METRO MANILA LITERATURE Research Center, Philippine Science Centrum,

 The National Capital Region (NCR), the Yuchengco Museum, AFP Museum, San

official name of Metro Manila and seat of the Agustin Museum, Money Museum, and The

government, consists of 16 cities namely Museum at DLSU.

Manila, Quezon City, Las Piñas, Makati,

Mandaluyong, Marikina, Muntinlupa, LANGUAGE
Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, San Juan, Taguig,  Filipino – more popularly known as Tagalog,
Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, and Valenzuela, the national language and an official
as well as the municipality of Pateros. language of the country, is the most widely
 NCR is considered the Philippines’ political, spoken language in Metro Manila
economic, social, and cultural center. This is  English – language of commerce, law, and
also reported as the 18th most populous city several workplaces
in the world in 2016 and one of the
modern metropolises in Southeast Asia.
LITERATURE
 The Tagalog literature has been born and
GEOGRAPHY OF METRO MANILA developed in the provinces of Southern
 Due to its dense population with its people Luzon, Central Luzon, and the present
coming from different areas of the country Metropolitan Manila or the National Capital
and its neighboring countries, Merly M. Region.
Alunan, an Eastern Visayan writer and  Southern Luzon is consisted of the
professor, described Metro Manila as a “huge provinces of Region IV–A and Region IV–B.
urban conglomeration.” Region IV-A, also known as CALABARZON,
 NCR is also a place of economic extremes. consists of the provinces of Cavite, Batangas,
High-income citizens reside in highly Laguna, and Quezon. Region IV-B, also
developed urban cities such as Makati and known as MIMAROPA, consists of Oriental
Muntinlupa while poor and low-income Mindoro, Occidental Mindoro, Marinduque,
families are scattered in slum areas such as and Palawan.
Tondo and Smokey Mountain.  In Region III or Central Luzon, there are
 Famous landmarks and tourist provinces where Tagalog has been
destinations in the NCR include Rizal Park, predominantly used as communication tool.
the National Museum of the Philippines, These are the provinces of Aurora, Nueva
Intramuros where Fort Santiago, Manila Ecija, Bataan, and Bulacan.
Cathedral, San Agustin Church, Bahay  The Tagalog region is well-known
Tsinoy Museum, Anda Circle and others. nationwide as the birthplace of a rich
tradition of Philippine culture in the aspects
MUSEUM/ARTIFACTS of language, politics, economy and literature.
 Most-visited museums in NCR are :The  University of Sto. Tomas, the oldest
Mind Museum, Ayala Museum, Ateneo Art university in the Philippines, is located in
Gallery, Museo Pambata, Metropolitan Manila.
Museum of Manila, Presidential Museum and  The first printing press that was built in
Library, CCP Museo ng Kalinangang Pilipino, Manila made the publication of the first book
Jorge B. Vargas Museum and Filipiniana Doctrina Cristiana possible in 1593, in the
 form of xylography. This was written in 12. Faustino Aguilar
Spanish and Tagalog languages. 13. Jose Corazon de Jesus
 Pasyon, which narrated the life of Christ 14. Alejandro Abadilla
in the form of song and poetry was written 15. Modesto de Castro
in Tagalog by the various writers ; Gaspar  Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil (July 19,
Aquino de Belen and Fr. Mariano Pilapil. 1922 – July 30, 2018) – was a Filipino
 Just like in the islands of Visayas, the author, journalist, historian, and public
literary tradition in the Tagalog regions had servant and a recipient of S.E.A. Write
been outstanding in the field of oral Award; She wrote Woman Enough and
literature. Bugtong (riddle), proverbs, native Other Essays
songs, and other forms had always been in  Nicomedes “Nick” Márquez Joaquín
poetic forms. Its form and perspective were
(May 4, 1917 – April 29, 2004) – was
distinct as Asian, usually containing seven-
a Filipino author, historian, and journalist
syllabic rhymes.
who is popular for his short stories and
novels written in the English language, using
SOME WRITERS OF CLASSIC the pen name Quijano de Manila; In 1976,
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE FROM THE Joaquin was declared as the 1976 National

PAST: Artist of the Philippines for Literature.

