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A

PROJECT REPORT
ON
RURAL AWARENESS WORK EXPERIENCE & STUDENT
PROJECT WORK
SUBMITTED TO

LOKMANGAL COLLEGE OF AGRI - BUSINESS


MANAGEMENT, WADALA

AFFLIATED TO

MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,


RAHURI, DISTRICT-AHMEDNAGAR (M.S.) 413722

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR


THE DEGREE OF
B.Sc. (HONOURS) AGRI – BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Mr. MANE SHUBHAM VILAS
REG. NO: - BAW-
2020/029

I
2023-24

II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely express my deep sense of gratitude and heartfelt respect to Dr. B.N..Pawar,
Chairman and DI’s Nominee from the Z.E.R.S. Solapur. whose comments and suggest me
corrections, and encourage me for completion of my project.
I wish to express my deep sense of reverence and sincere thanks to Prof. N. K. Gosavi,
Principal of Lokmangal College of Agriculture Business Management, Wadala for his suggestion
and gratitude, cooperation and help rendered during project work.
I am grateful to Coordinator Prof .P.N. Shelake, Assistant Professor of Lokmangal
College of Agriculture Business Management, Wadala for taking keep interest in the project work
and ensuring at each stage that the targets are achieved as per schedule, played a major role in
checking out the project out line.
I place on record and warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement, invaluable
supervision, timely suggestion and inspired guidance offered by our teacher Prof. S.M.Dhygude
(Module Incharge) Assistant Professor of Department of Agriculture Marketing, helped me for
completion of my project and also for help rendered during my project work.
I would like to express profound thanks to my committee member Prof.S,S.Waghamode,
Assistsnt Professor Department of Agricultural Economic, Prof.G.V.Jadhav, Assistsnt Professor
of Department of Plant Pathology, I sincerely express my gratitude for his constant
encouragement.
I am very happy to record my sincere appreciation to my father Mr. Vilas Mane and my
mother Mrs. Rupali Mane for their continuous support and encouragement during my study.
Last but not least, I would like to express to my sincere thanks to Lokmangal College of
Agriculture Business Management, Wadala and the Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri,
Dist. Ahmednagar for providing me an opportunity to undertake my Graduate studies.
I would like to thanks known unknown persons who helped directly or indirectly for
my study.

Place: LCABM Wadala Mr. Mane Shubham Vilas


Date: ( Reg. No. BAW-2020/029)

III
CANDIDATE DECLARATION
I hereby declared that this project report entitled “Rural Awareness Work Experience’’
&“Student Project Work” submitted to Lokmangal College of Agriculture Business
Management, Wadala, Solapur (Affiliated to M.P.K.V, Rahuri), no part of the project report has
been submitted by me or any other person to any other university or institute for a degree or
diploma.

Place: LCABM, Wadala


Mr.Mane Shubham Vilas
Date: Reg.No:- BAW-2020/029

IV
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report “Rural Awareness Work Experience”
&“Student Project Work” submitted to Lokmangal College of Agriculture Business
Management, Wadala, Solapur (Affiliated to M.P.K.V, Rahuri), in partial fulfilment for the
degree of B.Sc (Hons) Agri Business Management in Agriculture embodies the result of a piece
of bonafide project work carried out by Mr. Mane Shubham Vilas.

No part of the project report has been submitted for any other degree, diploma or any
other form of publication. The assistance and help received during the course of this investigation
has been duly acknowledged.

Place: LCABM, Wadala

Date:

Co-ordinator Principal
(Prof. P. N. (Prof. N. K. Gosavi)
Shelake)

DI Nominee
S.M.S
(Dr.B .N. Pawar)
(Prof. S. S. Waghmode)

S.M.S. Module Incharge

(Prof. G. V. Jadhav) (Prof.S.M.Dhygude)

S.M.S

(Prof. S.T. Kadam)

V
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations Full Form


% Percentage
/ Per
Kg Kilogram
MSP Minimum Support Price
Rs. Rupees
gm. Gram
et.al. et alia (and his associates)
FAO Food And Agricultural Organization
NCAER National Council of Applied Economic Research
ha. Hectare
MMC Machine Maintenance Cost
GCA Gross Cropped Area
NCA Net Cropped Area
SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
SRI Standard Research Institute
APMC Agriculture Produce Market Committee
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GMV Gross Merchandise Value
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
Qty. Quantity
BEP Break-even point
Qtls. Quintals
GFSI Global Food Security Index
RUTF Ready-to-use therapeutic food

VI
INDEX

Sr. No. Particulars Page No.


1) Importance of Agriculture Production
1.1.1. Source of Live hood
1.1.2. Contribution of National Revenue
1.1.3. Supply of food as well as fodder
1.1.4. Significance of the international trade
1.1.5. Marketable surplus
1.1.6. Source of Raw Material
1.1.7. Significance of Transport
1.1.8. Foreign exchange recourse
1.1.9. Grate Employment Economy opportunities
1.1.10. Economic development
1.1.11. Source of saving
1.1.12. Food Security
1.2. Present Agriculture Scenario
1.2.1. Maize
1.2.2 Sorghum
1.2.3 Grapes
1.2.4 Black Gram
1.3 General information of Crop cultivation by host farmer
1.3.1 Jawar
1.3.2 Maize
1.3.3 Vigna Mungo
1.3.4 Grapes
1.4 Objective of study
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Sample Design
3.1.1 Selection of area
3.1.2 Selection of Tahsil
3.1.3 Selection of Village
3.2 Data Collection Method
3.3 Analytical framework
3.4 Silent features of Solapur
3.4.1 Location
3.4.2 Soil
3.4.3 Climate
4 SOCIO ECONOMIC SURVEY OF VILLAGE
4.1 General Information of Village
4.2 Demography and Population of village
4.3 Demography of the village
4.4 Total No. of houses in the village
4.5 Geography of the village
4.6 Community building VI
4.7 Major crops grown in the village
4.8 Infrastructure of the village
4.9 Schemes and programs implemented by village
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Socio economic survey of host farmer
5.1.1 Information of the family members
5.1.2 Assets utilization by host farmer
5.1.3 Sources of irrigation and area irrigated
5.1.4 Buildings details
5.1.5 Livestock details
5.1.6 Assets details
5.1.7 Annual gross income of host farmer
5.1.8 Cropping pattern of host farmer
5.1.9 Land revenue
5.1.10 Allocation of depreciation on implements and machinery
5.1.11 Crops wise allocation of depreciation charges
5.1.12 Crops wise interest on fixed capital @10%
5.1.13 Crop wise irrigation charges
5.2 Cost of cultivation
5.2.1 Cost of cultivation of Sorghum crop
5.3.1 Cost of cultivation of Maize crop
5.4.1 Cost of cultivation of Black Gram crop
5.5.1 Cost of cultivation of Grapes crop
5.6 Marketing of agriculture commodities
6 SWOT ANALYSIS
6.1 SWOT Analysis of Selected farmers
6.2 Crop Loan Proposal
6.3 Alternative crop plan
7 PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS
8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
9 EXPERIENCE GAINED
10 LITERATURE CITED
11 ANNEXURE
11.1 Daily abstract of work done
11.2 Weekly diary of the student
13 REFERENCES

VII
LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.


1.2.1 (A) World area, production & productivity of Maize during 2020-21
1.2.1(B) State-wise area, production & productivity of Maize during 2020-21
1.2.2 (A) World production of Sorghum 2020-21
1.2.2 (B) State-wise area, production & productivity of Sorghum during 2020-21
1.2.3 (A) World area, production & productivity of during 2020-21
1.2.3 World area, production & productivity of Grapes during 2020-21
4.1 Member of village council
4.2 Population of village
4.3 Demography of the village
4.4 Total No. of houses in the village
4.5 Geography of the village
4.6 Community building
4.7 Major crops grown in the village
4. 8 Infrastructure of the village
4.9 Schemes and programs implemented by village
5.1 Socio economic survey of host farmer
5.1.1 Information of the family members
5.1.2 Information of land
5.1.3 Sources of irrigation
5.1.4 Information of buildings
5.1.5 Livestock of host farmer
5.1.6 Information of assets
5.1.7 Information of annual gross income of previous year
5.1.8 Cropping pattern of current year
5.1.9 Information of land revenue
5.1.10 Depreciation on implements and machinery with drip irrigation
5.1.11 Crops wise allocation of depreciation charges
5.1.12 Crops wise interest on fixed capital @10
5.1.13 Irrigation charges
5.2.1 Input used for sorghum crop
5.2.2 Cost of cultivation if Sorghum
5.2.2 Yield of Sorghum
5.2.4 Analytical Tools of Estimated Income Measures Used
5.3.1 Input used for Maize crop
5.3.2 Cost of cultivation of Maize
5.3.3 Yield of Maize
5.3.4 Analytical Tools of Estimated Income Measures Used
5.4.1 Input used for Black Gram crop
5.4.2 Cost of cultivation of Black Gram
5.4.3 Yield of Black Gram
5.4.4 Analytical Tools of Estimated IncoVmIIIe Measures Used
5.5.1 Input used for Grapes
5.5.2 Establishment cost of grapes
5.5.3 Cost of cultivation of Grapes
5.5.4 Yield of Grapes
5.5.5 Analytical Tools of Estimated Income Measures Used
5.6.1 Channel wise marketing Maize
5.6.2 Price Spread Maize
5.7.1 Channel wise marketing Black Gram
5.7.2 Price Spread Black Gram
5.8.1 Channel wise marketing Grapes
5.8.2 Price Spread Grapes
6.1 Alternative and Existing Crop Plan

IX
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Name of the figure Page


No. No.
Agriculture Production Management
1.1 Agriculture production management

LIST OF CHARTS
Chart Name of the chart Page
No. No.
Agriculture Production Management
1.1 Methodology
1.2 Sample design
Agricultural Processing Management
2.1 Methodology
2.2 Sample design
2.3 Flow Chart
Agricultural Marketing Management
3.1 Marketing mix
3.2 Marketing channel

X
ABSTRACT

“Rural Awareness Work Experience” & “Student Project


Title of thesis
Work”
Full Name of student Mane Shubham Vilas

Prof. S.M.Dhygude
Name of Module Incharge
(Asst. Prof.,Dept of ABM,.LCABM, Wadala.)

Degree to be Awarded B.Sc. (Honors) Agri-Business Management

Year of Award of Degree 2024

Total No. of Pages in Thesis

Major Subject Agriculture Business Management

Signature of Student

The present study is an attempt to evaluate the “Rural Awareness Work Experience”. The
data were collected between the periods of 7 Jun to 21 July 2022
The agriculture production management is carried out in Aurad village. The cropping pattern of host
farmer is analysed which is 2 ha. The cost of cultivation of different crops cultivated by host farmer had
been estimated. The results were obtained as follows. The highest gross income of Grapes Rs 9,50,000
and BCR 1:1.4. The gross income of Black gram Crop is estimated Rs 98000 and BCR is 1:1.13 followed
by Sorghum crop having gross income Rs 70400 and BCR is 1:1.05 and followed by Maize crop having
gross income Rs 29000 and BCR is 1:1.11
Processing management is evaluated for determining the performance of the firm; cost and returns
structures of finished goods and managerial efficiency of the firm with regards to inventory control, break-
even analysis, net present worth, and benefit cost ratio have been attempted.
In resource management, management body considered resources such as land, labour,
capital and machineries etc. the management of the firm has carried out the proper measures for
motivation, welfare, training and development under personal management. The firm maintained
optimum finished good output as a stock.

Marketing Channel for Maize Commodity is Producer to Wholesaler to Retailer to Consumer.


Which includes Net Price received by Producer is Rs.21900, Total Marketing Cost is Rs.2560,
Total Market Margin is Rs. 26380, Price Paid by the Consumer is Rs.26500, Producer’s share in
Consumer rupee is 82.64%.

