Philippines

The Philippines,[c] officially the Republic of the

Philippines,[d] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. In Republic of the Philippines
the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of 7,641 islands, with a total Republika ng Pilipinas (Filipino)
area of 300,000 square kilometers,[17] which are broadly
categorized in three main geographical divisions from north to
south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines is
bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to
the east, and the Celebes Sea to the south. It shares maritime Flag
borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau Coat of arms
to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the Motto:
southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. It is Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at
the world's twelfth-most-populous country, with diverse Makabansa[1]
ethnicities and cultures. Manila is the country's capital, and its "For God, People, Nature, and Country"
most populated city is Quezon City. Both are within Metro Anthem: "Lupang Hinirang"
Manila. "Chosen Land"

1:02
Negritos, the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by
waves of Austronesian peoples. The adoption of Animism,
Hinduism with Buddhist influence, and Islam established island-
kingdoms ruled by datus, rajas, and sultans. Overseas trade with
neighbors such as the late Tang[18][19] or Song[20][19] empire
brought Sinitic-speaking Sangley[21][22][23] / "Langlang"[24]
merchants to the archipelago, which would gradually settle in and
intermix. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese
explorer leading a fleet for Castile, marked the beginning of
Spanish colonization. In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de
Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of
King Philip II of Castile. Spanish colonization via New Spain,
beginning in 1565, led to the Philippines becoming ruled by the Show globe
Show map of ASEAN
Crown of Castile, as part of the Spanish Empire, for more than Show all
300 years. Catholic Christianity became the dominant religion,
Capital Manila (de jure)
and Manila became the western hub of trans-Pacific trade.
Metro Manila[a] (de facto)
Hispanic immigrants from Latin America and Iberia would also
Largest city Quezon City
selectively colonize. The Philippine Revolution began in 1896,
and became entwined with the 1898 Spanish–American War. Official languages Filipino · English
Spain ceded the territory to the United States, and Filipino Recognized 19 languages[4]
regional languages
revolutionaries declared the First Philippine Republic. The
National sign Filipino Sign Language
ensuing Philippine–American War ended with the United States
language
controlling the territory until the Japanese invasion of the islands Other recognized Spanish and Arabic
during World War II. After the United States retook the languages[b]
Philippines from the Japanese, the Philippines became
Ethnic groups 33.7% Visayan
independent in 1946. The country has had a tumultuous (2010[6]) 24.4% Tagalog
experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a
8.4% Ilocano
decades-long dictatorship in a nonviolent revolution. 6.8% Bicolano
26.2% other
The Philippines is an emerging market and a newly industrialized
Religion (2015)[6] 90.1% Christianity
country, whose economy is transitioning from being agricultural
80.6% Catholicism
to service- and manufacturing-centered. It is a founding member 9.5% other Christian
of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, ASEAN, the 6.4% Islam
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the East Asia 3.5% other / none
Summit; it is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and a
major non-NATO ally of the United States. Its location as an Demonym(s) Filipino
(neutral)
island country on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator Filipina
makes it prone to earthquakes and typhoons. The Philippines has (feminine)
a variety of natural resources and a globally-significant level of Pinoy
biodiversity. (colloquial neutral)
Pinay
Etymology (colloquial feminine)

During his 1542 expedition, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Philippine

Villalobos named the islands of Leyte and Samar "Felipinas" after (adjective for certain
common nouns)
King Philip II of Castile (then Prince of Asturias). Eventually, the
name "Las Islas Filipinas" would be used for the archipelago's Government Unitary presidential
Spanish possessions. constitutional republic
[25]: 6 (https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC&pg=PA6) Other • President Bongbong Marcos
names, such as "Islas del Poniente" (Western Islands), "Islas del • Vice President Sara Duterte
Oriente" (Eastern Islands), Ferdinand Magellan's name, and "San • Senate President Migz Zubiri
Lázaro" (Islands of St. Lazarus), were used by the Spanish to • House Speaker Martin Romualdez
refer to islands in the region before Spanish rule was established. • Chief Justice Alexander Gesmundo
[26][27][28] Legislature Congress
• Upper house Senate
During the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress • Lower house House of
proclaimed the República Filipina (the Philippine Republic).[29] Representatives
American colonial authorities referred to the country as the Independence from Spain and the United
Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name).[30] The States
United States began changing its nomenclature from "the • Declaration June 12, 1898
Philippine Islands" to "the Philippines" in the Philippine • Cession December 10, 1898
Autonomy Act and the Jones Law.[31] The official title "Republic • Self-government November 15, 1935
of the Philippines" was included in the 1935 constitution as the • Recognized July 4, 1946
name of the future independent state,[32] and in all succeeding • Constitution February 2, 1987
constitutional revisions.[33][34] Area
• Total 343,448 km2
(132,606 sq mi)[7][8][9]
History (64th)
• Water (%) 0.61[10] (inland waters)

Prehistory (pre–900) Population

• 2024 estimate 114,163,719[11] (12th)
There is evidence of early hominins living in what is now the
• 2020 census 109,035,343[12]
Philippines as early as 709,000 years ago.[35] A small number of
• Density 363.45/km2 (941.3/sq mi)
bones from Callao Cave potentially represent an otherwise (37th)
unknown species, Homo luzonensis, who lived 50,000 to 67,000
GDP (PPP) 2024 estimate
years ago.[36][37] The oldest modern human remains on the
• Total $1.384 trillion[13]
islands are from the Tabon Caves of Palawan, U/Th-dated to
47,000 ± 11–10,000 years ago.[38] Tabon Man is presumably a • Per capita $12,127[13]
Negrito, among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants descended GDP (nominal) 2024 estimate
from the first human migrations out of Africa via the coastal route • Total $475.947 billion[13]
along southern Asia to the now-sunken landmasses of Sundaland • Per capita $4,169[13]
and Sahul.[39]
Gini (2021) 41.2[14]
medium
The first Austronesians reached the Philippines from Taiwan
around 2200 BC, settling the Batanes Islands (where they built HDI (2022) 0.710[15]
stone fortresses known as ijangs)[40] and northern Luzon. Jade high (113th)
artifacts have been dated to 2000 BC,[41][42] with lingling-o jade Currency Philippine peso (₱)
items made in Luzon with raw materials from Taiwan.[43] By (PHP)
1000 BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into Time zone UTC+08:00 (PhST)
four societies: hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highland
Driving side right[16]
plutocracies, and port principalities.[44]
Calling code +63

Early states (900–1565) ISO 3166 code PH

The earliest known surviving written record in the Philippines is Internet TLD .ph
the early-10th-century AD Laguna Copperplate Inscription, which
was written in Old Malay using the early Kawi script with a number of technical Sanskrit words and Old
Javanese or Old Tagalog honorifics.[45] By the 14th century, several large coastal settlements emerged as trading
centers and became the focus of societal changes.[46] Some polities had exchanges with other states throughout
Asia.[47]: 3 [48] Trade with China is believed to have begun during the Tang dynasty, and expanded during the
Song dynasty;[49] by the second millennium AD, some polities were part of the tributary system of China.
[25]: 177–178 [47]: 3 Indian cultural traits such as linguistic terms and religious practices began to spread in the

Philippines during the 14th century, probably via the Hindu Majapahit Empire.[50][51] By the 15th century, Islam
was established in the Sulu Archipelago and spread from there.[46]

Polities founded in the Philippines between the 10th and 16th centuries include Maynila,[52] Tondo, Namayan,
Pangasinan, Cebu, Butuan, Maguindanao, Lanao, Sulu, and Ma-i.[53] The early polities typically had a three-tier
social structure: nobility, freemen, and dependent debtor-bondsmen.[47]: 3
[54]: 672 (https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA672) Among the nobility were leaders known as datus,

who were responsible for ruling autonomous groups (barangays or dulohan).[55] When the barangays banded
together to form a larger settlement or a geographically looser alliance,[47]: 3 [56] their more-esteemed members
would be recognized as a "paramount datu",[57]: 58 (https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58) [44]
rajah or sultan,[58] and would rule the community.[59] Population density is thought to have been low during the
14th to 16th centuries[57]: 18 (https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18) due to the frequency of
typhoons and the Philippines' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire.[60] Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan
arrived in 1521, claimed the islands for Spain, and was killed by Lapulapu's men in the Battle of Mactan.
[61]: 21 (https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT46)
[62]: 261 (https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA261)

Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1946)