 Considering this rich and invigorating  Alejandro Reyes Roces (July 13, 1924 –

cultural matrix, the Tagalog region was also May 23, 2011) – was a dramatist,
the birthplace of several historic Filipino men essayist, and declared as the 2003 National

in the field of Philippine politics, culture, and Artist of the Philippines for literature. As a

literature. These writers are also known public servant, he became the Secretary of

today as Filipino heroes: Education from 1961 to 1965, during the

 These men did not only historically play a presidency of the former Philippine

great role in Philippine independence President Diosdado Macapagal.

movement but they are also men of letters.  Bienvenido N. Santos (1911–1996) –
Meanwhile, the following writers from Metro was a Filipino-American fictionist, poet, and
Manila have a timeless and permanent nonfictionist; He was born and raised in
contribution to the development of Tondo, Manila. His family roots are originally
Philippine literature: from Lubao, Pampanga, Philippines. He
1. Francisco Balagtas Baltazar resided in the United States for many years
2. Jose Rizal where he is popular as a pioneering Asian-
3. Andres Bonifacio American writer.
4. Apolinario Mabini  Carmen Acosta (February 1, 1904 and
5. Emilio Jacinto died on September 13, 1986) – She was
6. Marcelo H. del Pilar the daughter of Godofredo B. Herrera, and
7. Jose P. Laurel Paterna Santos. Her father was a journalist
8. Claro M. Recto and served for a time as municipal president
9. Amado V. Hernandez (or mayor in modern usage) of Caloocan
10. Lope K. Santos during the American colonial rule. She was a
11. Lazaro Francisco University of the Philippines Bachelor of
 Philosophy graduate and taught at the writer, publisher, and cultural icon from the
Torres High School in Manila. Philippines; She has written the books We
 Genoveva Edroza Matute (January 3, Live in the Philippines, The last Full Moon:

1915 – March 21, 2009) – Was born in Lessons on My Life, The Magic Circle, and

Sta. Cruz, Manila; Wrote several books and other books.

short stories such as Kwento ni Mabuti, and

Paglalayag sa Puso ng Isang Bata SOME FAMOUS WRITERS IN THE
PRESENT TIME:
SOME CONTEMPORARY WRITERS  Bebang Siy – Wrote It’s Raining Men and
FROM PAST TO PRESENT: It’s a Men’s World, whose works are known

 Lualhati Bautista – was born on December to be funny and comical; Despite the

2, 1945 in Tondo, Manila; She is one of the humorous writings, her novels are thought-

historical Filipino female novelists in the provoking.

present time.  Bob Ong – Author of Stainless Longanisa,

 Gémino H. Abad – was born on February 5, ABNKKBSNPLAKo, Ang Paboritong Libro ni

1939 in Sta. Ana, Manila; At present, he is Hudas, Kapitan Sino, MACARTHUR, Alamat

a University Professor Emeritus at the ng Gubat, and others which were known to

University of the Philippines. His current be written in an informal and comic manner

writing and research include “Upon Our but reflect the life of many as Filipinos

Own Ground”, a two- volume historical  Ricky Lee – Known as one of the greatest
anthology of short stories in English, 1956- scriptwriters in movie and television; Author
1972, with critical introduction; “Our Scene of Si Amapola sa 65 na Kabanata, Para kay
So Fair”, a book of critical essays on the B (o kung paano dinevastate ng pag-ibig ang
poetry in English since 1905 to the mid- 4 out of 5 sa atin), Trip to Quiapo, and
50s, and; “Where No Words break”, a other books.
volume of his own poems.
 Linda Ty Casper – was born in 1931 in
Malabon City; She has written and published
over fifteen books, including the historical
novel Dream Eden and the political novels
The Stranded Whale, The Peninsular,
Awaiting Trespass, Wings of Stone. In
addition, she has also published three
collections of short stories which focus on the
cross-section of Filipino society.
 Efren Abueg – born on March 3, 1937, in
Tanza, Cavite but his life as a professor and
writer flourished in Manila since he was in
college; He wrote the famous short stories
Mabangis na Lungsod and Sa Bagong Paraiso.
 Gilda Cordero-Fernando – was born on
June 4, 1932, in Manila; A multi-awarded
MINDANAO LITERATURE  Giangon
INTRODUCTION  Dibabawon
 Mi-ndanao is known in the Philippines as  Tagabawa
the “Land of Promise.”  Mansaka
 It consists of the major islands of Mindanao  Sangirese
mainland, Camiguin, Siargao, Samal,
 Obo
Dinagat, Bucas Grande, Basilan, Sulu, and
 Sarangani
Tawi-Tawi.
 Hiligaynon
 The island consists of the regions namely
BARMM, CARAGA, Davao, Northern
Mindanao, SOCCSKARGEN, and Zamboanga ETHNIC GROUPS
Peninsula.  Zamboanga Peninsula

