Shubham RAWE 5 Edit
Shubham RAWE 5 Edit
Shubham RAWE 5 Edit
PROJECT REPORT
ON
RURAL AWARENESS WORK EXPERIENCE & STUDENT
PROJECT WORK
SUBMITTED TO
AFFLIATED TO
I
2023-24
II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely express my deep sense of gratitude and heartfelt respect to Dr. B.N..Pawar,
Chairman and DI’s Nominee from the Z.E.R.S. Solapur. whose comments and suggest me
corrections, and encourage me for completion of my project.
I wish to express my deep sense of reverence and sincere thanks to Prof. N. K. Gosavi,
Principal of Lokmangal College of Agriculture Business Management, Wadala for his suggestion
and gratitude, cooperation and help rendered during project work.
I am grateful to Coordinator Prof .P.N. Shelake, Assistant Professor of Lokmangal
College of Agriculture Business Management, Wadala for taking keep interest in the project work
and ensuring at each stage that the targets are achieved as per schedule, played a major role in
checking out the project out line.
I place on record and warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement, invaluable
supervision, timely suggestion and inspired guidance offered by our teacher Prof. S.M.Dhygude
(Module Incharge) Assistant Professor of Department of Agriculture Marketing, helped me for
completion of my project and also for help rendered during my project work.
I would like to express profound thanks to my committee member Prof.S,S.Waghamode,
Assistsnt Professor Department of Agricultural Economic, Prof.G.V.Jadhav, Assistsnt Professor
of Department of Plant Pathology, I sincerely express my gratitude for his constant
encouragement.
I am very happy to record my sincere appreciation to my father Mr. Vilas Mane and my
mother Mrs. Rupali Mane for their continuous support and encouragement during my study.
Last but not least, I would like to express to my sincere thanks to Lokmangal College of
Agriculture Business Management, Wadala and the Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri,
Dist. Ahmednagar for providing me an opportunity to undertake my Graduate studies.
I would like to thanks known unknown persons who helped directly or indirectly for
my study.
III
CANDIDATE DECLARATION
I hereby declared that this project report entitled “Rural Awareness Work Experience’’
&“Student Project Work” submitted to Lokmangal College of Agriculture Business
Management, Wadala, Solapur (Affiliated to M.P.K.V, Rahuri), no part of the project report has
been submitted by me or any other person to any other university or institute for a degree or
diploma.
IV
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report “Rural Awareness Work Experience”
&“Student Project Work” submitted to Lokmangal College of Agriculture Business
Management, Wadala, Solapur (Affiliated to M.P.K.V, Rahuri), in partial fulfilment for the
degree of B.Sc (Hons) Agri Business Management in Agriculture embodies the result of a piece
of bonafide project work carried out by Mr. Mane Shubham Vilas.
No part of the project report has been submitted for any other degree, diploma or any
other form of publication. The assistance and help received during the course of this investigation
has been duly acknowledged.
Date:
Co-ordinator Principal
(Prof. P. N. (Prof. N. K. Gosavi)
Shelake)
DI Nominee
S.M.S
(Dr.B .N. Pawar)
(Prof. S. S. Waghmode)
S.M.S
V
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
VI
INDEX
VII
LIST OF TABLES
IX
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF CHARTS
Chart Name of the chart Page
No. No.
Agriculture Production Management
1.1 Methodology
1.2 Sample design
Agricultural Processing Management
2.1 Methodology
2.2 Sample design
2.3 Flow Chart
Agricultural Marketing Management
3.1 Marketing mix
3.2 Marketing channel
X
ABSTRACT
Prof. S.M.Dhygude
Name of Module Incharge
(Asst. Prof.,Dept of ABM,.LCABM, Wadala.)
Signature of Student
The present study is an attempt to evaluate the “Rural Awareness Work Experience”. The
data were collected between the periods of 7 Jun to 21 July 2022
The agriculture production management is carried out in Aurad village. The cropping pattern of host
farmer is analysed which is 2 ha. The cost of cultivation of different crops cultivated by host farmer had
been estimated. The results were obtained as follows. The highest gross income of Grapes Rs 9,50,000
and BCR 1:1.4. The gross income of Black gram Crop is estimated Rs 98000 and BCR is 1:1.13 followed
by Sorghum crop having gross income Rs 70400 and BCR is 1:1.05 and followed by Maize crop having
gross income Rs 29000 and BCR is 1:1.11
Processing management is evaluated for determining the performance of the firm; cost and returns
structures of finished goods and managerial efficiency of the firm with regards to inventory control, break-
even analysis, net present worth, and benefit cost ratio have been attempted.
In resource management, management body considered resources such as land, labour,
capital and machineries etc. the management of the firm has carried out the proper measures for
motivation, welfare, training and development under personal management. The firm maintained
optimum finished good output as a stock.
XI
1. INTRODUCTION
1
farms (72.2 per cent) is much below than the average while the proportion of larger farmers (85.4
per cent) is higher than the average.
1.1.6 Source of Raw Material
a) Animal-Based
Agro-industries are the most common users of these commodities.
b) Plant-Based
These are forestry and agriculture-derived materials.
c) Mineral-Based
These materials obtained through extraction include clay, sand, marble, iron ore,
gasoline, natural gas, coal, precious metals, etc.
1.1.7 Significance in Transport
Transport is considered to be an important aspect in improving agricultural efficiency. It
improves the quality of life of individuals, structures a market for agricultural productions,
makes interaction possible among geographical as well as regions and opened up new areas to
economic focus.
1.1.8 Foreign Exchange Resources
Indian agricultural exports, contribute a significant share of total exports, an important
earner of foreign exchange. So foreign exchange rate can have a relationship with worldwide
exports and well as output of India's agricultural and allied commodities.
1.1.9 Great Employment Opportunities
1. Agricultural engineer.
2. Agricultural economist.
3. Farm manager.
4. Soil and plant scientist.
5. Conservation planner.
6. Commercial Horticulturalist.
7. Agricultural salesperson.
1.1.10 Economic Development
The share of agriculture in GDP increased to 19.9 per cent in 2020-21 from 17.8 per cent
in 2019-20. The last time the contribution of the agriculture sector in GDP was at 20 per cent
was in 2003-04. India is the biggest exporter of cotton in the world.
1.1.11 Sources of
Saving 1.Interest rates.
2.Confidence.
3.Economic growth.
4.Availability of credit.
5. Wealth.
6.Consumer preferences.
1.1.12 Food security
India ranked 76th in 113 countries assessed by The Global Food Security Index (GFSI) in
the year 2018, based on four parameters affordability, availability and quality, and safety. As per
2020 country rankings, India ranked 71st among 113 countries in the GFSI.
Food Security Challenges in India Food Safety and Standards Authority of India.
Ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) PM Formalization of Micro Food
Processing. Poverty and Hunger Issues Nutrition and India.
