vs. 63.33% for CF). un diseño factorial 2x3. Una prueba de retención
Abdominal fat pad weight was significantly de nutrientes fue realizada durante la última sema-
(p<0.05), reduced with increasing concentration na del ensayo. Al aumentar el nivel de CCLW en
of CCLW in the diet when fed in mash form, forma de harina, se redujo significativamente
however pelleting significantly increased abdomi- (p<0,01) la ganancia media diaria de peso (ADG)
nal fat weight on all dietary treatments. The level y el peso medio final (AFW). La retención de la
of CCLW in the diet did not significantly affect proteína bruta (CP), fibra bruta (CF) y extracto
breast and thigh weights but the form of feed etéreo (EE) fue deprimida significativamente
presentation significantly influenced the weight of (p<0,01) al aumentar el nivel de CCLW en la dieta.

Recibido: 21-9-05. Aceptado: 17-1-08. Arch. Zootec. 57 (218): 247-258. 2008.

 ADEYEMI, ERUVBETINE, OGUNTONA, DIPEOLU AND AGUNBIADE

La granulación mejoró significativamente (p<0,05) meal. Adeyemi and Sipe (2004), reported an
la retención de nutrientes en comparación con la improvement in crude protein concentration
harina (68,70 vs. 60,52% para CP, 72,03 vs. of cassava root when fermented with rumen
60,41% para EE y 71,64 vs. 63,33% para CF). El filtrate with or without ammonium sulphate
peso de la grasa abdominal se redujo de manera
as the source of nitrogen. Adeyemi et al.
significativa (p<0,05) al aumentar la concentra-
ción de CCLW en forma de harina, mientras que la
(2004) obtained a of 237.8 % increase in the
granulación, aumentó significativamente el peso crude protein value of whole cassava root
de grasa abdominal en todos los tratamientos. El meal fermented with rumen filtrate using
nivel de CCLW en la dieta no afectó significativa- caged layer waste as source of nitrogen.
mente al peso de pechuga y muslo, pero la forma The same product was used in this
de presentación del pienso afectó significativa- experiment as replacement for maize in diet
mente al peso de esas piezas comerciales. La of starter/finishing broilers presented in the
proteína sérica total se deprimió al aumentar el form of mash and pelleted diets. The effect
nivel de CCLW pero no fue afectada por la forma on growth performance, nutrient retention,
de presentación. Los datos obtenidos en estos
carcass evaluation and serum chemistry
estudios indican que CCLW es un alimento poten-
cialmente útil para alimentación de monogástricos.
were evaluated.

INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a widely CASSAVA ROOT PROCESSING AND FER -

cultivated crop in the tropics. It is the highest MENTATION
supplier of carbohydrates among staple Fresh cassava roots (12 months old,
crops (FAO, 1995). Annual production variety TMS30572) were washed to dislodge
estimate in Nigeria was 34 million tonnes in all adhering soil and mashed whole
2002 (FAO, 2002). Cassava products had (unpeeled) using a petrol-operated grater.
been in use for a long time as an energy The cassava root meal was placed on a
source in place of cereal grains for livestock perforated tray, steam gelatinized over a
(Eruvbetine et al., 2003). There is thus the water bath for 30 minutes and cooled. The
likelihood of continued use of cassava in gelatinized cassava root meal was placed in
animal feeding in the 2st century and beyond. plastic containers mixed with the nitrogen
The potentials of cassava as a feed source (caged layer waste) at the rates of 75
ingredient is not withstanding, cassava is g/kg. Content of the plastic container was
much lower in protein content. Furthermore, sprayed with rumen filtrate at the rate of
its protein is of poorer quality compared to 1litre per 5 kg of cassava, made airtight and
that of cereal grain. When utilized in fermented for duration 72 hours. Compo-
replacing cereals in diet for monogastric sition of the fermented product was
animals, it becomes imperative to balance determined as: 12.88% crude protein; 2.20%
for protein deficiencies, which are sometimes ether extract; 6.34% crude fibre; 6.21% ash;
expensive (Agunbiade et al., 2001). There is 0.24% Ca.
thus the need to identify means of improving
the protein quality of cassava, especially EXPERIMENTAL DIETS AND PREPARATION
those that can be easily adapted on the farm. Six dietary treatments were formulated
Noomhorm et al. (1992) reported that the (table I). Diet 1 (control) contained 0%
conversion of a part of the starch in cassava fermented cassava root meal (CCLW). Diet
root meal (CRM) to protein by microbes 2 was formulated by replacing 25% of the
during the process of solid-state fermen- maize in diet 1 with CCLW. In diet 3 CCLW
tation has great potential as a means of replaced 50% of the maize in diet 1. The
improving the feeding value of cassava root replacement of maize with fermented cassava

Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 248.

 DIETS CONTAINING CASSAVA ROOT MEAL FERMENTED WITH RUMEN FILTRATE

root meal was on a quantitative (W/W) pen measuring 1 x1.5m in a conventional

basis. All other ingredients remain constant. open-sided poultry house. All birds were
Diet 4,5 and 6 are in the form of pellets and subjected to standard management and
are of the same formulation as diets 1, 2 and health practices. Feeds and water were
3 respectively. provided ad libitum during the experimen-
tal period that lasted for 6 weeks.
MANAGEMENT OFBIRDSAND DATACOLLECTION Data collected during the experiment
234- two weeks old broiler chicks were include: feed intake, weight gain, feed
selected from a larger flock that had been conversion, protein efficiency ratio and
previously floor brooded and raised on a mortality (death, if any, in each replicate
standard commercial diet. These birds were was recorded appropriately).
distributed into 18 groups of 13 birds each
after balancing for live weights. The eighteen METABOLIC STUDIES
groups were then randomly allocated to the At the end of the 5 th week of feeding
six dietary treatments (table I) such that experimental diets, two chickens per
each experimental diet was fed to 3 replicates replicate whose weights were close to the
of 13 birds each. The birds were raised in mean weight of the replicate were selected
deep litter pens with dry wood-shavings as and housed 2 per cell in galvanized iron
litter material. Each replicate were housed in battery cells with wire mesh for easy

Table I. Composition of experimental diets fed to broilers (%). (Composición de las dietas
experimentales consumidas por las aves).

Dietary treatment Mash Pellets

1 2 3 4 5 6
Ingredients (%)
Maize 50.00 37.50 25.00 50.00 37.50 25.00
Wheat offal (<7% fiber) 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00
Enriched cassava (CCLW) - 12.50 25.00 - 12.50 25.00
Soybean meal 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
Fish meal 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50
Oyster shell 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Bone meal 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
Lysine 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Methionine 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Premix* 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Determined analysis
Dry matter 91.05 91.40 91.25 89.35 89.10 89.20
Crude protein (%) 22.51 23.30 23.75 22.55 23.18 23.70
Ether extract 3.08 2.64 2.90 3.15 2.70 2.62
Crude fibre 4.12 5.50 5.92 4.10 5.45 5.80

*Provide the following per kg of feed: Vit A 10 000 000 iu; Vit D3 2 000 000 iu; Vit B 1 0.75 g; Vit B2 5 g;
Nicotinic acid 25 g; Calcium pantothenate 12.5 g; Vit B 12 0.015 g; Vit K3 2.5 g; Vit E 25 g; Biotin 0.05 g;
Folic acid 1 mg; Choline chloride 250 g; Co 0.4 g; Cu 8 g; Mn 64 g; Fe 32 g; Zn 40 g; I 0.8 g; Flavomycin
100 g; Spranycin 5 g; 3-Nitro 50 g; DL-Methionine 50 g; Se 0.16 g; L-Lysine 120 g; BHT 5 g.

Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 249.

 ADEYEMI, ERUVBETINE, OGUNTONA, DIPEOLU AND AGUNBIADE

Table II. Main effects of CCLW level and form of feed presentation on broilers performance
characteristics (2-8 weeks). (Principales efectos del nivel de CCLW y de la forma de presentación
del alimento sobre las características de la producción de los pollos (2-8 semanas).