 Mindanao is known in the Philippines as the - Subanons

“Land of Promise.”  Northern Mindanao and CARAGA

 It consists of the major islands of Mindanao -Bukidnon, Ata Manobos, Mamanwas.

mainland, Camiguin, Siargao, Samal, Matigsalugs, Agusan Manobos, Talaandigs,

Dinagat, Bucas Grande, Basilan, Sulu, and Kamigins, Higaonons

Tawi-Tawi.  SOCCSKARGEN

 The island consists of the regions namely -T’Bolis, Tirurays, B’laans, Saranganis,

BARMM, CARAGA, Davao, Northern Cotabato Manobos

Mindanao, SOCCSKARGEN, and Zamboanga  DAVAO

Peninsula -Obos, Mandayas, Giangans, Tagabawas,

Kalagans, Sangirese, Mansakas

GEOGRAPHY  MOROS
-Maguindanaos
 Famous landmarks are Sunken Cemetery
Maranaos, Tausugs, Yakans, Iranun, Samas
in Camiguin Island, The Grand Mosque
of Cotabato, Dapitan, Zamboanga City
MINDANAO LITERATURE
and the Islamic City of Marawi.
FAMOUS LITERARY WRITING INCLUDES:
 Population consists of 63% Christians,
Agamaniyog Folktales
32% Muslims, and 5% affiliated with -From mindanao
other religions. Manuk-manuk bulawan
-From indanan (also known as Agta and
“Business opportunities are like. There’s Datu Dakula)

always another one coming.” Posong or Pusong

-From tausug
-Stories of how posong the trickster has
DIFFERENT LANGUAGE (S)
always deceived the Datu and get away
 Cebuano – generally the native language
with it
in most regions, except for Muslim areas
Bantugan
on the west coast and hill tribes
-Maranao epic
 Mandaya Indarapatra and Sulayman
 Kalagan -Maguindanao epic
 Parang Sabil hi Abdulla ibsn hi Isara ASIAN, AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN
-Tausug epic/ ballad LITERATURE