Unification and colonization by the Crown of Castile began when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi
arrived from New Spain (Spanish: Nueva España) in 1565.[63][64][65]: 20–23 Many Filipinos were brought to New
Spain as slaves and forced crew.[66] Spanish Manila became the capital of the Spanish East Indies in 1571,[67][68]
Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific.[69] The Spanish invaded local states using the principle of divide and
conquer,[62]: 374 (https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA374) bringing most of what is the present-day
Philippines under one unified administration.[70][71] Disparate barangays
were deliberately consolidated into towns, where Catholic missionaries could
more easily convert their inhabitants to Christianity,
[72]: 53 (https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA53)
, 68 (https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA68) [73]which was
initially Syncretist.[74] From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a
territory of the Mexico City-based Viceroyalty of New Spain; it was then
administered from Madrid after the Mexican War of Independence.
[75]: 81 (https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA81) Manila became Manila, 1847

the western hub of trans-Pacific trade[76] by Manila galleons built in Bicol

and Cavite.[77][78]

During its rule, Spain nearly bankrupted its treasury quelling indigenous
revolts [75]: 111–122 (https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA111) and defending against external military
attacks, [79]: 1077 (https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1077) [80] including Moro piracy,[81] a 17th-
century war against the Dutch, 18th-century British occupation of Manila, and conflict with Muslims in the
south.[82]: 4 (https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161256/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/4.htm)

Administration of the Philippines was considered a

drain on the economy of New Spain,
[79]: 1077 (https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1077)and abandoning it or trading it for other territory
was debated. This course of action was opposed because of the islands' economic potential, security, and the
desire to continue religious conversion in the region.
[57]: 7–8 (https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7) [83] The colony survived on an annual subsidy from

the Spanish crown[79]: 1077 (https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1077) averaging 250,000 pesos,

[57]: 8 (https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8) usually paid as 75 tons of silver bullion from the

Americas.[84] British forces occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764 during the Seven Years' War, and Spanish rule
was restored with the 1763 Treaty of Paris.[65]: 81–83 The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in
Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista.[85][86] The Spanish–Moro conflict lasted for several hundred
years; Spain conquered portions of Mindanao and Jolo during the last quarter of the 19th century,[87] and the
Muslim Moro in the Sultanate of Sulu acknowledged Spanish sovereignty.[88][89]

Philippine ports opened to world trade during the 19th century, and
Filipino society began to change.[90][91] Social identity changed, with the
term Filipino encompassing all residents of the archipelago instead of
solely referring to Spaniards born in the Philippines.[92][93]

Revolutionary sentiment grew in 1872 after three activist Catholic priests

were executed on questionable grounds.[94][95] This inspired the
Ilustrados in Madrid around 1890
Propaganda Movement, organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar, José Rizal,
Graciano López Jaena, and Mariano Ponce, which advocated political
reform in the Philippines.[96] Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896, for rebellion, and his death radicalized
many who had been loyal to Spain.[97] Attempts at reform met with resistance; Andrés Bonifacio founded the
Katipunan secret society, which sought independence from Spain through armed revolt, in 1892.
[75]: 137 (https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA137)

The Katipunan Cry of Pugad Lawin began the Philippine Revolution in 1896.[98] Internal disputes led to the
Tejeros Convention, at which Bonifacio lost his position and Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the new leader of the
revolution.[99]: 145–147 (https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&pg=PA147) The 1897 Pact of Biak-na-Bato
resulted in the Hong Kong Junta government in exile. The Spanish–American War began the following year, and
reached the Philippines; Aguinaldo returned, resumed the revolution, and declared independence from Spain on
June 12, 1898.[100]: 26 (https://books.google.com/books?id=0Hd3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26) In December 1898, the islands were
ceded by Spain to the United States with Puerto Rico and Guam after the Spanish–American War.[101][102]

The First Philippine Republic was promulgated on January 21, 1899.[103] Lack of recognition by the United
States led to an outbreak of hostilities that, after refusal by the U.S. on-scene military commander of a cease-fire
proposal and a declaration of war by the nascent Republic,[e] escalated into the Philippine–American War.[104]
[105][106][107]

The war resulted in the deaths of 250,000 to 1 million civilians, primarily

due to famine and disease.[108] Many Filipinos were transported by the
Americans to concentration camps, where thousands died.[109][110] After the
fall of the First Philippine Republic in 1902, an American civilian
government was established with the Philippine Organic Act.[111] American
forces continued to secure and extend their control of the islands,
suppressing an attempted extension of the Philippine Republic,
[99]: 200–202 (https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&pg=PA200) [108]
Filipino General Gregorio del Pilar
securing the Sultanate of Sulu,[112][113] establishing control of interior and his troops in Pampanga around
mountainous areas which had resisted Spanish conquest,[114] and 1898, during the Philippine-
encouraging large-scale resettlement of Christians in once-predominantly- American War
Muslim Mindanao.[115][116]

Cultural developments strengthened a national identity,[117][118]: 12 and Tagalog

began to take precedence over other local languages.
[72]: 121 (https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA121) Governmental
functions were gradually given to Filipinos by the Taft Commission;
[79]: 1081 (https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1081)
, 1117 (https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1117)the 1934 Tydings–
McDuffie Act granted a ten-year transition to independence through the creation
of the Commonwealth of the Philippines the following year,[119] with Manuel
Quezon president and Sergio Osmeña vice president.[120] Quezon's priorities were
defence, social justice, inequality, economic diversification, and national character.
[79]: 1081 (https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1081)
, 1117 (https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1117) Filipino (a
standardized variety of Tagalog) became the national language, The Inauguration of Manuel
[121]: 27–29 (https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC&pg=PA27) women's suffrage
L. Quezon as President of the
was introduced,[122][62]: 416 (https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA416) Commonwealth of the
and land reform was considered.[123][124][125] Philippines on Nov 15, 1935

The Empire of Japan invaded the Philippines in December 1941 during World War
II,[126] and the Second Philippine Republic was established as a puppet state governed by Jose P. Laurel.[127][128]
Beginning in 1942, the Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by large-scale underground guerrilla
activity.[129][130][131] Atrocities and war crimes were committed during the war, including the Bataan Death
March and the Manila massacre.[132][133] Allied troops defeated the Japanese in 1945, and over one million
Filipinos were estimated to have died by the end of the war.[134][135] On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became
a founding member of the United Nations.[136][137]: 38–41 (https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA38) On
July 4, 1946, during the presidency of Manuel Roxas, the country's independence was recognized by the United
States with the Treaty of Manila.[137]: 38–41 (https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA38) [138]

Independence (1946–present)
 Efforts at post-war reconstruction and ending
the Hukbalahap Rebellion succeeded during
Ramon Magsaysay's presidency,[139] but
sporadic communist insurgency continued to
flare up long afterward.[140] Under
Magsaysay's successor, Carlos P. Garcia, the
government initiated a Filipino First policy
which promoted Filipino-owned businesses.
General Douglas MacArthur and
Sergio Osmeña (left) coming ashore
during the Battle of Leyte on
October 20, 1944

The raising of the Flag of the

[72]: 182 (https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA182)
Succeeding Garcia, Philippines during the
Diosdado Macapagal moved Independence Day from July 4 to June 12—the date of declaration of Philippine
Independence on July 4,
Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration—[141] and pursued a claim on eastern North
1946
Borneo.[142][143]

In 1965, Macapagal lost the presidential election to Ferdinand Marcos. Early in his
presidency, Marcos began infrastructure projects funded mostly by foreign loans;
this improved the economy, and contributed to his reelection in 1969.
[144]: 58 (https://books.google.com/books?id=NkBO2RhI4NUC&pg=PA58) [145] Near the end of

his last constitutionally-permitted term, Marcos declared martial law on

September 21, 1972[146] using the specter of communism[147][148][149] and began to
rule by decree;[150] the period was characterized by political repression,
censorship, and human rights violations.[151][152] Monopolies controlled by
Marcos' cronies were established in key industries,[153][154][155] including
logging[156] and broadcasting;
[62]: 120 (https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA120) a sugar monopoly

led to a famine on the island of Negros.[157] With his wife, Imelda, Marcos was
The Declaration of Martial
accused of corruption and embezzling billions of dollars of public funds.[158][159] Law in the headlines of the
Marcos' heavy borrowing early in his presidency resulted in economic crashes, Sunday Express
exacerbated by an early 1980s recession where the economy contracted by 7.3
percent annually in 1984 and 1985.
[160]: 212 (https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA212) [161]

On August 21, 1983, opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. (Marcos' chief rival) was assassinated on the tarmac
at Manila International Airport.[162] Marcos called a snap presidential election in 1986[163] which proclaimed
him the winner, but the results were widely regarded as fraudulent.[164] The resulting protests led to the People
Power Revolution,[165][166] which forced Marcos and his allies to flee to Hawaii. Aquino's widow, Corazon, was
installed as president.[165]