XI
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Importance of Agriculture Production


The word 'Agriculture' is derived from the Latin word 'Ager' means Land or field and
'Culture' means cultivation. It means the science and Art of producing crops and livestock for
economic purpose. Agriculture is an art of raising plant life from the soil for the use of mankind.
Agriculture is the mile stone in the history of human civilization, due to agriculture mansettled at
particular place. Agriculture is one of the oldest and prime activities of the human being. It has
remained an important source of land. In spite of growing industrialization and urbanization in
the world, nearly fifty per cent working population still engaged in agriculture. In developing
Countries agriculture sector has been a major source of employment and it has contributed to the
national economy. The basic aim of agriculture is to raise stronger and more fruitful crops and
plants and to help them for their growth by improving the soil and supplying the water.
Agriculture is a backbone of Indian economy. In India about sixty-four per cent of the total
population is dependent on agriculture for their live food. The agriculture activities in the
worldare closely controlled by Physical Factors. Indian agriculture is not an exception for this,
today India is facing two main problems concerned with agriculture. The first is meeting
the increasing demand of food and other is supplying agro-products for ever increasing
population and the second is uneven development of agriculture and changing pattern of
agriculture land use. India tried to be self-sufficient in agriculture through the five years plans.
After independence by taking systematic efforts due to the unique importance, agriculture gets
more and more attention in every five-year plan and top priority is given for the development of
agriculture in our country. The study of land and agriculture from the geographical point of view
gained more importance after 1950. At the beginning of 1970 and later on the green revolution
brought of remarkable change in the field of agriculture, due to this India become not only self
sufficient in food grains but it could also expert a small quality of it.
1.1.1 Source of livelihood
Agriculture, with its allied sectors, is the largest source of livelihoods. India 70 percent of
its rural households still depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood with 82 percent of
farmers being small and marginal. In 2017-18 total food grain production was estimated at 275
million tones (MT).
1.1.2 Contribution of National Revenue
India's gross revenue collection soared to a record high of Rs 27.07 trillion in FY22,
while the tax-to-GDP ratio jumped to an over two-decade high of 11.7 per cent, the finance
ministry said on Friday. The total mop-up was 34 per cent more than the Rs 20.27 trillion
collected in FY21.
1.1.3 Supply of Food as well as Fodder
The agricultural sector provides fodder for domestic animals. The cow provides people
with milk which is a form of protective food. Moreover, livestock also meets people's food
requirements.
1.1.4 Significance to the International Trade
International trade allows countries to expand their markets and access goods and
services that otherwise may not have been available domestically. As a result of international
trade, the market is more competitive. This ultimately results in more competitive pricing and
brings a cheaper product home to the consumer.
1.1.5 Marketable Surplus
The results show that average marketable surplus was 83 per cent of the total output in
the selected states. The share of marketable surplus on marginal farms (64.8 per cent) and small

1
farms (72.2 per cent) is much below than the average while the proportion of larger farmers (85.4
per cent) is higher than the average.
1.1.6 Source of Raw Material
a) Animal-Based
Agro-industries are the most common users of these commodities.
b) Plant-Based
These are forestry and agriculture-derived materials.
c) Mineral-Based
These materials obtained through extraction include clay, sand, marble, iron ore,
gasoline, natural gas, coal, precious metals, etc.
1.1.7 Significance in Transport
Transport is considered to be an important aspect in improving agricultural efficiency. It
improves the quality of life of individuals, structures a market for agricultural productions,
makes interaction possible among geographical as well as regions and opened up new areas to
economic focus.
1.1.8 Foreign Exchange Resources
Indian agricultural exports, contribute a significant share of total exports, an important
earner of foreign exchange. So foreign exchange rate can have a relationship with worldwide
exports and well as output of India's agricultural and allied commodities.
1.1.9 Great Employment Opportunities
1. Agricultural engineer.
2. Agricultural economist.
3. Farm manager.
4. Soil and plant scientist.
5. Conservation planner.
6. Commercial Horticulturalist.
7. Agricultural salesperson.
1.1.10 Economic Development
The share of agriculture in GDP increased to 19.9 per cent in 2020-21 from 17.8 per cent
in 2019-20. The last time the contribution of the agriculture sector in GDP was at 20 per cent
was in 2003-04. India is the biggest exporter of cotton in the world.
1.1.11 Sources of
Saving 1.Interest rates.
2.Confidence.
3.Economic growth.
4.Availability of credit.
5. Wealth.
6.Consumer preferences.
1.1.12 Food security
India ranked 76th in 113 countries assessed by The Global Food Security Index (GFSI) in
the year 2018, based on four parameters affordability, availability and quality, and safety. As per
2020 country rankings, India ranked 71st among 113 countries in the GFSI.
Food Security Challenges in India Food Safety and Standards Authority of India.
Ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) PM Formalization of Micro Food
Processing. Poverty and Hunger Issues Nutrition and India.

2
1.2 Present Agriculture Scenario
India is among the top three global producers of many crops, including wheat, rice,
pulses, cotton, peanuts, fruits and vegetables. India is leading country of vegetables production
as high variability occurs in Indian climate there is scope for increase area and production of the
vegetables. The agriculture sector plays a vital role in the Indian Economy. Agriculture
contributes about 16% of total Gross Domestic Product (GDP). India exports a large quantity of
agricultural materials like fruits, vegetables, pulses, tea, spices etc. Currently this sector is the
backbone of the Indian economy and contributing around 53% of the Indian GDP. The
Agriculture Crop Production and Management study prepares students to operate enterprises
producing cereal grain, fiber, forage, oilseed, tree fruits and nuts, small fruits, vegetables and
other plant products and includes instruction in soils, plant physiology, crop cultivation practices,
plant diseases, pest management, harvesting and marketing. Maharashtra is a key agricultural
state accounting for 6 – 7% of all agricultural production in the country today. The State leads in
the production of a number of crops including several fruits, vegetables, sugar, cotton, pulses etc.
Around 43% of India’s geographical area is already.

3
1.2.2 Sorghum present scenario
1.2.3 State-wise Normal Area, Production and Yield of Sorghum 2021-22

Sr. No. States Area Production Yield Percent


(L. Ha) (L. Tonnes) (kg/Ha.) (%)

1. Maharashtra 15.99 14.56 911 34.42

2. Karnataka 7.33 8.70 1187 20.57

3. Rajsthan 6.39 6.74 1055 15.93

4. Tamil nadu 3.24 3.55 1096 8.39

5. Uttar Pradesh 2.10 3.31 1578 7.83

6. Madhya Pradesh 1.55 2.53 1636 5.98

7. Andra Pradesh 0.77 2.36 3070 5.58

8. Other state 1.84 0.55 - 1.30

9. Total 39.21 42.30 1128 100

Source- Government of India Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Statewise Yield
6% 1%
6%

8% 34%

8%

16%

21%

Maharashtra Karnataka Rajsthan Tamil nadu


Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Andra Pradesh Other state

4
1.2.1 (B) State-wise area, production & productivity of Maize during 2021-21

Table. 1.2.1(B) State wise area, production, productivity of Maize in India 2021-22

Sr. No. Productivity


States/UT’s Area (‘Ha.) Production(MT) Percent
(MT/Ha.)
1. Maharashtra 11,26,657 19,59,989 1.74 6%
2. Tamil Nadu 3,33,565 26,14,747 7.84 8%
3. Karnataka 15,00,391 47,45,711 3.16 15%
4. Uttar Pradesh 7,29,073 18,04,132 2.47 6%
5. Andhra Pradesh 3,00,691 21,21,220 7.05 7%
6. Madhya Pradesh 15,37,098 44,89,580 2.92 14%
7. Himachal Pradesh 2,87,444 7,44,603 2.59 2%
8. Bihar 6,73,138 34,95,400 5.19 11%
9. Rajasthan 8,91,115 11,55,671 1.30 4%
10. Jammu and Kashmir 2,68,669 5,41,451 2.02 2%
11. Gujarat 4,38,361 7,96,207 1.82 2%
12. Punjab 1,14,600 4,10,500 3.58 1%
13. Jharkhand 2,56,771 5,10,928 1.99 2%
14. Telangana 6,43,253 36,43,686 5.66 11%
15. West Bengal 3,62,384 24,47,545 6.75 8%
16. Others 3,14,853 7,07,696 2.247703 2%
Total 97,78,063 3,21,89,066 3.291968 100

Statewise Yield
6% 1%
6%

8% 34%

8%

16%

21%

Maharashtra Karnataka Rajsthan Tamil nadu


Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Andra Pradesh Other state

5
1.2.4 Sugarcane present scenario
1.2.4 State-wise Normal Area, Production and Yield of Sugarcane 2021-22

Sr. States Area Productio Yield Precentage


No. (_L.Ha) n (tonnes) (Tonnes/ (%)
ha)

1. Uttar Pradesh 27.36 225.22 104.78 47.84


2. Maharashtra 13.59 123.97 90.00 26.33
3. Karnataka 6.94 62.46 91.20 13.26
4 Bihar 2.09 16.92 84 3.59
5. Gujarat 1.92 12.06 69 2.56
6. Tamil Nadu 1.61 14.69 82.23 3.12
7. Madhya 0.92 8.86 80.00 1.88
Pradesh
8. Haryana 1.08 7.64 82.31 0.93
9. Punjab 0.90 3.12 79.85 0.66
10. Uttarakhand 0.47 3.76 78.04 0.79
11. Total 55.96 470.7 841.41 100

Source-Government of India Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Statewise Yield
1%
1%
3% 2%
3%
4%

13%

47%

26%

Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Karnataka Bihar Gujarat


Tamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh Haryana Punjab Uttarakhand

6
1.2.1 Present Agriculture Scenario
Table 1.2.1 State-wise Normal Area, Production and Yield of Onion in India
during 2021-22

Area Production Yield Percent


Sr. No. State (Ha.) (MT) (MT/Ha.) (%)

1 Andhra Pradesh 904.71 794.21 878 2.58

2 Chhattisgarh 248.6 143.86 579 0.47

3 Gujarat 2863.64 5445.08 1901 17.64


4 Haryana 608.35 1177.65 1936 3.81
5 Jharkhand 398.66 296.59 744 0.96
6 Karnataka 1112.92 969.6 871 3.14

7 Madhya Pradesh 7191.2 7250.28 1008 23.49

8 Maharashtra 4450.3 5220.04 1173 16.9


9 Rajasthan 4746.93 6800.87 1433 22.03
10 Tamil Nadu 395.31 944.18 2388 3.06
11 Telangana 378.2 639.03 1690 2.07
12 Uttar Pradesh 1195.7 1189.82 995 3.85
Total 24,494.52 30871.21 15596 100

Source- Government Of India Ministry Of Agriculture And Farmers Welfare.

Statewise Yield
4%3%
0.4%
3%2%
18%

22%
4%
1%
3%

17% 23%

Andhra Pradesh Chhattisgarh Gujarat Haryana


Jharkhand Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra
Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttar Pradesh

7
1.2 General information of the crops cultivated by the host farmer:

Sorghum

1. Comman name : - Sorghum

2. Botanical Name : - Sorghum bicolour

3. Family :- Poaceae

4. Origin : - Africa

5. Varieties : - Maldandi, Phule-Revati, phule-yashoda

6. Soil:-
Sorghum can grow on wide range of soils. Medium to deep black soils are predominantly
suitable for growing sorghum, rabbi sorghum is wholly confined to black soils, while the kharif
sorghum is grown on light soils also it can be grown with wide range of soil pH from 5.0 to 8.5.

7. Climate
The ideal climate for cultivation of Jowar should be warm and arid and the average annual
rainfall should be 45 cm.
8. Seed Rate
8
Required plant population may be obtained by using a seed rate of 8-12 kg/ha. The seeds
are sown about 3-4 cm deep in the furrows.
Sowing Time
The optimum sowing time for Kharif sorghum is Last week of May to2nd fortnight of
July.
9. Nutrient Management
Spread 12.5 tone/ha of FYM or compost or composted coir pith evenly on the unploughed
field along with 10 packets of Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria 2 kg each/ha or Azophos at 4
kg/ha and incorporate in the soil. Apply NPK fertilizers as per soil test recommendation as far as
possible.
10. Water Management
Sorghum is a fairly drought resistant crop and it does very well in areas receiving 50 cm
well distributed rainfall but it cannot withstand waterlogging at any stage of crop growth. The
most critical growth stages for irrigation are knee-height stage, flowering and grain filling stages
at which the crop should be ensured for proper moisture conditions so that the crop does not suffer
from moisture stress. Contrary to this in kharif crop an efficient drainage must be provided as the
crop cannot tolerate water accumulation for more than few hours, therefore, in low lying areas
sowing of crop on 5-7cm high ridges or sowing in flat beds followed by light earthing is a remedy
for stagnant water in the field.
11. Crop Protection
a) Pest Management
Sorghum is found to be attacked by shoot-fly, stem-borer and midges mainly and they
cause a considerable reduction in grain and stover yields.
Name of
Pest
1)Shoot- fly
Growth stage at which they attack: Seedling stage.
Control Measures:
Carbofuran @ 1kg/100kg of seed, or 5% Disulfoton @ 3g/m row length, or 10% phorate
granule @ 5 g/m row length may be sown along with seeds.
Or Spraying of Carbaryl (50%w.p) or Endrin (20% EC @ 2 kg or 1 kg/ha respectively twice i.e.
3-5 DAS & 8-12 DAS.
1) Earhead Bug (Calocoris angus-
tatus) Control Measure
Dust the maturing earheads with 5% BHC or 4% Carbaryl, spray 0.1% Carbaryl (W.P
2) Sorghum Shoot Bug, (Peregrinus
maidis) Control Measure
Spray 0.03% Phosphamidon Dimethoate Diazinon, Monocrotophos or Methyl demeton
Preventive
Use of higher seed rate removal & destruction of damaged seedlings 10-12 days after
germination.
b) Disease
Management Name of
disease 1)Grain smut
Causal Organism Sphacelotheca sorghi.
Control Measures
Seed treatment with organo-mercurial compound viz. Ceresan, Agrosan

9
GN, etc.

2)Rust Disease of
Jawar Control
Measure
The application of fungicides can be beneficial when used on susceptible varieties.
Products based on hexaconazole (0.1%), difenoconazole (0.1 %) and propiconazole (0.1 %) can
be used to control the disease.