2
1.2 Present Agriculture Scenario
India is among the top three global producers of many crops, including wheat, rice,
pulses, cotton, peanuts, fruits and vegetables. India is leading country of vegetables production
as high variability occurs in Indian climate there is scope for increase area and production of the
vegetables. The agriculture sector plays a vital role in the Indian Economy. Agriculture
contributes about 16% of total Gross Domestic Product (GDP). India exports a large quantity of
agricultural materials like fruits, vegetables, pulses, tea, spices etc. Currently this sector is the
backbone of the Indian economy and contributing around 53% of the Indian GDP. The
Agriculture Crop Production and Management study prepares students to operate enterprises
producing cereal grain, fiber, forage, oilseed, tree fruits and nuts, small fruits, vegetables and
other plant products and includes instruction in soils, plant physiology, crop cultivation practices,
plant diseases, pest management, harvesting and marketing. Maharashtra is a key agricultural
state accounting for 6 – 7% of all agricultural production in the country today. The State leads in
the production of a number of crops including several fruits, vegetables, sugar, cotton, pulses etc.
Around 43% of India’s geographical area is already.
3
1.2.2 Sorghum present scenario
1.2.3 State-wise Normal Area, Production and Yield of Sorghum 2021-22
Statewise Yield
6% 1%
6%
8% 34%
8%
16%
21%
4
1.2.1 (B) State-wise area, production & productivity of Maize during 2021-21
Table. 1.2.1(B) State wise area, production, productivity of Maize in India 2021-22
Statewise Yield
6% 1%
6%
8% 34%
8%
16%
21%
5
1.2.4 Sugarcane present scenario
1.2.4 State-wise Normal Area, Production and Yield of Sugarcane 2021-22
Statewise Yield
1%
1%
3% 2%
3%
4%
13%
47%
26%
6
1.2.1 Present Agriculture Scenario
Table 1.2.1 State-wise Normal Area, Production and Yield of Onion in India
during 2021-22
Statewise Yield
4%3%
0.4%
3%2%
18%
22%
4%
1%
3%
17% 23%
7
1.2 General information of the crops cultivated by the host farmer:
Sorghum
3. Family :- Poaceae
4. Origin : - Africa
6. Soil:-
Sorghum can grow on wide range of soils. Medium to deep black soils are predominantly
suitable for growing sorghum, rabbi sorghum is wholly confined to black soils, while the kharif
sorghum is grown on light soils also it can be grown with wide range of soil pH from 5.0 to 8.5.
7. Climate
The ideal climate for cultivation of Jowar should be warm and arid and the average annual
rainfall should be 45 cm.
8. Seed Rate
8
Required plant population may be obtained by using a seed rate of 8-12 kg/ha. The seeds
are sown about 3-4 cm deep in the furrows.
Sowing Time
The optimum sowing time for Kharif sorghum is Last week of May to2nd fortnight of
July.
9. Nutrient Management
Spread 12.5 tone/ha of FYM or compost or composted coir pith evenly on the unploughed
field along with 10 packets of Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria 2 kg each/ha or Azophos at 4
kg/ha and incorporate in the soil. Apply NPK fertilizers as per soil test recommendation as far as
possible.
10. Water Management
Sorghum is a fairly drought resistant crop and it does very well in areas receiving 50 cm
well distributed rainfall but it cannot withstand waterlogging at any stage of crop growth. The
most critical growth stages for irrigation are knee-height stage, flowering and grain filling stages
at which the crop should be ensured for proper moisture conditions so that the crop does not suffer
from moisture stress. Contrary to this in kharif crop an efficient drainage must be provided as the
crop cannot tolerate water accumulation for more than few hours, therefore, in low lying areas
sowing of crop on 5-7cm high ridges or sowing in flat beds followed by light earthing is a remedy
for stagnant water in the field.
11. Crop Protection
a) Pest Management
Sorghum is found to be attacked by shoot-fly, stem-borer and midges mainly and they
cause a considerable reduction in grain and stover yields.
Name of
Pest
1)Shoot- fly
Growth stage at which they attack: Seedling stage.
Control Measures:
Carbofuran @ 1kg/100kg of seed, or 5% Disulfoton @ 3g/m row length, or 10% phorate
granule @ 5 g/m row length may be sown along with seeds.
Or Spraying of Carbaryl (50%w.p) or Endrin (20% EC @ 2 kg or 1 kg/ha respectively twice i.e.
3-5 DAS & 8-12 DAS.
1) Earhead Bug (Calocoris angus-
tatus) Control Measure
Dust the maturing earheads with 5% BHC or 4% Carbaryl, spray 0.1% Carbaryl (W.P
2) Sorghum Shoot Bug, (Peregrinus
maidis) Control Measure
Spray 0.03% Phosphamidon Dimethoate Diazinon, Monocrotophos or Methyl demeton
Preventive
Use of higher seed rate removal & destruction of damaged seedlings 10-12 days after
germination.
b) Disease
Management Name of
disease 1)Grain smut
Causal Organism Sphacelotheca sorghi.
Control Measures
Seed treatment with organo-mercurial compound viz. Ceresan, Agrosan
9
GN, etc.
2)Rust Disease of
Jawar Control
Measure
The application of fungicides can be beneficial when used on susceptible varieties.
Products based on hexaconazole (0.1%), difenoconazole (0.1 %) and propiconazole (0.1 %) can
be used to control the disease.
12.Harvesting
The high yielding varieties mature in about 100-120 days duration after which they are
harvested. Generally two methods of harvesting i.e. either stalk-cut or cutting of earheads by
sickles are employed.
13. Yield
The grain yield of improved varieties under assured water supply ranges between 25-35
quintals/ha and that of hay or karvi between 150-170 quintals/ha.
10
11
Maize:
5. Soil or Climate:
Soil : - Loamy sand to clay loam.
Climate:
It is a hot season crop. Night and day temperatures should be higher for its deposition.
The maize crop requires sufficient moisture in the soil since its inception. Temperature of 18 to
23 degree Celsius for deposition and 28-degree Celsius temperature is considered good for
growth and development.
Seed Rate: 06-08 kg/acre.
6. Sowing Time:
The correct time for sowing maize in the spring is mid-February in the third week of
January. Due to delay in sowing, due to high temperature and low moisture, seed is reduced. If
sowing is delayed due to lack of rain, then inter-cropping of fruit crops should be done.
Kharif: 15th Jun to 15th July.
12
Rabi: 15th Oct to 15th Nov.
6. Water Management:
1. The crop is grown rainfed during kharif season where the distribution of rainfall is enough to
ensure adequate soil moisture during the life cycle of the crop.
2.For constructing high & stable yields, the available sources of irrigation should be tapped to
provide 1 or 2 irrigation at the critical stages in any dry spell period.
3.Maize is known to be susceptible to water logging as well as soil moisture stress.
4.Sowings made on ridge is with the provision of surface drainage can overcome the constraints
of waterlogging in uplands.
5.Maize is susceptible to moisture stress throughout its life cycle. Since flowering and grain-
filling stages are most critical, the crop should be irrigated at these stages, if rains fail.
7. Weed Management:
In line sown crop, apply PE Atrazine @ 0.25 kg/ha on 3-5 DAS followed by Twin Wheel
hoe weeder weeding on 30-35 DAS. Apply herbicide when there is sufficient moisture in the
soil. Do not disturb the soil after herbicide application.
8. Crop Protection:
a) Pest Management:
There are four major pests of maize prevalent in India.
1.Spotted Stem Borer [Chilo partellus
(Swinhoe)] Control Measure
Preparations based on Bacillus thuringiensis, neem oil extracts or Beauveria bassiana
Have been used to control the pest.
2) Pink Stem Borer [Sesamia inferens
Walker] Control Measure
Granular application of cartap hydrochloride (4%GR) performed best in reducing
the stem borer at heading stage.
