NAVIS D - Merged
NAVIS D - Merged
NAVIS D - Merged
SCIENCE COLLEGE
PUDUCHERRY
ASSIGNEMENT-1
NAME : SIVA.E
YEAR : 2nd /SECTION ‘B’
ROLL NO : 22TS0105
SUBJECT : AIRLINES AND AIRPORT
MANAGMENT
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
There’s an old saying that prevention is always more effective and cheaper than the cure.The irrefutability of
the popular aphorism quoted above, the growing preoccupation with questions based on safety and the fact that
collective and personal safety are an inherent principle of basic human necessities, in the concept of citizenship and
in communal and individual wellbeing, makes training in this area play a role of extreme importance.
According to this perspective ESEnfVC, in the context of its social and pedagogic functions, worries about
creating conditions for the creation and consolidation of safety habits within the school community.
This manual was elaborated, due to this preoccupation, with the intention of collecting a conjunction of guides
which may help the development of training regarding elementary aspects of safety, such as, first intervention means
and safety signs. Thus, the purpose of this document is to:
This manual is divided in five captures which deal with the following aspects: fire/conflagration – definition
and its importance/ damage to Humanity; phenomenology of combustion – approach the aspects susceptible to
influence this reaction: fire classes – reference to the types of fires related to combustible materials; fire extinction
– explanation of the methods/means and agents used to put out/control fires; safety signs and symbols – principle
aspects to be taken into consideration regarding the interpretation/identification of evacuation signs and extinction
devices are referenced.
We hope this manual will be easy to consult and turn into a valuable informative instrument and promote a
better culture on the responsibility of safety.
FIRE CONFLAGRATION
Empirical discoveries generally occurred according to a sequence that involves, roughly, observation,
experimentation and application. Fire did not avoid that rule having contributed since its discovery
towards the
advancement of humanity and the technological development left from this
very same discovery. However, when Men loose control of a Fire, conflagration starts, with all the losses and
damage that it can cause.
Therefore, we can say that conflagration is all or any type of non circumscribed fire, considered a reaction of
combustion, in other words, a chemical reaction initiated and developed by an activated reaction, capable of
combining a combustible element with an oxidizing agent. Besides heat, fire emits smoke and/or flames and gases,
which can reach “Dantesque” proportions and be difficult to control.
degree of the combustible and the degree of renewal or supply of the oxidizing agent.
The reactions of combustion can be classified into five types, according to its velocity.
A chemical reaction between organic materials in
Spontaneous which the concentration of
combustion temperature can reach the
ignition temperature
without the introduction of
external heat.
Slow combustion Is reproduced in
sufficiently low
temperatures in which the
emission of light does not
occur (oxidation of metals
and fermentation).
Produces a strong emission of light, incandescent and with flames.
Live combustion
Live combustion, in which the propagation velocity is inferior to the speed of sound
Deflagration
(340 m/s).
Live combustion with the propagation velocity superior to the speed of sound, in which
the mixture of gases with the air has ideal conditions.
Explosion The explosion is without a
doubt, a sudden and violent
dilation exercised on the
area in which it takes place,
destroying it and producing
a loud noise (detonation).
The proper and visible results of combustion are: smoke, flames, heat and gases
In most cases, the smoke and gas released are more dangerous for the individual than the actual flames.
Smoke is an irritant and can provoke damage to the respiratory system and/or irritate eyes. Gases may
be toxic, such as carbon monoxide, the principle cause of victims during fires.
Combustion products can be shown either isolated, or together, in the following form:
Gases: result from the modification in the composition of the combustible. Smoke: appears due to
incomplete combustion, in which small particles become visible, varying in colour, size and quantity.
Flames: the most visible result of combustion. It is a zone of incandescent gases visible around the
surface of the material in combustion. Flames are no more than the combustion of gas.
Heat: is the energy released by combustion, being primarily responsible for the spread of fire
considering that it heats up the entire environment, in addition to combustible products which may be
present, elevating its temperatures to flammable temperatures and therefore allowing the fire to
continue.
After referring to the processes that trigger fires, the following presents the forms of classifying them.