The return of democracy and government reforms which began in 1986 were hampered by national debt,
government corruption, and coup attempts.[168][144]: xii, xiii A communist insurgency[169][170] and military conflict
with Moro separatists persisted;[171] the administration also faced a series of disasters, including the eruption of
Mount Pinatubo in June 1991.[167] Aquino was succeeded by Fidel V. Ramos, who liberalized the national
economy with privatization and deregulation.[172][173] Ramos' economic gains were overshadowed by the onset
of the 1997 Asian financial crisis.[174][175] His successor, Joseph Estrada, prioritized public housing[176] but faced
corruption allegations[177] which led to his overthrow by the 2001 EDSA Revolution and the succession of Vice
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on January 20, 2001.[178] Arroyo's nine-
year administration was marked by economic growth,[10] but was tainted by
corruption and political scandals,[179][180] including electoral fraud
allegations during the 2004 presidential election.[181] Economic growth
continued during Benigno Aquino III's administration, which advocated
good governance and transparency.[182]: 1, 3 [183] Aquino III signed a peace
agreement with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) resulting in the
Bangsamoro Organic Law establishing an autonomous Bangsamoro region,
The June 1991 eruption of Mount
but a shootout with MILF rebels in Mamasapano delayed passage of the law.
Pinatubo was the second-largest
[184][185]
terrestrial eruption of the
20th century.[167]
Rodrigo Duterte, elected president in 2016,[186] launched an infrastructure
program[187][188] and an anti-drug campaign[189][190] which reduced drug
proliferation[191] but has also led to extrajudicial killings.[192][193] The Bangsamoro Organic Law was enacted in
2018.[194] In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic reached the Philippines;[195][196] its gross domestic product
shrank by 9.5 percent, the country's worst annual economic performance since 1947.[197] Marcos' son, Bongbong
Marcos, won the 2022 presidential election; Duterte's daughter, Sara, became vice president.[198]

Geography
The Philippines is an archipelago of about 7,641 islands,
[200][201] covering a total area (including inland bodies of

water) of about 300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi).

[17][202]: 15 [10][f] Stretching 1,850 kilometers (1,150 mi) north

to south,[204] from the South China Sea to the Celebes Sea,

[205] the Philippines is bordered by the Philippine Sea to the

east,[206][207] and the Sulu Sea to the southwest.[208] The

country's 11 largest islands are Luzon, Mindanao, Samar,
Negros, Palawan, Panay, Mindoro, Leyte, Cebu, Bohol and
Masbate, about 95 percent of its total land area.[209] The
Philippines' coastline measures 36,289 kilometers
(22,549 mi), the world's fifth-longest,[210] and the country's
exclusive economic zone covers 2,263,816 km2
(874,064 sq mi).[211]

Its highest mountain is Mount Apo on Mindanao, with an

altitude of 2,954 meters (9,692 ft) above sea level.[10] The
Philippines' longest river is the Cagayan River in northern The Philippines is generally mountainous; uplands make
Luzon, which flows for about 520 kilometers (320 mi).[212] up 65 percent of the country's total land area.
Manila Bay, on which is the capital city of Manila,[213] is [54]: 38 (https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA38)

connected to Laguna de Bay[214] (the country's largest lake) [199]

by the Pasig River.[215]

On the western fringes of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines has frequent seismic and volcanic activity.
[216]: 4 (https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA4) The region is seismically active, and has been

constructed by plates converging towards each other from multiple directions.[217][218] About five earthquakes
are recorded daily, although most are too weak to be felt.[219] The last major earthquakes were in 1976 in the
Moro Gulf and in 1990 on Luzon.[220] The Philippines has 23 active volcanoes; of them, Mayon, Taal, Canlaon,
and Bulusan have the largest number of recorded eruptions.[221]
[202]: 26 (https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26)
The country has valuable[222] mineral deposits as a result of its complex geologic structure and high level of
seismic activity.[223][224] It is thought to have the world's second-largest gold deposits (after South Africa), large
copper deposits,[225] and the world's largest deposits of palladium.[226] Other minerals include chromium,
nickel, molybdenum, platinum, and zinc.[227] However, poor management and law enforcement, opposition
from indigenous communities, and past environmental damage have left these resources largely untapped.[225]
[228]

Biodiversity
The Philippines is a megadiverse country,[230][231] with some of the world's
highest rates of discovery and endemism (67 percent).[232][233] With an
estimated 13,500 plant species in the country (3,500 of which are endemic),
[234] Philippine rain forests have an array of flora:[235][236] about 3,500

species of trees,[237] 8,000 flowering plant species, 1,100 ferns, and 998
orchid species[238] have been identified.[239] The Philippines has 167
terrestrial mammals (102 endemic species), 235 reptiles (160 endemic
species), 99 amphibians (74 endemic species), 686 birds (224 endemic
species),[240] and over 20,000 insect species.[239] The carabao is the national animal
of the Philippines. It symbolizes,
As an important part of the Coral Triangle ecoregion,[241][242] Philippine strength, power, efficiency,
waters have unique, diverse marine life[243] and the world's greatest diversity perseverance and hard work.[229]
of shore-fish species.[244] The country has over 3,200 fish species (121
endemic).[245] Philippine waters sustain the cultivation of fish, crustaceans,
oysters, and seaweeds.[246][247]

Eight major types of forests are distributed throughout the Philippines: dipterocarp, beach forest,[248] pine
forest, molave forest, lower montane forest, upper montane (or mossy forest), mangroves, and ultrabasic forest.
[249] According to official estimates, the Philippines had 7,000,000 hectares (27,000 sq mi) of forest cover in

2023.[250] Logging had been systemized during the American colonial period[251] and deforestation continued
after independence, accelerating during the Marcos presidency due to unregulated logging concessions.[252][253]
Forest cover declined from 70 percent of the Philippines' total land area in 1900 to about 18.3 percent in 1999.
[254] Rehabilitation efforts have had marginal success.[255]

The Philippines is a priority hotspot for biodiversity conservation;[256][230] it has more than 200 protected areas,
[257] which was expanded to 7,790,000 hectares (30,100 sq mi) as of 2023.[258] Three sites in the Philippines

have been included on the UNESCO World Heritage List: the Tubbataha Reef in the Sulu Sea,[259] the Puerto
Princesa Subterranean River,[260] and the Mount Hamiguitan Wildlife Sanctuary.[261]

Climate
The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate which is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: a hot
dry season from March to May, a rainy season from June to November, and a cool dry season from December to
February.[262] The southwest monsoon (known as the habagat) lasts from May to October, and the northeast
monsoon (amihan) lasts from November to April.
[263]: 24–25 (https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24) The coolest month is January, and the warmest

is May. Temperatures at sea level across the Philippines tend to be in the same range, regardless of latitude;
average annual temperature is around 26.6 °C (79.9 °F) but is 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) in Baguio, 1,500 meters
(4,900 ft) above sea level.[264] The country's average humidity is 82 percent.
[263]: 24–25 (https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24) Annual rainfall is as high as 5,000 millimeters

(200 in) on the mountainous east coast, but less than 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in some sheltered valleys.[262]
The Philippine Area of Responsibility has 19 typhoons in a typical year,[265] usually from July to October;[262]
eight or nine of them make landfall.[266][267] The wettest recorded typhoon to hit the Philippines dropped 2,210
millimeters (87 in) in Baguio from July 14 to 18, 1911.[268] The country is among the world's ten most vulnerable
to climate change.[269][270]

Government and politics

The Philippines has a democratic government, a constitutional republic with
a presidential system.[271] The president is head of state and head of
government,[272] and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.[271]
The president is elected through direct election by the citizens of the
Philippines for a six-year term.[273] The president appoints and presides over
the cabinet and officials of various national government agencies and
institutions.[274]: 213–214 (https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC&pg=213)
Malacañang Palace is the
The bicameral Congress is composed of the Senate (the upper house, with president's official residence.
members elected to a six-year term) and the House of Representatives, the
lower house, with members elected to a three-year term.[275]

Senators are elected at-large,[275] and representatives are elected from legislative districts and party lists.
[274]: 162–163 (https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC&pg=162) Judicial authority is vested in the Supreme

Court, composed of a chief justice and fourteen associate justices,[276] who are appointed by the president from
nominations submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council.[271]

Attempts to change the government to a federal, unicameral, or parliamentary government have been made
since the Ramos administration.[277] Philippine politics tends to be dominated by well-known families, such as
political dynasties or celebrities.[278][279] Corruption is significant,[280][281][282] attributed by some historians to
the Spanish colonial period's padrino system.[283][284] The Roman Catholic church exerts considerable but
waning[285] influence in political affairs, although a constitutional provision for the separation of Church and
State exists.[286]