3) Shoot Fly [Atherigona
spp.] Control Measure
Effective control of shoot fly and higher grain yields were obtained when the spray was
initiated 6 days after crop emergence. The lowest dosage of cypermethrin (22.5 g a.i. ha−1) gave
shoot fly control
4) Fall Armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E.
Smith)] Control Measure
At present, the Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee recommends the use
of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC, thiamethoxam 12.6% + lambda cyhalothrin 9.5 % ZC, and
spinetoram 11.7 SC (DPPQS 2019) for fall armyworm management.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) it aims at management of pests through a combination of
techniques such as chemical, biological, new cropping system, modification of cultural practices,
use of resistant varieties and through mechanical methods. The major pests and IPM is described
here.
13
b) Disease Management
1.Maydis leaf blight (MLB)/ Southern Corn Leaf Blight (SCLB)
Causal organism Biopolaris maydis.
Control Measure
a) Destroy infected crop residue from the field, Use of resistant/tolerant hybrids.
b) Foliar spray of Mancozeb @ 2.5 g/ L of water after about 15 days after sowing is effective
and provide two more sprays at 10-day intervals or immediately after symptoms
appearance.
c) Foliar spray of Mancozeb @ 2.5 g/ L of water after about 30-35 days after sowing is
effective and provide two more sprays at 10-day intervals or immediately after
symptoms appearance if needed.
d) Foliar spray Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenoconazole 11.4% w/w SC 1ml/L of water
immediately after symptoms appearance
9. Harvesting:
Methods Of Harvesting
There are two methods of maize harvesting:
1) Plucking of cobs:
The ears are removed from the standing plants and they are piled to open for twenty four
hours and they are spread for drying in the sun. In this method stalks may be used as green
fodder.
2) Stalk cutting:
The plants are cut and piled up in the shade and the cobs are removed after two or three
days of harvesting. The dried plants are used for haymaking. Maize grown for fodder are
harvested at the milk to early dough stage. The earlier harvested crop usually yields less and is
poor in protein content. For silage making late dough stage is preferred.
14
10. Yield of Maize:
50-55 qt/ha.
15
Vigna Mung
Sugarcane
1.
6. Climate :-
It is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop. It grows well in hot and humid climate with
a temperature of 21°C to 27°C and an annual rainfall between 75cm.
Plough the land deeply and level properly. Prepare furrows 25cm deep and 75cm apart for short duration and
90cm apart for medium duration varieties. In hills tracts prepare pits in rows along the contour at spacing of 30cm
in the row and 75cm between the rows. For mid late varieties, an inter row spacing of 75cm is recommended
16
7. Sowing:-
Planting of sugarcane is done in three seasons that is suru- January-February, adsali –
July-August and pre seasonal- October-November for planting generally ridges and furrows are
prepared on 100-120cm spacing. For planting one hectare area 25-30 thousand three eye buded
cane setts are required.
8.Nutrient management :
To provide all micronutrients to sugarcane, 50 kg /ha of micronutrient mixture containing 20
kg Ferrous sulphate,10 kg Manganese sulphate, 10 kg Zinc sulphate, 5 kg of Copper sulphate, 5
kg of Borax mixed with 100 kg of well de
9.Water Management :
The crop sown in trenches needs relatively less water but sandy soils and application of more
fertilizers increase the water uptake. On an average 1 ton cane needs about 60-70 tons of water or
thin varieties of cane need 150 cm thick canes and need 200 cm water and Adsali planted canes
200 cm, in addition to 75 cm rainfall. The crop should be irrigated when available water reaches
to 50% level.
10.Weed management :
Pre- plant application of glyphosate at 2.0 kg ha-1 along with 2% ammonium sulphate
at 21 days before planting of sugarcane followed by post emergence direct spraying of glyphosate
at 2.0 kg ha-1 along with 2% ammonium sulphate with a special hood on 30 DAP suppressed the
nut sedges (Cyperus rotandus) and provided weed.
11.Disease management :
Most diseases are managed with varietal resistance and a healthy seedcane program. Since
sugarcane is vegetatively propagated, regularly obtaining and planting healthy seedcane is
essential for the control a group of systemic diseases that include ratoon stunt, leaf scald, smut,
mosaic and yellow leaf
12.Harvesting :
The crop is harvested by cutting the plants with a sickle close to the ground, in March-April.
Thrashing is the next process, and this involves the separation of the grain from the spike.
Thrashing is generally done under the feet of bullocks or by Thrashing machines. After Thrashing
the wheat is winnowed and sifted.
17
13.Yield :
The average cane yields of the major states of the region including Maharashtra, Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat is around 80 tonnes per hectare.
18
19
D) Onion
Nutrient Management
Taking into account the stock of plant available mineral nutrients in the top 60
cm soil layer (onions also may effectively acquire mineral nutrients from up to 60 cm soil depth) a
total supply of 120 to 140 kg N, 22–26 kg P and 150 kg K is recommended for onion production.
Sowing
For direct sowing, the seed required in the main field is about 1.6-20 kg of certified seed.
In Maharashtra, seed for early kharif crop is sown in nursery in early June and transplanted
by the end of July, whereas the usual kharif onion seed IS sown in late August in nurseries and
transplanted in mid-October.
20
Water Management
Water is the main limiting factor for low bulb yield in onion. The crop requires 350-
500mm of water over the growing season; hence, adequate moisture through irrigation is
important in the production of onions.
Weed Management
1)Planting early maturing onion varieties.
2)Using clean seeds that are free from weed seeds.
3)Using irrigation water that is free from weed seeds.
4)Mulching.
5)Crop rotation.
6)Hand pulling/uprooting the weeds.
Symptoms of iris yellow spot virus are often seen as a cream, elliptical spots on the
leaves. The spots also appear on onion scapes or flower stalks of onions. As both infected leaves
and scapes age, they can collapse at the site of the spots
2) Onion Thrips:-
Harvesting
Most dry onions are usually harvested when one-third to one-half of the tops
have fallen over.
Bulbs are generally pulled from the soil after being loosened with a disk. They are then
topped approximately 1 inch above the bulb.
21
Yield:
The farmer can expect a yield of 120 to 140 q/acre or 12 t to 14 t/ acre in 120 to 150
days after sowing. The average selling price of onion is Rs. 18 per kg as on 16.0 .
22
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter is devoted to the review of relevant research work carried out by other
investigators. Review of literature related to the research topic is a necessary step in the conduct of
any specific research. It helps in formulating the frame work of the study, deciding the objectives
and methods of approach to the problem and analyzing the data collected it also helps to compare
the results of such other studies and the reasons for variation, if any. The knowledge of similar
research work previously carried out relating to the problem under study is useful and provides
guidance to the researcher in approaching the research problem and carrying out the research
problem in proper direction.
Janjire et.al (2015) studied economic analysis of sugarcane in Pune District. From study it has
observed that Cost-C was highest Rs. 193177.47 on drip farm followed that of Rs. 164498.02 on surface
farm. Returns from main produce were higher Rs. 360888.00 in drip sugarcane farm as compared with
Rs. 242924.00 on surface sugarcane farm. The returns from by produce were higher Rs. 15402.00 in
drip farms as compared with Rs. 11764.00 in surface sugarcane farms. Output-input ratio was higher as
1.95 on drip sugarcane farms than that of 1.55 on surface sugarcane farms, because production was
greater on drip irrigation farm as compared to surface irrigation farm. Per tonne cost of sugarcane
production was higher Rs. 2200.00 on surface sugarcane farms, while that was Rs. 1083.73 in drip
sugarcane farms
.