Level of CCLW (%) Feed Form Interaction

Parameter 0 12.5 25 SEM Mash Pellet SEM LevelxForm

AVG 35.23 a 33.37 b 31.12 c 0.346 *** 31.33 b 35.15 a 0.283*** **

AFW 1688.27 a 1612.99 b 1512.16c 17.00 *** 1512.32b 1696.63 a 10.74*** **
ADMI 89.05 a 86.89 b 89.52 a 0.486 ** 93.35 a 83.63 b 0.434*** **
Feed/Grain. 2.54 b
2.61 b
2.92 a
0.029 **
3.01 a
2.37 b
0.026 ** **

AVG Average daily gain (g); AFW Average final weight (g); ADMI Average daily DM feed intake (g).
Figures in a row, respective of diet and feed form, bearing different superscripts are significantly
different (**p<0.01, ***p<0.001).

collection of droppings. A 3-day acclima- retention and digestibility of nutrients.

tization period was allowed before a 4-day
collection period. The cages were housed in CARCASS EVALUATION
an open sided poultry pen. At the end of the metabolic studies, two
During the digestibility trial, data on the birds in each replicate were weighed, tagged
daily feed consumption were collected. The and slaughtered by cutting the vena cava.
droppings were collected daily after the Blood samples were taken for haematology
initial acclimatization period on previously and serum chemistry analysis by collecting
weighed aluminum foil using the total blood in 2 containers each with and without
collection method as described by Cullison EDTA. The head, crop and shank were re-
(1982). Such daily droppings from each cell moved and the carcass eviscerated for
were weighed fresh and oven dried at 70°C calculation of dressing percentage.
for 72 hours. Thereafter, the faecal dro- The different parts: thigh, drumstick,
ppings for each replicate were pooled neck, wing, breast-cut and back cut were
together ground and kept for analysis and weighed. In addition, organs including the
subsequent determination of apparent pancreas, heart, liver, kidney, gizzard, spleen

Table III. Interaction effects of CCLW level x form of feed presentation on broiler performan-
ce.(2-8 weeks). (Efecto de interacción de los niveles de CCLW x forma de presentación sobre la
producción de pollos (2-8 semanas)).

CCLW Level 0 12.5 25

Parameter Mash Pellet Mash Pellet Mash Pellet SEM

AVG 33.61 b 36.85 a 32.49 b 34.26 b 27.89 c 34.34 b 0.490**

AFW 1617.25 bc 1759.29 a 1549.28 c 1676.70 b 1370.42 d 1653.90 b 17.00**
ADMI 95.73 a 82.37 d 90.95 b 82.84 cd 93.36 ab 85.67 c 0.69**
Feed/Grain 2.85b 2.23d 2.83b 2.39cd 3.35a 2.49c 0.04**

AVG Average daily gain (g); AFW Average final weight (g); ADMI Average daily DM feed intake (g).
Figures in a row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (**p<0.01).

Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 250.