Foreign relations
A founding and active member of the United Nations,
[137]: 37–38 (https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA37)
the
Philippines has been a non-permanent member of the Security
Council.[287] The country participates in peacekeeping missions,
particularly in East Timor.[288][289] The Philippines is a founding
and active member of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian
Nations)[290][291] and a member of the East Asia Summit,[292] the
Group of 24,[293] and the Non-Aligned Movement.[294] The Philippine diplomatic missions worldwide
country has sought to obtain observer status in the Organisation of
Islamic Cooperation since 2003,[295][296] and was a member of
SEATO.[297][298] Over 10 million Filipinos live and work in 200 countries,[299][300] giving the Philippines soft
power.[160]: 207 (https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207)

During the 1990s, the Philippines began to seek economic liberalization and free trade[301]: 7–8 to help spur
foreign direct investment.[302] It is a member of the World Trade Organization[301]: 8 and the Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation.[303] The Philippines entered into the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement in 2010[304]
and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership free trade agreement (FTA) in 2023.[305][306] Through
ASEAN, the Philippines has signed FTAs with China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.
[301]: 15
The country has bilateral FTAs with Japan, South Korea,[307] and four European states: Iceland,
Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.[301]: 9–10, 15

The Philippines has a long relationship with the United States, involving economics, security, and interpersonal
relations.[308] The Philippines' location serves an important role in the United States' island chain strategy in the
West Pacific;[309][310] a Mutual Defense Treaty between the two countries was signed in 1951, and was
supplemented with the 1999 Visiting Forces Agreement and the 2016 Enhanced Defense Cooperation
Agreement.[311] The country supported American policies during the Cold War and participated in the Korean
and Vietnam wars.[312][313] In 2003, the Philippines was designated a major non-NATO ally.[314] Under
President Duterte, ties with the United States weakened in favor of improved relations with China and Russia.
[315][316][317] The Philippines relies heavily on the United States for its external defense;[182]: 11 the U.S. has made

regular assurances to defend the Philippines,[318] including the South China Sea.[319]

Since 1975, the Philippines has valued its relations with China[320]—its top trading partner,[321] and cooperates
significantly with the country.[322][315] Japan is the biggest bilateral contributor of official development
assistance to the Philippines;[323][324] although some tension exists because of World War II, much animosity
has faded.[82]: 93 (https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161330/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/93.htm) Historical and
cultural ties continue to affect relations with Spain.[325][326] Relations with Middle Eastern countries are shaped
by the high number of Filipinos working in those countries,[327] and by issues related to the Muslim minority in
the Philippines;[328] concerns have been raised about domestic abuse and war affecting[329] the approximately
2.5 million overseas Filipino workers in the region.[330]

The Philippines has claims in the Spratly Islands which overlap with claims by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and
Vietnam.[331] The largest of its controlled islands is Thitu Island, which contains the Philippines' smallest town.
[332] The 2012 Scarborough Shoal standoff, after China seized the shoal from the Philippines, led to an

international arbitration case[333] which the Philippines eventually won;[334] China rejected the result,[335] and
made the shoal a prominent symbol of the broader dispute.[336]

Military
The volunteer Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) consist of three
branches: the Philippine Air Force, the Philippine Army, and the Philippine
Navy.[337][338] Civilian security is handled by the Philippine National Police
under the Department of the Interior and Local Government.[339] The AFP
had a total manpower of around 280,000 as of 2022, of which 130,000 were
active military personnel, 100,000 were reserves, and 50,000 were
paramilitaries.[340]

In 2021, $4,090,500,000 (1.04 percent of GDP) was spent on the Philippine BRP Jose Rizal (FF-150) is the lead
military. [341][342] Most of the country's defense spending is on the Philippine ship of her class of Philippine Navy
Army, which leads operations against internal threats such as communist guided missile frigates.
and Muslim separatist insurgencies; its preoccupation with internal security
contributed to the decline of Philippine naval capability which began during
the 1970s.[343] A military modernization program began in 1995[344] and expanded in 2012 to build a more
capable defense system.[345]

The Philippines has long struggled against local insurgencies, separatism, and terrorism.[346][347][348]
Bangsamoro's largest separatist organizations, the Moro National Liberation Front and the Moro Islamic
Liberation Front, signed final peace agreements with the government in 1996 and 2014 respectively.[349][350]
Other, more-militant groups such as Abu Sayyaf and Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters[351] have kidnapped
foreigners for ransom, particularly in the Sulu Archipelago[352][353] and Maguindanao,[351] but their presence
has been reduced.[354][355] The Communist Party of the Philippines and its military wing, the New People's
Army, have been waging guerrilla warfare against the government since the 1970s and, although shrinking
militarily and politically after the return of democracy in 1986,[347][356] have engaged in ambushes, bombings,
and assassinations of government officials and security forces.[357]

Administrative divisions
The Philippines is divided into 17 regions, 82 provinces, 146 cities,
1,488 municipalities, and 42,036 barangays.[358] Regions other than
Bangsamoro are divided for administrative convenience.[359]
Calabarzon was the region with the greatest population as of 2020, and
the National Capital Region (NCR) was the most densely populated.
[360]

The Philippines is a unitary state, with the exception of the

Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM),[361]
although there have been steps towards decentralization;[362][363] a
1991 law devolved some powers to local governments.[364]

Demographics
As of May 1, 2020, the Philippines had a population of 109,035,343.[12]
In 2020, 54 percent of the country's population lived in urban areas.
[365] Manila, its capital, and Quezon City (the country's most populous

city) are in Metro Manila. About 13.48 million people (12 percent of the
Philippines' population) live in Metro Manila,[365] the country's most
The Philippines' regions and provinces
populous metropolitan area[366] and the world's fifth most populous.
[367] Between 1948 and 2010, the population of the Philippines

increased almost fivefold from 19 million to 92 million.[368]

The country's median age is 25.3, and 63.9 percent of its population is between 15 and 64 years old.[369] The
Philippines' average annual population growth rate is decreasing,[370] although government attempts to further
reduce population growth have been contentious.[371] The country reduced its poverty rate from 49.2 percent in
1985[372] to 18.1 percent in 2021,[373] and its income inequality began to decline in 2012.[372]

Largest cities in the Philippines

2020 Philippine census of population and housing (https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/ird/pressr
elease/Table%20B%20-%20Population%20and%20Annual%20Growth%20Rates%20by%20Province%2C%20City%2C%2
Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop.
0and%20Municipality%20-%20By%20Region_AGBA_rev.xlsx)
National National
Quezon
1 Capital 2,960,048 11 Valenzuela Capital 714,978
City
Region Region
National
2 Manila Capital 1,846,513 12 Dasmariñas Calabarzon 703,141
Region Davao City
Quezon City
Davao General
3 Davao City 1,776,949 13 Soccsksargen 697,315
Region Santos
National National
4 Caloocan Capital 1,661,584 14 Parañaque Capital 689,992
Region Region
 National
5 Taguig Capital 1,223,595 15 Bacoor Calabarzon 664,625
Region
Zamboanga Zamboanga San Jose
6 977,234 16 Central Luzon 651,813
City Peninsula del Monte
National
Central
7 Cebu City 964,169 17 Las Piñas Capital 606,293
Visayas
Manila Region Caloocan
Western
8 Antipolo Calabarzon 887,399 18 Bacolod 600,783
Visayas
National National
9 Pasig Capital 803,159 19 Muntinlupa Capital 543,445
Region Region
Cagayan de Northern
10 728,402 20 Calamba Calabarzon 539,671
Oro Mindanao

Ethnicity
The country has substantial ethnic diversity, due to foreign influence and the
archipelago's division by water and topography.[272] According to the 2010
census, the Philippines' largest ethnic groups were Tagalog (24.4 percent),
Visayans [excluding the Cebuano, Hiligaynon and Waray] (11.4 percent),
Cebuano (9.9 percent), Ilocano (8.8 percent), Hiligaynon (8.4 percent), Bikol
(6.8 percent), and Waray (four percent).[10][374] The country's indigenous
peoples consisted of 110 enthnolinguistic groups, with a combined
population of 14 to 17 million, in 2010;[375] they include the Igorot, Lumad,
Mangyan, and the indigenous peoples of Palawan.[376]

Negritos are thought to be among the islands' earliest inhabitants.