12.Harvesting
The high yielding varieties mature in about 100-120 days duration after which they are
harvested. Generally two methods of harvesting i.e. either stalk-cut or cutting of earheads by
sickles are employed.
13. Yield
The grain yield of improved varieties under assured water supply ranges between 25-35
quintals/ha and that of hay or karvi between 150-170 quintals/ha.

10
11
Maize:

1. Comman name : - Makka


2. Botanical name :- Zea Maize.
3. Family : - Poaceae
4. Variety : - N.K-6240

5. Soil or Climate:
Soil : - Loamy sand to clay loam.
Climate:
It is a hot season crop. Night and day temperatures should be higher for its deposition.
The maize crop requires sufficient moisture in the soil since its inception. Temperature of 18 to
23 degree Celsius for deposition and 28-degree Celsius temperature is considered good for
growth and development.
Seed Rate: 06-08 kg/acre.

6. Sowing Time:
The correct time for sowing maize in the spring is mid-February in the third week of
January. Due to delay in sowing, due to high temperature and low moisture, seed is reduced. If
sowing is delayed due to lack of rain, then inter-cropping of fruit crops should be done.
Kharif: 15th Jun to 15th July.

12
Rabi: 15th Oct to 15th Nov.
6. Water Management:
1. The crop is grown rainfed during kharif season where the distribution of rainfall is enough to
ensure adequate soil moisture during the life cycle of the crop.
2.For constructing high & stable yields, the available sources of irrigation should be tapped to
provide 1 or 2 irrigation at the critical stages in any dry spell period.
3.Maize is known to be susceptible to water logging as well as soil moisture stress.
4.Sowings made on ridge is with the provision of surface drainage can overcome the constraints
of waterlogging in uplands.
5.Maize is susceptible to moisture stress throughout its life cycle. Since flowering and grain-
filling stages are most critical, the crop should be irrigated at these stages, if rains fail.
7. Weed Management:
In line sown crop, apply PE Atrazine @ 0.25 kg/ha on 3-5 DAS followed by Twin Wheel
hoe weeder weeding on 30-35 DAS. Apply herbicide when there is sufficient moisture in the
soil. Do not disturb the soil after herbicide application.
8. Crop Protection:
a) Pest Management:
There are four major pests of maize prevalent in India.
1.Spotted Stem Borer [Chilo partellus
(Swinhoe)] Control Measure
Preparations based on Bacillus thuringiensis, neem oil extracts or Beauveria bassiana
Have been used to control the pest.
2) Pink Stem Borer [Sesamia inferens
Walker] Control Measure
Granular application of cartap hydrochloride (4%GR) performed best in reducing
the stem borer at heading stage.
3) Shoot Fly [Atherigona
spp.] Control Measure
Effective control of shoot fly and higher grain yields were obtained when the spray was
initiated 6 days after crop emergence. The lowest dosage of cypermethrin (22.5 g a.i. ha−1) gave
shoot fly control
4) Fall Armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E.
Smith)] Control Measure
At present, the Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee recommends the use
of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC, thiamethoxam 12.6% + lambda cyhalothrin 9.5 % ZC, and
spinetoram 11.7 SC (DPPQS 2019) for fall armyworm management.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) it aims at management of pests through a combination of
techniques such as chemical, biological, new cropping system, modification of cultural practices,
use of resistant varieties and through mechanical methods. The major pests and IPM is described
here.

13
b) Disease Management
1.Maydis leaf blight (MLB)/ Southern Corn Leaf Blight (SCLB)
Causal organism Biopolaris maydis.
Control Measure
a) Destroy infected crop residue from the field, Use of resistant/tolerant hybrids.
b) Foliar spray of Mancozeb @ 2.5 g/ L of water after about 15 days after sowing is effective
and provide two more sprays at 10-day intervals or immediately after symptoms
appearance.
c) Foliar spray of Mancozeb @ 2.5 g/ L of water after about 30-35 days after sowing is
effective and provide two more sprays at 10-day intervals or immediately after
symptoms appearance if needed.
d) Foliar spray Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenoconazole 11.4% w/w SC 1ml/L of water
immediately after symptoms appearance

9. Harvesting:
Methods Of Harvesting
There are two methods of maize harvesting:
1) Plucking of cobs:

The ears are removed from the standing plants and they are piled to open for twenty four
hours and they are spread for drying in the sun. In this method stalks may be used as green
fodder.
2) Stalk cutting:

The plants are cut and piled up in the shade and the cobs are removed after two or three
days of harvesting. The dried plants are used for haymaking. Maize grown for fodder are
harvested at the milk to early dough stage. The earlier harvested crop usually yields less and is
poor in protein content. For silage making late dough stage is preferred.

14
10. Yield of Maize:
50-55 qt/ha.

15
Vigna Mung
Sugarcane

1.

Botanical Name : - Saccharum officinarum


2. Common name : - Sugarcane
3. Family : - Poaceae
4. Origin : - New Guinew
5. Variety : - Co.M.0265,Co-86032, Co-8371,Co-85004,Co-740,
Vigna mungo (black gram) is the richest source of protein for human and animal nutrition.
Multiple studies hypothesize that proteins are more satiating than carbohydrates or fats, thus
limiting overall food intake and helps in maintaining regular body weight. There for a high
intake of gram protein can have a beneficial weight loss effect. In addition, plant proteins lead to
a lower kidney workload as compared to animal proteins. It has been hypothesized that the
specific action of black grams on alpha-amylase protein inhibitors could potentially be used for
the prevention of obesity. To find evidence for this hypothesis, studies were done involving
normal, diabetic, and obese patients who were orally administered wheat alpha-amylase, which
has shown delayed carbohydrate absorption and a decrease in peak postprandial plasma
concentration of with no malabsorption or any other symptoms. More recently, the association
between porcine pancreas, alpha-amylase, and wheat alpha-amylase inhibitors along with the
thermal stability of proteins has confirmed the potential use of V. mungo

6. Climate :-
It is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop. It grows well in hot and humid climate with
a temperature of 21°C to 27°C and an annual rainfall between 75cm.

7. Soil and land preparation :-


Soil :- Acid Soil – pH 5.7
Alkline Soil – pH 7.0

Plough the land deeply and level properly. Prepare furrows 25cm deep and 75cm apart for short duration and
90cm apart for medium duration varieties. In hills tracts prepare pits in rows along the contour at spacing of 30cm
in the row and 75cm between the rows. For mid late varieties, an inter row spacing of 75cm is recommended

16
7. Sowing:-
Planting of sugarcane is done in three seasons that is suru- January-February, adsali –
July-August and pre seasonal- October-November for planting generally ridges and furrows are
prepared on 100-120cm spacing. For planting one hectare area 25-30 thousand three eye buded
cane setts are required.

8.Nutrient management :
To provide all micronutrients to sugarcane, 50 kg /ha of micronutrient mixture containing 20
kg Ferrous sulphate,10 kg Manganese sulphate, 10 kg Zinc sulphate, 5 kg of Copper sulphate, 5
kg of Borax mixed with 100 kg of well de

9.Water Management :
The crop sown in trenches needs relatively less water but sandy soils and application of more
fertilizers increase the water uptake. On an average 1 ton cane needs about 60-70 tons of water or
thin varieties of cane need 150 cm thick canes and need 200 cm water and Adsali planted canes
200 cm, in addition to 75 cm rainfall. The crop should be irrigated when available water reaches
to 50% level.

10.Weed management :
Pre- plant application of glyphosate at 2.0 kg ha-1 along with 2% ammonium sulphate
at 21 days before planting of sugarcane followed by post emergence direct spraying of glyphosate
at 2.0 kg ha-1 along with 2% ammonium sulphate with a special hood on 30 DAP suppressed the
nut sedges (Cyperus rotandus) and provided weed.

11.Disease management :
Most diseases are managed with varietal resistance and a healthy seedcane program. Since
sugarcane is vegetatively propagated, regularly obtaining and planting healthy seedcane is
essential for the control a group of systemic diseases that include ratoon stunt, leaf scald, smut,
mosaic and yellow leaf

12.Harvesting :
The crop is harvested by cutting the plants with a sickle close to the ground, in March-April.
Thrashing is the next process, and this involves the separation of the grain from the spike.
Thrashing is generally done under the feet of bullocks or by Thrashing machines. After Thrashing
the wheat is winnowed and sifted.
17
13.Yield :
The average cane yields of the major states of the region including Maharashtra, Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat is around 80 tonnes per hectare.

Major sugarcane growing states are :


1.Uttar Pradesh
2.Bihar
3.Assam
4.Haryana
Top 3 Country of sugarcane production in world:
Brazil (739,300 thousand metric tons)
India (341,200 thousand metric tons)
China (125,500 thousand metric tons)

Top 3 State of sugarcane production in India:


Uttar Pradesh 1,333 Lakh Tonne
Maharashtra 753 Lakh Tonne Tamil Nadu 375 Lakh T

18
19
D) Onion

1. Botanical Name: - Allium cepa


2. Family :- Amaryllidacea
3. Common Name: - Onion
4. Variety :- Bhima Super Bhima Red
5. Origin :- Iran
6. Climate :-
Onion is a temperate crop but can be grown under a wide range of climatic conditions
Such as temperate, tropical and subtropical climate. The best performance can be obtained in a mild
weather without the extremes of cold and heat and excessive rainfall
.
Land Preparation
Maize requires a firm and compact seedbed free from stubbles and weed. One
deep Ploughing should be given, followed by two or three harrowing to bring the soil to a fine tilt.
Add 10-15 tons of FYM or compost before last harrowing and mix thoroughly with harrow.

Nutrient Management
Taking into account the stock of plant available mineral nutrients in the top 60
cm soil layer (onions also may effectively acquire mineral nutrients from up to 60 cm soil depth) a
total supply of 120 to 140 kg N, 22–26 kg P and 150 kg K is recommended for onion production.

Sowing

For direct sowing, the seed required in the main field is about 1.6-20 kg of certified seed.
In Maharashtra, seed for early kharif crop is sown in nursery in early June and transplanted
by the end of July, whereas the usual kharif onion seed IS sown in late August in nurseries and
transplanted in mid-October.

20
Water Management
Water is the main limiting factor for low bulb yield in onion. The crop requires 350-
500mm of water over the growing season; hence, adequate moisture through irrigation is
important in the production of onions.

Weed Management
1)Planting early maturing onion varieties.
2)Using clean seeds that are free from weed seeds.
3)Using irrigation water that is free from weed seeds.
4)Mulching.
5)Crop rotation.
6)Hand pulling/uprooting the weeds.

Pest And Disease In Onion


1) Iris yellow spot disease:-

Symptoms of iris yellow spot virus are often seen as a cream, elliptical spots on the
leaves. The spots also appear on onion scapes or flower stalks of onions. As both infected leaves
and scapes age, they can collapse at the site of the spots

2) Onion Thrips:-

Scientific Name- Allium fistulosum


Distribution and status: Found world-wide and is found throughout India as a major
pest of onion and garlic.

Harvesting
Most dry onions are usually harvested when one-third to one-half of the tops
have fallen over.
Bulbs are generally pulled from the soil after being loosened with a disk. They are then
topped approximately 1 inch above the bulb.

21
Yield:
The farmer can expect a yield of 120 to 140 q/acre or 12 t to 14 t/ acre in 120 to 150
days after sowing. The average selling price of onion is Rs. 18 per kg as on 16.0 .

22
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is devoted to the review of relevant research work carried out by other
investigators. Review of literature related to the research topic is a necessary step in the conduct of
any specific research. It helps in formulating the frame work of the study, deciding the objectives
and methods of approach to the problem and analyzing the data collected it also helps to compare
the results of such other studies and the reasons for variation, if any. The knowledge of similar
research work previously carried out relating to the problem under study is useful and provides
guidance to the researcher in approaching the research problem and carrying out the research
problem in proper direction.

2.1Agricultural production management:


Kumar et.al (2014) studied economic analysis of sugarcane in Meerut District. From study it has
observed that the estimated per hectare cost of sugarcane (planted) was Rs. 89712.33, net returns
amounted to Rs. 16914.66/ha, the cost of production per quintal was estimated to be Rs 160.91 and the
profit margin was Rs. 42.35. The estimated per hectare cost of sugarcane (ratoon) was Rs. 78668.60, net
returns amounted to Rs. 85741.30/ha, the cost of production per quintal was estimated to be Rs. 98.00
and the profit margin was Rs. 106.94. The benefit cost analysis of the sugarcane (planted) fetched 1.18
times return over cost invested, whereas in sugarcane (ratoon) fetched 2.08 times returns over cost
invested.