Jawanjal et.al.(2015) studied economic analysis of sugarcane cultivation in konkan region . From
study it has observed that in suru sugarcane group per hectare cost ‘A’ was Rs.
75,423, cost ‘B’ was Rs. 1,15,600 and cost ‘C’ was Rs. 1,43,664 while in ratoon sugarcane group per
hectare cost ‘A’ was Rs. 48,228, cost ‘B’ was Rs. 71,693 and cost ‘C’ was Rs. 88,873, respectively. The net
returns in suru sugarcane group were Rs. 1,63,286, Rs. 1,23,109 and Rs. 95,045 at cost ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’,
respectively while in ratoon sugarcane group net returns were Rs. 91,339, Rs. 67,874 and Rs. 50,694 at cost
‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’, respectively .
Singh et.at (2014)studied Socio economic impact of sugarcane production and diversification India .Indian
Institute of Sugarcane Research was established in 1952 by the erstwhile Indian Central Sugarcane
Committee for conducting basic and applied research on sugarcane production and proceesing .Government
of India took over the Institute from Indian Central Sugarcane Committee on January 1,1954 and later on
transferred it to Indian Council of Agriculture Reserch (ICAR) on April 1,1969.This institute devoted for
enhanchment of sugarcane producation,producativity ,profitability ,and sustainablity to meet future sugar
and energy requriment of India .The mandate of the institute is :
23
To conduct basic and applied research on all aspects of producation and protection techinques of
sugarcane and other sugae crops particularly sugar beet for different agro climatic zones of the
country .
To work on the breeding of varities for sun tropical regon in close collaboration with sugarcane
breeding ,Institute ,Coimbatore.
To carry out research for diversification and value addition in Sugarcane .
Sugarcane pricing in Karnataka State (Chavan 1997)) has studied that the most pressing problem faced by
the sugar industry is to ensure cane supplies’ at stable price. The cultivators find it easy to change their
cropping pattern from years depending upon market fluctuations. The study is related to the pricing policy
of Central Government, State Government the bases of price fixation in Karnataka. The main objective ofto
study the Central Government policy ofsugarcane prices and to study the system under which sugarcane
price’s are determined in Karnataka and to evaluate the trends of sugarcane prices in Karnataka and India
and to a certain the effect of price policy on cost structure of the factories under private and co-operative
hands. The data were collected by personally by conducting field work. There are inter-regional, inter-
sectoral & inter-class differences in the process of formation of the price offered by cane by the sugar
industry for the more at factory level. The prices are fixed differently, the pricing of sugar cane has always
been a controversial issue leading to bone of contention among the experts. The price of sugarcane should
be lined to cost of cultivation. In harvesting ofsugarcane, plenty ofsugarcane growers are forced to delay for
4 to 5 month’s for supply of rotoon crops thus affecting the yield and delay in further cultivation. Therefore
timely letting of sugarcane is needed.
24
25
II. METHODOLOGY
The methodology followed conducting and study plays an important role in obtaining
accurate results. The chapter deals with the selection of study area and selection of host farmers
also collection of data and evaluation techniques.
Tahshil – South
In Solapur district mostly farmer are directly depends on the farming. The agriculture
production was at increases day by day. In this area most farmers are medium to large farmer
and using different cropping pattern for farming. Therefore, Solapur district was selected
purposively for the present study.
27
a) Primary data
The information was collected about assets, irrigation sources, cropping patterns, input
utilization & cultivation practices of host farmer. Also information about the vegetable cultivator
farmers and market intermediaries were collected through observation and interview method.
b) Secondary data
The secondary data means data that which is already available. The data which have been
already collected, analyzed. It was collected from the old maintained records of the industry’s
accountant department, their own survey reports and also from web sites.
Depreciation = (Purchase value of Implement- Junk Value)/ Total life of Implement Rental
value of land was estimated at 1/6th of gross value of produce.
Sr Particulars
No
1. Cost A1 working capital +Interest on working capital + Land revenue and other
access + Depreciation on implements and machinery
28
2)Analytical tools or estimated income measures
The analytical tools or estimated return to all unpaid labour and on their capital invested
in the farm business, including land and building.
3.4.1. Location -:
170. 10 N to 18 0 32 N740 42 E to 760 42 E 14 845 km. The district is spread over 1501
thousand hector with 11 talukas, Solapur occupies 4.83% area and content 4.10% population of
Maharashtra state.
3.4.2. Soil -:
The geographical foundation of soils prevailing in Solapur district is mainly from Deccan
trap of volcanic origin viz "Basalt". The soil is underline by partially decomposed basaltic rock
locally known as "Murum" which overlies parent material. On account of more or less complete
absence of leaching the soil are base structure the exchangeable calcium being the predominant
cation. The free live content is fairly high (5 to 10%)
3.4.3. Climate -:
Law and erratic rainfall poor soil with low organic matter and four moisture holding
capacity are constraint landing low end of crop. Rabbi Jawar, Bajara and wheat are major serious
among different pulse Tur in kharif and Bengalgram in rabi where grown extensively. Similarly,
oil seeds i.e. sunflower and saf flower are grown on area.
29
III. SOCIO ECONOMICS SURVEY OF THE VILLAGE
Table 4.1 Shows that this 11 are the members of the village council who run the village council
of the Tal. Aurad Dist.. South Solapur
4.2 Demography of village:
Table 4.2: Population of village
Sr. No. Gender Population Percentage (%) Ratio
1 Male 2129 51.49
2 Female 2005 48.50
Total population 4134 100 1:1.12
The male population of this village is 2129 and females’ population is 2005 and all the
total population of this village Aurad, Tal. South Solapur district Solapur is 4134
30
4.3. Demography of the village
Table 4.3: Demography of the village
Sr. No. Family category Total No. Percentage Ratio
1 APL families 273 46.82
2 BPL families 310 53.17
Total No. of families 583 100 1:2.10
Table 4.3 shows that demography of the Aurad village. There are 273 APL (Above
Poverty Level) Families and 310 (Below Poverty Level), the no. of BPL families is more than
APL families.
Below Poverty Level
The Annual income of Family should not exceed Rs.15,000/- to be under the BPL
category. None of the family members should hold two hectares rainfed or one hectare of semi-
irrigated land. The family member should not contain even half hectare of irrigated land.
Above Poverty Level
Families having a Total Annual Income of more than Rs.15,000/- and less than one lakh are APL
category. The members of APL families should not own any four-wheeled or Light
vehicle(Excluding taxi-drivers).The family should not possess the irrigated land of more than
Four hectares.
4.4. No. of houses in the village
Table 4.4: Total No. of houses in the village
Sr.
No. Particulars Numbers
1 No. of houses 1116
2 Kutcha houses 485
3 Pakka houses 631
4 No. of wadi / vasti 4
Total No. of houses 2236
Table 4.4 shows total number of houses in the village there are 1116 katcha
houses and 631 Pakka houses. There are 4 vasti total which have 267 houses.