Dominant ethnic groups by province

[82]: 35 (https://web.archive.org/web/20060927160916/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/35.htm)
These minority aboriginal
settlers are an Australoid group, a remnant of the first human migration from Africa to Australia who were
probably displaced by later waves of migration.[377] Some Philippine Negritos have a Denisovan admixture in
their genome.[378][379] Ethnic Filipinos generally belong to several Southeast Asian ethnic groups, classified
linguistically as Austronesians speaking Malayo-Polynesian languages.[380] The Austronesian population's origin
is uncertain, but relatives of Taiwanese aborigines probably brought their language and mixed with the region's
existing population.[381][382] The Lumad and Sama-Bajau ethnic groups have an ancestral affinity with the
Austroasiatic- and Mlabri-speaking Htin peoples of mainland Southeast Asia. Westward expansion from Papua
New Guinea to eastern Indonesia and Mindanao has been detected in the Blaan people and the Sangir language.
[383]

Immigrants arrived in the Philippines from elsewhere in the Spanish Empire, especially from the Spanish
Americas.[384]
[385]: Chpt. 6 (https://web.archive.org/web/20180614082235/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-paci
[386] A 2016 National Geographic project concluded that people living in the Philippine archipelago carried
genetic markers in the following percentages: 53 percent Southeast Asia and Oceania, 36 percent Eastern Asia,
five percent Southern Europe, three percent Southern Asia, and two percent Native American (from Latin
America).
[385]: Chpt. 6 (https://web.archive.org/web/20180614082235/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-paci
[387]

Descendants of mixed-race couples are known as Mestizos or tisoy,[388] which during the Spanish colonial
times, were mostly composed of Chinese mestizos (Mestizos de Sangley), Spanish mestizos (Mestizos de
Español) and the mix thereof (tornatrás).[389][390][391] The modern Chinese Filipinos are well-integrated into
Filipino society.[272][392] Primarily the descendants of immigrants from Fujian,[393] the pure ethnic Chinese
Filipinos during the American colonial era (early 1900s) purportedly numbered about 1.35 million; while an
estimated 22.8 million (around 20 percent) of Filipinos have half or partial Chinese ancestry from precolonial,
colonial, and 20th century Chinese migrants.[394][395] During the Hispanic era, mixed Spanish Filipinos made
up a moderate proportion (around 5 percent) of the population who were paying tributes.[396]: 539 [397]: 31, 54, 113
Meanwhile, a smaller proportion (2.33 percent) of the population were Latin American Filipinos.[386]: 100 Almost
300,000 American citizens live in the country as of 2023,[398] and up to 250,000 Amerasians are scattered
across the cities of Angeles, Manila, and Olongapo.[399][400] Other significant non-indigenous minorities include
Indians[401] and Arabs.[402] Japanese Filipinos include escaped Christians (Kirishitan) who fled persecutions by
Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu.[403]

Languages
Ethnologue lists 186 languages for the Philippines, 182 of which are
living languages; the other four no longer have any known speakers.
Most native languages are part of the Philippine branch of the Malayo-
Polynesian languages, which is a branch of the Austronesian language
family.[380] Spanish-based creole varieties, collectively known as
Chavacano, are also spoken.[404] Many Philippine Negrito languages
have unique vocabularies which survived Austronesian acculturation.
[405]

Filipino and English are the country's official languages.[5] Filipino, a Ethnolinguistic map
standardized version of Tagalog, is spoken primarily in Metro Manila.
[406] Filipino and English are used in government, education, print,

broadcast media, and business, often with a third local language;[407] code-switching between English and other
local languages, notably Tagalog, is common.[408] The Philippine constitution provides for Spanish and Arabic
on a voluntary, optional basis.[5] Spanish, a widely used lingua franca during the late nineteenth century, has
declined greatly in use,[409][410] although Spanish loanwords are still present in Philippine languages.[411][412]
[413] Arabic is primarily taught in Mindanao Islamic schools.[414]

The top languages generally spoken at home as of 2020 are Tagalog, Binisaya, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Cebuano,
and Bikol.[415] Nineteen regional languages are auxiliary official languages as media of instruction:[4]

▪ Aklanon ▪ Ibanag ▪ Maguindanao ▪ Tagalog

▪ Bikol ▪ Ilocano ▪ Maranao ▪ Tausug
▪ Cebuano ▪ Ivatan ▪ Pangasinan ▪ Waray
▪ Chavacano ▪ Kapampangan ▪ Sambal ▪ Yakan
▪ Hiligaynon ▪ Kinaray-a ▪ Surigaonon
Other indigenous languages, including Cuyonon, Ifugao, Itbayat, Kalinga, Kamayo, Kankanaey, Masbateño,
Romblomanon, Manobo, and several Visayan languages, are used in their respective provinces.[380] Filipino Sign
Language is the national sign language, and the language of deaf education.[416]

Religion
Although the Philippines is a secular state with freedom of religion, an
overwhelming majority of Filipinos consider religion very important[417] and
irreligion is very low.[418][419][420] Christianity is the dominant religion,[421]
[422] followed by about 89 percent of the population.[423] The country had

the world's third-largest Roman Catholic population as of 2013, and was

Asia's largest Christian nation.[424] Census data from 2020 found that 78.8
percent of the population professed Roman Catholicism; other Christian
denominations include Iglesia ni Cristo, the Philippine Independent Church, Catholics attend Mass at Basilica
and Seventh-day Adventistism.[425] Protestants made up about 5% to 7% of del Santo Niño during the annual
the population in 2010.[426][427] The Philippines sends many Christian Sinulog festival in Cebu.
missionaries around the world, and is a training center for foreign priests
and nuns.[428][429]

Islam is the country's second-largest religion, with 6.4 percent of the population in the 2020 census.[425] Most
Muslims live in Mindanao and nearby islands,[422] and most adhere to the Shafi'i school of Sunni Islam.[430]

About 0.2 percent of the population follow indigenous religions,[425] whose practices and folk beliefs are often
syncretized with Christianity and Islam.[216]: 29–30 (https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA29) [431]
Buddhism is practiced by about 0.04% of the population,[425] primarily by Filipinos of Chinese descent.[432]

Health
Health care in the Philippines is provided by the national and local
governments, although private payments account for most healthcare
spending.[433]: 25–27 [434] Per-capita health expenditure in 2022 was
₱10,059.49 and health expenditures were 5.5 percent of the country's GDP.
[435] The 2023 budget allocation for healthcare was ₱334.9 billion.[436] The

2019 enactment of the Universal Health Care Act by President Duterte

facilitated the automatic enrollment of all Filipinos in the national health
insurance program.[437][438] Since 2018, Malasakit Centers (one-stop shops)
Life expectancy in the Philippines,
have been set up in several government-operated hospitals to provide
1938–2021
medical and financial assistance to indigent patients.[439]

Average life expectancy in the Philippines as of 2023 is 70.48 years (66.97

years for males, and 74.15 years for females).[10] Access to medicine has improved due to increasing Filipino
acceptance of generic drugs.[433]: 58 The country's leading causes of death in 2021 were ischaemic heart diseases,
cerebrovascular diseases, COVID-19, neoplasms, and diabetes.[440] Communicable diseases are correlated with
natural disasters, primarily floods.[441]

The Philippines has 1,387 hospitals, 33 percent of which are government-run; 23,281 barangay health stations,
2,592 rural health units, 2,411 birthing homes, and 659 infirmaries provide primary care throughout the country.
[442] Since 1967, the Philippines had become the largest global supplier of nurses;[443] seventy percent of nursing

graduates go overseas to work, causing problems in retaining skilled practitioners.[444]

Education
Primary and secondary schooling in the Philippines consists of six years of
elementary period, four years of junior high school, and two years of senior
high school.[446] Public education, provided by the government, is free at the
elementary and secondary levels and at most public higher-education
institutions.[447][448] Science high schools for talented students were
established in 1963.[449] The government provides technical-vocational
training and development through the Technical Education and Skills Founded in 1611, the University of
Development Authority.[450] In 2004, the government began offering Santo Tomas is Asia's oldest extant
alternative education to out-of-school children, youth, and adults to improve university.[445]
literacy;[451][452] madaris were mainstreamed in 16 regions that year,
primarily in Mindanao Muslim areas under the Department of Education.
[453] Catholic schools, which number more than 1,500,[454] and higher education institutions are an integral part

of the educational system.[455]

The Philippines has 1,975 higher education institutions as of 2019, of which 246 are public and 1,729 are private.
[456] Public universities are non-sectarian, and are primarily classified as state-administered or local

government-funded.[457][458] The national university is the eight-school University of the Philippines (UP)
system.[459] The country's top-ranked universities are the UP Diliman, Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle
University, and University of Santo Tomas.[460][461][462]