 DIETS CONTAINING CASSAVA ROOT MEAL FERMENTED WITH RUMEN FILTRATE

and the lungs were excised out and weighed. II). The effect of interaction between CCLW,
level and feed form was significant for ADG,
CHEMICAL AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE AFW, ADFI and F:G (p<0.01) (table III). In
all measured performance indices, birds on
Proximate analysis
the control diet gave better performance
The proximate analysis of the experi- compared to birds on the CCLW based diets.
mental diets and droppings were carried out Pelleting of diets improved the perfor-
using the method of AOAC (1995). mance of birds to the extent that birds on the
Haematological and serum analysis pelleted cassava diets performed better than
Blood collected in tubes containing the birds on the control diet fed in the meal
EDTA were analysed for haematological form. Mortality recorded during the experi-
parameters including haemoglobin (Hb), ment was observed in birds on diet 3 (diet in
packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell which 50% of the maize was replaced by
(WBC) count and Red blood cell (RBC) enhanced cassava).
count. The cell counts were carried out by
the use of haemocytometer while Hb, PCV
E FFECT OF DIETARY TREATMENTS ON
NUTRIENT RETENTION
and serum chemistry indices were deter-
mined using standard methods (Baker and Nutrient retention data, presented in table
Silverton, 1985). IV indicated that form of feed presentation
had highly significant (p<0.001) effect on
Statistical analysis CP, EE and CF retention. CP, CF (p<0.001)
All data collected were subjected to and EE (p<0.01) retentions were affected by
statistical analysis appropriate for a 2 x 3 dietary level of CCLW inclusion level. With
factorial design using Minitab Analytical respect to CP retention, there was a decrease
computer package (Minitab Inc., 1989). in values with increasing concentration of
Significant means were separated using cassava in the diet irrespective of form of
Duncan's multiple range test (Duncan, 1955). feed presentation. However, the pelleted
cassava diets were better retained compared
RESULTS to the mash form and compared favorably
with the mash control diet (table V).
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
General comparison of the dietary RETAIL CUTS AND ORGAN MEASUREMENTS
treatment across the form of presentation Retail cuts data for which significant
revealed highly (p<0.01) significant diffe- diet x feed form interaction occurred are
rences in ADG, AFW, ADFI and F:G (table shown in table VIII.

Table IV. Main effects of level of CCLW and form of feed on nutrient retention. (Principales
efectos del nivel de CCLW y la forma de presentación del pienso sobre la retención de nutrientes).

Level of CCLW (%) Feed form Interaction

Parameter 0 12.5 25 SEM Mash Pellet SEM LevelxFeed

Crude protein 68.58 a 65.24 b 60.01 c 0.534*** 60.52 b 68.70 a 0.436*** **

Ether extract 67.67 a 65.85 ab 65.16 b 0.442 ** 60.41 b 72.03 a 0.361*** **
Crude fiber 69.69 a 66.55 b 66.22 b 0.279*** 63.33 b 71.64 a 0.228*** **

Figures in a row, respective of CCLW level and feed form, bearing different superscripts are significantly
different (**p<0.01, ***p<0.001).

Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 251.

 ADEYEMI, ERUVBETINE, OGUNTONA, DIPEOLU AND AGUNBIADE

Table V. Interaction effects of CCLW level x form of feed presentation on nutrient retention.
(Efecto de interacción del nivel de CCLW x forma de presentación del alimento sobre la retención de
nutrientes).

Level of CCLW 0 12.5 25

Parameter Mash Pellet Mash Pellet Mash Pellet SEM

Crude protein 65.85 b 71.31 a 61.29 c 69.17 a 54.41 d 65.61 b 0.756**

Ether extract 63.46 b 71.87 a 59.65 c 72.04 a 58.12 c 72.19 a 0.626**
Crude fibre 68.25 b 71.14 a 60.91 c 72.19 a 60.83 c 71.60 a 0.395***

Figures in a row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (**p<0.01, ***p<0.001).

There were no significant (p>0.05) effect kidney, crop, spleen and gizzard. However
of dietary treatment on breast weight and there was an effect on weight of heart and
thigh weight (table VI). Increasing the CCLW lungs, (p<0.01) and pancreas, proven-
level in dietary treatments significantly triculus and caecum (p<0.05). The values
reduced abdominal fat (p<0.01), and for birds fed the CCLW-based diets were
liveweight, dressing percentage and drums- generally significantly higher than for birds
tick weight (p<0.001). However, form of feeds on the control diet.
significantly (p<0.001) influenced abdomi- Form of feed had a highly significant
nal fat, dressing percentage, breast drums- effect on weight of crop, lungs, gizzard,
tick and thigh weights of broiler chickens, proventriculus and caecum (p<0.001), and
with birds fed pelleted diets generally having liver, heart and pancreas (p<0.01). Cassava
higher values than those given mash diets. inclusion level and form of feed interaction
In addition, there was a tendency for were not significant for organ weight
significant interaction effects of dietary measurements (p>0.05).
treatment and feed form on dressing
percentage, live-weight, abdominal fat and HAEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD CHEMISTRY
weight of drumstick (p<0.01). Dietary treatment had no influence
As indicated in table VII, level of cassava (p>0.05) on packed cell volume (PCV), red
had no effect (p>0.05) on weight of liver, blood cell counts and haemoglobin. Serum

Table VI. Main effects of CCLW level and form of feed of presentation on retail cuts. (Principales
efectos del nivel de CCLW y forma de presentación del pienso sobre las piezas comerciales).