31
4.6 : Community building
Table4.6: Community
building
Sr. No. Particulars Numbers
1 Village panchayat 1
2 Anganwadi 4
3 Z. P. Primary school 4
4 Govt. Hospital 1
5 Private human clinics 4
6 Veterinary clinic 1
7 Secondary schools and colleges 1
Table 4.6 shows that the information of the community buildings. There is a Village
panchayat, 1 Anganwadi, 4 Z.P primary school, 4 Govt. Hospital, 1 private clinics, 4
Secondary school and college etc.
Total 100
33
4.9 Schemes and programs implemented by village
Table 4.9: Schemes and programs implemented by village
Sr.
Name of schemes/ programmers
No.
1 Swach bharat mission
2 Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana
3 Falbag lagavada yojana
4 Cement concrete roads yojana
5 Swach Bharat abhiyan
6 Gopinath munde farmer apagath yojana
Table 4.9 shows various schemes and program implemented in aurad village. Which
include Swach bharat mission , Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana , Falbag lagavada
yojana , Cement concrete roads yojana , Swach Bharat abhiyan , Gopinath munde farmer
apagath yojana
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) 2014
“A clean India would be the best tribute India could pay to Mahatma Gandhi on his 150-
birth anniversary in 2019,” said Shri Narendra Modi as he launched the Swachh Bharat
Mission at Rajpath in New Delhi. On 2nd October 2014, Swachh Bharat Mission was
launched throughout length and breadth of the country as a national movement. The
campaign aims to achieve the vision of a ‘Clean India’ by 2nd October 2019.
34
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Result and discussion includes general information of the host farmer such as, his
age, category, address, etc. and the general information of the host farmer includes
information of the family members of Mr.Shrishail Revansidha Wale assets possessed by
Mr.Shrishail Revansidha Wale like land, building, source of irrigation, implements and
machinery, household assets, etc. and marketing management of Grape, Pomegranate,
Maize ,sorghum & Blackgram crop. Detail data was collected and represented in following
table:
5.1 : Information of host farmer
35
Table 5.1.1 shows detailed information of family member of. Mr.Shrishail
Revansidha Wale i There are 05 members including in his family
36
5.1.2 Assets utilization by host farmer
I)Land details
Table 5.1.2: Information of land
Area(ha.)
Sr. Plot/Survey Presentvalue
Soil type (Rs.)
No. No. Irrigated Un-irrigated
Table 5.1.2 shows that the Host Farmer owns land about 3Ha in irrigated area under
Plot Number 221/21 k, 209 / 2,110 / 1,110 / 2, 221 / 21 k
13
1 Bore well 1 - -
Months
-
2 River 2 2 -
pipline
Table 5.4 shows that the host farmer adopts only one sources of irrigation that is tank
Well which irrigate 6.47 Ha ha area.
37
1 Farm house Load bearing 2008 14 1300000 83571.42
38
5.1.5. Livestock details
Table No. 5.1.5: Livestock of host farmer
Sr. No. of
Category Breed Presentvalue
No. animals
Buffalo
1 2
Pandhapuri 1,25,000/-
i) In milk
Table 5.1.5 shows that farmer have four buffalo which worth is 1,25,000 /-
2 Four-wheeler - -
3 Television 1 20,000/-
4 Refrigerator 1 12,000/-
Total 6 1,33,800/-
39
5.10 Cropping pattern of host farmer:
A) Current year: Rabbi
Table 5.10: Cropping pattern of current year
Season Plot Crop Variety Irrigated
No.
Ar Yield Gross
ea value (Rs.)
Main Bye
(ha
(qtl.)
.)
Kharif i) Sorghum M-35 0.80 14 1300 70400
Bunches
40
5.1.10.Allocation of depreciation on implements and machinery:
Table 5.1.10: Depreciation on implements and machinery without drip irrigation
Sr. Purchasing Purchase Junk Useful Depreciation Present
year value value life (Rs.) value
No. Category No.
(Rs.) (Rs.) (Years) (Rs.)
A Machineries
a) Electric 2016 28000 2800 30 840 17380
motor
b) Electric 2016 28000 2800 30 840 17380
pump
B Hand tools
a) Khurpi 2018 300 30 6 45 165
c) Spade 2017 600 60 10 54 230
E Equipment
b) Hand 2020 5000 500 10 450 2920
Pump
Total 61,900 6190 2229 38075
Depreciation = Original cost of asset – Junk value /Expected life of the asset
Junk value = 10% value of original cost of asset
Depreciation charges/ha = Total depreciation charges / Gross cropped area
Depreciation charges/ha = 2229
41
5.1.11 Crops wise allocation of depreciation charges
Table .5.1.11 Crops wise allocation of depreciation charges
Depreciation
Sr. No Crops Land(ha.) Depreciation(Rs.)
charges/ha. (Rs.)
1 Sorghum 2229 0.80 1650.66
2 Maize 2229 0.40 825.33
3 Sugarcane 2229 1.20 2476
4 Onion 2229 0.40 825.33
Total 8916 3 5777.32
A) Sorghum
1 Hp.= 0.746 unit /hour
5Hp = 5 × 0.746 = 3.73 unit / hour
For 1 unit of electricity charge is Rs. 3
Electricity bill = 1. Total units = Unit / hour × Total irrigation hours
= 3.73× 12.40
=46.25
= 46.25×3
= Rs.138.75
Electricity cost / hr. = Total electricity charges/Total working hours
=138.75/12.40
= Rs. 11.18
42
Repairing cost = 5% initial cost of motor /Working hr.
=22000×5%/12.40
= 88.70 Rs.
44
5.1.13 Crop wise irrigation charges
Sr. Crops Area (ha.) No. of Rate /hr. Hours Irrigation
No. irrigations (Rs.) charges /crop
(Rs.)
1. Sorghum 0.80 4 99.88 15 1497
2. Maize 0.40 5 35.63 32 1140.16
3. Sugarcane 1.20 130 57.01 260 14822.6
4. Onion 0.40 5 15.77 60 946.2
Total 18405.96
45
5.2 Cost of cultivation
5.1.1 Crop Wise Inputs Used by The Host Farmer
Table 5.2.1 Inputs Used for Sorghum Crop
Yield Of Sorghum
Table No.5.2.3 Yield Of Sorghum
PER PLOT
SR. NO. ITEM UNIT QTY. RATE VALUE(RS.) PER HECTARE
Main
1) Produce Qntl. 24 3000 72000 90000
2) By Produce Bunch 760 15 11400 14250
Gross
Income 83400 104250
48
Estimated Income Measures Of Sorghum
Table 5.2.4 Estimated
Sr no Income measures Formula Value (Rs)
1 Farm business income Gross income -Cost A1 55216.8008
2 Owned farm business Gross income -Cost A2 55216.8008
income
3 Familly labour income Gross income -Cost B2 29630.1408
4 Net income Gross income -Cost C2 26311.82088
5 Farm investment income Input value of familly labour 500
6 BC Ratio Gross income /Cost C2 1.460897883
7 Per qtl Cost of production Cost C2 - valueof byproduce/yieldin 2378.67413
qtl
8 Per ha cost of cultivation Cost C2 -value of by produce /area 71360.2239
49
5.3.1 Crop Wise Inputs Used by The Host Farmer
Table 5.3.1 Inputs Used for Maize Crop
50
Cost Of Cultivation Of Maize
Table. 5.3.2 Cost Of Cultivation Of Maize
COST OF CULTIVATION OF MAIZE
Crop:
Maiz Variety: Season
e ADV-759 : Kharif Area: 0.40
Per Hectar
Per Plot Value Rs.