SUMMARY ASIAN
For every folk literature such as ballads,  Asian Literature encompasses various facets
proverbs, and riddles, the ethnic groups have of literature.
their own ways of naming it.  Primarily, these are the poetry and prose
Most ballads are historical and feature the writings produced in a variety of languages
heroic deeds of important personalities. in Asia. As religion, was, and politics
In the present time, Filipinos have lack of influence Asian communities, literary
access to the textual materials of the oral flourished to emulate these developments.
literature of Mindanao.  The study of the massive amount of Asian
Literature scholars concluded that the people literature as a whole requires the
themselves don’t seem to realize that their combination of literature under specific
cultural products are already vanishing due to headings. Asian literature can be divided into
lack of literary preservation. a host of different labels, categorized
Moreover, the people of Mindanao seem to be according to religion, zone, region, ethnic
preoccupied in mundane with politics and group, literary genre, historical perspective
economics. or language of origin.
Modern Mindanao literature themes revolve
on topics such as war and conflict, quest for CHINA
peace, social inequality, landlessness, love of one’s
Chinese lierature is one of the major literary
land, and others.
heritages of the world with an uninterrupted
history of more than 3,000 years, dating back
at least to the 14th century BCE.
 Its medium, the chinese language. Has
retained its unmistakable identity in its
spoken and written aspects in spits of
generally gradual changes in pronounciation,
the existence of regional and local dialects,
and several stages in the structural of the
written graphs, or “characters.”
 Culturally speaking, china has endured its
attribute of keeping the fundamental of its
identity very firm. The TAng Dynasty is the
finest era of the Chinese literature bacause
the posts like Tu Fu, Li Po and Wang Wei
created landmark works.
 Through cultural contacts, Chinese literature
has profoundly influenced the literary
traditions of other Asian countries,
particularly Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Not
only was the Chinese script adopted for the
 written language in these countries, but the renowned poetic forms is haiku (a short
some writers adopted the Chinese language descriptive poem with 17 syllables) and the
as their chief literary medium. At least various theatrical genres, namely: the Noh
th
before the 20 century. and the Kabuki.
 The pronounciation of the Chinese graphs  Still, the texts entirely in Japanese depict an
has also influenced the development of exceptional range of styles, which cannot be
Chinese literature. The fact that each graph clarified merely in terms of the natural
had a monophonic pronounciation in each progression of the language.
context many homonyms, which led to  The complexities of interpreting Japanese
misunderstanding and confusion when literature can berely be exaggerated; even a
spoken or read aloud without the aid of the specialist in one period is likely to have
graphs. trouble deciphering a work from another
period or genre.
FAMOUS CHINESE POETS  Japanese style has always favored
-Two of the greatest Chinese poets, and the vangueness, and the elements of speech
best known, are Li Po and Tu Fu, being required for easy understanding of a
respected poets from the T’ang Dynasty period, statement are often excluded as unnecessary
competed heavily with one another, but they or as thoroughly precise.
have been called friends by many scholars. In  Despite the great problems occuring from
fact, many of the poems written by the two are such qualities of style, Japanese literature of
directed towards the other. Each of these poets all periods is extremely interesting to
use his emotions and experiences in the T’ang modern-day readers, whether read in the
Dynasty of China to create poems that illustrate original or in translation.
and comment on many different aspects of  Because it is prevailingly personal and
ancient Chinese life. Also, both employ similar colored by an emotional rather than
key images. However, by examining the intellectual or moralistic mood, its themes
“friendship” poems for insight into their have a universal quality almost unchanged
relationship, one discover the contrast between by time.
their attitudes toward life.
JAPANESE POET SPOTLIGHT
JAPAN Matsuo Basho (1644-1694) was one of the
Japanese literature places as one of the major greatest Japanese poets. He elevated haiku to the
literature in the world both in quantity and in level of seriuos poetry in numerous anthologies
quality, like in age, vibrancy, and capacity in and travel diaries. The name of Matsuo Basho is
english literature, although its pattern of associated especially with the celebrated Genroku
improvement has been somewhat different. The era (ca. 1680-1730), which saw the flourishing
surviving works comprise a literary tradition of personalities. His poetry and in his attitude
extending from the 7th century CE to the toward life he seemed to harken back to a
present. period some 300 years earlier. An innovator in
 The earliest writing of literature in Japanese poetry, spiritually and culturally he maintained
was motivated by impact from china. But in a great tradition of the past. One of the most
the following years Japanese tradition famous haiku of Matsu Basho.
created its distinct literary landmark. One of 1. The old pond
2. A frog jumps in expressed in frank and powerful
3. Sound of water language.
3. Sijo (“current melodies”) is the longest-
KOREA enduring and most popular form of
 Korean literature consist the body of works Korean poetry. Sijo are three-line poems
written by Koreans, at first in Classical in which each line has 14 to 16 syllables
Chinese, later in various transcription and the total number of syllables seldom
systems using Chinese characters, and finally exceeds.
Hangul
 Although Korea has had its own language for INDIA
several thousand years, it has had a writing  The original Indian literature took form of
system onlu since the mid-15th century, the canonic Hindu sacred writings,
when Hangul was invented. As a result, early recognized as the Veda, which were written
literary activity was in Chinese characters. in Sanskrit. To the Veda were added prose
Korean scholars were writing poetry in the notes such as the Brahmanas and the
traditional manner of Classical Chinese at Upanishads.
least by the 4th century CE.  In addition to holy and moral writings, such
th
 By the 7 century a system, called idu, had genres as suggestive and religious lyrics,
been devised that allowed Koreans to make court poetry, plays, and narrative folktales
rough translations of chinese Texts. surfaced.
Eventually, certain Chinese characters were  Other related languages appeared in the
used for their phonetic value to represent modern languages or northern India from
Korean particles of speech and inflectional these. The literature of those languages
endings. varied largely on the ancient indian
 In general, then, literature written in Korea experience, which consist of two sanskrit
falls into three categories: works written in epic poems, the Mahabharata and
the early trancription systems, those written Ramayana, as well as the Bhagavata-purana
Hangul, and those written in Chinese. and the other puranas.
 There are four major traditional poetic  The South Indian language of Tamil is an
forms in Korean Literature: exemption to this form of Sanskrit influence
1. Hyangga (“native songs”) poems were since it had a classical practice of its own.
written in four, eight, or 10 lines; the Urdu and Sindhi are other exemptions.
10-line form- comprising two fou-line-  Beginning in the 19th century, especially
stanzas and a concluding two-line during the height of British control over the
stanzas- was the most popular and subcontinent, Western litarary models had
oldest form in Korean literature. an impact on Indian literature, the most

2. Pyolgok (“special songs”) or changga remarkable result being the launch of the use

flourished during the middle and late of language prose on a major scale.