Level of CCLW (%) Feed form Interaction

Parameter 0 12.5 25 SEM Mash Pellet SEM LevelxForm

Liveweight (g) 1643.33a 1563.33 b 1485.00c 14.94 *** 1483.33b 1644.44 a 12.19*** **
Dressing % 75.61 a 73.70 b 72.83 b 0.23*** 71.24 b 76.85 a 0.19*** **
Breast 1 24.55 24.47 23.29 0.57NS 20.66 b 27.54 a 0.47*** NS
Drumstick1 12.34 a 11.49 b 10.99 b 0.16*** 10.67 b 12.55 a 0.13*** **
Thigh1 12.05 12.04 12.22 0.31NS 10.08 b 14.12 a 0.25*** NS
Abdominal fat 1 1.48 a 1.27ab 1.22b 0.05** 1.12b 1.52a 0.04*** **

1
%LW. Figures in a row, respective of CCLW level and feed forms bearing different superscripts are
significantly different (**p<0.01, ***p<0.001).

Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 252.

 DIETS CONTAINING CASSAVA ROOT MEAL FERMENTED WITH RUMEN FILTRATE

Table VII. Main effects of CCLW level and form of feed presentation on relative organ of
broilers (%LW). (Principales efectos del nivel de CCLW y forma de presentación del pienso sobre el
peso relativo de los órganos de pollos, % LW).

Level of CCLW (%) Feed form Interaction

Parameter 0 12.5 25 SEM Mash Pellet SEM LevelxForm

Liver 2.04 1.89 2.10 0.06NS 1.88b 2.14a 0.049** NS

Kidney 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.018NS 0.57 0.53 0.015NS NS
Heart 0.43c 0.44b 0.48a 0.009 ** 0.47a 0.43b 0.007** NS
Crop 0.495 0.487 0.493 0.01NS 0.542 a 0.441 b 0.008*** NS
Spleen 0.112 0.113 0.116 0.006NS 0.118 0.109 0.005NS NS
Lung 0.497 b 0.535 ab 0.572 a 0.014 ** 0.580 a 0.489 b 0.011*** NS
Gizzard 1.728 1.810 1.925 0.072NS 2.09a 1.54b 0.059*** NS
Pancreas 0.203 c 0.208 b 0.228 a 0.006 * 0.229 a 0.197 b 0.005** NS
Proventriculus 0.330 c 0.343 b 0.365 a 0.007 * 0.376 a 0.317 b 0.006*** NS
Caecum 0.303 c 0.308 b 0.338 a 0.006 * 0.339 a 0.294 b 0.005*** NS

Figures in row, respective of CCLW level and feed form; bearing different superscripts are significantly
different (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001).

chemistry indices were significantly (p<0.01) AFW of broilers with increasing dietary
influenced by dietary treatment (table IX). level of CCLW from 0 to 25% of total diet at
Similarly, feed form influenced haemoglobin the expense of maize when fed in mash form
and serum albumin (p<0.01), serum globulin is in agreement with earlier reports (Akinfala
(p<0.001) and albumin:globulin ratio (p<0.01) et al., 2003) but contrary to the report of
but had no influence on serum total protein Gomez et al. (1988). Eruvbetine and Afolami
(p>0.05). The interaction effect of dietary (1992) observed that the inclusion of cassava
treatment and form of feed significantly root meal up to 30% in diets for broilers had
influenced serum albumin (p<0.001), serum no detrimental effects on body weight.
globulin and albumin ratio (p<0.01) (table X). Akinfala et al. (2003) reported growth
impairments of 13 and 19% of control
DISCUSSION (containing 0% of cassava) when starter
broilers were fed diets containing 12.5 and
The significant reduction in ADG and 25% of whole cassava plant meal. Eruvbetine

Table VIII. Interaction effects of cassava level x form of feed presentation on retail cuts.
(Efectos de interacción del nivel de CCLW x forma de presentación del pienso sobre las piezas
comerciales).