Sr.no Qty Value(Rs.
. Item of Cost Unit . Rate )
1 Hired Human Labour
I) Male Days 6 400 2400 6000
II) Female Days 11 250 2750 6875
2 I) Hired Machinery Used Hours 2.5
a) Sowing Hours 1.5 1000 1500 3750
b) Threshing Qnt. 25 100 2500 6250
3 Owned Machinery Used Hours 2 850 1700 4250
4 Seed Purchased Kg. 9 45 405 1012.5
5 Fertilizers 2.5
I) Urea Kg. 45 4.5 202.5 506.25
Complex 2.5
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 45 20 900 2250
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 45 25 1125 2812.5
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients 2.5
7 Insecticide 2.5
proclaim gm 155 6 930 2325
8 Fungicide 2.5
M45 Kg. 2 450 900 2250
9 Weedicide 2.5
Tynzer ml 30 48.3 1449 3622.5
10 Irrigation Charges 1140.16 2850.4
11 Incidental Charges 666.66 1666.65
12 Total Working Capital ( 1 to 11) 18568.32 46420.8
1114.099
13 Interest on working Capital % 6 2 2785.248
19682.41
14 Total Operational Cost ( 12+13) 9 49206.048
15 Land Revenue and other cesses Rs. 36 90
Depreciation on implements
16 Machinery And Building 2558.58 6396.45
Rental value of land 1/6th of( gross 9291.666 23229.166
17 Return) 7 7
18 interest on Fixed Capital 2878.05 7195.125
14764.29 36910.741
19 Total fixed cost (15 to 18) 7 7
34446.71 86116.789
20 Total Cost (14+ 19) 6 7
COST CONCEPT
51
19682.41
21 Total Operation Cost 9 49206.048
22 Land Revenue and other cesses 32 80
Depreciation on implements
23 Machinery And Building 825.33 2063.325
20539.74
24 COST A1 ( 21+22+23 ) 9 51349.373
25 Rent Paid for Leased in Land 0
20539.74
26 COST A2 ( 24+25) 9 51349.373
Interest On Fixed Capital Excluding
27 Land 825.33 2063.325
Rental value of land 1/6th of( gross 9291.666 23229.166
28 Return) 7 7
Amortization Value im Case of Fruit
29 Crop 0
30656.74 76641.864
30 COST B1 ( 24+27+28+29 ) 6 7
Rental value of land - Land Revenue 9259.666 23149.166
31 and other cesses ( 28-22) 7 7
39916.41 99791.031
32 COST B2 ( 30+31+25) 3 3
33 Input value of family Labour 500 1250
2053.974
34 Supervision Charges (10% of COST A) 9 5134.9373
33210.72
35 COST C1 ( 30+33+34) 1 83026.802
42470.38 106175.96
36 COST C2 ( 32+33+34) 7 9
Yield of Maize
Table 5.3.3 Yield of Maize
52
Estimated Income Measures of Maize
Table 5.3.4 Estimated Income Measures of Maize
53
5.4.1 Crop Wise Inputs Used By The Host Farmer
Table 5.4.1 Inputs Used For Sugarcane Crop
55
Cost Of Cultivation of Sugarcane
Table.5.4.2 Cost of Cultivation of Sugarcane
COST OF CULTIVATION OF SUGARCANE
Crop: Variety
Sugarca : CO. Season:Perin Area:1.20
ne 265 nial ha
Per Plot
Value(Rs. PER
Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate ) HECTER
1 Hired Human Labour
I) Male Days 30 400 12000 9996
II) Female Days 40 250 10000 8330
2 I) Hired Machinery Used Hours 15 1100 16500 13744.5
II) Owned machinery Used Hours 8 1000 8000 6664
Seed 1200
3 Seed Purchased linges 0 1 12000 9996
4 Manure tons/Cl 6 850 5100 4248.3
5 Fertilizers 0.833
Straight 0.833
I) Urea Kg. 450 4.5 2025 1686.825
II) SSp Kg. 300 7.5 2250 1874.25
III) MOP Kg. 350 22 7700 6414.1
Complex 0.833
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 100 20 2000 1666
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 300 25 7500 6247.5
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients 0.833
I)Yara mila Kg. 150 88 13200 10995.6
II) Ammonium sulphate Kg. 150 12 1800 1499.4
7 Insecticide 0.833
Hamala 550 Lit 2 600 1200 999.6
8 Fungicide 0.833
Tyrant gm 500 4 2000 1666
Propiconazolel ML. 110 1.1 121 100.793
9 Weedicide 0.833
2,4,D Lit. 5 700 3500 2915.5
Adama Tamer Lit 3 1400 4200 3498.6
12347.225
10 Irrigation Charges 14822.6 8
1665.9833
11 Incidental Charges 1999.98 4
106556.17
12 Total Working Capital ( 1 to 11) 127918.58 71
15350.229 12786.741
13 Interest on working Capital % 12 6 26
14 Total Operational Cost ( 12+13) 143268.80 119342.91
56
96 84
15 Land Revenue and other cesses Rs. 96 79.968
Depreciation on implements
16 Machinery And Building 2476 2062.508
Rental value of land 1/6th
17 of( gross Return) 48000 39984
18 interest on Fixed Capital 2476 2062.508
19 Total fixed cost (15 to 18) 53048 44188.984
196316.80 163531.90
20 Total Cost (14+ 19) 96 24
COST
CONCEPT
143268.80 119342.91
21 Total Operation Cost 96 84
22 Land Revenue and other cesses 96 79.968
Depreciation on implements
23 Machinery And Building 2476 2062.508
145840.80 121485.39
24 COST A1 ( 21+22+23 ) 96 44
25 Rent Paid for Leased in Land 0
145840.80 121485.39
26 COST A2 ( 24+25) 96 44
Interest On Fixed Capital
27 Excluding Land 2476 2062.508
Rental value of land 1/6th
28 of( gross Return) 48000 39984
Amortization Value im Case of
29 Fruit Crop 0
196316.80 163531.90
30 COST B1 ( 24+27+28+29 ) 96 24
Rental value of land - Land
Revenue and other cesses ( 28-
31 22) 47904 39904.032
244220.80 203435.93
32 COST B2 ( 30+31+25) 96 44
33 Input value of family Labour 5000 4165
Supervision Charges (10% of 14584.080 12148.539
34 COST A) 96 44
215900.89 179845.44
35 COST C1 ( 30+33+34) 06 18
263804.89 219749.47
36 COST C2 ( 32+33+34) 06 38
57
Yield Of Sugarcane
Table No.5.4.3 Yield of Sugarcane
58
5.5.1) Crop Wise Inputs Used By The Host Farmer
Table 5.5.1 Inputs Used For Onion
Value(Rs.
Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate )
1 Hired Human Labour
I) Male Days 10 400 4000
II) Female Days 25 250 6250
I) Hired Machinery
2 Used Hours 5 1100 5500
II) Owned machinery
Used
a) Harrowing Hours 2 1500 3000
0
3 Seed Purchased Kg. 5 1600 8000
4 Manure tons/Cl 17 850 14450
5 Fertilizers Kg.
Straight Kg.