Koryo period. It is characterized by a  Such forms as the texts began to be

refrain either in the middle or at the embraced by Indian writers, as did realism

end of each stanza. The theme of most and an attraction in social questions and

of these anonymous poems is love, the psychological explantion. A practice of

joys and torments of which are

 literature in english was also recognized in  Essential to oral literature is a concern for
the subcontinent. presentation and oratory.
 Folktale tellers use call-response techniques.
INDIAN POET SPOTLIGHT A griot (praise singer) will accompany a
Rabindranath Tagore (May 7, 1861- August narrative with music.
7, 1941), Bengali poet, short-story writer, song  Some of the first African writings to gain
composer, playwright, essayist, and painter poet, attention in the West were the poignant
introduced new prose and verse forms and the slave narratives. Since the early 19th
use of colloquial language into Bengal literature, century writers from western Africa have
thereby freeing it from traditional models based used newspapers to air their views.
on classical Sanskrit.  Several founded newspapers that served as
He was extremely influential in introducing vehicles for expressing nascent nationalist
Indian culture to the west and the other wasy feelings.
around, and he is commonly considered as the  Africa suffered several difficulties in its
outstanding creative artist of early 20th-century lengthy history which gave an influence on
India. In 1913 he became the first non- the themes and topics of its literature.
European to receive to Nobel Prize for literature.  One difficulty which headed to several others
Tagore’s works are practically untranslatable, is that of colonization. The problem with
as his over 2,000 songs, which attained colonization is when the incoming people
considerable recognition among all group of take advantage of the indigenous people and
Bengali society. the properties of the occupied land.
 Colonization led to slavery. Millions of

AFRICAN LITERATURE African people were enslaved and brought to

 There are 54 nations which make up Africa. Western countries around the world from

Each of these separate countries have their the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries. This

own history, culture, tribes, and traditions. spreading of African people, largely against

With that being said, there are some their will, is called the African Diaspora.

commonalities shared by literature which  After World War II, as Africans began

comes from the continent as a whole. demanding their independence, more

 African literature comprises of a body of African writers were published.

texts in various languages and several genres,  The writers written in European languages,

varying from oral literature to literature and often they shared the same themes: the

written in foreign languages (French, clash between indigenous and colonial

Portuguese, and English). cultures, condemnation of European

 Oral literature, including stories, dramas, suppression, pride in the African past, and

riddles, histories, myths, songs, proverbs, hope for the continent's independent future.

and other expressions, is frequently

employed to educate and entertain children.
 Oral histories, myths, and proverbs
additionally serve to remind whole
communities of their ancestors' heroic deeds,
their past, and the precedents for their
customs and traditions.
EUROPEAN LITERATURE like Pindar and Sappho were also famous.
 Greece and Rome are considered the birth The varied works of the great philosophers:
place of European Literature. Literary pieces Plato and Aristotles were also eminent.
were conserved, remolded, and spread  The Greek tradition was later
through Christianity and thus communicated endured by the Romans, wo resembled their
to the diverse vernacular languages of the civilization after Greeks. When Romans
European Continent, both in the Western gained their imperial authority in 27BC, the
Hermisphere, and other regions the emperor Augustus Ceasar urged to have a
Europeans sttled in. Today, this body of literary identity that would reflect Rome’s
writing displays a unity its main features potency. Approximately a decade after, the
making it different from the literatures of poet Virgil renowned because ofhis Aenald,
the rest of the world. an epic modeled on lliad and Odyssey. Rome
continued to produce literary giants in

ANCIENT PERIOD (750BC-450) drama (Seneca, Terence, and Plaurus),

 The birth of the European literature can be poetry (Horace), and prose (Cicero and

traced back to circa 750BC. It was the time Apeleius).