Level of CCLW 0 12.5 25

Parameter Mash Pellet Mash Pellet Mash Pellet SEM

Liveweight (g) 1586.67bc 1700.00 a 1510.00c 1616.67ab 1353.33d 1616.67ab 21.13**

Dressing (%) 73.31 c 77.91 a 71.01 d 76.38 b 69.39 e 76.27 b 0.33**
Drumstick (%LW) 12.05a 12.63 a 10.39 b 12.60 a 9.56b 12.42 a 0.22**
Abdominal fat (%LW) 1.27c 1.78a 1.11d 1.29 c 0.94e 1.50b 0.07**

**Figure in a row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.01).

Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 253.

 ADEYEMI, ERUVBETINE, OGUNTONA, DIPEOLU AND AGUNBIADE

Table IX. Main effects of CCLW level and form of feed presentation on haematology and serum
chemistry of broilers. (Principales efectos del nivel de CLLW y la forma de presentación del pienso
sobre la hematología y química del suero de las aves).

Level of CCLW (%) Feed form Interaction

Parameter 0 12.5 25 SEM Mash Pellet SEM LevelxForm

PCV 28.22 28.81 28.51 0.268NS 28.72 28.30 0.219NS NS

RBC 3.19 3.23 3.23 0.049NS 3.21 3.22 0.04NS NS
WBC 33.52 a 31.89 b 31.64 b 0.253 ** 32.40 32.30 0.21NS NS
Hb 8.62 8.56 8.60 0.047NS 8.68 a 8.50b 0.04** NS
STP 6.40a 6.15c 6.28b 0.018 ** 6.29 6.26 0.15NS NS
SA 4.14b 4.00b 4.40a 0.051 ** 4.02 b 4.34a 0.042 ** ***
SG 2.26a 2.15a 1.89b 0.530 ** 2.27 a 1.92b 0.043*** **
Albumin/globulin 1.83b 1.88b 2.53a 0.115 ** 1.77 b 2.39a 0.094 ** **

PCV Packed cell volume %; RBC Red blood cell x106mm-3 ; WBC White blood cell x103mm-3; Hb Haemoglobin;
STP Serum total protein; SA Serum albumin; SG Serum globulin.
Figures in a row, respective of CCLW level and feed form bearing different superscripts are significantly
different (**p<0.01, ***p<0.001).

et al. (2003) explained that the decline in was not significantly different from those of
body weight of birds with increasing birds on the control diet (0% cassava) when
concentration of cassava root: leaf meal fed in mash form. This study revealed that
concentrate (50:50) might have been due to the 12.5% CCLW diet was slightly more
the presence of high fiber. efficient than the control (2.83 vs. 2.85 F: G
Feed intakes of CCLW based mash diets ratio).
were slightly lower than the mash control An improvement in growth performance
diet. The lower feed intake compared to indices was observed when the diets were
control may be related to the adequacy of fed in pelleted form, to the extent that the
dietary energy. Birds are known to eat in diet containing CCLW when fed in pelleted
order to satisfy their energy need, thus in a form compared favourably with the mash
situation of adequate dietary energy, feed control version. Generally, the data showed
intake will be low. The response of broilers that ADG and AFW were better on the
(ADG, AFW and F: G) on 12.5% CCLW diet pelleted diets compared with the corres-

Table X. Interaction effects of CCLW level x form of feed presentation on haematology and
serum chemistry of broilers. (Efectos de interacción del nivel de CCLW x forma de presentación del
pienso sobre la hematología y química del suero de broilers).