Janjire et.al (2015) studied economic analysis of sugarcane in Pune District. From study it has
observed that Cost-C was highest Rs. 193177.47 on drip farm followed that of Rs. 164498.02 on surface
farm. Returns from main produce were higher Rs. 360888.00 in drip sugarcane farm as compared with
Rs. 242924.00 on surface sugarcane farm. The returns from by produce were higher Rs. 15402.00 in
drip farms as compared with Rs. 11764.00 in surface sugarcane farms. Output-input ratio was higher as
1.95 on drip sugarcane farms than that of 1.55 on surface sugarcane farms, because production was
greater on drip irrigation farm as compared to surface irrigation farm. Per tonne cost of sugarcane
production was higher Rs. 2200.00 on surface sugarcane farms, while that was Rs. 1083.73 in drip
sugarcane farms
.
Jawanjal et.al.(2015) studied economic analysis of sugarcane cultivation in konkan region . From
study it has observed that in suru sugarcane group per hectare cost ‘A’ was Rs.
75,423, cost ‘B’ was Rs. 1,15,600 and cost ‘C’ was Rs. 1,43,664 while in ratoon sugarcane group per
hectare cost ‘A’ was Rs. 48,228, cost ‘B’ was Rs. 71,693 and cost ‘C’ was Rs. 88,873, respectively. The net
returns in suru sugarcane group were Rs. 1,63,286, Rs. 1,23,109 and Rs. 95,045 at cost ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’,
respectively while in ratoon sugarcane group net returns were Rs. 91,339, Rs. 67,874 and Rs. 50,694 at cost
‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’, respectively .

Singh et.at (2014)studied Socio economic impact of sugarcane production and diversification India .Indian
Institute of Sugarcane Research was established in 1952 by the erstwhile Indian Central Sugarcane
Committee for conducting basic and applied research on sugarcane production and proceesing .Government
of India took over the Institute from Indian Central Sugarcane Committee on January 1,1954 and later on
transferred it to Indian Council of Agriculture Reserch (ICAR) on April 1,1969.This institute devoted for
enhanchment of sugarcane producation,producativity ,profitability ,and sustainablity to meet future sugar
and energy requriment of India .The mandate of the institute is :
23
 To conduct basic and applied research on all aspects of producation and protection techinques of
sugarcane and other sugae crops particularly sugar beet for different agro climatic zones of the
country .
 To work on the breeding of varities for sun tropical regon in close collaboration with sugarcane
breeding ,Institute ,Coimbatore.
 To carry out research for diversification and value addition in Sugarcane .

Sugarcane pricing in Karnataka State (Chavan 1997)) has studied that the most pressing problem faced by
the sugar industry is to ensure cane supplies’ at stable price. The cultivators find it easy to change their
cropping pattern from years depending upon market fluctuations. The study is related to the pricing policy
of Central Government, State Government the bases of price fixation in Karnataka. The main objective ofto
study the Central Government policy ofsugarcane prices and to study the system under which sugarcane
price’s are determined in Karnataka and to evaluate the trends of sugarcane prices in Karnataka and India
and to a certain the effect of price policy on cost structure of the factories under private and co-operative
hands. The data were collected by personally by conducting field work. There are inter-regional, inter-
sectoral & inter-class differences in the process of formation of the price offered by cane by the sugar
industry for the more at factory level. The prices are fixed differently, the pricing of sugar cane has always
been a controversial issue leading to bone of contention among the experts. The price of sugarcane should
be lined to cost of cultivation. In harvesting ofsugarcane, plenty ofsugarcane growers are forced to delay for
4 to 5 month’s for supply of rotoon crops thus affecting the yield and delay in further cultivation. Therefore
timely letting of sugarcane is needed.

24
25
II. METHODOLOGY

The methodology followed conducting and study plays an important role in obtaining
accurate results. The chapter deals with the selection of study area and selection of host farmers
also collection of data and evaluation techniques.

3.1 Sample Design:


Selection of sample design

District/ Area -Solapur Villege - Aurad

3.1.1. Selection of area for study


26

Tahshil – South
In Solapur district mostly farmer are directly depends on the farming. The agriculture
production was at increases day by day. In this area most farmers are medium to large farmer
and using different cropping pattern for farming. Therefore, Solapur district was selected
purposively for the present study.

3.1.2. Selection of Tahsil


Information of the different crops cultivated in Solapur district is collected from South
Solapur Tahsil. The maximum number of crops are grown in this area. The mostly farmer sown
more number of crops, hence South Solapur Tahsil selected purposively for progressive farmer.

3.1.3. Selection of Village


Aurad village was selected to carry out agricultural production management module. In
this village various crop are cultivated. Fruit crops, cash crops, cereal and pulse are cultivated in
this village. The versatile soil structure present in this village. Climate, soil and PH range is
mostly good in this area.

2.2 Data Collection Method


There are two types of data – primary data and secondary data. Primary data was
collected with the help of interview method during study.

27
a) Primary data
The information was collected about assets, irrigation sources, cropping patterns, input
utilization & cultivation practices of host farmer. Also information about the vegetable cultivator
farmers and market intermediaries were collected through observation and interview method.

b) Secondary data
The secondary data means data that which is already available. The data which have been
already collected, analyzed. It was collected from the old maintained records of the industry’s
accountant department, their own survey reports and also from web sites.

3.3 Analytical framework


The collected data were analyzed by keeping in view the objectives of the study. The data
were arranged in suitable tables and cross tables.

1) Estimation of per hectare cost of cultivation


The total working capital of crop included cost of human labour both family and hired
labour, interest on working and fixed capital and rental value of land. For hired labour, actual
wages paid were considered. For purchased manures, actual purchase prices were taken, whereas
for home produced manures, market values were taken. In case of chemical fertilizer and plant
protection chemicals, actual purchase prices were considered. The interest on working capital
was out at the rate of 6 per cent and on fixed capital 10 per cent per annum. Depreciation on
machinery and implements was calculated by straight line method.

Depreciation = (Purchase value of Implement- Junk Value)/ Total life of Implement Rental
value of land was estimated at 1/6th of gross value of produce.

Rental Value of Land = 1/6th Gross Income – Land revenue


The estimate of the total cost cultivation was obtained was by adding together the costs of all
components mentioned above as per standard cost concepts.

Sr Particulars
No
1. Cost A1 working capital +Interest on working capital + Land revenue and other
access + Depreciation on implements and machinery

2. Cost A2 =Cost A1 + Rent paid for leased land


3. Cost B1 = Cost A1 + Interest on fixed capital excluding land + Amortization cost
in fruit crop
4. Cost B2 = Cost B1 + Interest on fixed capital + Rental value of owned land
5. Cost C1 = Cost B1 +Imputed value of family labour
6. Cost C2 = Cost C1 + Managerial allowances

28
2)Analytical tools or estimated income measures
The analytical tools or estimated return to all unpaid labour and on their capital invested
in the farm business, including land and building.

Sr.No. Particulars Formula


1) F.B.I. = Gross income - Cost A1
2) Family labour income = F.L.I. = Gross income - Cost B 2
3) Net income N.I. = Gross income – Cost C 3
4) Farm investment income = Farm business income – Imputed value of family
labour
5) Benefit – Cost ratio =B.C. Ratio = Gross income ÷ Cost C3
6) Per quintal cost of =Per quintal cost of production = (Cost C3 – Value
production of by Produce) ÷ Yield (in qtl.)
7) Per hectare cost of = Per hectare cost of cultivation = (Cost C3 – Value
cultivation of by Produce) ÷ Area
(1+r) n
8) Amortization cost (A) A = (P × r)
(1+r)n−1
Where,
A = Annual amortize cost
P = Establishment cost
n = Economic life of gardenn-12 year)
i = interest rate 12 %

3.4 Silent Features of Aurad :-


Solapur District (Marathi pronunciation: [Solapuri]) is a district in Maharashtra state of
India. The city of Solapur is the district headquarters. It is located on the south east edge of the
state and lies entirely in the Bhima and Seena basins.[2] The entire district is drained by the
Bhima River.

3.4.1. Location -:
170. 10 N to 18 0 32 N740 42 E to 760 42 E 14 845 km. The district is spread over 1501
thousand hector with 11 talukas, Solapur occupies 4.83% area and content 4.10% population of
Maharashtra state.

3.4.2. Soil -:
The geographical foundation of soils prevailing in Solapur district is mainly from Deccan
trap of volcanic origin viz "Basalt". The soil is underline by partially decomposed basaltic rock
locally known as "Murum" which overlies parent material. On account of more or less complete
absence of leaching the soil are base structure the exchangeable calcium being the predominant
cation. The free live content is fairly high (5 to 10%)

3.4.3. Climate -:
Law and erratic rainfall poor soil with low organic matter and four moisture holding
capacity are constraint landing low end of crop. Rabbi Jawar, Bajara and wheat are major serious
among different pulse Tur in kharif and Bengalgram in rabi where grown extensively. Similarly,
oil seeds i.e. sunflower and saf flower are grown on area.

29
III. SOCIO ECONOMICS SURVEY OF THE VILLAGE

4.1 :- General information of village

1) Name of Grampanchayat: Grampanchayat [Aurad]


2) Year of establishment: 1952
3) Total number of members of village council: 11
4) Members of village council
Table 4.1: Members of village council.
Sr. Name of the members designation
No.
1 Shantkumar tukaram gadade Sarpanch
2 Arvind shirappa shetsandi Deputy Sarpanch
3 Irana husasen bansode Member of Gram panchayat
4 Shashikant siddram birajadar Member of Gram panchayat
5 Shivkumar siddram wale Member of Gram panchayat
6 Savatri vitthal narute Member of Gram panchayat
7 Ganga tipana koli Member of Gram panchayat
8 Megha chandrakant chormale Member of Gram panchayat
9 Shakuntala jagganath mashale Member of Gram panchayat
10 Suvarna nagganath teli Member of Gram panchayat
11 Ranjana vishwanath khandkher Member of Gram panchayat

Table 4.1 Shows that this 11 are the members of the village council who run the village council
of the Tal. Aurad Dist.. South Solapur
4.2 Demography of village:
Table 4.2: Population of village
Sr. No. Gender Population Percentage (%) Ratio
1 Male 2129 51.49
2 Female 2005 48.50
Total population 4134 100 1:1.12

The male population of this village is 2129 and females’ population is 2005 and all the
total population of this village Aurad, Tal. South Solapur district Solapur is 4134

30
4.3. Demography of the village
Table 4.3: Demography of the village
Sr. No. Family category Total No. Percentage Ratio
1 APL families 273 46.82
2 BPL families 310 53.17
Total No. of families 583 100 1:2.10

Table 4.3 shows that demography of the Aurad village. There are 273 APL (Above
Poverty Level) Families and 310 (Below Poverty Level), the no. of BPL families is more than
APL families.
Below Poverty Level
The Annual income of Family should not exceed Rs.15,000/- to be under the BPL
category. None of the family members should hold two hectares rainfed or one hectare of semi-
irrigated land. The family member should not contain even half hectare of irrigated land.
Above Poverty Level
Families having a Total Annual Income of more than Rs.15,000/- and less than one lakh are APL
category. The members of APL families should not own any four-wheeled or Light
vehicle(Excluding taxi-drivers).The family should not possess the irrigated land of more than
Four hectares.
4.4. No. of houses in the village
Table 4.4: Total No. of houses in the village
Sr.
No. Particulars Numbers
1 No. of houses 1116
2 Kutcha houses 485
3 Pakka houses 631
4 No. of wadi / vasti 4
Total No. of houses 2236

Table 4.4 shows total number of houses in the village there are 1116 katcha
houses and 631 Pakka houses. There are 4 vasti total which have 267 houses.

4.5 : Geography of the village

Table 4.5: Geography of the village


Sr. No. Particulars Area(ha.) Percentage (%)
1 Total area of village 1993 100
2 Agriculture area
a) Irrigated area 1690.68 76.20
b) Unirrigated area 226 11.79
3 Gavthan area 7000 sq.ft 3.65
4 Barren land 4000 sq.ft 2.08
5 Forest area 120 6.94
Total 100

31
4.6 : Community building

Table4.6: Community
building
Sr. No. Particulars Numbers
1 Village panchayat 1
2 Anganwadi 4
3 Z. P. Primary school 4
4 Govt. Hospital 1
5 Private human clinics 4
6 Veterinary clinic 1
7 Secondary schools and colleges 1

Table 4.6 shows that the information of the community buildings. There is a Village
panchayat, 1 Anganwadi, 4 Z.P primary school, 4 Govt. Hospital, 1 private clinics, 4
Secondary school and college etc.