In 2019, the Philippines had a basic literacy rate of 93.8 percent of those five years old or older,[463] and a
functional literacy rate of 91.6 percent of those aged 10 to 64.[464] Education, a significant proportion of the
national budget, was allocated ₱900.9 billion from the ₱5.268 trillion 2023 budget.[436] As of 2023, the country
has 1,640 public libraries affiliated with the National Library of the Philippines.[465]

Economy
The Philippine economy is the world's 34th largest, with an estimated 2023 nominal gross domestic product of
US$435.7 billion.[13] As a newly industrialized country,[466][467] the Philippine economy has been transitioning
from an agricultural base to one with more emphasis on services and manufacturing.[466][468] The country's
labor force was around 50 million as of 2023, and its unemployment rate was 3.1 percent.[469] Gross
international reserves totaled US$103.406 billion as of January 2024.[470] Debt-to-GDP ratio decreased to 60.2
percent at the end of 2023 from a 17-year high 63.7 percent at the end of the third quarter of that year, and
indicated resiliency during the COVID-19 pandemic.[471] The country's unit of currency is the Philippine peso
(₱[472] or PHP[473]).[474]

The Philippines is a net importer,[301]: 55–56, 61–65, 77, 83, 111 [475] and a debtor nation.[476] As of 2020, the country's
main export markets were China, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore;[477] primary exports
included integrated circuits, office machinery and parts, electrical transformers, insulated wiring, and
semiconductors.[477] Its primary import markets that year were China, Japan, South Korea, the United States,
and Indonesia.[477] Major export crops include coconuts, bananas, and pineapples; it is the world's largest
producer of abaca,[202]: 226–242 (https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA226) and was the world's
second biggest exporter of nickel ore in 2022,[478] as well as the biggest exporter of gold-clad metals and the
biggest importer of copra in 2020.[477]

With an average annual growth rate of six to seven percent since around 2010, the Philippines has emerged as
one of the world's fastest-growing economies,[480] driven primarily by its increasing reliance on the service
sector.[481] Regional development is uneven, however, with Manila (in particular) gaining most of the new
economic growth.[482][483] Remittances from overseas Filipinos contribute
significantly to the country's economy;[484][481] they reached a record
US$37.20 billion in 2023, accounting for 8.5 percent of GDP.[485] The
Philippines is the world's primary business process outsourcing (BPO)
center.[486][487] About 1.3 million Filipinos work in the BPO sector, primarily
in customer service.[488]

Science and technology

Filipinos planting rice. Agriculture
The Philippines has one of the largest agricultural-research systems in Asia, employed 24 percent of the Filipino
despite relatively low spending on agricultural research and development. workforce as of 2022.[479]
[489][490] The country has developed new varieties of crops, including rice,
[491][492] coconuts,[493] and bananas.[494] Research organizations include the

Philippine Rice Research Institute[495] and the International Rice Research

Institute.[496]

The Philippine Space Agency maintains the country's space program,[497]

[498] and the country bought its first satellite in 1996.[499] Diwata-1, its first

micro-satellite, was launched on the United States' Cygnus spacecraft in

2016.[500]

The Philippines has a high concentration of cellular-phone users,[501] and a Headquarters of the International
high level of mobile commerce.[502] Text messaging is a popular form of Rice Research Institute in Los
communication, and the nation sent an average of one billion SMS messages Baños, Laguna
per day in 2007. [503] The Philippine telecommunications industry had been
dominated by the PLDT-Globe Telecom duopoly for more than two decades,
[504] and the 2021 entry of Dito Telecommunity improved the country's telecommunications service.[505]

Tourism
The Philippines is a popular retirement destination for foreigners because of
its climate and low cost of living;[506] the country is also a top destination for
diving enthusiasts.[507][508] Tourist spots include Boracay, called the best
island in the world by Travel + Leisure in 2012;[509] Coron and El Nido in
Palawan; Cebu; Siargao, and Bohol.[510]

Tourism contributed 5.2 percent to the Philippine GDP in 2021 (lower than
12.7 percent in 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic),[511] and provided
5.7 million jobs in 2019.[512] The Philippines attracted 5.45 million Tourists at Chocolate Hills, conical
international visitors in 2023, 30 percent lower than the 8.26 million record karst hills in Bohol
in pre-pandemic 2019; most tourists came from South Korea (26.4 percent),
United States (16.5 percent), Japan (5.6 percent), Australia (4.89 percent),
and China (4.84 percent).[513]

Infrastructure

Transportation
Transportation in the Philippines is by road, air, rail and water. Roads are the dominant form of transport,
carrying 98 percent of people and 58 percent of cargo.[515] In December
2018, there were 210,528 kilometers (130,816 mi) of roads in the country.
[516] The backbone of land-based transportation in the country is the Pan-

Philippine Highway, which connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and
Mindanao.[517] Inter-island transport is by the 919-kilometer (571 mi) Strong
Republic Nautical Highway, an integrated set of highways and ferry routes
linking 17 cities.[518][519] Jeepneys are a popular, iconic public utility vehicle;
[202]: 496–497 (https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA496) other
Traditional (left) and modern
public land transport includes buses, UV Express, TNVS, Filcab, taxis, and
jeepneys in Quezon City. Public
tricycles.[520][521] Traffic is a significant issue in Manila and on arterial roads utility vehicles older than 15 years
to the capital.[522][523] are gradually being phased out in
favor of eco-friendly Euro 4-
Despite wider historical use,[524] rail transportation in the Philippines is compliant vehicles.[514]
limited[202]: 491 (https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA491) to
transporting passengers within Metro Manila and the provinces of
Laguna[525] and Quezon,[526] with a short track in the Bicol Region.
[202]: 491 (https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA491) The country had a railway footprint of only 79

kilometers (49 mi) as of 2019, which it planned to expand to 244 kilometers (152 mi).[527] A revival of freight rail
is planned to reduce road congestion.[528][529]

The Philippines had 90 national government-owned airports as of 2022, of which eight are international.[530]
Ninoy Aquino International Airport, formerly known as Manila International Airport, has the greatest number of
passengers.[530] The 2017 air domestic market was dominated by Philippine Airlines, the country's flag carrier
and Asia's oldest commercial airline,[531][532] and Cebu Pacific (the country's leading low-cost carrier).[533][534]

A variety of boats are used throughout the Philippines;[535] most are double-outrigger vessels known as
banca[536] or bangka.[537] Modern ships use plywood instead of logs, and motor engines instead of sails;[536]
they are used for fishing and inter-island travel.[537] The Philippines has over 1,800 seaports;[538] of these, the
principal seaports of Manila (the country's chief, and busiest, port),[539] Batangas, Subic Bay, Cebu, Iloilo,
Davao, Cagayan de Oro, General Santos, and Zamboanga are part of the ASEAN Transport Network.[540][541]

Energy
The Philippines had a total installed power capacity of 26,882 MW in 2021;
43 percent was generated from coal, 14 percent from oil, 14 percent
hydropower, 12 percent from natural gas, and seven percent from
geothermal sources.[542] It is the world's third-biggest geothermal-energy
producer, behind the United States and Indonesia.[543] The country's largest
dam is the 1.2-kilometer-long (0.75 mi) San Roque Dam on the Agno River in
Pangasinan.[544] The Malampaya gas field, discovered in the early 1990s off
the coast of Palawan, reduced the Philippines' reliance on imported oil; it The Ambuklao Dam on the Agno
provides about 40 percent of Luzon's energy requirements, and 30 percent of River in Bokod, Benguet
the country's energy needs.
[202]: 347 (https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA347) [545]

The Philippines has three electrical grids, one each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.[546] The National Grid
Corporation of the Philippines manages the country's power grid since 2009[547] and provides overhead
transmission lines across the country's islands. Electric distribution to consumers is provided by privately owned
distribution utilities and government-owned electric cooperatives.[546] As of end-2021, the Philippines'
household electrification level was about 95.41%.[548]
Plans to harness nuclear energy began during the early 1970s during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos in
response to the 1973 oil crisis.[549] The Philippines completed Southeast Asia's first nuclear power plant in
Bataan in 1984.[550] Political issues following Marcos' ouster and safety concerns after the 1986 Chernobyl
disaster prevented the plant from being commissioned,[551][549] and plans to operate it remain controversial.
[550][552]

Water supply and sanitation

Water supply and sanitation outside Metro Manila is provided by the
government through local water districts in cities or towns.[553][554][555]
Metro Manila is served by Manila Water and Maynilad Water Services.
Except for shallow wells for domestic use, groundwater users are required to
obtain a permit from the National Water Resources Board.[554] In 2022, the
total water withdrawals increased to 91 billion cubic meters (3.2 ×1012 cu ft)
from 89 billion cubic meters (3.1 ×1012 cu ft) in 2021 and the total A water-district office in Banate,
expenditures on water were amounted to ₱144.81 billion.[556] Iloilo