Mixed Kg.
I) Urea Kg. 70 5.5 385
II) SSp Kg. 70 7.5 525
Complex Kg.
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 50 20 1000
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 50 25 1250
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients Kg. 2 870 1740
7 Insecticide
Karate Lit 1 720 720
Solomom Lit 0.5 2500 1250
8 Fungicide
M-45 Kg. 0.5 400 200
Antracol Kg. 0.4 800 320
Cabrio top Lit. 0.4 1100 440
9 Weedicide
Goal Lit. 0.5 1150 575
Society Lit 0.9 1900 1710
10 Irrigation Charges 946.2
11 Incidental Charges 666.66
59
Cost Of Cultivation Of Onion
Table. 5.3.2 Cost Of Cultivation Of Onion
COST OF CULTIVATION OF ONION
Crop
:
Onio Variety:Elora Season:R Area:0.4
n Wonder 101 abi 0 ha
PER PLOT
Sr.no Qt Value(R PER
. Item of Cost Unit y. Rate s.) HECTARE
1 Hired Human Labour
I) Male Days 10 400 4000 10000
II) Female Days 25 250 6250 15625
2 I) Hired Machinery Used Hours 5 1100 5500 13750
II) Owned machinery Used 2.5
a) Harrowing Hours 2 1500 3000 7500
0 0
3 Seed Purchased Kg. 5 1600 8000 20000
4 Manure tons/Cl 17 850 14450 36125
5 Fertilizers Kg. 2.5
Straight Kg. 2.5
Mixed Kg. 2.5
I) Urea Kg. 70 5.5 385 962.5
II) SSp Kg. 70 7.5 525 1312.5
Complex Kg. 2.5
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 50 20 1000 2500
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 50 25 1250 3125
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients Kg. 2 870 1740 4350
7 Insecticide 2.5
Karate Lit 1 720 720 1800
Solomom Lit 0.5 2500 1250 3125
8 Fungicide 2.5
M-45 Kg. 0.5 400 200 500
Antracol Kg. 0.4 800 320 800
Cabrio top Lit. 0.4 1100 440 1100
9 Weedicide 2.5
Goal Lit. 0.5 1150 575 1437.5
Society Lit 0.9 1900 1710 4275
10 Irrigation Charges 946.2 2365.5
11 Incidental Charges 666.66 1666.65
52927.8 132319.6
12 Total Working Capital ( 1 to 11) 6 5
3175.67
13 Interest on working Capital % 6 2 7939.179
56103.5 140258.8
14 Total Operational Cost ( 12+13) 3 29
15 Land Revenue and other cesses Rs. 32 80
60
Depreciation on implements
16 Machinery And Building 825.33 2063.325
Rental value of land 1/6th of( gross
17 Return) Return ) 90000 225000
11512.2
18 interest on Fixed Capital 2 28780.55
102369. 255923.8
19 Total fixed cost (15 to 18) 6 75
158473. 396182.7
20 Total Cost (14+ 19) 1 04
COST
CONCEPT
56103.5 140258.8
21 Total Operation Cost 3 29
22 Land Revenue and other cesses 32 80
Depreciation on implements
23 Machinery And Building 825.33 2063.325
56960.8 142402.1
24 COST A1 ( 21+22+23 ) 6 54
25 Rent Paid for Leased in Land 0
56960.8 142402.1
26 COST A2 ( 24+25) 6 54
Interest On Fixed Capital Excluding 11512.2
27 Land 2 28780.55
Rental value of land 1/6th of( gross
28 Return) 90000 225000
Amortization Value im Case of
29 Fruit Crop 0
158473. 396182.7
30 COST B1 ( 24+27+28+29 ) 1 04
Rental value of land - Land
31 Revenue and other cesses ( 28-22) 89968 224920
248441. 621102.7
32 COST B2 ( 30+31+25) 1 04
33 Input value of family Labour 500 1250
Supervision Charges (10% of COST
34 A) 0
158973. 397432.7
35 COST C1 ( 30+33+34) 1 04
248941. 622352.7
36 COST C2 ( 32+33+34) 1 04
61
Yeild Of Onion
Table 5.3.3 Yeild
SR. NO.
1) Main Produce
2) By Produce
Gross Income
62
Estimated Income Measures of Onion
Table 5.3.4 Estimated Income Measures of Onion
63
5.6 Marketing of agriculture commodities
Definition
i. Marketing channel
Marketing channels are routes through which agricultural products move from producers
to consumers.
ii. Producer’s price
This is price received by the farmer at time of sale. This is equal to the wholesale price at
the primary assembling center, minus the charges borne by the farmer in selling produce.
iii. Net price received by the farmer
Price received by farmer – Marketing charges incurred by the farmer
iv. Total cost of marketing
The total cost incurred on marketing either in cash or kind by the producer, seller and
various intermediaries involved in the sale and purchase of the commodity till the commodity
reaches the ultimate consumer.
C = CP + Cmi + Cmii +………+Cmn
Where,
C = Total marketing cost
CF = marketing cost incurred by the producer
Cmi = Cost incurred by various middlemen.
64
5.6.1 Marketing channel for Maize
Rate/Unit
Sr. no. Particular Unit Quantity (Rs.) Total Amount (Rs.)
1 Marketing cost incurred by producer
V) Transportation 50 20 1000
Sub Total 3780
Selling price of the Wholesaler Qnt. 25 2430 60750
Marketing cost incurred by the
3) retailer
65
Table 5.13.1 shows that, in the marketing of Maize. The selling price of producer is Rs.2350/- for
the 10 qtls. In that marketing cost incurred by the producer is Rs.650/-Wholesaler paid loading,
unloading charges. Total cost incurred by the wholesaler was Rs.1565/-, Wholesaler sale it to be
the retailer for 2500/-, The retailer sells it to the consumer at rs.2650/-, Where the marketing cost
incurred by the retailer was Rs. 270/- which includes transportation charges, and storage.
(a) Net price received by Farmer
= Producer selling price-Cost incurred by farmer
= Rs. 55750-Rs. 2500
= Rs. 53,250
(b) Total Marketing Cost
= Cost incurred by Farmer + Cost incurred by wholesaler +
Cost incurred by retailer.
= 2500+3780+288
= Rs.6,568
(c) Total Marketing
Margin i)Margin of
wholesaler
= Local wholesaler selling price –(Purchasing price + Cost incurred
by the wholesaler
= Rs.60750-(Rs.55750+Rs.3780)
= Rs. 1220
66
Table 5.6.2 Price spread of Maize
PRICE SPREAD
Rate
SR.NO unit(Quintl /Unit Amount for Per centage share in price
. Particulars ) (Rs.) whole lot (Rs.) paid by consumer
1 Producer price 25 2130 53250 83.52941176
2 Total marketing cost 25 262.72 6568 10.3027451
Total marketing
3 margin 25 254.48 6362 7.979607843
4 Price spread 25 420 10500 16.47058824
Price paid by
5 consumer 25 2550 63750 100
Result
1. Net Price received by Producer = Rs.21900 /-
2. Total Marketing Cost = Rs.2560/-
3. Total Market Margin = Rs. 26380 /-
4. Price Paid by the Consumer = Rs.26500/-
5. Producer’s share in Consumer rupee = 82.64%
67
5.7.1 Marketing channel for Onion
Quantit Rate/Unit
Sr. no. Particular Unit y (Rs.) Total Amount (Rs.)