when two significant literary works were

developed. The first was the OLD Medieval Period 1066-1500
TESTAMENTS OF THE BIBLE which was  Medieval, "belonging to the Middle Ages,
composed of 39 books in Hebrew language. denotes the literature of both Europe and
It is made of various genres which include the Eastern Mediterranean from the
lyric poem, tales, and histories. On the other founding of the Eastern Roman/Byzantine,
hand was the realization of the timeless Empire about 300 AD for medieval Greek,
epics: The lliad and the Odyssey which are to the period following the fall of Rome in
associated with Homer. The Greek literary 476 for medieval Latin, and from about the
masterpieces were conceived by scholars to time of Charlemagne and the "Carolingian
have been collected across years by poets Renaissance" he fostered in France (c. 800)
using the oral tradition. Evidently, the OLd to the end of the 15th century for most
Testaments was highly religious and written vernacular literatures.
moralistic while the lliad and Odysseus  The central literary ideals of the period are
narrated the heroic deeds of Greek found in works created from the dialect. The
characters like Achilles and Odysseus who pre-Christian literature of Europe belonged
reflected the culture of warfare. to an oral tradition that was mirrored in
the "Poetic Edda" and the "sagas", or heroic

CLASSICAL PERIOD (450-1066) epics, of Iceland, the Anglo-Saxon "Beowulf",

 As the begginning of the Current Era (CE) and the German "Song of Hildebrand". These

comes, Greece endured its reputation to be a were from a common Germanic alliterative

cultural overpowering force. The Greek tradition, but all were initially recorded by

drama flourished during the 5th and 4th Christian scribes at times later than the

centuries BCE. The Playwright of comedy historical events they relate, and the pagan

(like Aristophanes) and tragedy (namely: elements they hold were merged with

Aeschylus, Sophocies, and Euripedes) became Christian thought and feeling.