Most sewage in the Philippines flows into septic tanks.[554] In 2015, the Joint
Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation noted that 74 percent of the Philippine population had
access to improved sanitation and "good progress" had been made between 1990 and 2015.[557] Ninety-six
percent of Filipino households had an improved source of drinking water and 92 percent of households had
sanitary toilet facilities as of 2016; connections of toilet facilities to appropriate sewerage systems remain largely
insufficient, however, especially in rural and urban poor communities.[433]: 46

Culture
The Philippines has significant cultural diversity, reinforced by the country's
fragmented geography.
[47]: 61 (https://books.google.com/books?id=r50BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61) [558] Spanish and

American cultures profoundly influenced Filipino culture as a result of long

colonization.[559][272] The cultures of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago
developed distinctly, since they had limited Spanish influence and more
influence from nearby Islamic regions.
[54]: 503 (https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA503) Indigenous
The Banaue Rice Terraces, carved
groups such as the Igorots have preserved their precolonial customs and
by ancestors of the Ifugao people
traditions by resisting the Spanish.[560][561] A national identity emerged
during the 19th century, however, with shared national symbols and cultural
and historical touchstones.[558]

Hispanic legacies include the dominance of

Catholicism [62]: 5 (https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA5) [559] and the prevalence of Spanish names
and surnames, which resulted from an 1849 edict ordering the systematic distribution of family names and the
implementation of Spanish naming customs;[202]: 75 (https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75)
[61]: 237 (https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT262) the names of many locations also have Spanish

origins.[562] American influence on modern Filipino culture[272] is evident in the use of

English[563]: 12 (https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PA12) and Filipino consumption of fast food and
American films and music.[559]

Public holidays in the Philippines are classified as regular or special.[564] Festivals are primarily religious, and
most towns and villages have such a festival (usually to honor a patron saint).[565][566] Better-known festivals
include Ati-Atihan,[567] Dinagyang,[568] Moriones,[569] Sinulog,[570] and Flores de Mayo—a month-long
devotion to the Virgin Mary held in May.[571] The country's Christmas season begins as early as September 1,
[572]: 149 (https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149) and Holy Week is a solemn religious observance

for its Christian population.[573][572]: 149 (https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149)

Values
Filipino values are rooted primarily in personal alliances based in kinship,
obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commerce.

Statue in Iriga commemorating

mano po

[82]: 41 (https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161138/https://countrystudies.us/philippines/41.htm) They center around social

harmony through pakikisama,[574]: 74 (https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C&pg=PA74) motivated primarily
by the desire for acceptance by a group.[575][576][563]: 47 (https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PA47)
Reciprocity through utang na loob (a debt of gratitude) is a significant Filipino cultural trait, and an internalized
debt can never be fully repaid.[574]: 76 (https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C&pg=PA76) [577] The main
sanction for divergence from these values are the concepts of hiya (shame)[578] and loss of amor propio (self-
esteem).[576]

The family is central to Philippine society; norms such as loyalty, maintaining close relationships and care for
elderly parents are ingrained in Philippine society.[579][580] Respect for authority and the elderly is valued, and is
shown with gestures such as mano and the honorifics po and opo and kuya (older brother) or ate (older sister).
[581][582] Other Filipino values are optimism about the future, pessimism about the present, concern about other

people, friendship and friendliness, hospitality, religiosity, respect for oneself and others (particularly women),
and integrity.[583]

Art and architecture

Philippine art combines indigenous folk art and foreign influences, primarily
Spain and the United States.[584][585] During the Spanish colonial period, art
was used to spread Catholicism and support the concept of racially-superior
groups.[585] Classical paintings were mainly religious;[586] prominent artists
during Spanish colonial rule included Juan Luna and Félix Resurrección
Hidalgo, whose works drew attention to the Philippines.[587] Modernism was
introduced to the Philippines during the 1920s and 1930s by Victorio Edades
and popular pastoral scenes by Fernando Amorsolo.[588] Juan Luna's Spoliarium (1884) at
the National Museum of the
Traditional Philippine architecture has two main models: the indigenous Philippines
bahay kubo and the bahay na bato, which developed under Spanish rule.
[202]: 438–444 (https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA438) Some

regions, such as Batanes, differ slightly due to climate; limestone was used as a building material, and houses
were built to withstand typhoons.[590][591]
Spanish architecture left an imprint in town designs around a central square
or plaza mayor, but many of its buildings were damaged or destroyed during
World War II.[592][52] Several Philippine churches adapted baroque
architecture to withstand earthquakes, leading to the development of
Earthquake Baroque;[593][594] four baroque churches have been listed as a
collective UNESCO World Heritage Site.[589] Spanish colonial fortifications
(fuerzas) in several parts of the Philippines were primarily designed by
missionary architects and built by Filipino stonemasons.[595] Vigan, in Ilocos
Sur, is known for its Hispanic-style houses and buildings.[596] The early-18th-century Earthquake
Baroque Paoay Church in Ilocos
American rule introduced new architectural styles in the construction of Norte, a National Cultural Treasure
government buildings and Art Deco theaters.[597] During the American and a UNESCO World Heritage Site
period, some city planning using architectural designs and master plans by as one of four Baroque Churches of
Daniel Burnham was done in portions of Manila and Baguio.[598][599] Part of the Philippines[589]
the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings reminiscent
of Greek or Neoclassical architecture.[597][594] Buildings from the Spanish
and American periods can be seen in Iloilo, especially in Calle Real.[600]

Music and dance

There are two types of Philippine folk dance, stemming from traditional
indigenous influences and Spanish influence.
[216]: 173 (https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA173) Although
native dances had become less popular,
[602]: 77 (https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA77) folk dancing

began to revive during the 1920s.

[602]: 82 (https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA82) The Cariñosa, a

Hispanic Filipino dance, is unofficially considered the country's national

Tinikling, a dance depicting the swift
dance.[603] Popular indigenous dances include the Tinikling and Singkil,
leg movements of a tikling bird
which include the rhythmic clapping of bamboo poles.[604][605] Present-day eluding a farmer's traps[601]
dances vary from delicate ballet[606] to street-oriented breakdancing.[607]
[608]

Rondalya music, with traditional mandolin-type instruments, was popular during the Spanish era.
[160]: 327 (https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA327) [609] Spanish-influenced musicians are primarily

bandurria-based bands with 14-string guitars.[610][609] Kundiman developed during the 1920s and 1930s.[611]
The American colonial period exposed many Filipinos to U.S. culture and popular music.[611] Rock music was
introduced to Filipinos during the 1960s and developed into Filipino rock (or Pinoy rock), a term encompassing
pop rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, punk, new wave, ska, and reggae. Martial law in the 1970s produced
Filipino folk rock bands and artists who were at the forefront of political demonstrations.
[612]: 38–41 (https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38) The decade also saw the birth of the Manila

sound and Original Pilipino Music (OPM).[613][61]: 171 (https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT196)

Filipino hip-hop, which originated in 1979, entered the mainstream in 1990.[614]
[612]: 38–41 (https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38) Karaoke is also popular.[615] From 2010 to

2020, Pinoy pop (P-pop) was influenced by K-pop and J-pop.[616]

Locally produced theatrical drama became established during the late 1870s. Spanish influence around that time
introduced zarzuela plays (with music)[617] and comedias, with dance. The plays became popular throughout the
country,[602]: 69–70 (https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA69) and were written in a number of local
languages.[617] American influence introduced vaudeville and ballet.
[602]: 69–70 (https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA69)
Realistic theatre became dominant during the
20th century, with plays focusing on contemporary political and social issues.[617]

Literature
Philippine literature consists of works usually written in Filipino, Spanish, or
English. Some of the earliest well-known works were created from the 17th to the
19th centuries.[618] They include Ibong Adarna, an epic about an eponymous
magical bird,[619] and Florante at Laura by Tagalog author Francisco Balagtas.
[620][621] José Rizal wrote the novels Noli Me Tángere (Social Cancer) and El

filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed),[622] both of which depict the injustices of

Spanish colonial rule.[623]