Level of CCLW 0 12.5 25

Parameter Mash Pellet Mash Pellet Mash Pellet SEM

Serum albumin 4.16b 4.11 b 3.89 b 4.11b 4.02b 4.78a 0.072***

Serum globulin 2.27a 2.26 a 2.27 a 2.03a 2.27a 1.48b 0.074**
Albumin/globulin 1.84b 1.82 b 1.71 b 2.04b 1.77b 3.29a 0.162**

Figure in a row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (**p<0.01, ***p<0.001).

Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 254.

 DIETS CONTAINING CASSAVA ROOT MEAL FERMENTED WITH RUMEN FILTRATE

ponding mash diets. ADG of birds on was added, as fat supplementation was lower
pelleted diets improved by 9.63, 5.45, and than when added in the form of carbohydra-
23.13% respectively over the control, 12.5% tes, possibly because of a decline in pellet
CCLW and 25% CCLW based diets fed in quality as dietary fat content increased.
the mash form. AFW improved by 8.78, 8.22 The mortality recorded in this trial
and 20.69% for birds on pelleted version of although limited to birds on diet containing
diets 1,2 and 3 respectively. 25% CCLW (fed in mash form) was not
The significant improvement brought directly due to experimental treatment. The
about by pelleting on growth performance post mortem showed that mortality recorded
of broilers observed in the present work on the diets was due to coccidiosis and was
agrees with previous findings of Auckland not directly linked to the experiment since
and Fulton (1972) but contrary to the reports the droppings of all birds used in the
of Hull et al. (1968) and Agunbiade (2000). experiment showed the diagnostic bloody
Fowls prefer feed in particulate form rather droppings observed with coccidiosis.
than mash; the preference decreases the Nutrient retention data obtained in the
work of prehension, time spent standing at experiment showed depression in retention
the feeder and competition for food (Reddy of CP, EE and CF as the concentration of
et al., 1962; Jensen et al., 1962; Savory, CCLW increased.
1974). Moran (1989) explained that the mouth Pelleting of diets however improved
of the fowl is particularly well suited to nutrient retention by broilers. The observed
benefit from pellets as immobility of the improvement in nutrient retention when
beak creates problems in apprehending finely broilers were fed pelleted as opposed to
divided feeds. meal diets is consistent with earlier reports
Auckland and Fulton (1972) observed of Carew and Nesheim (1962), Hull et al.
that broiler chicks fed crumbles grew 9 and (1968), Mitchell et al. (1972) and Janssen et
6% faster than those fed mash when given al. (1979). The need for a combination of
low and high energy feeds respectively. thermal and mechanical actions in rupturing
The superior performance of birds on cell walls and thus making encapsulated
the pelleted diets compared to those on nutrients of feedstuff more accessible to
mash supports the observation of Patterson digestive enzymes was reported for pigs
et al. (1991) that pelleting increased weight (Vande and Schrijver, 1988).
gain of chickens. In the present study, the Live weight and dressing percentage are
observation that pelleted diets were more important indices in broiler operations. Live
efficiently converted than the mash may be weight pattern follows a reducing trend with
because the chicken spent less time feeding increasing concentration of CCLW in the
on pellets and expended less energy than diet. The trend was similar to that reported
on mash (Savory, 1974; Moran, 1989; Nir et by Eruvbetine et al. (2003) using increasing
al., 1994). Patterson et al. (1991) surmised concentration of cassava leaf and tuber
that the main effect of pelleting on feed concentrate in broiler chickens. Dressing
utilization is a reduction in feed energy percentage and weight of drumstick reduced
devoted to maintenance and therefore with increasing concentration of CCLW.
improved productive energy hence the Higher inclusion level of CCLW significantly
better weight gains observed on pelleted reduced live weight and abdominal fat. The
diets. significant decrease in dressing percentage
The integrity and quality of pellets affect with increasing concentration of CCLW is
birds' performance on pelleted diets. Plavnik at variance with the report of Osei and Duodu
et al. (1997) reported that the growth (1988) that dietary treatments had no
response of birds to pelleting when energy influence on carcass quality characteristics

Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 255.