4.7. Major crops grown in the village


Table4.7: Major crops grown in the
village
Sr. No. Types of crops Name of crops Percentage (%)
1 Cereals Wheat, jowar 20
2 Pulses Tur,bengalgram 09
3 Oil seeds Soyabean, 08
groundnuts
4 Flowers Lili 04
5 Vegetables Brinjal, okra, onions, 10
tomato
6 Fruits Grapes, peru 30
7 Spices Chilli 04
8 Cash Crops Sugarcane 10
9 Fodder Crops Maize, soyabean 05

Total 100

4.8. Infrastructure of the village


Table 4. 8: Infrastructure of the village
Sr. No. Particulars Numbers
1 No. of roads 67
Kutcha 21
Pakka 46
2 Markets 1
3 Financial institutes 1
4 Temples 17
5 Post office 1
6 Biogas plant 5
7 Cooperative society 1
32
Table 4.8 shows the information of the infrastructure of the village, there are 67
roads, 17 temples, 1 post office, 1 co-operative Societies, and 1 Market., Biogas plant 5

33
4.9 Schemes and programs implemented by village
Table 4.9: Schemes and programs implemented by village

Sr.
Name of schemes/ programmers
No.
1 Swach bharat mission
2 Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana
3 Falbag lagavada yojana
4 Cement concrete roads yojana
5 Swach Bharat abhiyan
6 Gopinath munde farmer apagath yojana

Table 4.9 shows various schemes and program implemented in aurad village. Which
include Swach bharat mission , Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana , Falbag lagavada
yojana , Cement concrete roads yojana , Swach Bharat abhiyan , Gopinath munde farmer
apagath yojana
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) 2014
“A clean India would be the best tribute India could pay to Mahatma Gandhi on his 150-
birth anniversary in 2019,” said Shri Narendra Modi as he launched the Swachh Bharat
Mission at Rajpath in New Delhi. On 2nd October 2014, Swachh Bharat Mission was
launched throughout length and breadth of the country as a national movement. The
campaign aims to achieve the vision of a ‘Clean India’ by 2nd October 2019.

34
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Result and discussion includes general information of the host farmer such as, his
age, category, address, etc. and the general information of the host farmer includes
information of the family members of Mr.Shrishail Revansidha Wale assets possessed by
Mr.Shrishail Revansidha Wale like land, building, source of irrigation, implements and
machinery, household assets, etc. and marketing management of Grape, Pomegranate,
Maize ,sorghum & Blackgram crop. Detail data was collected and represented in following
table:
5.1 : Information of host farmer

Table 5.1: Information of host


farmer
Name of the host farmer Mr.Shrishail Revansidha Wale
Sex - Male / Female Male
Age - (Years) 73
Education 10th pass
Category of the hostfarmer Medium (3 ha)
Address Village- Aurad
Post- Aurad
Tehsil- South
Solapur
District-Solapur
Phone No.-7709665955
Table 5.1 shows is Mr.Shrishail Revansidha Wale 73 years old. He is educated 10th pass till
He hold (3 ha) of land

5.1.1 Information of the family members including attached labourers:


Table 5.1.1: Information of the family members including attached
labourers
Sr. Name Gender Relation Age Education Occupation Remarks
No. with head
of family

Mr.Shrishail Revansidha Male Head 73 10th pass Farming -


1 Wale
Chanava Siddharam Teli Female -- 65 4th pass Housewife -
2
Rajkumar Shrishail Wale Male -- 50 10th pass Farming -
3
Udaykumar Shrishail Male -- 44 BA pass Teacher -
4 Wale
Prashant Shrishail Male -- 40 12th pass Teacher -
5 Wale

35
Table 5.1.1 shows detailed information of family member of. Mr.Shrishail
Revansidha Wale i There are 05 members including in his family

36
5.1.2 Assets utilization by host farmer
I)Land details
Table 5.1.2: Information of land

Area(ha.)
Sr. Plot/Survey Presentvalue
Soil type (Rs.)
No. No. Irrigated Un-irrigated

1 221/21 k yes -- Black soil 2000000

2 209 / 2 Yes -- Black soil 1000000

3 110 / 1 Yes -- Black soil 1000000

4 110 / 2 yes -- Black soil 1000000

5 221 / 21 k yes -- Black soil 2000000

Table 5.1.2 shows that the Host Farmer owns land about 3Ha in irrigated area under
Plot Number 221/21 k, 209 / 2,110 / 1,110 / 2, 221 / 21 k

5.3 Sources of irrigation and area irrigated:


Table 5.4: Sources of irrigation

Area Irrigated (ha.)


Sr.
No. Source Number
4 months 8 months Perennial

13
1 Bore well 1 - -
Months

-
2 River 2 2 -
pipline

Table 5.4 shows that the host farmer adopts only one sources of irrigation that is tank
Well which irrigate 6.47 Ha ha area.

5.1.4 Buildings details


Table 5.1.4: Information of buildings
Sr.
Type of Year of Useful Construction
Category construction construction life value (Rs.) Depreciation
No.

37
1 Farm house Load bearing 2008 14 1300000 83571.42

2 Store Shade 2012 30 80,000 2400

Total 1380000 85971.42

38
5.1.5. Livestock details
Table No. 5.1.5: Livestock of host farmer
Sr. No. of
Category Breed Presentvalue
No. animals
Buffalo

1 2
Pandhapuri 1,25,000/-
i) In milk

Table 5.1.5 shows that farmer have four buffalo which worth is 1,25,000 /-

5.1.6. Assets details


Table 5.1.6. Information of assets
Sr.
Particulars Number Value (Rs.)
No.
1 Two-wheeler- motorcycle 2 1,00,000 /-

2 Four-wheeler - -

3 Television 1 20,000/-

4 Refrigerator 1 12,000/-

5 Mixer cum grinder 1 1800/-

Total 6 1,33,800/-

5.1.7. Annual gross income of host farmer


Table 5.1.7. Information of annual gross income of previous year
Sr. No. Sources Amount (Rs.)
1 Crops
2 Livestock 27487
TOTAL

39
5.10 Cropping pattern of host farmer:
A) Current year: Rabbi
Table 5.10: Cropping pattern of current year
Season Plot Crop Variety Irrigated
No.
Ar Yield Gross
ea value (Rs.)
Main Bye
(ha
(qtl.)
.)
Kharif i) Sorghum M-35 0.80 14 1300 70400
Bunches

ii) Maize N.K-6240 0.40 28 750 29000


Rabbi Bunches
ssswwsessssss

RasRR iii) Onion Bhima Super 0.40


Perennial i -

ii) Sugarcane M-0265 1.20 250 950000


GCA 2.8 1147400

5.1.9 Land revenue


Table 5.1.9: Information of land revenue
Sr. No. Name of the Area Rate / ha. Land revenue/ Crop (Rs.)
crop of
(Rs.)
crop(ha)
1. Sorghum 0.80 80 64
2. Maize 0.40 80 32
3. Sugarcane 1.20 80 96
4. Onion 0.40 80 32
Total 2.8 320 224

40
5.1.10.Allocation of depreciation on implements and machinery:
Table 5.1.10: Depreciation on implements and machinery without drip irrigation
Sr. Purchasing Purchase Junk Useful Depreciation Present
year value value life (Rs.) value
No. Category No.
(Rs.) (Rs.) (Years) (Rs.)
A Machineries
a) Electric 2016 28000 2800 30 840 17380
motor
b) Electric 2016 28000 2800 30 840 17380
pump
B Hand tools
a) Khurpi 2018 300 30 6 45 165
c) Spade 2017 600 60 10 54 230
E Equipment
b) Hand 2020 5000 500 10 450 2920
Pump
Total 61,900 6190 2229 38075

Depreciation = Original cost of asset – Junk value /Expected life of the asset
Junk value = 10% value of original cost of asset
Depreciation charges/ha = Total depreciation charges / Gross cropped area
Depreciation charges/ha = 2229

41
5.1.11 Crops wise allocation of depreciation charges
Table .5.1.11 Crops wise allocation of depreciation charges
Depreciation
Sr. No Crops Land(ha.) Depreciation(Rs.)
charges/ha. (Rs.)
1 Sorghum 2229 0.80 1650.66
2 Maize 2229 0.40 825.33
3 Sugarcane 2229 1.20 2476
4 Onion 2229 0.40 825.33
Total 8916 3 5777.32

5.1.12 Crops wise interest on fixed capital @10%


Table.5.112. Crops wise interest on fixed capital
@10%
Interest on fixed capital (Rs. /
Sr. No. Name of crops Land (ha.)
plot)

1. Sorghum 0.80 1650.66


2. Maize 0.40 825.33
3. Sugarcane 1.20 2476
4. Onion 0.40 825.33

A) Sorghum
1 Hp.= 0.746 unit /hour
5Hp = 5 × 0.746 = 3.73 unit / hour
For 1 unit of electricity charge is Rs. 3
Electricity bill = 1. Total units = Unit / hour × Total irrigation hours
= 3.73× 12.40
=46.25

1. Electricity charges = Total units × Charge / unit

= 46.25×3
= Rs.138.75
Electricity cost / hr. = Total electricity charges/Total working hours
=138.75/12.40
= Rs. 11.18
42
Repairing cost = 5% initial cost of motor /Working hr.
=22000×5%/12.40
= 88.70 Rs.

Irrigation charges /h = Repairing cost + Electricity cost / hr


=88.70+11.18
= Rs. 99.88 /hr
B) Maize
1 Hp.= 0.746 unit /hour
5Hp = 5 × 0.746 = 3.73 unit / hour
For 1 unit of electricity charge is Rs.
3
Electricity bill = 1. Total units = Unit / hour × Total irrigation hours
= 3.73×45
=Rs.167.85

1.Electricity charges = Total units × Charge / unit


= 167.85×3
= Rs. 503.55
Electricity cost / hr. = Total electricity charges/Total working hours
=503.55/45
= Rs. 11.19
Repairing cost = 5% initial cost of motor /Working hr.
=22000×5%/45
= 24.4 Rs.
Irrigation charges /h = Repairing cost + Electricity cost /
hr
=24.4+11.19
= Rs. 35.63/hr
C) Sugarcane
1 Hp.= 0.746 unit /hour
5Hp = 5 × 0.746 = 3.73 unit / hour
For 1 unit of electricity charge is Rs. 3
Electricity bill = 1. Total units = Unit / hour × Total irrigation hours
= 3.73×24
=Rs.89.52
43
1.Electricity Charges = Total units × Charge / unit
= 89.52×3
= Rs.268.52
Electricity Cost / hr = Total electricity charges/Total working hours
= 268.52/24
= Rs. 11.18
Repairing cost = 5% initial cost of motor /Working hr.
=22000×5%/24
= 45.83 Rs.

Irrigation Charges /h = Repairing cost + Electricity cost / hr


=45.83+11.18
= Rs. 57.01/hr
D) Onion
1 Hp.= 0.746 unit /hour
5Hp = 5 × 0.746 = 3.73 unit / hour
For 1 Unit of Electricity Charge Is Rs. 3
Electricity Bill = 1. Total units = Unit / hour × Total irrigation hours
= 3.73×240
=Rs.895.2

1.Electricity Charges = Total units × Charge / unit


= 895.2×3
= Rs.2685.6
Electricity Cost / hr = Total electricity charges/Total working hours
= 2685.6 /240
= Rs. 11.19
Repairing cost = 5% initial cost of motor /Working hr.
=22000×5%/240
= 4.58 Rs.

Irrigation Charges /h = Repairing cost + Electricity cost / hr


=4.58+11.19
= Rs. 15.77/hr

44
5.1.13 Crop wise irrigation charges
Sr. Crops Area (ha.) No. of Rate /hr. Hours Irrigation
No. irrigations (Rs.) charges /crop
(Rs.)
1. Sorghum 0.80 4 99.88 15 1497
2. Maize 0.40 5 35.63 32 1140.16
3. Sugarcane 1.20 130 57.01 260 14822.6
4. Onion 0.40 5 15.77 60 946.2
Total 18405.96

45
5.2 Cost of cultivation
5.1.1 Crop Wise Inputs Used by The Host Farmer
Table 5.2.1 Inputs Used for Sorghum Crop

Crop: - Sorghum Variety: -M-35 Season: -Rabi Area:0.80 R

Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate Value(Rs.)