Marketing cost incurred by
1 producer
I
) Cost of jute bag Bag 260 30 7800
I
I) Transportation Bag 260 15 3900
I
II) Loading charges Bag 260 5 1300
SUB TOTAL 13000
Selling price of the producer Qtl. 130 2000 260000
Marketing cost incurred by the
2) wholesaler
68
Table 5.7.1 shows that, in the marketing of onion. The selling price of producer is Rs. 7000/qtl. In
that marketing cost incurred by the producer is Rs. 1540/-. Total cost incurred by the wholesaler
was Rs. 4522/-, Wholesaler sale it to be the retailer for 7500/qtl, the retailer sells it to the
consumer at rs. 7800/-, Where the marketing cost incurred by the retailer was Rs. 322/-
(a) Net price received by Farmer
= Producer selling price-Cost incurred by farmer
= Rs. 260000 -Rs. 13000
= Rs. 247,000
(b) Total Marketing Cost
= Cost incurred by Farmer + Cost incurred by wholesaler +
Cost incurred by retailer.
= 13000+18460+480
= Rs.31,940
(c) Total Marketing
Margin Margin of
wholesaler
= Local wholesaler selling price –(Purchasing price + Cost incurred
by the wholesaler
= Rs.276900-(Rs.260000+Rs.18460)
= Rs. 1,560
(d) Margin of
retailer = Retailer selling price – (Purchasing price + Cost incurred by
retailer)
= Rs.292500 – (Rs.276900 + Rs.480)
= Rs. 15,120
69
5.7.2 Price spread for Onion
PRICE SPREAD
Rate
SR.NO unit(Quintl /Unit Amount for Per centage share in price
. Particulars ) (Rs.) whole lot (Rs.) paid by consumer
1 Producer price 130 2000 260000 88.88888889
76.6769
2 Total marketing cost 130 2 9968 5.567863248
Total marketing 123.692
3 margin 130 3 16080 5.497435897
200.369
4 Price spread 130 2 26048 8.905299145
Price paid by
5 consumer 130 2250 292500 100
Result
1. Net Price received by Producer = Rs. 98000 /-
2. Total Marketing Cost = Rs 2560 /-
3. Total Market Margin = Rs. 6356 /-
4. Price Paid by the Consumer = Rs. 102900/-
5. Producer’s share in Consumer rupee = 88.88 %
70
V. SWOT ANALYSIS
A) Strength
1)Availability of
market. 2)Close to
consumers.
3)Availability of labour.
4)Good technical skills.
5) Good government support structure.
B) Weaknesses
1) High land costs.
2)Lack of co-
operation. 3)Lack of
investment
C)Opportunities
1)Good understanding of market.
2)Good understanding of
‘value’. 3)Employment.
4)Increased food and nutrition security.
D)Threats
1)Variations in
currency.
2)Price Fluctuation.
3)Competition in market.
71
6.2 Loan Proposal
Information About Loan Proposal
Agriculture is the most important sector in India. But the farmers face a lot of difficulties
with regard to procuring the best seeds to buying the best fertilizer and machinery. To help the
farmers and agriculturists with the finances, the lenders are offering crop loans. Crop loan is a
short-term advance that is given to the farmers and agriculturists by banks and co-operative
societies. The loan amount can be used to purchase improved seeds, fertilizers, machinery etc.
The crop loans are provided as agriculture is a priority sector. The loan is usually repaid in
single installment after the crop production. Crop loan is a Secured Loan and the interest is debit
on a half- yearly basis at simple rate of interest. The loans provided by any lenders and co-
operative societies can be refinanced by NABARD
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6.3 Alternative Farm Plan
While preparing alternate farm plan first of all, the existing farm plan is given. Alternate farm
plan is suggested over an existing farm plan if existing farm plan is not Profitable to the host
farmer. When gross income obtained from existing plan is not satisfying for farmer, the existing
farm plan is replaced by the alternate farm plan
Sorghum
Particulars Unit Soyabean
(Rabi)
Plot no. - - -
Area Ha. 0.60 0.60
Maldandi (M-
Variety - KDS-726
35)
Seed Rate Kg 6Kg 30
Yield Qtl. 16 14
Cost A1 Rs. 31817.9 24405.09
Cost A2 Rs. 31817.9 24405.09
Cost B1 Rs. 47738.05 43067.86
Cost B2 Rs. 59375.38 58138.46
Cost C1 Rs. 55119.84 46308.36
Cost C2 Rs. 66775.17 61378.96
Gross Income Rs. 70400 91000
Net Income Rs. 3642.80 44691.64
B:C Ratio - 1:1.05 1.9
Table 6.1 shows the Existing farm plan of Mr.Shrishail Revansidha Wale
According to the Table Mr.Shrishail Revansidha Wale. Paid highest expenditure for Sorghum is
Rs. 70400/-. The net income obtained was Rs. 3642.80 for Sorghum and B:C Ratio 1:1.05 for
Sorghum.
Table shows the comparison between existing farm plan and alternate farm plan. Cost A1 for
existing farm plan was Rs 31817.9./- and for given alternative farm plan it was Rs 24405.09./-,
Cost A2 for existing farm plan is Rs31817.9/-and for alternate farm plan it will Rs. 24405.09/-,
Cost B1 for existing farm plan was Rs47738.05. /-and for alternate farm plan it will Rs.
43067.86/- Cost B2 for existing farm plan was Rs. 59375.38/- and for given alternative farm plan
it was Rs. 58138.46/-, Cost C1 for existing farm plan is Rs 55119.84/- and for alternate farm plan
it will Rs 46308.36. Cost C2 for existing farm plan is Rs 66757.17 and for alternate farm plan it
will Rs. 61378.96
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VI. PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS
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VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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VIII. EXPERIENCE GAINED
It has been a great experience while working in Aurad village.
1. Aurad village is economically and socially prosperous. The sarpanch of Aurad village and
host farmer Mr.Shrishail Wale helped me while collecting the information of village.
2. It has been a great experience while working with host farmer.
3.I understood how relation maintained with labours.
4.I got the practical knowledge about the farm operations.
5.I study about cultivation practices in agriculture production of crops like Maize, Jawar,
Soyabean Black Gram, Grapes. Etc.
6. Also got knowledge about the incurred marketing cost, marketing channel for the agricultural
commodities.
7. Know the problems face by the farmer during the production and marketing of
crop 8.Know how to calculate cost of cultivation, cost of production, depreciation
charges. 9.Know how to collect primary, secondary data.
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IX. PHOTO GALLERY
Grapes Farm
Family
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XII. REFERENCES
Website
1) www.google.com
2) www.indiastat.com
3) www.wikipedia.com
4) www.googlescholar.com
5) https://aps.dac.gov.in/APY/Public_Report1.aspx
6) https://www.atlasbig.com/en-in/countries-by-cornproduction#:~:text=United%20States%20of
%20America%20is,26%2C260%2C000%20is%20ranked%20at%207.
Books
1) Acharya, S.S. and N. L. Agarwal. Agricultural Marketing in India. Oxford and IBH
publishing company Pvt.66, Janpath, New Delhi-1.
2) S.Subba Reddy, P. Raghu Ram, T. Y. Neelakanta Sastry and I. Bhavani Devi. Agricultural
Economics.
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