FIRE CLASSES
Considering the various combustible materials, it has been internationally agreed to group these
according to the following:
FIRE EXTINCTION
When a fire starts, it is necessary to know how to extinguish it. Since four elements are necessary for
combustion to occur, consequently there are methods that will act upon one or more of these elements
in order to extinguish a fire.
Extinction Methods
There are four methods to extinguish a fire (each one valid for one or more fire classes).
There are various extinguishing agents which have a specific action on each of the four elements
stated above (Tetrahedron of fire), which are used to manufacture the first intervention devices (portable
extinguishers, detection devices and networks).
The selection of the appropriate agent fundamentally depends on the fire class and the characteristics
of the combustible element, as shown in Table
5. This table is intended to give a global view of the link between fire classes and the
efficiency of extinguishing agents and devices available.
FIRE EXTINCTION
When a fire starts, it is necessary to know how to extinguish it. Since four elements are necessary for
combustion to occur, consequently there are methods that will act upon one or more of these elements
in order to extinguish a fire.
Extinction Methods
There are four methods to extinguish a fire (each one valid for one or more fire classes).
There are various extinguishing agents which have a specific action on each of the four elements
stated above (Tetrahedron of fire), which are used to manufacture the first intervention devices (portable
extinguishers, detection devices and networks).
The selection of the appropriate agent fundamentally depends on the fire class and the characteristics
of the combustible element, as shown in Table
5. This table is intended to give a global view of the link between fire classes and the
efficiency of extinguishing agents and devices available.
Extinguishing Agents
B Fast
Reduction
Flame Control Yes Yes No Yes No No No of Flames
Yes
No No No No No No No
Excellent
Forms a
D Crust on
the Metals
C DANGER EXPLOSION Yes
Lack of O2 or and
DANGER EXPLOSION
Cooling Eliminates
O2
Yes Yes
Yes Yes No No No Admissible
Excellent Excellent
Fires Non- Non-
Flame conductible conductible
Involving Non conductible up Up to 500
Contro - does not Conductor Conductor does not
Electricit l to 6000 V V
y leave residues leave residues
Means of First Intervention
Portable extinguishers, detection devices and networks are considered means of first intervention.
In the case of portable extinguishers, such as the case of FDSS’s, verify, before use, if they are adequate
for the type of fire according to the extinguishing agent. In the case of FDSS’s, such as water and portable
extinguishers, the inscription on the device should be consulted which includes besides the fire classes
its capacity, inspection date and users’ instructions.
The safety signs presented in this chapter are related to situations of fire and panic generators.
Therefore, those which indicate means of evacuation will be addressed, as well as those which indicate
fire-fighting equipment, in view of Portuguese and International norms which have common aspects,
such as colour and forms. In addition, there are also graphic symbols which can be associated, giving
rise to a variety of signs that are possible of being created.
Forms and
Signs Symbols Description
Colours
Emergency Exit
Evacuation Means
Background:
Green Symbol:
White
Emergency Stairs
Fire-
Fire-hose
Background: Red
fighting Symbol: White
Equipment
Extinguisher
The school should have autonomous illuminated blocks that guarantee a sufficient level of light,
conditions for an evacuation in an orderly fashion, with the least human casualties possible. Using the
above mentioned symbology, it is possible to create an enormous diversity of signs; the following table
shows some examples with their respective description.
Signs Symbols Description
Emergency Exit
(Indicates the location)
Evacuation
Means
Fire-fighting
Equipment
Safety signs are fundamental factors, in which the recognition of obstacles is viable and indicates the
route to follow for a correct evacuation, avoiding personal accidents and reducing panic.
FIRE NOTES
With such a vast and complex theme like safety, speaking of fire situations or other panic
generators is no less than a drop in the ocean, but the importance of human life is not measured by
statistics.Helping to protect through training, is undoubtedly more beneficial than bearing in mind the
rescue.Educating, to care for all elements of life is ESEnfVC’s motto.
The greatest pretention of this manual is being able to contribute in some way, in this noble
intention through training/information.We hope that this manual is not an end in itself, but instead an
instrument to be consulted, and flexible in the sense that it can be constantly altered and restructured
in order to promote change.