1 Hired Human Labour
I) Male Days 10 400 4000
II) Female Days 15 250 3750
I) Hired Machinery
2 Used Hours
a) Sowing Hours 2 1000 2000
b) Threshing Qnt. 24 100 2400
Owned Machinery
3 Used Hours 3 850 2550
4 Seed Purchased Kg. 10 45 450
5 Fertilizers
I) Urea Kg. 50 4.5 225
Complex
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 50 20 1000
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 50 25 1250
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients
7 Insecticide
proclaim gm 200 6 1200
8 Fungicide
M45 Kg. 2 450 900
9 Weedicide
Tynzer ml 50 48.3 2415
10 Irrigation Charges 1497
11 Incidental Charges 1333.32
5.2.1) Cost of Cultivation of Sorghum
Table. 5.2.1 Cost of Cultivation of
Sorghum
COST OF CULTIVATION OF SORGHUM
Crop: Seaso
sorghu Variet n:
m y: Kharif Area: 0.80
Per Hectar
Per Plot Value Rs.
Qt Value(Rs.
Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit y. Rate )
1 Hired Human Labour
I) Male Days 10 400 4000 5000
II) Female Days 15 250 3750 4687.5
46
2 I) Hired Machinery Used Hours 1.25
a) Sowing Hours 2 1000 2000 2500
b) Threshing Qnt. 24 100 2400 3000
3 Owned Machinery Used Hours 3 850 2550 3187.5
4 Seed Purchased Kg. 10 45 450 562.5
5 Fertilizers 1.25
I) Urea Kg. 50 4.5 225 281.25
Complex 1.25
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 50 20 1000 1250
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 50 25 1250 1562.5
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients 1.25
7 Insecticide 1.25
20
proclaim gm 0 6 1200 1500
8 Fungicide 1.25
M45 Kg. 2 450 900 1125
9 Weedicide 1.25
Tynzer ml 50 48.3 2415 3018.75
10 Irrigation Charges 1497 1871.25
11 Incidental Charges 1333.32 1666.65
12 Total Working Capital ( 1 to 11) 24970.32 31212.9
1498.219
13 Interest on working Capital % 6 2 1872.774
26468.53
14 Total Operational Cost ( 12+13) 92 33085.674
15 Land Revenue and other cesses Rs. 64 80
Depreciation on implements
16 Machinery And Building 1650.66 2063.325
Rental value of land 1/6th of( gross
17 Return) 12000 15000
18 interest on Fixed Capital 1650.66 2063.325
19 Total fixed cost (15 to 18) 15365.32 19206.65
41833.85
20 Total Cost (14+ 19) 92 52292.324
COST CONCEPT
26468.53
21 Total Operation Cost 92 33085.674
22 Land Revenue and other cesses 64 80
Depreciation on implements
23 Machinery And Building 1650.66 2063.325
28183.19
24 COST A1 ( 21+22+23 ) 92 35228.999
25 Rent Paid for Leased in Land 0
28183.19
26 COST A2 ( 24+25) 92 35228.999
Interest On Fixed Capital Excluding
27 Land 1650.66 2063.325
28 Rental value of land 1/6th of( gross 12000 15000
47
Return)
Amortization Value im Case of Fruit
29 Crop 0
41833.85
30 COST B1 ( 24+27+28+29 ) 92 52292.324
Rental value of land - Land Revenue
31 and other cesses ( 28-22) 11936 14920
53769.85
32 COST B2 ( 30+31+25) 92 67212.324
33 Input value of family Labour 500 625
Supervision Charges (10% of COST 2818.319
34 A) 92 3522.8999
45152.17 56440.223
35 COST C1 ( 30+33+34) 91 9
57088.17 71360.223
36 COST C2 ( 32+33+34) 91 9

Yield Of Sorghum
Table No.5.2.3 Yield Of Sorghum

PER PLOT
SR. NO. ITEM UNIT QTY. RATE VALUE(RS.) PER HECTARE
Main
1) Produce Qntl. 24 3000 72000 90000
2) By Produce Bunch 760 15 11400 14250
Gross
Income 83400 104250

48
Estimated Income Measures Of Sorghum
Table 5.2.4 Estimated
Sr no Income measures Formula Value (Rs)
1 Farm business income Gross income -Cost A1 55216.8008
2 Owned farm business Gross income -Cost A2 55216.8008
income
3 Familly labour income Gross income -Cost B2 29630.1408
4 Net income Gross income -Cost C2 26311.82088
5 Farm investment income Input value of familly labour 500
6 BC Ratio Gross income /Cost C2 1.460897883
7 Per qtl Cost of production Cost C2 - valueof byproduce/yieldin 2378.67413
qtl
8 Per ha cost of cultivation Cost C2 -value of by produce /area 71360.2239

In the cultivation of Sorghum crop costs were A1 is Rs.28183.1992, A2


Rs.28182.1992, B1 Rs.41833.8592, B2 Rs 53769.8592, and C1.45152.1791 Rs., C2
Rs.57088.1791 is respectively. Gross income of the host farmer from Sorghum crop was
Rs.83400 The results showed that the benefit-cost ratio of Sorghum crop was 1.1.46 and Net
income is 26311.82088

49
5.3.1 Crop Wise Inputs Used by The Host Farmer
Table 5.3.1 Inputs Used for Maize Crop

Crop: - Maize Variety: - NK-6240 Season: -Rabi Area: 0.40 R

Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate Value(Rs.


)
1 Hired Human Labour
I) Male Days 6 400 2400
II) Female Days 11 250 2750
2 I) Hired Machinery Hours
Used
a) Sowing Hours 1.5 1000 1500
b) Threshing Qnt. 25 100 2500
3 Owned Machinery Hours 2 850 1700
Used
4 Seed Purchased Kg. 9 45 405
5 Fertilizers
I) Urea Kg. 45 4.5 202.5
Complex
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 45 20 900
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 45 25 1125
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients
7 Insecticide
proclaim gm 155 6 930
8 Fungicide
M45 Kg. 2 450 900
9 Weedicide
Tynzer ml 30 48.3 1449
10 Irrigation Charges 1140.16
11 Incidental Charges 666.66

50
Cost Of Cultivation Of Maize
Table. 5.3.2 Cost Of Cultivation Of Maize
COST OF CULTIVATION OF MAIZE
Crop:
Maiz Variety: Season
e ADV-759 : Kharif Area: 0.40
Per Hectar
Per Plot Value Rs.
Sr.no Qty Value(Rs.
. Item of Cost Unit . Rate )
1 Hired Human Labour
I) Male Days 6 400 2400 6000
II) Female Days 11 250 2750 6875
2 I) Hired Machinery Used Hours 2.5
a) Sowing Hours 1.5 1000 1500 3750
b) Threshing Qnt. 25 100 2500 6250
3 Owned Machinery Used Hours 2 850 1700 4250
4 Seed Purchased Kg. 9 45 405 1012.5
5 Fertilizers 2.5
I) Urea Kg. 45 4.5 202.5 506.25
Complex 2.5
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 45 20 900 2250
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 45 25 1125 2812.5
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients 2.5
7 Insecticide 2.5
proclaim gm 155 6 930 2325
8 Fungicide 2.5
M45 Kg. 2 450 900 2250
9 Weedicide 2.5
Tynzer ml 30 48.3 1449 3622.5
10 Irrigation Charges 1140.16 2850.4
11 Incidental Charges 666.66 1666.65
12 Total Working Capital ( 1 to 11) 18568.32 46420.8
1114.099
13 Interest on working Capital % 6 2 2785.248
19682.41
14 Total Operational Cost ( 12+13) 9 49206.048
15 Land Revenue and other cesses Rs. 36 90
Depreciation on implements
16 Machinery And Building 2558.58 6396.45
Rental value of land 1/6th of( gross 9291.666 23229.166
17 Return) 7 7
18 interest on Fixed Capital 2878.05 7195.125
14764.29 36910.741
19 Total fixed cost (15 to 18) 7 7
34446.71 86116.789
20 Total Cost (14+ 19) 6 7
COST CONCEPT
51
19682.41
21 Total Operation Cost 9 49206.048
22 Land Revenue and other cesses 32 80
Depreciation on implements
23 Machinery And Building 825.33 2063.325
20539.74
24 COST A1 ( 21+22+23 ) 9 51349.373
25 Rent Paid for Leased in Land 0
20539.74
26 COST A2 ( 24+25) 9 51349.373
Interest On Fixed Capital Excluding
27 Land 825.33 2063.325
Rental value of land 1/6th of( gross 9291.666 23229.166
28 Return) 7 7
Amortization Value im Case of Fruit
29 Crop 0
30656.74 76641.864
30 COST B1 ( 24+27+28+29 ) 6 7
Rental value of land - Land Revenue 9259.666 23149.166
31 and other cesses ( 28-22) 7 7
39916.41 99791.031
32 COST B2 ( 30+31+25) 3 3
33 Input value of family Labour 500 1250
2053.974
34 Supervision Charges (10% of COST A) 9 5134.9373
33210.72
35 COST C1 ( 30+33+34) 1 83026.802
42470.38 106175.96
36 COST C2 ( 32+33+34) 7 9

Yield of Maize
Table 5.3.3 Yield of Maize

PER PLOT PER


SR. NO. ITEM UNIT QTY. RATE VALUE(RS.) HECTARE
1) Main Produce Qntl. 25 2230 55750 139375
2) By Produce Bunch 750 18 13500 33750
Gross Income 69250 173125

52
Estimated Income Measures of Maize
Table 5.3.4 Estimated Income Measures of Maize

Sr no Income measures Formula Value


(Rs)
1 Farm business income Gross income -Cost A1 48710.2508
2 Owned farm business Gross income -Cost A2 48710.2508
income
3 Familly labour income Gross income -Cost B2 29333.58747
4 Net income Gross income -Cost C2 26779.61255
5 Farm investment income Input value of familly labour 500
6 BC Ratio Gross income /Cost C2 1.630547875
7 Per qtl Cost of Cost C2 - valueof 1698.815498
production byproduce/yieldin qtl
8 Per ha cost of cultivation Cost C2 -value of by produce 106175.9686
/area

In the cultivation of Maize crop costs were A1 is Rs.20539.749, A2 Rs.20539.749,


B1 Rs.30656.746, B2 Rs.39916.413, and C1 Rs.33210.721, C2 Rs.42470.387 is
respectively. Gross income of the host farmer from maize crop was Rs.69250. The results
showed that the benefit-cost ratio of maize crop was 1: 1.63 Net Income is 26779.61255

53
5.4.1 Crop Wise Inputs Used By The Host Farmer
Table 5.4.1 Inputs Used For Sugarcane Crop

PER HECTARE COST OF CULTIVATION

Crop: - Sugarcane Variety:-CO- Season: -Perenneial Area: 1.20


0265

Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate Value(Rs.)


1 Hired Human Labour
I) Male Days 30 400 12000
II) Female Days 40 250 10000
2 I) Hired Machinery Used Hours 15 1100 16500
II) Owned machinery Used Hours 8 1000 8000
Seed
3 Seed Purchased linges 12000 1 12000
4 Manure tons/Cl 6 850 5100
5 Fertilizers
Straight
I) Urea Kg. 450 4.5 2025
II) SSp Kg. 300 7.5 2250
III) MOP Kg. 350 22 7700
Complex
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 100 20 2000
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 300 25 7500
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients
I)Yara mila Kg. 150 88 13200
II) Ammonium sulphate Kg. 150 12 1800
7 Insecticide
Hamala 550 Lit 2 600 1200
8 Fungicide
Tyrant Gm 500 4 2000
Propiconazolel ML. 110 1.1 121
54
9 Weedicide
2,4,D Lit. 5 700 3500
Adama Tamer Lit 3 1400 4200
10 Irrigation Charges 14822.6
11 Incidental Charges 1999.98

55
Cost Of Cultivation of Sugarcane
Table.5.4.2 Cost of Cultivation of Sugarcane
COST OF CULTIVATION OF SUGARCANE
Crop: Variety
Sugarca : CO. Season:Perin Area:1.20
ne 265 nial ha
Per Plot
Value(Rs. PER
Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate ) HECTER
1 Hired Human Labour
I) Male Days 30 400 12000 9996
II) Female Days 40 250 10000 8330
2 I) Hired Machinery Used Hours 15 1100 16500 13744.5
II) Owned machinery Used Hours 8 1000 8000 6664
Seed 1200
3 Seed Purchased linges 0 1 12000 9996
4 Manure tons/Cl 6 850 5100 4248.3
5 Fertilizers 0.833
Straight 0.833
I) Urea Kg. 450 4.5 2025 1686.825
II) SSp Kg. 300 7.5 2250 1874.25
III) MOP Kg. 350 22 7700 6414.1
Complex 0.833
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 100 20 2000 1666
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 300 25 7500 6247.5
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients 0.833
I)Yara mila Kg. 150 88 13200 10995.6
II) Ammonium sulphate Kg. 150 12 1800 1499.4
7 Insecticide 0.833
Hamala 550 Lit 2 600 1200 999.6
8 Fungicide 0.833
Tyrant gm 500 4 2000 1666
Propiconazolel ML. 110 1.1 121 100.793
9 Weedicide 0.833
2,4,D Lit. 5 700 3500 2915.5
Adama Tamer Lit 3 1400 4200 3498.6
12347.225
10 Irrigation Charges 14822.6 8
1665.9833
11 Incidental Charges 1999.98 4
106556.17
12 Total Working Capital ( 1 to 11) 127918.58 71
15350.229 12786.741
13 Interest on working Capital % 12 6 26
14 Total Operational Cost ( 12+13) 143268.80 119342.91
56
96 84
15 Land Revenue and other cesses Rs. 96 79.968
Depreciation on implements
16 Machinery And Building 2476 2062.508
Rental value of land 1/6th
17 of( gross Return) 48000 39984
18 interest on Fixed Capital 2476 2062.508
19 Total fixed cost (15 to 18) 53048 44188.984
196316.80 163531.90
20 Total Cost (14+ 19) 96 24