 ADEYEMI, ERUVBETINE, OGUNTONA, DIPEOLU AND AGUNBIADE

such as dressed weight and eviscerated form, birds on the cassava based pelleted
weight and the report of Eruvbetine et al. diets have lower abdominal fat compared to
(2003). It is pertinent to note however that the maize based pelleted control diet.
Osei and Duodu (1988) fed fermented The higher abdominal fat content in
cassava peel meal. Although Eruvbetine et broilers fed pelleted diets is thought to be as
al. (2003) did not record significant effect of result of the greater ether extract retention.
dietary treatment on dressing percentage, The result of this study showed that pelleted
their data showed a decreasing trend with CCLW based diet led to a significant
increasing concentration of leaf and tuber reduction in relative weights of various parts
concentrate. of the GIT. Choi et al. (1986) observed that
The reduction in abdominal fat with various parts of the gastrointestinal system
increasing concentration of CCLW is in in broiler chickens given pelleted feed had
agreement with earlier works on cassava at reduced weight relative to the body. Moran
this station (Eruvbetine, 1995; Eruvbetine (1989) explained that pelleted feed would
et al., 2003). appear to reduce the extent of mortality and
Eruvbetine (1995) reported that in other work associated with the GIT.
experiments with both layers and broilers, Agunbiade (2000) observed a similar
there were marked reduction in the abdomi- reduction in the gizzards of broiler fed
nal fat content of broilers at market weight pelleted diets and opined that the gizzard
and layers after 40wks in lay as a result of easily broke down pelleted diets. Attempts
cassava inclusion. The reason for this by birds on the meal diet for increased
reduction can be related to the crude fiber capacity of the GIT (particularly the gizzard)
component of the diet. A similar reason can to allow for improved nutrient utilization
be adduced for the higher weights of and growth performance could lead to the
proventriculus and caecum in this study enlargement of the gizzard in this study.
with increasing concentration of CCLW. Haematocrit, erythrocytes and haemo-
The higher percentage of breast meat, globin are known to be positively correlated
drumstick and thigh, which are the most with protein quality and protein level. Brown
expensive commercial cuts of the chicken, and Clime (1972) observed that decreased
in birds fed pelleted diets over those of red blood cell count is usually associated
mash is an index of superiority of pelleted with low quality feeds and protein defi-
diets in broiler feeding on account of the ciency. PCV is an indicator of blood dilution
degree of carcass meatiness and revenue (Wilson and Brigstoke, 1981), haemoglobin
yield. Similar observation have been measures the ability of an animal to
reported previously (Havorson et al., 1991; withstand some level of respiratory stress
Bartov, 1998; Agunbiade, 2000). (Sainsbury, 1983).
Abdominal fat (%) was however higher The values obtained for the red blood
on the pelleted diet a finding in agreement cell count and packed cell volume for all the
with earlier reports of Howlider and Rose diets fall within the normal range established
(1992), Reddy and Narahari (1993), Nir et al. by Mitruka and Rawnsley (1977). Allison
(1994), Plavnik et al. (1997) and Agunbiade (1955) observed that total protein value is
(2000). an indication of the protein reserve in an
The corresponding increase in body fat animal. The significant reduction in serum
due to pelleting negates the overall total protein of birds on CCLW based diets
advantage of pelleting on carcass quality. compared to the control may be a reflection
It is equally important to note that of the inadequacy of dietary protein, even
although abdominal fat content were higher though there was no particular pattern.
on pelleted diets compared to the mash In conclusion, the data obtained from

Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 256.

 DIETS CONTAINING CASSAVA ROOT MEAL FERMENTED WITH RUMEN FILTRATE

this study indicate that protein-enriched are better when diets containing this novel
cassava meal can be an useful foodstuff in foodstuff are presented in pelleted form in
poultry nutrition. The productive results comparison with mash form.

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