popular in this time. Notable lyrical poets

Two well-known literary writers from the event gave people more opportunities to
religious aspect: Dante Alighieri (whose Divine read the publications of authors like
Comedy depicts the three realms of afterlife and Petrarch and Boccaccio. Following are
St. Augustine (whose The Confessions and City of notable literary works written during the
God last as spiritual foundation up to this day) Renaissance:
1. Christopher Marlowe: Doctor Faustus
Renaissance Period (1485-1680) 2. Dante Alighieri: Divina Commedia
 Renaissance ("Rebirth") refers to the 3. Giovanni Boccaccio: The Decameron
historical period in Europe that occurred 4. John Milton: Paradise Lost
after the Middle Ages. This left behind the 5. Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote
medieval ways of the past and launched a 6. Niccolo Machiavelli: The Prince
society towards a modem world. The age 7. Petrarch: Canzoniere, Trionfi
was marked by three major characteristics 8. Sir Thomas More, Utopia
namely: (1) the new interest in education, 9. William Shakespeare: King Lear, Hamlet,
emulated by the classical scholars known as Macbeth, Romeo and Julie
humanists and instrumental in providing
appropriate classical models for the new Age of Reason (1650-1800)
writers; (2) the new form of Christianity,  Also known as the "Age of Enlightenment,"
introduced by the Protestant Reformation the Age of Reason aims not to grab a hold
headed by Martin Luther, which drew men's on a useful half-truth but to cause
interest to the individual and his inner misperception in the over- all picture,
experiences and encouraged a response in because the predominance of reason had also
Catholic countries summarized by the term been a mark of certain periods of the
"Counter-Reformation" and; (3) the journeys previous era. In literature, the rational desire
of the great explorers that culminated in nurtured satire, argument, wit, plain prose;
Christopher Columbus's discovery of America the other stimulated the psychological novel
in 1492 and that had extensive and the poetry of the magnificent. Since the
consequences on the countries that developed print culture emerged from the previous
overseas empires, as well as on the minds period, the volume of printed reading
and consciences of the most exceptional materials increased. Literary works during
writers of the era. this period centered on human nature,
 During this period, people were concerned people-government relationship, property,
with individualism, as well as self and natural laws and rights, and organized
societal improvement.dows The emergence of religion. Thus, this period caused a dramatic
a fresh essence of intellectual and artistic change in the political, economical, and
inquiry, which was the leading feature of social policies and beliefs of people.
this  The cult of wit, satire, and argument
 On the other hand, many writers produced manifested in England in the writings of
literary pieces that catered to wealthy Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, and
patrons who commissioned their work. Samuel Johnson, continuing the tradition of
 In 1440, Johannes Gutenberg created the Dryden from the 17th century. The novel
printing press, which allowed for the mass was recognized as a major art form in
production of pamphlets and novels. This English literature relatively by a rational
 shown in the works of Henry Fielding, Daniel  Although it is true that the French
Defoe, and Tobias Smollett and partly by the Revolution of 1789 and the Industrial
psychological exploratory of the novels of Revolution were two major political and
Samuel Richardson and of Laurence Sterne's social influences affecting the Romantic poets
Tristram Shandy. of early 19th-century England, many
 -It is more precise to say that the 18th features of Romanticism in literature were
century was marked by two key impulses: from literary or philosophical sources. A
reason and passion. The respect given to philosophical background was given in the
reason was displayed in search of order, 18th century largely by Jean-Jacques
regularity, propriety, and scientific Rousseau, whose emphasis on the individual
knowledge; the refinement of the feelings and the power of Inspiration inspired
roused compassion, the exaltation of Wordsworth and also such first-phase
personal relationships, religious fervor, and Romantic writers as Friedrich Hölderlin and
sensibility. This period contributed to the Ludwig Tleck in Germany and the French
betterment of humankind. writer Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, whose
Famous authors and their literary works during "Paul et Virginie (1787) predicted some of
this period are: the sentimental excesses of 19th-century
1. Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations Romantic literature.
2. Jonathan Swift: Gulliver's Travels
3. Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe Here are the famous writers of Romantic period
4. Denis Diderot: Encyclopedie and their literary works
5. Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of 1. Fredrick Schlegel: Lucinde
the Rights of Women 2. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel:
6. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Phenomenology of Mind
Contract, 3. Horace Walpole: The Castle of Otranto
7. Montesquieu: Spirit of the Laws 4. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: The
8. Emile, and Confessions. Sorrows of Young Werther, Faust
9. Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan 5. Lord Byron: Don Juan, Childe Harold's
10. John Locke: An Essay Concerning Pilgrimage
11. Human Voltaire: Candide Understanding 6. Mary Shelley: Frankenstein
7. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of
Romantic Period (1798-1870) the Ancient Mariner, Lyrical Ballad
 Romanticism was the principal literary
movement of the initial part of the 19th
century, in which literature had its origins in
the "Sturm und Drang period in Germany. A
consciousness of this first phase of
Romanticism is an important modification
to the usual impression of Romantic
literature as something that began in English
poetry with William Wordsworth and
Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the publication
of "Lyrical Ballads in 1798.
Modernism (1870-1965) 7. Walter Abish: How German Is It
 Modernism, like realism, provided critique of 8. John Fowles: The French Lieutenant's
morality of the people belonging to the Woman
middle-class society. Writers during this 9. Umberto Eco: Foucault's Pendulum
period explored new forms and styles of 10. Venedikt Erofeev: Moscow-Petushki
writing, which paved way to a technique 11. Vladimir Nabokov: Mother Night
called "stream of consciousness." Developed
by Marcel Proust, "stream of consciousness"
is a style that allowed the author to explore
all of the facets of their thought processes in
the absence of any suggested formatting
rules.

Post-Modernism Period (1965-present)

 Characterized by an unusual mix of high and
low culture, this period served as the literary
and societal response to the horrifying
events of World War II and elitism of high
modemism. Fragmentation, paradox, and
narrators that are difficult to define are
common. The style of writing evokes the
absence of tradition in a modem consumer-
driven, technologically based society.
 Authors began to use a jumble of various
ingredients, known as pastiche, that had not
been seen as appropriate for literature
before, in order to create a more complex
story, filled with allusions to events and style
of other literary works that took a certain
level of education to recognize or even begin
to appreciate.

Here are the post-modernist famous authors

and their literary works:
1. Alan Moore: Watchmen
2. Alasdair Gray, Lanark: A Life in Four
Books
3. Dmitry Galkovsky: The Infinite Deadlock
4. George Perec: Life: A User's Manual
5. Gertrude Stein: The Autobiography of
Alice B. Toklas
6. Italo Calvino; If on a winter's night a
traveler