COST
CONCEPT
143268.80 119342.91
21 Total Operation Cost 96 84
22 Land Revenue and other cesses 96 79.968
Depreciation on implements
23 Machinery And Building 2476 2062.508
145840.80 121485.39
24 COST A1 ( 21+22+23 ) 96 44
25 Rent Paid for Leased in Land 0
145840.80 121485.39
26 COST A2 ( 24+25) 96 44
Interest On Fixed Capital
27 Excluding Land 2476 2062.508
Rental value of land 1/6th
28 of( gross Return) 48000 39984
Amortization Value im Case of
29 Fruit Crop 0
196316.80 163531.90
30 COST B1 ( 24+27+28+29 ) 96 24
Rental value of land - Land
Revenue and other cesses ( 28-
31 22) 47904 39904.032
244220.80 203435.93
32 COST B2 ( 30+31+25) 96 44
33 Input value of family Labour 5000 4165
Supervision Charges (10% of 14584.080 12148.539
34 COST A) 96 44
215900.89 179845.44
35 COST C1 ( 30+33+34) 06 18
263804.89 219749.47
36 COST C2 ( 32+33+34) 06 38

57
Yield Of Sugarcane
Table No.5.4.3 Yield of Sugarcane

SR. PER PLOT PER


NO. ITEM UNIT QTY. RATE VALUE(RS.) HECTARE
1) Main Produce Qntl. 1200 240 288000 239040
2) By Produce 0 0
Gross Income Qntl. 1200 240 288000 239040

Estimated Income Measures of Sugarcane


Table No. 5.4.4 Estimated Income Measures Sugarcane
Sr no Income measures Formula Value (Rs)
1 Farm business income Gross income -Cost A1 142159.1904
2 Owned farm business Gross income -Cost A2 142159.1904
income
3 Familly labour income Gross income -Cost B2 43779.1904
4 Net income Gross income -Cost C2 24195.10944
5 Farm investment income Input value of familly labour 5000
6 BC Ratio Gross income /Cost C2 1.091715925
7 Per qtl Cost of Cost C2 - valueof 219.8374088
production byproduce/yieldin qtl
8 Per ha cost of cultivation Cost C2 -value of by produce /area 219837.4088

In the cultivation of Sugarcane crop costs were A1 is Rs. 145840.8096, A2 Rs.


145840.8096, B1 Rs. 196316.8096, B2 Rs. 244220.8096, and C1 Rs.215900.8906, C2
Rs.263804.8906, is
respectively. Gross income of the host farmer from Sugarcane crop was Rs.288000 The
results showed that the benefit-cost ratio of Sugarcane crop was 1:1.09 net income is
24195.10944

58
5.5.1) Crop Wise Inputs Used By The Host Farmer
Table 5.5.1 Inputs Used For Onion

Crop: Onion Variety: Bhima Super Season: Rabi Area: 0.40

Value(Rs.
Sr.no. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate )
1 Hired Human Labour
I) Male Days 10 400 4000
II) Female Days 25 250 6250
I) Hired Machinery
2 Used Hours 5 1100 5500
II) Owned machinery
Used
a) Harrowing Hours 2 1500 3000
0
3 Seed Purchased Kg. 5 1600 8000
4 Manure tons/Cl 17 850 14450
5 Fertilizers Kg.
Straight Kg.
Mixed Kg.
I) Urea Kg. 70 5.5 385
II) SSp Kg. 70 7.5 525
Complex Kg.
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 50 20 1000
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 50 25 1250
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients Kg. 2 870 1740
7 Insecticide
Karate Lit 1 720 720
Solomom Lit 0.5 2500 1250
8 Fungicide
M-45 Kg. 0.5 400 200
Antracol Kg. 0.4 800 320
Cabrio top Lit. 0.4 1100 440
9 Weedicide
Goal Lit. 0.5 1150 575
Society Lit 0.9 1900 1710
10 Irrigation Charges 946.2
11 Incidental Charges 666.66

59
Cost Of Cultivation Of Onion
Table. 5.3.2 Cost Of Cultivation Of Onion
COST OF CULTIVATION OF ONION
Crop
:
Onio Variety:Elora Season:R Area:0.4
n Wonder 101 abi 0 ha

PER PLOT
Sr.no Qt Value(R PER
. Item of Cost Unit y. Rate s.) HECTARE
1 Hired Human Labour
I) Male Days 10 400 4000 10000
II) Female Days 25 250 6250 15625
2 I) Hired Machinery Used Hours 5 1100 5500 13750
II) Owned machinery Used 2.5
a) Harrowing Hours 2 1500 3000 7500
0 0
3 Seed Purchased Kg. 5 1600 8000 20000
4 Manure tons/Cl 17 850 14450 36125
5 Fertilizers Kg. 2.5
Straight Kg. 2.5
Mixed Kg. 2.5
I) Urea Kg. 70 5.5 385 962.5
II) SSp Kg. 70 7.5 525 1312.5
Complex Kg. 2.5
I) 10:26:26 Kg. 50 20 1000 2500
II) 18:46:00 Kg. 50 25 1250 3125
Water Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0
6 Micronutrients Kg. 2 870 1740 4350
7 Insecticide 2.5
Karate Lit 1 720 720 1800
Solomom Lit 0.5 2500 1250 3125
8 Fungicide 2.5
M-45 Kg. 0.5 400 200 500
Antracol Kg. 0.4 800 320 800
Cabrio top Lit. 0.4 1100 440 1100
9 Weedicide 2.5
Goal Lit. 0.5 1150 575 1437.5
Society Lit 0.9 1900 1710 4275
10 Irrigation Charges 946.2 2365.5
11 Incidental Charges 666.66 1666.65
52927.8 132319.6
12 Total Working Capital ( 1 to 11) 6 5
3175.67
13 Interest on working Capital % 6 2 7939.179
56103.5 140258.8
14 Total Operational Cost ( 12+13) 3 29
15 Land Revenue and other cesses Rs. 32 80
60
Depreciation on implements
16 Machinery And Building 825.33 2063.325
Rental value of land 1/6th of( gross
17 Return) Return ) 90000 225000
11512.2
18 interest on Fixed Capital 2 28780.55
102369. 255923.8
19 Total fixed cost (15 to 18) 6 75
158473. 396182.7
20 Total Cost (14+ 19) 1 04
COST
CONCEPT
56103.5 140258.8
21 Total Operation Cost 3 29
22 Land Revenue and other cesses 32 80
Depreciation on implements
23 Machinery And Building 825.33 2063.325
56960.8 142402.1
24 COST A1 ( 21+22+23 ) 6 54
25 Rent Paid for Leased in Land 0
56960.8 142402.1
26 COST A2 ( 24+25) 6 54
Interest On Fixed Capital Excluding 11512.2
27 Land 2 28780.55
Rental value of land 1/6th of( gross
28 Return) 90000 225000
Amortization Value im Case of
29 Fruit Crop 0
158473. 396182.7
30 COST B1 ( 24+27+28+29 ) 1 04
Rental value of land - Land
31 Revenue and other cesses ( 28-22) 89968 224920
248441. 621102.7
32 COST B2 ( 30+31+25) 1 04
33 Input value of family Labour 500 1250
Supervision Charges (10% of COST
34 A) 0
158973. 397432.7
35 COST C1 ( 30+33+34) 1 04
248941. 622352.7
36 COST C2 ( 32+33+34) 1 04

61
Yeild Of Onion
Table 5.3.3 Yeild

SR. NO.

1) Main Produce
2) By Produce
Gross Income

62
Estimated Income Measures of Onion
Table 5.3.4 Estimated Income Measures of Onion

Sr Income measures Formula Value (Rs)


no
1 Farm business income Gross income -Cost A1 203039.1384
2 Owned farm business Gross income -Cost A2 203039.1384
income
3 Familly labour income Gross income -Cost B2 11558.9184
4 Net income Gross income -Cost C2 11058.9184
5 Farm investment income Input value of familly labour 500
6 BC Ratio Gross income /Cost C2 1.044423838
7 Per qtl Cost of Cost C2 - valueof byproduce/yieldin 1914.931397
production qtl
8 Per ha cost of cultivation Cost C2 -value of by produce /area 622352.704

In the cultivation of Onion crop costs were A1 is Rs.56960.86, A2 Rs. 56960.86, B1


Rs.158473.1, B2 Rs.24844.1, and C1 Rs.158973.1, C2 Rs.248941.1 is respectively. Gross income
of the host farmer from Onion crop was Rs. 950000. The results showed that the benefit- cost ratio
of Onion crop was 1:1.04 and per tones cost of production was Rs 260000, also per hectare cost of
cultivation was 622352.704

63
5.6 Marketing of agriculture commodities
Definition
i. Marketing channel
Marketing channels are routes through which agricultural products move from producers
to consumers.
ii. Producer’s price
This is price received by the farmer at time of sale. This is equal to the wholesale price at
the primary assembling center, minus the charges borne by the farmer in selling produce.
iii. Net price received by the farmer
Price received by farmer – Marketing charges incurred by the farmer
iv. Total cost of marketing
The total cost incurred on marketing either in cash or kind by the producer, seller and
various intermediaries involved in the sale and purchase of the commodity till the commodity
reaches the ultimate consumer.
C = CP + Cmi + Cmii +………+Cmn
Where,
C = Total marketing cost
CF = marketing cost incurred by the producer
Cmi = Cost incurred by various middlemen.

v. Marketing margin of middlemen


This is the difference between total payments (cost + purchase price) and receipts (sale
price) of the middlemen.
Absolute margin of middlemen = PRi – (PPi + Cmi)
Where,
PRi = Total value of receipts per unit (sales price)
PPi = Purchase value of goods per unit (purchase price)
Cmi = Cost incurred on marketing per unit

vi. Producers share in the consumers rupee


It is the price received by the farmer expressed as a per centage of retail price. Producers
share in the consumer’s rupee = Net price received by the farmer Price paid by the consumer×
100

vii. Price spread


The difference between the price paid by the consumer and price received by the
producer for an equivalent quantity of farm produce is known as price spread. It involves various
costs incurred by the various intermediaries and their margin.

viii. Producer share in consumer


rupee: Ps = (Pf /Pr) × 100
Where
Ps = Producer share
Pf = Net price received by the farmer
Pr = Price paid by the consumer

64
5.6.1 Marketing channel for Maize

Producer Wholesaler Retailer Consumer

• Commodity name: Maize


• Total quantity of produce 25 qtl = 2500Kg
• Selling price of farmer Rs.2350/qtl
• Selling price of wholesaler Rs.2430/qtl
• Selling price of retailer Rs. 2550/qtl
• The 1 bag of Maize containing 50kg of Maize, so for 25qtl of Maize require 50
bags. Table 5.6.1 Channel Wise Marketing Cost of Maize

Rate/Unit
Sr. no. Particular Unit Quantity (Rs.) Total Amount (Rs.)
1 Marketing cost incurred by producer

I) Cost of jute bag Bag 50 30 1500

II) Transportation Bag 50 15 750

III) Loading charges Bag 50 5 250


SUB TOTAL 2500

Selling price of the producer Qtl. 25 2230 55750


Marketing cost incurred by the
2) wholesaler

I) Loading/Unloading/Charges Bag 50 10 500

II) Market fee(3%) 1672.5

III) Commission(1%) 557.5

IV) Weighing charges Qnt. 25 2 50

V) Transportation 50 20 1000
Sub Total 3780
Selling price of the Wholesaler Qnt. 25 2430 60750
Marketing cost incurred by the
3) retailer

I) Unloading Charges Bag 50 5 250

II) Weighing charges Qtl. 25 2 50


Sub Total 288
Selling price of the retailer Qtl. 25 2550 63750

65
Table 5.13.1 shows that, in the marketing of Maize. The selling price of producer is Rs.2350/- for
the 10 qtls. In that marketing cost incurred by the producer is Rs.650/-Wholesaler paid loading,
unloading charges. Total cost incurred by the wholesaler was Rs.1565/-, Wholesaler sale it to be
the retailer for 2500/-, The retailer sells it to the consumer at rs.2650/-, Where the marketing cost
incurred by the retailer was Rs. 270/- which includes transportation charges, and storage.
(a) Net price received by Farmer
= Producer selling price-Cost incurred by farmer
= Rs. 55750-Rs. 2500
= Rs. 53,250
(b) Total Marketing Cost
= Cost incurred by Farmer + Cost incurred by wholesaler +
Cost incurred by retailer.
= 2500+3780+288
= Rs.6,568
(c) Total Marketing
Margin i)Margin of
wholesaler
= Local wholesaler selling price –(Purchasing price + Cost incurred
by the wholesaler
= Rs.60750-(Rs.55750+Rs.3780)
= Rs. 1220