Folk literature was relatively unaffected by colonial influence until the 19th
century due to Spanish indifference. Most printed literary works during Spanish
colonial rule were religious in nature, although Filipino elites who later learned
Spanish wrote nationalistic literature.
[216]: 59–62 (https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA59) The American
José Rizal's writings inspired
arrival began Filipino literary use of
the Philippine Revolution.
English[216]: 65–66 (https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA65) and
influenced the development of the Philippine comics industry that flourished from
the 1920s through the 1970s.[624][625] In the late 1960s, during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Philippine
literature was influenced by political activism; many poets began using Tagalog, in keeping with the country's
oral traditions.[216]: 69–71 (https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA69)

Philippine mythology has been handed down primarily through oral tradition;[626] popular figures are Maria
Makiling,[627] Lam-ang,[628] and the Sarimanok.[216]: 61 (https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA61)
[629] The country has a number of folk epics.[630] Wealthy families could preserve transcriptions of the epics as

family heirlooms, particularly in Mindanao; the Maranao-language Darangen is an example.[631]

Media
Philippine media primarily uses Filipino and English, although broadcasting
has shifted to Filipino.[407] Television shows, commercials, and films are
regulated by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board.[632]
[633] Most Filipinos obtain news and information from television, the

Internet,[634] and social media.[635] The country's flagship state-owned

broadcast-television network is the People's Television Network (PTV).[636]
ABS-CBN and GMA, both free-to-air, were the dominant TV networks;[637]
before the May 2020 expiration of ABS-CBN's franchise, it was the country's
largest network.[638] Philippine television dramas, known as teleseryes and People's Television Network logo
mainly produced by ABS-CBN and GMA, are also seen in several other
countries.[639][640]

Local film-making began in 1919 with the release of the first Filipino-produced feature film: Dalagang Bukid (A
Girl from the Country), directed by Jose Nepomuceno.[117][118]: 8 Production companies remained small during
the silent film era, but sound films and larger productions emerged in 1933. The postwar 1940s to the early
1960s are considered a high point for Philippine cinema. The 1962–1971 decade saw a decline in quality films,
although the commercial film industry expanded until the 1980s.[117] Critically acclaimed Philippine films
include Himala (Miracle) and Oro, Plata, Mata (Gold, Silver, Death), both released in 1982.[641][642] Since the
turn of the 21st century, the country's film industry has struggled to compete with larger-budget foreign
films[643] (particularly Hollywood films).[644][645] Art films have thrived, however, and several indie films have
been successful domestically and abroad.[646][647][648]

The Philippines has a large number of radio stations and newspapers.[637] English broadsheets are popular
among executives, professionals and students.[121]: 233–251 (https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC&pg=PA233)
Less-expensive Tagalog tabloids, which grew during the 1990s, are popular (particularly in Manila);[649]
however, overall newspaper readership is declining in favor of online news.[635][650] The top three newspapers,
by nationwide readership and credibility,[121]: 233 (https://books.google.com/books?id=1VI9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA233) are the
Philippine Daily Inquirer, Manila Bulletin, and The Philippine Star.[651][652] Although freedom of the press is
protected by the constitution,[653] the country was listed as the seventh-most-dangerous country for journalists
in 2022 by the Committee to Protect Journalists due to 13 unsolved murders of journalists.[654]

The Philippine population are the world's top Internet users.[655] In early 2021, 67 percent of Filipinos
(73.91 million) had Internet access; the overwhelming majority used smartphones.[656] The Philippines ranked
56th on the Global Innovation Index in 2023,[657] up from its 2014 ranking of 100th.[658]

Cuisine
From its Malayo-Polynesian origins, traditional Philippine cuisine has
evolved since the 16th century. It was primarily influenced by Hispanic,
Chinese, and American cuisines, which were adapted to the Filipino palate.
[659][660] Filipinos tend to prefer robust flavors,[661] centered on sweet, salty,

and sour combinations.

[662]: 88 (https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88) Regional
variations exist throughout the country; rice is the general staple starch[663]
but cassava is more common in parts of Mindanao.[664][665] Adobo is the
unofficial national dish.[666] Other popular dishes include lechón, kare-kare, A bowl of fish sinigang
sinigang, [667] pancit, lumpia, and arroz caldo. [668][669][670] Traditional
desserts are kakanin (rice cakes), which include puto, suman, and bibingka.
[671][672] Ingredients such as calamansi,[673] ube,[674] and pili are used in Filipino desserts.[675][676] The

generous use of condiments such as patis, bagoong, and toyo impart a distinctive Philippine flavor.[668]
[662]: 73 (https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73)

Unlike other East or Southeast Asian countries, most Filipinos do not eat with chopsticks; they use spoons and
forks.[677] Traditional eating with the fingers[678] (known as kamayan) had been used in less urbanized areas,
[679]: 266–268, 277 (https://books.google.com/books?id=y6vTun3i4NQC&pg=PA266) but has been popularized with the

introduction of Filipino food to foreigners and city residents.[680][681]

Sports and recreation

Basketball, played at the amateur and professional levels, is considered the country's most popular sport.[682]
[683] Other popular sports include boxing and billiards, boosted by the achievements of Manny Pacquiao and

Efren Reyes.[572]: 142 (https://books.google.com/books?id=LmmtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142) [684] The national martial art is

Arnis.[685] Sabong (cockfighting) is popular entertainment, especially among Filipino men, and was documented
by the Magellan expedition.[686] Video gaming and esports are emerging pastimes,[687][688] with the popularity
of indigenous games such as patintero, tumbang preso, luksong tinik, and piko declining among young people;
[689][688] several bills have been filed to preserve and promote traditional games.[690]

The men's national football team has participated in one Asian Cup.[691] The women's national football team
qualified for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, their first World Cup, in
January 2022.[692] The Philippines has participated in every Summer
Olympic Games since 1924, except when they supported the American-led
boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics.[693][694] It was the first tropical
nation to compete at the Winter Olympic Games, debuting in 1972.[695][696]
In 2021, the Philippines received its first-ever Olympic gold medal with
weightlifter Hidilyn Diaz's victory in Tokyo.[697]

The Philippines men's national

See also basketball team celebrating their
2015 Southeast Asian Games
▪ Outline of the Philippines championship

Notes Philippines portal

a. While Manila is designated as the nation's capital, the seat of government is the Asia portal
National Capital Region, commonly known as "Metro Manila", of which the city of
Manila is a part.[2][3] Many national government institutions are located on various Islands portal
parts of Metro Manila, aside from Malacañang Palace and other institutions/
agencies that are located within the Manila capital city.
b. As per the 1987 Constitution: "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."[5]
c. /ˈfɪlɪpiːnz/ ⓘ; Filipino: Pilipinas

d. Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas.

In the recognized regional languages of the Philippines:
▪ Aklan: Republika it Pilipinas
▪ Bikol: Republika kan Filipinas
▪ Cebuano: Republika sa Pilipinas
▪ Chavacano: República de Filipinas
▪ Hiligaynon: Republika sang Filipinas
▪ Ibanag: Republika nat Filipinas
▪ Ilocano: Republika ti Filipinas
▪ Ivatan: Republika nu Filipinas
▪ Kapampangan: Republika ning Filipinas
▪ Kinaray-a: Republika kang Pilipinas
▪ Maguindanaon: Republika nu Pilipinas
▪ Maranao: Republika a Pilipinas
▪ Pangasinan: Republika na Filipinas
▪ Sambal: Republika nin Pilipinas
▪ Surigaonon: Republika nan Pilipinas
▪ Tagalog: Republika ng Pilipinas
▪ Tausug: Republika sin Pilipinas
▪ Waray: Republika han Pilipinas
▪ Yakan: Republika si Pilipinas
In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines:

▪ Spanish: República de las Filipinas

▪ Arabic: ‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮر ﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﺒﻴﻦ‬, romanized: Jumhūriyyat al-Filibbīn
e. This is a summary, omitting significant detail. For more detail, see Schurman Commission § Survey visit to
 the Philippines.
f. The actual area of the Philippines is 343,448 km2 (132,606 sq mi) according to some sources.[203]

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Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. Archived from the original (https://pcij.org/article/7371/anatom
y-of-philippines-first-olympic-gold-medal) on November 4, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2023.

Further reading

External links
▪ Government of the Philippines (https://www.gov.ph/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2007060918533
0/http://www.op.gov.ph/) June 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
▪ Official Gazette (https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220114130536/
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/) January 14, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
▪ "Philippines" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15521300) profile at BBC News
▪ "Philippines" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110521230339/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/phili
ppines.htm) at UCB Libraries (archived May 21, 2011)
▪ Philippines (https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines) at Curlie
▪ Geographic data related to Philippines (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/443174) at
OpenStreetMap
▪ Wikimedia Atlas of Philippines
▪ Filipiniana.net – Free digital library and a research portal (https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/htt
p://filipiniana.net/) (archived December 17, 2008)

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