(ii) Margin of retailer


= Retailer selling price – (Purchasing price + Cost incurred by
retailer)
= Rs.63750 – (Rs.60750 + Rs.288)
= Rs.2,712

(iii)Total Marketing Margin


= Margin of wholesaler + Margin of retailer
= Rs.1220 + Rs.2712
= Rs.3,932
(d) Price spread
=Price paid by consumer-Net income received by farmer
=Rs. 63750-Rs.53250
=Rs.10,500

(e) Producer’s share in consumer’s rupee


=Net Price Received by Producer /Price Paid by Consumer
×100
= (Rs.53250 / Rs.63750) ×100
= 83.52

66
Table 5.6.2 Price spread of Maize
PRICE SPREAD
Rate
SR.NO unit(Quintl /Unit Amount for Per centage share in price
. Particulars ) (Rs.) whole lot (Rs.) paid by consumer
1 Producer price 25 2130 53250 83.52941176
2 Total marketing cost 25 262.72 6568 10.3027451
Total marketing
3 margin 25 254.48 6362 7.979607843
4 Price spread 25 420 10500 16.47058824
Price paid by
5 consumer 25 2550 63750 100

Result
1. Net Price received by Producer = Rs.21900 /-
2. Total Marketing Cost = Rs.2560/-
3. Total Market Margin = Rs. 26380 /-
4. Price Paid by the Consumer = Rs.26500/-
5. Producer’s share in Consumer rupee = 82.64%

67
5.7.1 Marketing channel for Onion

Producer Wholesaler Retailer Consumer


• Commodity name: Onion
• Total quantity of produce 130 qtl = 13000Kg
• Selling price of farmer Rs. 2000 /qtl
• Selling price of wholesaler Rs.2130/qtl
• Selling price of retailer Rs. 2250/qtl
• The 1 bag of Onion containing 50kg of Onion, so for 130 qtl of Onion require 260 bags.
Table 5.7.1 Channel Wise Marketing Cost of Onion

Quantit Rate/Unit
Sr. no. Particular Unit y (Rs.) Total Amount (Rs.)
Marketing cost incurred by
1 producer
I
) Cost of jute bag Bag 260 30 7800
I
I) Transportation Bag 260 15 3900
I
II) Loading charges Bag 260 5 1300
SUB TOTAL 13000
Selling price of the producer Qtl. 130 2000 260000
Marketing cost incurred by the
2) wholesaler

I) Loading/Unloading/Charges Bag 260 10 2600


I
I) Market fee(3%) 7800
I
II) Commission(1%) 2600
I
V) Weighing charges Qnt. 130 2 260

V) Transportation Bag 260 20 5200


Sub Total 18460
Selling price of the Wholesaler Qnt. 130 2130 276900
Marketing cost incurred by the
3) retailer

I) Unloading Charges Bag 260 5 1300


I
I) Weighing charges Qtl. 130 2 260
Sub Total 480
Selling price of the retailer Qtl. 130 2250 292500

68
Table 5.7.1 shows that, in the marketing of onion. The selling price of producer is Rs. 7000/qtl. In
that marketing cost incurred by the producer is Rs. 1540/-. Total cost incurred by the wholesaler
was Rs. 4522/-, Wholesaler sale it to be the retailer for 7500/qtl, the retailer sells it to the
consumer at rs. 7800/-, Where the marketing cost incurred by the retailer was Rs. 322/-
(a) Net price received by Farmer
= Producer selling price-Cost incurred by farmer
= Rs. 260000 -Rs. 13000
= Rs. 247,000
(b) Total Marketing Cost
= Cost incurred by Farmer + Cost incurred by wholesaler +
Cost incurred by retailer.
= 13000+18460+480
= Rs.31,940
(c) Total Marketing
Margin Margin of
wholesaler
= Local wholesaler selling price –(Purchasing price + Cost incurred
by the wholesaler
= Rs.276900-(Rs.260000+Rs.18460)
= Rs. 1,560

(d) Margin of
retailer = Retailer selling price – (Purchasing price + Cost incurred by
retailer)
= Rs.292500 – (Rs.276900 + Rs.480)
= Rs. 15,120

(e) Total Marketing


Margin = Margin of wholesaler + Margin of retailer
= Rs.1,560 + Rs.15,120
= Rs.16,680
(f) Price spread =Price paid by consumer-Net income received by farmer
=Rs.292500 -Rs. 247,000
=Rs.45,500

(g) Producer’s share in consumer’s rupee


=Net Price Received by Producer /Price Paid by Consumer
×100
= (Rs.24700 / Rs.292500) ×100
= 88.88

69
5.7.2 Price spread for Onion

PRICE SPREAD
Rate
SR.NO unit(Quintl /Unit Amount for Per centage share in price
. Particulars ) (Rs.) whole lot (Rs.) paid by consumer
1 Producer price 130 2000 260000 88.88888889
76.6769
2 Total marketing cost 130 2 9968 5.567863248
Total marketing 123.692
3 margin 130 3 16080 5.497435897
200.369
4 Price spread 130 2 26048 8.905299145
Price paid by
5 consumer 130 2250 292500 100

Result
1. Net Price received by Producer = Rs. 98000 /-
2. Total Marketing Cost = Rs 2560 /-
3. Total Market Margin = Rs. 6356 /-
4. Price Paid by the Consumer = Rs. 102900/-
5. Producer’s share in Consumer rupee = 88.88 %

70
V. SWOT ANALYSIS

6.1. SWOT Analysis of Host Farmer

A) Strength
1)Availability of
market. 2)Close to
consumers.
3)Availability of labour.
4)Good technical skills.
5) Good government support structure.

B) Weaknesses
1) High land costs.
2)Lack of co-
operation. 3)Lack of
investment

C)Opportunities
1)Good understanding of market.
2)Good understanding of
‘value’. 3)Employment.
4)Increased food and nutrition security.

D)Threats
1)Variations in
currency.
2)Price Fluctuation.
3)Competition in market.

71
6.2 Loan Proposal
Information About Loan Proposal
Agriculture is the most important sector in India. But the farmers face a lot of difficulties
with regard to procuring the best seeds to buying the best fertilizer and machinery. To help the
farmers and agriculturists with the finances, the lenders are offering crop loans. Crop loan is a
short-term advance that is given to the farmers and agriculturists by banks and co-operative
societies. The loan amount can be used to purchase improved seeds, fertilizers, machinery etc.
The crop loans are provided as agriculture is a priority sector. The loan is usually repaid in
single installment after the crop production. Crop loan is a Secured Loan and the interest is debit
on a half- yearly basis at simple rate of interest. The loans provided by any lenders and co-
operative societies can be refinanced by NABARD

Documents required for obtaining crop loan:


1) Land should be owned.
2) 7 ‘A’, ‘B’ 12 should be on the name of applicant.
3) Applicant should be member of society or to be a member of the
society. 4)Valuation of land from talathi.
5)N.O.C. from other Bank.
6)Valuation Project Report.
7)Two Guarantors should be necessary.
8)Bank statement of applicant & guarantor.
9)Application Form.
10) N.O.C.
11) Project
Report 12)ID
Proof 13)Address
Proof 14)Income
Proof

72
73
74
6.3 Alternative Farm Plan
While preparing alternate farm plan first of all, the existing farm plan is given. Alternate farm
plan is suggested over an existing farm plan if existing farm plan is not Profitable to the host
farmer. When gross income obtained from existing plan is not satisfying for farmer, the existing
farm plan is replaced by the alternate farm plan

6.3.1 The Existing Farm Plan


Existing Farm Plan is the farm plan which is presently available and still operations going
through it.
Table 6.1 Existing and Alternative Farm Plan of Mr. Shrishail Revansidha Wale

Sorghum
Particulars Unit Soyabean
(Rabi)
Plot no. - - -
Area Ha. 0.60 0.60
Maldandi (M-
Variety - KDS-726
35)
Seed Rate Kg 6Kg 30
Yield Qtl. 16 14
Cost A1 Rs. 31817.9 24405.09
Cost A2 Rs. 31817.9 24405.09
Cost B1 Rs. 47738.05 43067.86
Cost B2 Rs. 59375.38 58138.46
Cost C1 Rs. 55119.84 46308.36
Cost C2 Rs. 66775.17 61378.96
Gross Income Rs. 70400 91000
Net Income Rs. 3642.80 44691.64
B:C Ratio - 1:1.05 1.9

Table 6.1 shows the Existing farm plan of Mr.Shrishail Revansidha Wale
According to the Table Mr.Shrishail Revansidha Wale. Paid highest expenditure for Sorghum is
Rs. 70400/-. The net income obtained was Rs. 3642.80 for Sorghum and B:C Ratio 1:1.05 for
Sorghum.
Table shows the comparison between existing farm plan and alternate farm plan. Cost A1 for
existing farm plan was Rs 31817.9./- and for given alternative farm plan it was Rs 24405.09./-,
Cost A2 for existing farm plan is Rs31817.9/-and for alternate farm plan it will Rs. 24405.09/-,
Cost B1 for existing farm plan was Rs47738.05. /-and for alternate farm plan it will Rs.
43067.86/- Cost B2 for existing farm plan was Rs. 59375.38/- and for given alternative farm plan
it was Rs. 58138.46/-, Cost C1 for existing farm plan is Rs 55119.84/- and for alternate farm plan
it will Rs 46308.36. Cost C2 for existing farm plan is Rs 66757.17 and for alternate farm plan it
will Rs. 61378.96

75
VI. PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS

Sr. PROBLEMS SUGGESTIONS


no.
1 Unavailability of irrigation facilities. Construction of farm pond
2 Inadequate transportation infrastructure. Try to find new transportation facilities
3 Shortage of Laboure. Farmer should try to adopt advanced
technology and atomization.

76
VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

In the cultivation of Jawar crop costs were A1 is Rs.31817.9, A2 Rs.31817.9 , B1


Rs.47738.05, B2 Rs59375.38 , and C1 Rs.55119.84, C2 Rs.66757.17 is respectively. Gross
income of the host farmer from Jawar crop was Rs.70400 The results showed that the benefit-cost
ratio of maize crop was 1.05 and Net income is 3642.80
In the cultivation of Maize crop costs were A1 is Rs.12808.6, A2 Rs.12808.6 , B1
Rs.18780.25, B2 Rs.23581.58 , and C1 Rs.21281.11, C2 Rs.26082.44 is respectively. Gross
income of the host farmer from maize crop was Rs.29000. The results showed that the benefit-
cost ratio of maize crop was 1: 1.11 Net Income is 2917.56.
In the cultivation of Black Gram crop costs were A1 is Rs. 39492.53, A2 Rs. 39492.53,
B1 Rs. 60487.43, B2 Rs. 76692.76, and C1 Rs.70036.68, C2 Rs.86242.01 is respectively. Gross
income of the host farmer from Black Gram crop was Rs.98000 The results showed that the
benefit-cost ratio of black gram crop was 1.13, net income is 15553.42
In the cultivation of Grapes crop costs were A1 is Rs.218071.51, A2 Rs. 218071.51, B1
Rs.419997.28. B2 Rs.578026.61, and C1 Rs.425997.28, C2 Rs.584026.61 is respectively. Gross
income of the host farmer from Grape’s crop was Rs. 950000. The results showed that the benefit-
cost ratio of Grape crop was 1:1.4 and net income is Rs. 307570.73

77
VIII. EXPERIENCE GAINED
It has been a great experience while working in Aurad village.
1. Aurad village is economically and socially prosperous. The sarpanch of Aurad village and
host farmer Mr.Shrishail Wale helped me while collecting the information of village.
2. It has been a great experience while working with host farmer.
3.I understood how relation maintained with labours.
4.I got the practical knowledge about the farm operations.
5.I study about cultivation practices in agriculture production of crops like Maize, Jawar,
Soyabean Black Gram, Grapes. Etc.
6. Also got knowledge about the incurred marketing cost, marketing channel for the agricultural
commodities.
7. Know the problems face by the farmer during the production and marketing of
crop 8.Know how to calculate cost of cultivation, cost of production, depreciation
charges. 9.Know how to collect primary, secondary data.

78
IX. PHOTO GALLERY

Farmers farm & Family

Grapes Farm

Family

79
XII. REFERENCES
Website
1) www.google.com
2) www.indiastat.com
3) www.wikipedia.com
4) www.googlescholar.com
5) https://aps.dac.gov.in/APY/Public_Report1.aspx
6) https://www.atlasbig.com/en-in/countries-by-cornproduction#:~:text=United%20States%20of
%20America%20is,26%2C260%2C000%20is%20ranked%20at%207.

Books
1) Acharya, S.S. and N. L. Agarwal. Agricultural Marketing in India. Oxford and IBH
publishing company Pvt.66, Janpath, New Delhi-1.
2) S.Subba Reddy, P. Raghu Ram, T. Y. Neelakanta Sastry and I. Bhavani Devi. Agricultural
Economics.

80
81

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